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MANUAL 



OF 



THE FLORA 



OF THE 



NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA 



NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.A'. 

Director-in-Chlef of the New York Botanical Garden: 

Emeritus Professor of Botany in Cohimbia 

University : Vice President of the New 

York Academy of Sciences 



tn 




NEW YORK 

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 

FQOI 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

OCT. 16 1901 

COPVt?|f5MT ENTRY 

CLASS Ci/XXc. No. 
COPY Q. 



Cop\'right, 1901, 

BY 

HENRY HOLT & CO. 



h\ -^--'3 



u 



ROBERT DRUMMOND. PRINTER, NfW YORK 



PREFACE. 

The object of this Manual is to present descriptions of the wild 
fern-plants and seed-plants of northeastern North America in the light 
of our present understanding of them and of their interrelationships, 
accompanied by citations of their known natural distribution, their 
habitats, and their periods of flowering. 

The area embraced in this study extends from Newfoundland and 
Labrador to Manitoba, the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky 
and Kansas, and the western boundary of Kansas and Nebraska. 

The work is based largely on the text of the ' ' Illustrated Flora ' * 
prepared jointly by the author and Judge Addison Brown, published 
by Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1896 to 1898, in three volumes, which 
contain, in addition to the more lengthy descriptions than are possible 
in this book, owing to the necessity of issuing it in one volume of 
convenient size, illustrations of the species described, 4,162 in all. 
In order to afford ready reference by those using this Manual to figures 
of the plants, those of the ' ' Illustrated Flora ' ' are here cited by 
number at the beginning of each description [I. F. fig. 2042] . 

During the tnne which has elapsed since the publication of ^' Illus- 
trated Flora ' ' a number of additional species have been made known 
within the area included in both works, and descriptions of these have 
been incorporated into this Manual in so far as they are understood 
by me. 

In order to meet present requirements in a text-book and to bring 
^our botany into closer relationship with procedure in other natural 
s(.^'ences, all measurements are given in the metric system. For the 
con\ '^^i^^c^ of those not yet wholly familiar with this system the fol- 
lowing^ table of approximate equivalents will be useful : 

Metric. English. 

I millimetre (mm.) one-half line 

I centimetre (cm.) two-fifths inch 

I Jecimetre (dm.) four inches (3.94) 

I metre (m. ) 3 feet 3.37 inches 

Knglish. Metric. 

I line. 2 millimetres 

I inch 2.5 centimetres 

I foot , , 3 decinij 



\ 



IV PREFACE, 

The arrangement of orders and families adopted is essentially that 
of Engler & Prantl's " Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien," Berlin, 1890- 
190 1, an arrangement which seeks to bring out something of the de- 
velopmental relationships of the groups by proceeding from the more 
simple to the more complex. Order and family are not here regarded 
as synonymous terms, but are used, as by zoologists, in the sense of the 
former being composed of the latter ; thus the order Liliales is com- 
posed in our territory of the families Juncaceae, Melanthaceae, Lilia- 
ceae, Convallariaceae, Smilaceae, Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, 
Dioscoreaceae, and Iridaceae. 

In the scientific nomenclature the principles adopted by the botan- 
ists of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at 
a meeting held in Rochester, N. Y., in 1892, and in Madison, Wis., 
in 1893, supplementary to the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the 
International Congress of Botanists held in Paris, France, in 1867, 
have been followed ; these principles are essentially the same as those 
followed by American zoologists. An English name has also been 
associated with each species, accepted either from popular usage 
or chosen in reference to some more or less distinctive feature of the 
plant. The citation of synonyms is mainly restricted to cases in 
which the names here used differ from those in ''Illustrated Flora." 

Keys formed by the grouping of contrasting features have been 
prefixed to the descriptions of species, genera and families, and a 
general key to the orders follows this preface. 

The collections on which the descriptions are based are nearly all 
at the New York Botanical Garden. 

I take much pleasure in acknowledging important assistance in the 
preparation of the work by my associates, Prof. L. M. Underwood, 
Dr. John K. Small, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, and Mr. 
E. P. Bicknell. 

N. L. B. 

New York Botanical Garden, 
August 24, 1 90 1. 




V_,. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

General Key to the Orders vii 

Descriptive Flora i- to3,6 

Appendix , ic 

Glossary of Special Terms 105 

Abbreviations of the Names of Authors 1061 

Index of Latin Names 1065 

English Index of Plant Names 107-; 

V 



r 



GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 

PAGB 

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA i 

Spores developing into flat or irregular prothallia which bear the repro- 
ductive organs (antheridia and archegonia); flowers and seeds none. 

Sporanges (spore-cases) borne on the back of a leaf, or in spikes or panicles. 

Order I. FiLiCALES i 

Sporanges contained in sporocarps. Order 2. Salviniales. . . ig 

Sporanges clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike ; stems 

jointed, rush-like. Order 3. Equisetales. . . *i 

Sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. 

Order 4. Lycopodiales.. 13 

Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA 30 

Microspores (pollen-grains) developing into a tubular prothallium (pollen- 
tube); macrospores (embryo-sac) developing into a minute prothallium, and, 
together with it, remaining enclosed in the macrosporange (ovule) which 
ripens into a seed; flowering plants. 

1. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE. 30 

2. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE... 38 

* Embryo with i cotyledon ; stem with no distinction into pith, wood and 
bark ; leaves mostly parallel- veined. Subclass i. monocotyledones. . 38 

I Carpels i or more distinct (united, at least partially in family Scheuch- 
zeriaceae of the order Naiadales. in which they are mostly united until matu- 
rity, and in family Vallisneriaceae, also of the Naiadales, which are aquatic 
herbs with imperfect flowers) ; parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number. 

Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. 

Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales ; our species aquatic or marsh 
plants. 

Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales ; flowers 

monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order i. Pandanalks. . . 38 

Endosperm none, or very little ; perianth corolla-like or herbaceous, or 
none. Order 2. Naiadales.... 40 

Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, arranged in spikes or spikelets. 

Order 3. Graminales.. 6i 

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe; or plants minute, floatuig 
free, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. 

Order 6. Aralks 22S 

ft Carpels united into a compound ovary ; parts of the usually com- 
plete flowers mostly in 3's or 6's. 

Seeds with endosperm. 

Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina). 

Endosperm mealy; ovary superior. Order 7, XyridalES.. . . 235 

Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior. 

Order S. Lilialks 244 

Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior. Order 9. Scitaminales. 2S8 

Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute; ovary inferior. 

Order 10. C^rchidales. . 2S8 



I 



yl^ GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 



PAGE 



'"•Embryo normally with 2 cotyledons; stems differentiated into pith, 
^ i and bark ; leaves mostly net-veined. Subclass 2. dicotyleuoni£S. 306 

Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (the two lower petals more 
p ss united in family Papilionaceae; two inner petals or all four of them 
(.Ql-,erent in family Fumariaceae ; three petals unitea with each other in family 
Ppiygalaceae ; five petals sometimes slightly united in Oxalis, and in the 
fa^pjiily Ilicaceae). Series i. Choripetalae. 306 

\ Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyl- 
Igp^'ae, which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with 
endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts) (Juglans). 

Calyx none (except in the family Jug:landaceae, trees with odd-pinnate leaves). 
Marsh herbs with small perfect flowers, in nodding spikes in our species. 

Order 2. Piperales 307 

Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. 
Leaves simple. 

Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. 

Order 3. Salicales 307 

Fruit i-seeded. 

Stigmas 2 ; ovule orthotropous ; endosperm none 

Order 4. Myricales 320 

^. -^^ Style stigmatic above ; ovule amphitropous ; endosperm thin, 

mut^^ Order 5. Leitneriales 321 

1^^^^'' Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. 

Order 7. Juglandales 322 

Calyx present. 

Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 8. Fagales. 326 

Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus) ; but variously clustered, 
or rarely solitary. 

Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in Ultnus) ; 

ovary superior, i-celled. Order 9. Urticales 337 

Flowers dioecious or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part. 

Ovary i-celled. Order 11. Santalales 344 

Ovary several-celled (usually 6-celled flowers perfect). 

Order 12. Aristolochiales. 346 
Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex 
^^l^i in the family Polygonaceae ; monoecious or dioecious in some Chenopo- 
j^^^^n diaceae and Amaranthaceae) ; ovary superior. 
^^^M Embryo straight or nearly so ; fruit an achene. 

^^^1^ Order 13. Polygonales 350 

^^l^mf^. Lmbryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not an achene. 

Order 14. Chenopodiales. . 367 

XX Petals present (y^^xAixig in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled 
dissected leaves; m many Ranunculaceae; in Calycocarpum, a dioecious vine 
of the Menispermaceae; m Lauraceae. alternate-leaved aromatic trees and 
shrubs; in Podostemaceae, aquatic herbs with the simple flowers involucrate; 
'n.d rf-fTfl''' ^ f the Hamamelidaceae with palmatelv lobed leaves 

xi?n^ T flowers; m6-a;z^.«..r^a, pinnate-leaved herbs of the Rosaceae; in 
Sri.tfr' P^^^^^^-l^^^^d t^e,^^ of the Rutaceae: in Euphorbiaceae; in 
Rha,^T..r • ^"^r f^^ and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and 
W.r n = '"^ Thymeleaceae, Elaeagnaceae and in some species of Lud- 
':r^J^^^^i^t^J!^- ^^^ /'^'..../..... of the H^aloragidaceae, 

^ Carpels sohtary or several and distinct (united in some NvmphaeaceJae)- sta- 
^dist"ncT.°'^ ^ hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly 

^' mosUy^d°sth;r' """''""^ '"''' ^ compound ovary; stamrns'^hypogjai'o^sV sepal^ ^°^ 
Plants not insectivorous. Order 16. Papaverales. . . 437 



GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS, IX 

PAGE 

^ Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose 

flowers. Order 17. Sarraceniales. 469 

Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly 
perigynous or epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave 

receptacle (hypanthium). Order 18. Rosales 471 

Carpels united mto a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct (united more or 
less in some Rhamnaceae). 

Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the petals. 

Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer and opposite them, or more 
numerous. 

Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. 

Order 19. Geraniales 572 

Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or 

'"" erect, or ascending. Order 20. Sapim dales 597 

Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the 
petals when these are present; ovules erect. 

Order 21. Rhamnales. ... 611 
Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elati- 
naceae, Violaceae and Passifloraceae); disc inconspicuous, or none. 

Sepals valvate; placentas united in the axis of the capsule. 

Order 22. Malvales 616 

Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasa- 
ceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary; placentas 
mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. 

Order 23. Parietales 623 

B. Ovary inferior^ adnate to the calyx ^ wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae and 
our Melastomaceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae 
and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees with no corolla). 

Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves very small or none in our 
genera; calyx-segments and petals very numerous. 

Order 24. Opuntiales 642 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments rarely more than 5. 

Petals none in our species; ovary i-ovuled. Order 25. ThymeleaLES... 645 

Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, small aquatic herbs). 

Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Halo- 
ragidaceae and Trapaceae, aquatic herbs). 

Order 26. Myrtales 647 

Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary. Order 27, Umbellales. . . . 667 

■f-f Petals more or less united (nearly or quite separate in Clethraceae, 
Pyrolaceae, some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, 
Oleaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Galax of the Diapensiaceae). 

Series 2. Gamopetalae... 691 

\ Ovary superior (except iw Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is 
partly or wholly inferior). 

Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of 
the corolla in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapesiaceae), as many as the 

lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Order i. Ericalks 691 

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as 
many, or more. 

Herbs. Order 2. Primulales... . 713 

Shrubs or trees. Order 3. Ebenales 720 

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with 
them (in our species of Fraxinus and Adelia of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). 
Corolla not scarious, nerved. 

Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and 
Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound with 2 cavities or rarely 
more, or with i cavity and 2 placent.-e ; flowers regular ; stamens mostly 
adnate to only the lower part of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. 

Order 4. Gfntianales... 7.^3 
Ovary i, compound (2-divided in Dichondra of the Convolvulaceae ; in 
Roraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) : flow- 
ers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the co- 
rolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate. 

Order 5. Polemoniales.. 740 
Coroila scarious, nerveless. Order 6. Plantagin.xlks. 856 



X GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 



PAGB 

W Ovary inferior. 

Antliers distinct. 

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer 
in Linnaea of the Caprifoliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, 
with I ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves opposite or verticillate. 

Order 7. Rubiales 8^ 

Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes : ovary i-celled with i pen- 
dulous ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. 

Order 8. Valerianales. 877 
Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, 
in Ambrosiaceae and in Kuhnia of the Compositae). 

Order 9. Campanulales. 881 






V 



FLORA, 



Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Ferns and Fern- Allies.^ 

Plants containing woody and vascular tissues producing spores asex- 
ually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green prothallia 
(gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive organs, the female 
known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization of the 
^^% in the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherid, the 
asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plant is developed ; this phase is rep- 
resented by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail. Comprising about 
4000 living species, of which more than three-fourths are confined to 
tropical regions. 

Order I. FILICALES. 

Spores, all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are 
borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles. 
Vernation erect, or inclined : sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse 

slit. Fam. i. Ophioglossacece. 

Vernation coiled ; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). 
Sporanges opening vertically. 

Sporanges panicled, w^ith a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns. 

Fara. 2. Osmundacece. 
Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle : leaves filmy, translucent. 

Fam. 3. HymenophyllacecB. 
Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, vi'xlYi a vertical ring. 

Fam. 4. Schizceacece. 
Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring, borne in sori on the 
back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiacece. 

Family I. OPHIOGLOSSACE^ Presi. 

Adder's- Tongue Family, 

More or less succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf growing 
from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle, the 
sporanges formed from the interior tissues, naked, opening at maturity 
by a transverse slit. Spores yellow. Prothalli subterranean, devoid of 
chlorophyll. Contains five genera, three of which are American, 

Veins reticulate ; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. i. Op/iioglossum. 

Veins free ; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium. 

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. 

Low plants from a small fleshy rootstock, with slender fleshy roots, the bud for 
the following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaves simple, soli- 
tary, borne on the stem. Sporophyll terminal, formed of two rows of largo coales- 

* Contributed by Professor Lucien M. Underwood. 



2 FLORA. 

cent sporanges. Veins reticulate. Sports sulphur-yellow. [Name from the 
Greek, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of spo- 
ranges.] About 30 species of wide geographic distribution. 

Leaf ovate to elliptic, large ; basal veins, 9-13 or more. 

Areolae with few veinlets ; apex obtuse. i. O. vulgatum. 

Areola broad, with many veinlets ; apex mucronate. 2. O. Engelma7ini. 

Leaf lanceolate, small ; basal veins 5-7. 3. O. arenariuyn. 

I. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder's-tongue. (I. F, f. i.) Rootstock 
short, oblique ; stem slender, erect, simple, glabrous, 1-4 dm. high, bearing the 
sessile thin ovate or elliptic-oblong leaf, 3-12 cm. long, near its middle ; leaf I-5 
cm. wide, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated, with few veinlets within the 
areolae ; basal veins 9-13 ; spike solitary, I-2.5 cm. long, erect, the axis extending 
beyond the sporanges into a point. In moist meadows and thickets, Pr. Edw. Isl. 
to Alaska, south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 

.2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. (I. F. f. la.) Rootstock cylindric ; 
stem 8-22 cm. high, bearing an elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic leaf which is 3-c 
cm. long. 1.5-5 cm. wide, obtuse but sharply apiculate, fleshy but becoming pel- 
lucid ; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming broad 
oblong-hexagonal areolae with numerous included veinlets; spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
apiculate. In moist ground, Va. and Ind. to Mo., Tex, and Ariz. 

3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G, Britton, (I, F. f. ib.) Rootstock slightly 
thickened; stem 5-18 cm. high, bearing a lanceolate leaf 2-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. 
wide, with a long tapering base and an obtuse or rarely somewhat acute apex : 
basal veins 5-7, the central nearly parallel with short oblique veinlets, forming 
long narrow areolae with few faint included veinlets near the middle of the leai 
and much shorter irregular ones toward the margin; spikes 1-3 cm. long, often 
twisted, apiculate. Gregarious in a single colony near the seashore, Holly 
Beach, N. J. 

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. 

Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud 
for the succeeding year imbedded in the base of the stem. Leaf pinnately or 
ternately divided or compound, the sporophyll pinnate or tripinnate with sessile 
distinct sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles 
in some species. Veins free. Spores of various shades of yellow. [Greek, in 
allusion to the grape-like clusters of sporanges.] About 20 species, mostly 
natives of the northern hemisphere. 

Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem. 

Leaf rising above the middle of the stem, small plants maturing in early summer. 
Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. 

Leaf entire, or with 1-3 pairs of distant lunate decurrent segments. 

1. B. tenebrosum. 
Leaf with fan-shaped segments ; sporophyll not bent in vernation. 

2. B. Lunaria. 

Leaf pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid with narrow segments ; both leaf and sporo* 
phylls bent in vernation. 3. B. niatricaricBfoHum. 

Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in the fertile portion ; leaf triangular, 
sessile. 4. B. lanceolatum. 

Leaf rising from little above the rootstock. 

Vernation wholly straight ; bud smooth ; leaf entire, or 2-6-lobed. 

5. B. simplex. 
Vernation inclined ; bud pilose ; leaf ample ternate. 

Leaf segments obliquely ovate or oblong, large, 1-2 cm. long. 

6. B. obliquum. 
Leaf segments laciniate, narrow, i mm. or less wide. 

7. B. dis sec turn. 
Leaf segments small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or ovate. 

8. B. tnatricaria:. 

Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem ; leaf ternate, decompound, 
sessile at the middle of the stem. 9. B. Vz'rgimanum. 

I. Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. Plant 3-20 cm. high, averaging 
IG-12 cm., one-third of which is below ground ; slender, fleshy, light green 01 



PTERIDOPHYTA, 3 

yellowish after fruiting, transparent when dry ; leaf above the middle of the stem, 
often immediately under the sporophyll, short-petioled, entire, lobed, or usually 
with 1-3 pairs of distant alternate lunate decurrent entire segments ; the apex 
emarginate or with a triangular elongation ; sporophyll usually short- stalked, 
simple, or rarely with one or two short, somewhat dilated branches, bearing alter- 
nate or nearly opposite clusters of sporanges ; spores very large, verrucose ; sporo- 
phyll not bent in vernation. Rich shady situations, usually among maples at the 
border of swamps; Mass. and N. H. to Cent. N. Y. 

2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. (I. F. f. 3.) Plant very 
fleshy, 5-30 cm. high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the 
stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate 
to entire and are either close and imbricated or somewhat distant ; sporophyll 
2-3-pinnate, often dense, 3-5 cm. long, often about the height of the sterile ; apex 
only of the leaf bent over the nearly straight sporophyll in vernation. Greenland 
to Alaska, south to Conn., Cent. N. Y., Mich., Br. Col., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
Colo., mostly in fields. Also in N. Europe and Asia. June-July. 

3. Botrychium matricariaefdlium A. Br. (I. F. f. 4.) Plant 5-30 cm. high, 
often very fleshy. Sterile portion borne above the middle of the stem, short- 
stalked, ovate or oblong, i-2-pinnatifid or rarely 2-pinnate, with obtuse divisions 
and narrow toothed segments ; midveins disappearing by continued branching ; 
sporophyll 2-3-pinnate, often much branched ; spores tuberculate ; apex of both 
leaf and sporophyll turned downward in vernation. In grassy woods and swamps, 
N. S. to N. J., west to O. and Wash. Also in Europe. May-June. 

4. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel. ) Angs. (I. F. f. 6.) Plani 7-20 
cm. high, somewhat fleshy. Leaf closely sessile near the summit of the stem, 
2 cm. or more wide, 3 -lobed or broadly triangular and 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate 
segments lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate ; midvein continuous, with 
forking veinlets ; sporophyll slightly overtopping the leaf, short-stalked, 2-3- 
pi-nnate ; sporophyll recurved its whole length with the shorter leaf reclined upon 
it in vernation. In meadows, woods, and swamps, N. S. to Alaska, south to N. J., 
O., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 

5. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 2.) Plant 5-16 cm. high, 
slender, very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate, or oblong, entire, lobed, or pinnately 
parted, borne near the base of the stem ; sporophyll a simple or slightly compound 
spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges ; spores large for the genus, 
minutely tuberculate ; apex of leaf and sporophyll erect in vernation. In moist 
woods or meadows, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Md., west to Wyo. and Cal. Also in N. 
Europe. May-June. 

6. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. (I. F. f. 5, as B. temahwi.) Plant robust, 
15 cm. -5 dm. high. Leaf rising from near the base on a stalk 2-10 cm. or more 
long, ternate with the three divisions nearly equal, bipinnate or somewhat tri- 
pinnatifid in larger forms, the ultimate segments obliquely ovate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, the terminal of each division elongate, 1-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the 
margins crenate or serrate ; sporophyll long-stalked, triquadripinnate ; bud densely 
pilose, both portions bent in vernation. Low woods and open places widely dis- 
tributed from N. B. to Fla. and Mex. and westward to Minn. 

Botrychium obliquum intermedium (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Plant larger, the leaf 
on a shorter stalk 2-5 cm. long, the leaf sometimes reaching 15 cm. each way ; lateral 
divisions smaller than the terminal : ultimate segments similar to the type, but mostly 
shorter. In low ground, N. N. Y. and N. E. 

7. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (I. F. f. 5a.) Plant 5-10 dm. high with 
slender fleshy stems. Leaf long-stalked from near the base of the stem, with 
broadly deltoid basal divisions, decompound ; secondary pinnre lanceolate from a 
broader base, pinnate with laciniate and deeply cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions 
divergent, often 2-toothed at their apices, usually less than I mm. wide ; sporophyll 
long-stalked 2-3-pinnate ; bud pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem, both por- 
tions bent in vernation. Rare in E. Mass. and common from S. N. E. southward 
to Va., inland to Ind. and Ky. 

8. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Sprong. Plant 10-15 ^^i^"^- l^igl^. ^vith 
slender fleshy stems. Leaf moderately sliort-stalked. tornatc. small. 3-5 cm. wide 
and high, the three divisions similar, bipinnatitid or bipinnate ; ultimate segments 



4 FLORA, 

small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or somewhat obliquely ovate, the margins undulate 
or crenate ; sporophylls rather long-stalked for the size of the plant, 2-3-pinnate 
with large sporanges ; bud pilose. In old meadows, N. N. E. and N. Y. and 
northward; also in Europe. 

9. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. (I. F. f. 7.) Plant 2-6 dm. high, the 
stem slender but fleshy. Leaf nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, 
spreading, thin, ternate with the primary divisions pinnate to 2-pinnate and the 
segments 1-2-pinnatifid ; ultimate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the 
apex ; epidermal cells flexuous ; sporophyll long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for 
the following year pilose, enclosed in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower 
part of the stem ; sporophyll recurved its whole length, the leaf reclined upon it 
in vernation. In rich woods, N. S. to Fla., west to Br. Col. and Ariz. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June-July. 

Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. 

Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves which 
are coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the 
margins of the pinnules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere 
traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted 
pinnae or in clusters (sori) on the lower surfaces of the pinnules. Three 
genera ; only one American. 

I. OSMUNDA L. 

Tall swamp ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore -bearing) 
portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the mar- 
gins of their rachis-like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked, 
regular and prominent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a longitudinal 
cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the 
rudimentary transverse ring. Spores green. [From Osmunder, a name for the 
god Thor. ] Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. 

Leaves bipinnate, fertile at the apex. i. O. regalis. 

Sterile leaves bipinnatifid. 

Pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at base ; fertile leaf distinct from 

sterile. 2. (9. cinna^nomea. 

Pinnae of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at base ; leaves fertile in the 
middle. 3. O. Claytoniatia, 

1. Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern. (I. F. f. 8.) Rootstock stout, bearing 
a cluster of several tall bipinnate leaves, 6 dm. -2 m. high, and 3 dm. or more 
wide. Pinnse 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the pinnules oblong-ovate or 
lanceolate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, especially 
near the apex and occasionally crenate towards the truncate, oblique or cordate 
base ; sporophylls linear-cylindric, panicled at the summit, withering and shriv- 
elling with age, greenish before maturity, but becoming dark brown after the 
spores have fallen. In swamps and marshes, N. B. to Fla., N. W. Terr., Neb. 
and Miss. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. May-July. 

2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. (I. F. f. 9.) Rootstock 
very large, widely creeping, bearing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one or 
more fertile ones within. Stipes 3 dm. or more long, clothed with ferruginous 
tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves 3 dm.— i m. long, 
glabrous when mature, except a small tuft of tomentum at the base of each pinna ; 
pinnse linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments ; sporophyll 
contracted, bipinnate, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-colored after the 
copious green spores have been discharged. In wet places, N. S. to Minn., to 
Fla. and Mex. Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the fertile 
and sterile ; some being sterile at the apex, others in the middle, others on one 
side only. May-June. 

3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Clayton's Fern. (L F. f. 10.) Rootstock 
stout, bearing a circle of 2-pinnatifiid leaves 6 dm. -2 m, high, 1.5-2.5 dm. wide ; 
sterile pinnse without tufts of tomentum at the base, linear-lanceolate, deeply 



PTERIDOPHYTA. 5 

cleft into oblong obtuse segments, some of the leaves contracted in the middle and 
bearing 2-5 pairs of sporophylls with dense, cylindric divisions which are green- 
ish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally withering ; leaves clothed with tomen- 
tum when young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and 
finally widely recurving. In moist places, Newf. to Minn., N. C. and Mo. Also in 
India. May-July. 

Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. 

Membranous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping root- 
stocks. Leaves usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a filiform, 
usually elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which opens 
vertically. Several genera, comprising some 200 species, very abundant 
in tropical regions. 

I. tricho'manes l. 

Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. Sporanges flattened, 
surrounded by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the 
lower part of the slender filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular 
or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 2-lipped. [Greek, in al- 
lusion to the thin hair-like segments of some species.] About 100 species, mostly 
of tropical regions. 

I. Trichomanes radicans Sw. Bristle Fern. (L F. f. 11.) Rootstock 
filiform, wiry, tomentose, creeping. Stipes (petioles) ascending, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
naked or nearly so; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3.3 cm. wide, membranaceous, lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the 
cuneate base parallel with or appressed to the narrowly winged rachis ; segments 
toothed or cut into linear divisions ; indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pin- 
nule, the mouth slightly 2-lipped, receptacle more or less exserted. On wet rocks. 
Ky. to Fla. and Ala. and widely distributed through the tropics. 

Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. 

Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne 
in spikes or panicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening 
vertically by a longitudinal slit. Several genera and about 100 species, 
mainly tropical. 

Sporanges in close 2-ranked spikes ^ leaves filiform or linear. i. Schizaea. 

Sporanges in ample panicles ; pinnules palmate. 2. Lygodiutn. 

I. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith. 

Small slender ferns with filiform or linear leaves, the fertile distinct from the 
sterile. Sporanges sessile in close distichous spikes along the single vein of the 
narrow divisions of the sporophylls, provided with a complete apical ring. [Greek, 
in allusion to the cleft leaves of some species.] A genus of 19 species, of wide dis- 
tribution, mostly tropical. 

I. Schizaea pusilla Pursh. Curly-grass. (I. F. f. 12.) Sterile leaves 
linear, slender and tortuous. Sporophylls longer, 7-12 cm. high, the fertile portion 
terminal, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnse, forming a distichous spike; 
sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows along the single vein of the narrow 
incurved linear divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by its incurved 
margins, which are hooded at the apex and ciliate ; ring apical, the sporanges 
opening by a vertical slit. In wet soil, pine-barrens of N. J. and in N. S. and 
Newf. Rare and local. Aug.-Sept. 

2. LYGODIUM Sw. 

Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and 
lobed, the fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitaiy or in twos in the 
axils of imbricated scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opening verti- 



O FLORA. 

cally. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. [Greek, in al- 
lusion to the flexible stipes. 1 About 20 species, mostly tropical. 

I. Lygodium palniatum (Bernh.) Sw. Climbing Fern. Hartford Fern. 
(I. F. f. 13.) Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible and twining; 
leaves 4-10 dm. long, their short alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a 
nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pimiule which is more or less cordate at the base with 
a narrow sinus ; surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, several times forked, 
forming a terminal panicle ; sporanges solitary, each covered by a scale-like in- 
dusium. In moist thickets and open woods, N. H. and Mass. to Penn., Fla. and 
Tenn. ; rare. Summer. 

Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. 

Fern Family. 
Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongate, 
or short and erect, the leaves entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, 
coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side 
or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a ver- 
tical ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous 
covering (indusium). Prothallium green. About 200 genera and 3000 
species of wide distribution. 

Leaves all flat, or their edges only slightly revolute. 
Sori without indusia. 

Sori roundish or not more than twice as long as broad. 

Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species pinnatifid. 

I. Poly podium. 
Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2-3-piRnatifid 

or ternate. 14. Fhegopteris. 

Sori linear and marginal. 2. Kotholaeiia. 

Sori with riiarginal indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. 
Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the leaf. 

3. Adiantu7?i. 
■ Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices 
of the veins. 4. Pteridiuyn. 

Sporanges at or near the ends of unconnected veins. 

Leaves of two forms ; stipes pale. 5. Cryptog7-amrna. 

Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark-colored. 

Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the segment. 

6. Pellaea. 
Sori minute ; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous the seg- 
ments small and bead-like. 7. Cheilanthes. 
Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia. 

Sori linear or oblong; indusia more than twice as long as broad. 
Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs or rachises. 

8. Woodwardia. 
Sori all oblique to the midrib or rachises ; veins free. 

Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing it. 

9. Asplenium. 
Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in 

the middle ; leaf simple. 10. Phyllitis. 

Sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique ; veins united. 

II. Camptosorus. 
Sori roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. 

Indusium superior. 

Indusium orbicular, peltate, fixed by the centre. 12. Polystichum. 

Indusium reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus by which it is 
attached to the leaf. 13. Dryopteris. 

Indusium delicate, partly inferior, fixed by a broad base and enclosing the 

sorus like a hood. 15. Filix. 

Indusium wholhvinferior. 

Indusium roundish or stellate. 16. Woodsia. 

Indusium cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 17. De7instaedtia. 

Spore-bearing leaves closely rolled together with necklace-like segments. 

Leaves with free veins ; rootstock stout, erect. 18. Mateuccia. 

Leaves with anastomosing veins ; rootstock creeping with scattered leaves, 

19. Ottoclea, 



PTERIDOFHYTA. J 

I. POLYPODIUM L. 

Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori 
hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium 
none. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts trans- 
versely. Veins free in the northern species. [Greek, in allusion to the branched 
rootstocks of some species.] About 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly 
tropical. 

Lower surface of the leaf glabrous ; plant green. i. P. vulgare. 

Lower surface of the leaf densely scaly ; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides, 

1. Polypodium vuigare L, Polypody. (I. F. f. 71.) Rootstock widely 
creeping, densely covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes light-colored, gla- 
brous, 5-15 cm. long ; leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, sub- 
coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous on both surfaces, 7-25 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, 
cut nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear 
or linear-oblong segments ; sori large, borne about midway between the midrib 
and the margins of the segments ; veins free. On rocks or rocky banks, almost 
throughout N. Am., Asia and Europe. Forms with the ends of the segments enlarged, 
somewhat palmately lobed, and the upper crested are known as var. cristattim. 
Forms with the segments broad and deeply pinnatifid are called var. Cambricum. 

2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 72,) Rootstock 
widely creeping, woody, covered with small brown scales. Stipes densely scaly, 2.5- 
4.5 cm. long ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 3— 15 
cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire oblong 
or linear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the 
lower densely covered with gray peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the 
rachises ; veins indistinct, unconnected, and usually once forked. On trees or 
rarely on rocks, Pa. to Va. and Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex., and throughout 
tropical. America. 

2. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. 

Mostly small rock-loving ferns, with 1-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and 
marginal roundish or oblong sori, which are at first distinct but soon confluent into 
a narrow band. Indusium none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered 
by the inflexed margin of the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided 
with a vertical transversely bursting ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered 
with a white or yellow waxy powder, or in some species with a dense tomentum. 
[Greek in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.] About 40 species, of wide dis- 
tribution, most numerous in America. Besides the following, some 13 others are 
found in the mountainous portions of the southwestern U. S. 

I. Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. (I. F. f. 70.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
with narrow brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very slender, shining, dark brown, 
2.5-4.5 cm. long ; leaves triangular-ovate in ovitline, acute, broadest at the base, 
2.5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate, the rachis black and shining ; pinnae ovate, the lower 
slender- stalked ; ultimate pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, crenate or entire, 
small, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. On calcare- 
ous rocks, Mo. and Kan. to Ariz, and Tex. 

3. ADIANTUM L. 

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided leaves 
and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed antl altered portion 
of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves 
very slender or filiform, polished and shining. [Name ancient.] A genus of So or 
90 species, mostly of tropical America. 

Leaves 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in outline. i. ,/. Caf^illus-Vcneris. 

Leaves dichotomously forked with pinnate branches. 2. A. f^edatum. 

I. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. Venus-hair Fern. (I. F. f. 59.) Rcx^t- 

stock creeping, rather slender, chafty with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender, 
black or nearly so, shining, 7-22 cm. long; l«.avos ovate-lanceolaie in outline, bi- 



8 FLORA, 

pinnate below, simply pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 1.5-6 dm. 
long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base; pinnules and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or 
rhomboid, rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper margin rounded and more or 
less incised, ^crenate or dentate-serrate, except where it is recurved to form the in- 
dusia. In ravines, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., S. Dak. and Cal. Widely distributed. 
2. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden-hair Fern. (I. F. f. 60.) Rootstock 
slender, creeping, chaffy, rooting along its whole length. Stipes 2-4.5 dm. long, 
dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously forked at the summit; 
leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 2-4.5 d™- broad, the pinnse arising from the 
upper sides of the two branches of the stipe, somewhat radiately arranged, the 
larger ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 ^m. wide; pinnules oblong, triangular- 
oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, the lower margin entire and 
slightly curved, the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, bearing the linear-oblong, 
often short sori. In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ark., Utah and Cal., 
in Alaska and W. Asia. 

4. PTERIDIUM Scop. 

Large, mostly coarse ferns, growing in open sunny places, with variously di- 
vided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or fili- 
form receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, formed 
of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek 
name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.] 
About 100 species of wide distribution, mostly of warm and. tropical regions. 

X. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Brake. Bracken. (I. F. f. 61.) Rootstock 
stout, woody, horizontal. Stipes 3-6 dm. long, straw-colored or brownish; leaves 
6-12 dm. long, 3-9 dm. wide, usually glabrous, ternate, the three branches each 
bipinnate; upper pinnules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid. In sunny 
places, distributed over nearly the whole of N. Am. \^Pteris aquilina L.] 

P. aquilinum pseudocaudatum Clute. Pinnules sometimes linear and entire, or with 
the segments less crowded and the terminal lobe attenuate, narrow and entire. In sandy 
soil, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 

5. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock-brake. 

Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, the segments of 
the sterile much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or 
roundish sori, which are at length confluent and cover the backs of the fertile pin- 
nules. Indusium formed of the somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first 
reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments appear pod-like, at length opening out 
flat. vSporanges borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins. [Greek, in allu- 
sion to the hidden sporanges.] Two species. 

1. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (I. F. f. 62.) Rootstock stout, short, 
chaffy. Stipes slender, densely tufted, straw-colored, 5-15 cm. long, chaffy below; 
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, glabrous, 2-3 -pinnate, the sterile 
shorter than the fertile, their ultimate segments and pinnules crowded, ovate, 
oblong or obovate, obtuse, crenate or slightly incised; fertile leaves with linear or 
linear-oblong segments 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm, or less wide, the margins involute to 
the midrib at first, expanded at maturity and exposing the light brown sporanges. 
Forming dense patches among rocks. Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to 
Lakes Huron and Superior, Colo., and Cal. 

2. Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. (I. F. f. 63.) Rootstock slender, 
creeping, threadlike, somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 5-8 cm. long, straw-col- 
ored or pale brown, slightly chaffy below; leaves thin-membranous, ovate in out, 
line, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 2-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile 
taller than the sterile and with narrower pinnules and segments; pinnae lanceolate- 
deltoid, cut to the rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly lobed or entire seg-- 
ments; indusium broad, continuous; veins of the fertile leaves mostly only one- 
forked, everywhere apparent and conspicuous. On rocks, preferring limestone, 
Lab. to Br. Col., south to Mass., Penn., Iowa and Colo. Also in Asia. {Pellaea 
Stelleri ^-^XX.I 



PTERIDOPHYTA, 9 

6. PELLAEA Link. Cliff-brake. 
Rock-loving ferns of small or medium size with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and 
intramarginal sori borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and 
forming a marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of 
the reflexed margins of fertile segments which are more or less mfxiified and mem- 
branous. Fertile and sterile leaves similar. Stipes usually dark-colored. [Greek, 
in allusion to the dark-colored stipes.] About 55 species, of wide distribution. 

Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. i. P. atropurpurea. 

Leaves small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 2. P. densa. 

1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. (I. F. f. 64.) Rootstock short, densely 
clothed with rusty hair-like scales. Stipes tufted, 5-15 cm. long, dark purple or 
nearly black; leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1-3 dm. 
long, 5-15 cm. wide, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below; rachis dark-brown or 
purple, glabrous or pubescent; pinnules and upper pinnae 2.5-5 cm. long, glabrous, 
6 mm, or less wide, short-stalked or sessile; indusium formed of the slightly 
altered incurved margin of the pinnules; veins obscure, commonly twice forked. 
On rocks, preferring limestone, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Conn., Ga., Ariz, and 
N. Mex. 

2. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. (I. F. f. 65.) Rootstock rather slender, 
chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown, 7-22 
cm. long; leaves ovate or triangular-oblong in outline, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, densely 
3-pinnate, the segments 6-12 mm. long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or mucro- 
nate, those of the fertile leaves tapering at each end, with narrowly recurved 
margins; apices of the rare sterile leaves sharply serrate, otherwise similar to the 
fertile ones. Mt. Albert, Gaspe, P. Q. Also from Br. Col. to Wyo. and Gal. 

7. CHEILANTHES Sw. Lip-fern. 

Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided 
leaves, the sori terminal on the veins, ultimately more or less confluent. Indusium 
formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less con- 
fluent. Sporanges often much concealed in the scales or tomentum which covers 
the segments in many species. [Greek, in allusion to the lipped indusia of some 
species.] About 65 species, of temperate and tropical regions. 

Leaves nearly glabrous, 2-pinnate. i. C. Alabamensis. 

Leaves hirsute and glandular, not tomentose ; indusia not continuous. 

2. C, lanosa. 
Leaves more or less tomentose ; indusia mostly continuous. 

Leaves 5-10 cm. long ; stipes slender, at length nearly glabrous, 3. C. Feet. 

Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long ; stipes stout, densely brown-tomentose. 4. C. tovientosa. 

1. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. (I. F. f. 66.) Rootstock 
creeping, rather stout and short, with slender brown scales. Stipes black, 7-18 cm. 
long, slender, wiry, villous at least towards the base with rusty wool; leaves lanceo- 
late in outline, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 2-pinnate; pinnae numerous, ovate-lanceo^ 
late, acuminate, very short-stalked, the lowest usually smaller than those above; 
pinnules oblong or triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auriculate on the upper side 
of the base, more or less toothed or incised; indusia pale, membranous, interrupted 
by the incising of the pinnse. On rocks, Va. to Ala., west to Ark. and Ariz. 

2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. (I. F. f. 6'].) Rootstock short, creep- 
ing, with pale rusty-brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 cm. 
long, hirsute; leaves herbaceous, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 10—22 cm, long, 2.5-5 
cm, wide, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pinnules somewhat distant, 
lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with 
almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular, obtuse or subacute; sori 
numerous, covered by the infolded ends of the rouiKded or oblong lobes. On rocks. 
West Rock, New Haven, and southern New York to Ga., west to M(\, Ark. and 
Tex. 

3. Cheilanthes Feei Moore. (I, F. f. 68.) Rtx>tstock short, covered with 
narrow brown scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted, slender, about as long 
as the leaves, ai first covered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous; leaves 



10 FLORA, 

ovate-lanceolate in outline, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate 
with the pinnules pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely 
matted with whitish-brown woolly hairs; upper pinnae oblong-ovate, the lower 
deltoid, the lowest distant; ultimate segments or lobes minute, the terminal ones 
slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded; indusium 
narrow. On rocks, III., to Br. CoL, Tex. and Ariz. (C. gracilis Mett.) 

4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. (I. F. f. 69.) Rootstock stout,, short, 
densely chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes tufted, 1-2 dm. long, rather stout, 
densely brown-tomentose even when mature; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, densely tomentose, especially beneath, with slender 
brownish -white obscurely articulated hairs; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about I mm. long, the terminal ones some- 
times twice as large as the others; indusium pale, membranous, continuous. On 
rocks, Va. to Ga., west to Mo., Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 

8. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. Chain-fern. 

Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly 
bi-pinnate leaves and oblong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged 
in chain-like rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the 
pinnae of the fertile ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Lidusia subcor- 
iaceous, fixed by their outer margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. 
Veins more or less reticulated. [Name in honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 
1 745-1 820, English botanist.] Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. 

Leaves uniform ; veins free between the sori and the margin. i, W. Virginica. 

Leaves of two kinds ; veins everywhere anastomosing. 2. W. areolata. 

1. Woodwardia Virg-inica (L.) J. E. Smith. (I. F. f. 42.) Rootstock long, 
stout, subterranean or creeping, chaffy. Stipes stout, 3-4.5 dm. long, nearly or quite 
iiaked, dark-colored below; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, at the apex, narrowed 
at the base, 3-6 dm. long, 15-22 cm, wide, pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually 
alternate or some of them opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, 
sessile, 7—15 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their 
margins minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single series of areolae on either side 
of the midvein, the sori borne on the outer curving veinlets; sterile and fertile leaves 
similar in outline. Li swamps, N. S. to Ont. and IMich., south toFla., La. and Ark. 

2. Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore. (I. F. f. 43.) Rootstock slender, 
creeping, chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile and borne 
on longer stipes, 3-6 dm. high, their pinnae much contracted, narrowly linear, 
7-12.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, distant, their bases connected by a very narrow 
wing to the rachis or quite distinct ; sterile leaves deltoid-ovate, membranous, 
broadest at the base, or sometimes with one or two small pinnae below, the apex 
acuminate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, some- 
times undulate, their bases connected by a rather broad rachis-wing; veins forming 
numerous areolae. In swamps. Me. to Fla., La. and Ark.; also in Mich. 

9. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort. 

Large or small ferns with entire, lobed, pinnate, 2-3 -pinnate, or pinnatifid 
leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves mostly 
uniform. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midribs 
when single. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an elastic ring, bursting trans- 
versely. [Ancient Greek name ; some species were supposed to be remedies for 
diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 200 species, of very wide geographic 
distribution. 

Sori straight or rarely sHghtly curv^ed, attached to the upper side of a vein ; mostly small 
(except in No. 7). 
Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point. 

Stipes blackish below ; lobes rounded or the lowest acuminate. 

I. A. pinnatifidum. 
Stipes blackish throughout ; lobes acute or acuminate. 2. A. ebenoides. 



P TERID OPH YTA. II 

Leaves once pinnate. 

Pinnae 7 mm. -8 cm. long, mostly blunt. 
Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. 

Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base. 

Pinnae opposite, oblong ; rachis dark brown or black. 

3. A. parvulum. 
Pinnae partly alternate, lanceolate ; rachis chestnut-brown. 

4. A. platyneuron. 
Pinnae not auricled, partly alternate, partly opposite. 

5. A. Trichomanes. 
Rachis green ; pinnae not auricled. 6. A. viride. 

Pinnae 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate. 7. A. angustt/olium. 

Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. 

Stipes green ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; pinnules fan-shaped, veins flabellate. 

8, A. Ruta-muraria. 
Stipes dark at the base, green above. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base. 9. A, tnontanum. 

Leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle. 10. A.fontanum. 

Stipes chestnut-brown throughout, as also the lower part of the rachis. 

II. A, B7'adleyi. 
Sori usually more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the 
outer or lower side of the veinlet ; large ferns. 
Leaves 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 12. A. acrostichoides. 

Leaves 2-pinnate ; pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 13. A. Filtx-foemma. 

1. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt (I. F. f. 46.) Rootstock short, creeping, 
chaffy. Stipes tufted, polished, blackish below, green above, 5-12 cm. long, 
somewhat chaffy below, at least when young ; leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 
7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering upward to a long narrow tip, pinnatifid or the 
lower parts pinnate ; lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs sometimes taper- 
ing to a point like that of the apex of the leaf ; lobes or pinnae rounded or the 
lowest acuminate. On rocks, N. J. and Pa. to 111., south to Ga. and Ark. 

2. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. (LF. f. 47.) Rootstock short, chaffy. 
Stipes blackish tufted, 4-10 cm. long ; leaves lanceolate in outline, variable in 
size and length, 8-25 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide at the base, firm, tapering into 
a very long narroM^ acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the 
segments or pinnae lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in 
length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just above ; sori several on each 
segment, straight or slightly curved. On limestone, Conn, to Ind., south to Ala. 
Local; rare except in the last-named locality. 

3. Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. (I. F. f. 48.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
with black stiff scales. Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves 
rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, 
once pinnate ; pinnae 4-12 mm, long, mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or 
crenulate, auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle ones the long- 
est, the lower gradually shorter and reflexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori 
oblong, short, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the 
pinnae, nearly or quite straight. On limestone, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., Tex., 
and N. Mex. 

4. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. (I. F. f. 49.) Rootstock short. 
Stipes tufted, purplish -brown and shining, 2.5-IO cm. long ; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. 
long, 1.2-3.5 cm. wide, firm, once pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnce 
20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or 
incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and occasionally also on the lower ; 
lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong or triangular ; sori 8-12 on each side 
of the midrib of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity. On nK'ks and banks, 
preferring limestone soil. Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to Colo, and Tex. 

5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. (I. F. f. 50.) Rootstock short, nearly erect, 
chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, numerous, 2.5-12 cm. long, 
purplish -brown ai\d shining ; leaves linear in outline, 7-20 cm. long, I2-20 mm. 
wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen ; pinnae oval or nnindish-oblong, in- 
equilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or nearly all opposite, cuueate at 
the base, the point of attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their nuirgins 
slightly crenate; sori 3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, 



12 FLORA. 

narrowed at either end. On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly the 
whe;le uf N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. 

6. Asplenium viride Huds. (I. F. f. 51.) Rootstock stout, creeping, with 
brown nerveless scales. Stipes numerous, densely tufted, brownish below, green 
above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 8-20 cm. wide, once pinnate, pale 
green, soft, herbaceous or almost membranous; rachis green; pinnae 12-20 pairs, 
ovate or rhomboid, deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar- 
rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely truncate ; sori oblong and num- 
erous or scattered and fewer. On rocks, N. B. and Vt. to Br. Col. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. 

7. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. (I. F. f. 52.) Rootstock stout, creep- 
ing, rooting throughout. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or green above, chaff- 
less, 2-3 dm. long, sometimes slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in 
outline, 3-6 dm. long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 20—30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 
or those of the sterile leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at 
the base, 5-12 cm. long flaccid, the margins entire or slightly crenulate ; fertile 
leaves commonly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae generally much nar- 
rower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, crowded. In 
moist woods P. Q. to ^Yis. south to Va. and Ky. 

8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (I. F. f. 53.) Rootstock short, ascending. 
Stipes tufted, naked, green, 5-7 cm. long ; leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate in outline, 
5-12 cm. long, glabrous, evergreen, 2— 3-pinnate or pinnatifid above ; pinnae and pin- 
nules stalked ; pinnules rhombic or obovate. mostly obtuse, dentate or incised, cune- 
ate at the base ; veins flabellate ; sori few. linear-oblong, confluent when mature and 
covering nearly the whole pinnule, the indusium membranaceous and delicate. On 
limestone, Vt. to Mich., Conn., Ala. and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and N. Africa. 

9. Asplenium montanum Willd. (I. F. f. 54.) Rootstock short, chaffy at 
the summit. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, 5-7 cm. long ; 
leaves 5-20 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate in outline, acuminate at the apex; rather 
firm, 1-2 pinnate ; lower pinnae longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- 
ments ovate or oblong ; upper pinnae less divided, merely toothed or incised ; veins 
obsciure ; sori linear-oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usually abun- 
dant, often confluent at maturity and concealing the narrow membranous indusia. 
On rocks. Conn, and N. Y. to Ga., west to O. and Ark. 

10. Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bemh. (I. F. f. 55.) Rootstock short, 
ascending, with narrow dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, 2.5-7 cm. long, 
somewhat blackish at the base especially on the inner side, usually glabrous ; 
leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3 pinnate, 7-15 cm. long, 
1-3 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 pairs, 
the segments deeply dentate with spinidose teeth ; sori only I to 4 on each segment, 
covered with a membranous subentire indusium, rarely confluent. On rocks, 
Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, O. Also in Europe. 

11. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, (I. F. f. 56.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
with brown scales. Stipes tufted, slender, 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-brown; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the apex, not narrowed at the base, 
pinnate with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, oblong-ovate pinnae, the lower 
again pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or piimules, which are toothed 
at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes; rachis brown; 
sori short, borne near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusium imtil matixrity. 
On rocks, often preferring limestone, N. Y. to Ga. and Ala., west to Ark. 
Local. July-Sept. 

12. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. (I. F. f. 57.) Rootstock sinuous, creep- 
ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least when 
young ; leaves lanceolate in outline, 3-9 dm. long, 1.5-3 d^- wide, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae linear- 
lanceolate, sessile, aciuninate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse or 
subacute, slightly crenate segments; sori crowded, slightly curved or straight, the 
lower ones often double; indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young. 
In rich moist woods, N. S. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. Also in E. Asia. 

13. Asplenium Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. (I. F. f. 58.) Rootstock creep- 
ing, rather slender for the size of the plant. Stipes tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm, long, 



P TERID OPH YTA. 13 

straw-colored, brownish or reddish; leaves broadly oblong-ovate or oblong -lanceo- 
late, acuminate at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, bipinnate; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, 
short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, I-2 dm. long; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 
incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends oi 
the pinnae confluent by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, 
the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped. In woods, 
thickets, and by walls and fences, N. S. to Alaska, south to Fla., La., and Ariz. 
Also in Europe and Asia. 

10. PHYLLITIS Hill, 1756. IScolopendrium Adans. 1763.] 

Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves, and linear 
elongated sori which are almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in 
pairs, one on the upper side of a vein let, the other on the lower side of the next 
contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening longitudinally 
along its middle. Five species, mainly of temperate regions. Only the following 
is known to occur in N. Am. [Greek name of the Harts-tongue.] 

I. Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newman. Harts-tongue. (L F. f. 44.) 
Rootstock short, chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes 5-15 cm. long, fibrillose- 
' chaffy below or sometimes up to the base of the leaf ; leaves entire, bright green, 
firm, 2-4.5 ^^- loi^g' 2.5-6 cm. wide, cordate at the base, the margins entire or 
undulate, the lower surface of the midrib sometimes chaffy; pairs of sori distinct, 
4-15 mm. long; conspicuous on the lower surface, the sporanges dark brown at 
maturity; veins free, usually once forked near the midrib. On shaded cliffs of the 
corniferous limestone, Chittenango Falls and Jamesville, N. Y. ; near South Pitts- 
burg, Tenn. ; Owen Sound, Ont., N. B. and Mex. Widely distributed in Europe, 
Asia and Africa. 

11. CAMPTOSORUS Link. 

Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or 
oblong sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of 
the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and 
partly oblique to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium 
membranous. [Greek, referring to the bent or curved sori.] Two species. 

1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking-fern. (I. F. f. 45.) 
Rootstock short, usually creeping, chaffy. Stipes light green, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
tufted, spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, simple, long-acuminate* at the 
apex, cordate, hastate or rarely narrowed at the base, 10-25 ^m. long, sometimes with 
a more or less elongated pair of basal auricles ; tip of the leaf and sometimes the tip 
of one or both of the basal auricles rooting and forming a new plant by the ultimate 
withering away of its tissue, but commonly two or sometimes as many as four 
plants are found connected; sori usually numerous, irregularly scattered on the 
lower surface. On rocks, preferring limestone, P. Q. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
N. Car. and Kan. 

12. POLYSTICHUM Roth. 

Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns growing from an erect rootstock, with round 
sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the sterile and fertile leaves similar in 
outline. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Stipe continuous, not 
jointed with the rootstoCk. Veins free. [Greek, signifying many rows, without 
obvious application. ] Some 45 species of wide distribution. 

Leaves once pinnate. 

Stipes short ; lower pinn.-e much reduced. - i, P. Lonchitis. 

Stipes longer ; lower piniis usually little reduced. 2. P. acrostic hoi\1es. 

Leaves 2-pinnate. 3. P. Praunii. 

I. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly-fern. (1. F. f. 26.) Rootstiuk 
short, stout, densely chaffy. Stipes 2.5-12.5 cm. long, bearing large dark brown 
scales with some smaller ones ; leaves rigid, evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in 
outline, once pinnate ; pinnne broadly lanceolate-falcate, 2.5-5 ^^^■'"'' ^^'^i^' acute or 
acuminate at the apex, strongly auricled o^i the upper siile at the base and ('•bliquely 
truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-dentate, the lowest commonly triangular 



14 FLORA. 

and shorter ; sori large, at length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than the 
midrib. On rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to Ont. and Br. Col., and in the 
Rocky Mts. to Utah. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 

2. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. (I. F. 
f. 27.) Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 12-16 cm. long, densely chaffy ; leaves 
lanceolate, 1.5-6 dm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaceous, once 
pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 2.5-7 cm. long, acutish at the 
apex, half halberd- shaped at the base, bristly with appressed teeth, the lower 
scarcely smaller ; fertile fronds contracted at the summit, bearing the large con- 
tiguous sori near the middle, which soon cover the whole lower surface. In woods 
and rocky places, N. B. and N. S. to Fla., \vest to Ont., Wis., and Miss. July- 
Aug. Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnge are known as var. Schweinitzii ; 
occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid, 

3. Polystichum Braiinii (Spenner) Fee. (I. F. f. 28.) Rootstock stout. 
Stipes 10-12 cm. long, chaffy with both broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, not coriaceous, 2-pinnate, the rachis chaffy, at least below ; 
pinnae numerous, close together, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the 
base, cut to the midvein into ovate or oblong pinnules ; middle pinnae 6-10 cm. 
long, the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truncate and nearly rectangular at the 
base, acute or obtuse, sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and scales ; 
sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than the margin. In rocky woods, Quebec 
to Alaska, south to Me., the mountains of Penn., Mich, and Br. Col. Aug. 

13. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Shield-fern. 

Ferns with 2-3 -pinnate or pinna tifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the 
backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. Indusium 
flattish, cordate reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus. Stipe continuous, not 
jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying oak-fern, in allusion 
to the forest habitat of most species.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 

Texture thin-membranous ; veins simple or once forked ; leaves pinnatifid. 

Lower pinnae very much reduced. i. D. Noveboracensis. 

Lower pinnse little smaller than the middle ones. 

Veins i-2-forked ; sori crowded, 10-12 to a segment. 2. D. Thelypteris. 

Veins simple; sori larger, distant, 4-10 to a segment. 3. Z>. sunulata. 
Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous ; veins forking freely. 
Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate ; segments not spinulose. 

Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. 4. D./ragrans. 

Leaves larger, mostly 0.4-1.6 m. high. 
Indusia large, thinnish and flat. 

Pinnae widest at the base. 5. D. cristata. 

Pinnae widest at the middle. 6. D. Goldieana. 

Indusia convex, without marginal glands. 

Sori near the margin. 7. D. marginalis. 

Sori near the midvein. 8. D. Filix-nias. 

Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid ; segments spinulose-toothed. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below ; scales of stipes usually 

with a dark centre. 9. D. spinulosa. 

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base ; scales of the stipes 
pale brown. 10. D. Boottii. 

1. Dryopteris Noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f 29.) Rootstock 
slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. 
long, 10-15 cm. wide, membranous, long-acuminate at the apex, once pinnate; pinnae 
lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate and finely pubescent 
beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and deflexed, 
commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged; 
veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked; sori not confluent, borne near the 
margin; indusium minute, reniform, delicate, glandular. In moist woods, Newf. 
to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. 

2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 30.) Rootstock slender, 
creeping. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base 
than at the middle, 3-8 cm. long, iO-15 cm. wide, short-acuminate, membranous, once 



PTERIDOPHYTA. 1 5 

pinnate ; pinnge linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate 
at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, 3-7 cm. long, slightly pubescent beneath, 
deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revo- 
lute margins; veins regularly once or twice forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each 
segment ; indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous. In marshes, N. B. to 
Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia. 

3. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. (I. F. f. 31.) Rootstock wide-creeping, 
brownish; stipes 1.5-5 ^'^^ ^^ng, straw-colored, dark brown at base, with deciduous 
scales; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 5-16 cm, wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- 
minate apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), little or not at all narrowed at 
the base; pinnae 12-20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments obliquely oblong, 
obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, espe- 
cially near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins simple, nearly straight; sori 
rather large, somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment; indusia finely glandular at 
the margins, withering-persistent. In woodland swamps. Me. to Conn, and N. Y. 

4. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. (I. F. f. 32.) Rootstock stout, with brown 
shining scales. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, chaffy; leaves lanceolate, firm, glandular, 
and aromatic, pinnate or nearly bipinnate, acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 
7-30 cm. long; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerovis, lanceolate, acute, 1.2-3 cm. 
long ; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, nearly covered by the 
large sori; indusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after the sporanges have 
matured, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-bearing. On rocks, Labrador to 
Alaska, south to Vt. and Wis. Also in Greenland, Europe, and Asia. 

5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 33.) Rootstock stout, densely 
chaffy. Stipesof the sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile 1.5-2.5 dm. long; 
leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed to 
the base, rather firm, 3-8 dm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate or 
triangular-ovate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 
6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; sori about midway between the margin and midrib; 
indusium thin, glabrous. In wet woods and swamps, Newf. to Manitoba, south to 
Ky. and Ark. Also in Europe and Asia. 

Dryopteris cristata Clintonikna (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Leaves 8-12 dm. long, 
with oblong-lanceolate pinnae which are broadest at the base and 10-15 cm. long ; seg- 
ments 8-16 pairs, linear-oblong, obscurely serrate ; veins pinnately forking, bearing the 
sori near the midvein. Me. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Wis. 

6. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 34.) Rootstock stout, 
chaffy. Stipes 2.5-4.5 dm. long, chaffy at least below ; leaves broadly ovate, rather 
firm, 6-12 dm. long, usually 3 dm. or more wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green 
above, pinnate or nearly 2 -pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, widest at 
about the middle, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2,5-5 cm. wide, parted into about 20 pairs of 
oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very 
near the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; indusium orbicular, glabrous, 
persistent. In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., south to N. Car, and Tenn. 

7. Dryopteris marglnalis (L.) A. Gray, (I. F. f. 35.) Rootstock stout, ascend- 
ing, chaffy with dark brown shining scales. Stipes 7-20 cm. long, chaffy below ; 
leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate in outline, subcoriaceous, 
1. 5-7*5 <i"^- loJ^g, pinnate or 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed 
at the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous, 5-12.5 cm. long, 
the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower 
pinnately parted into oblong, sometimes slightly falcate obtuse entire dentate or pin- 
nately lobed pinnules ; sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glabrous 
indusium. In rocky woods, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Minn, south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. A 
hybrid with D. cristata has been described. 

8. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. Male Fern. (T, F. f. 36.) R*xitstock 
stout, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 10-15 cm. long, very chaffy below ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base, 
3-9 dm. long, rather firm, half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae 
lanceolate, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the apex. 7- 15 cm. long, 
pinnatifid almost to the rachis or pinnately divitled into oblong glabrous lobes or 
pinnules ; pinnules slightly dentate, incised or nearly entire ; sori large. Inn-no near 
the midvein, more numerous on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, 



n-^ •> I, 



l6 FLORA. 

convex, glabrous. In rocky woods, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Mich, and Br. 
Col. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia, and in the Andes of S. Am. 

9. Dryopteris spinuldsa (Retz)Kuntze. (I. F. f. 37.) Rootstock chaffy. Stipes 
1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing a few pale brown deciduous scales ; leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 2-pinnate, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, elongated-triangular, rather thin, 
the lower pairs broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle ones ; pinnules 
oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pin- 
natifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium glabrous. In rich woods, Newf. to 
Alaska and Wash., south to Ky. and Mich. 

Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Scales of the stipes fev/, brown 
^vitl^ a darker centre ; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-3-pinnate, the pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 
spreading, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, pinnately divided : 
uidusium delicate, beset with stalked glands. ' Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car. and Mo^ 

Dryopteris spinulosa dilat^ta (Hoffm.) Underw. Scales of the stipe large, brown 
with a darker centre ; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, commonly 3-pinnate ; 
pinnules lanceolate-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glabrous. Newf. 
to Wash, and Alaska, south along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Tenn. and to O. and 
Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. 

10. Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. (I. F. f. 38.) Rootstock, ascend- 
ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, covei-ed, at least below, with thin pale-brown scales ; 
leaves elongated-oblong or lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly 
narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, 3-7.5 dm. long, 7.5—12.5 cm. wide ; 
pinnae lanceolate, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile base ; pinnules 
broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half- 
way between the midvein and margin ; indusium minutely glandular. In woods, 
N. S. to Minn., south to Del. and W. Va. Also in N. Eu. and Asia. 

14. PHEGOPTERIS Fde. 

Medium-sized or small ferns with 2-3 -pinnatifid or temate leaves and small round 
sori borne on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the 
rootstock. Indusium wanting. Fertile (spore -bearing) and sterile leaves similar. 
Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, 
signifying beech-fern. ] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. 

Leaves triangular, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae sessile, adnata to the winged rachis. 

Leaves longer than broad, usually dark green. i. P, Phegopteris. 

Leaves as broad as long, or broader, usually light green. 2. P, hexagonoptera. 

Leaves ternate, with the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. 

Divisions subequal, often deflexed at right angles to the stipe. 

3. P. Dryopteris. 
Terminal division largest erect, the leaves thus appearing pinnate. 

4. P. Robertiana. 

1. Phegopteris Phegopteris (L.) Underw. (1. F. f. 39.) Rootstock 
slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy at least when young. Stipes 15-22 cm. long; 
leaves triangular, thin, mostly longer than wide, 10-25 cm. long, 7-15 cm. wide, 
acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especially on the veins benea,th ; pinnae lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, broadest above the base, pin- 
nately parted very nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire segments, the lower 
pair deflexed and standing forward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper 
pinnae, decurrent and adnate to the winged rachis. In moist woods, Newf. to 
Alaska, south to the mountains of Va. , Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Aug. 

2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.)Fee. (I. F. f. 40.) Rootstock creep- 
ing, chaffy, somewhat fleshy. Stipes 2-4.5 ^^i. long, straw-colored, naked; leaves 
triangular, as broad as or broader than long, 2-3 dm. wide, slightly pubescent and 
often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at the apex ; uppermost pinnae oblong, 
obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lanceolate, acuminate, the very 
large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the mid- 
vein into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; sori mostly near the margin. In dry 
woods, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 



PTERIDOPHYTA. 1/ 

3. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee. Oak-fern. (I. F. f. 41.) Rootstock 
creeping. Stipes slender, 1-3 dm. long, chaffy at least near the base ; leaves thin, 
broadly triangular, almost glabrous, 1-2 dm. wide, ternate, the three primary 
divisions stalked, pinnate or partly bipinnate, the terminal one slightly larger, 
all spreading more or less at right angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, sessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or 
crenate, close together. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, south to 
Va., Minn., Or., and in the Rocky Mts, to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 

4. Phegopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Braun. Stipes 15-25 cm. long, 
straw-colored when dry ; leaves 8-20 cm. long, mostly erect, 12-18 cm. wide, del- 
toid-ovate, bipinnate, the lowest pinnae much the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate; 
upper pinnae smaller, pinnatifid, lobed or entire; sori numerous. Lab. to la. and 
Idaho. Also in Europe. {^Phegopteris Dryopteris Robertiana Davenp.) 

15. FILIX Adans, 1763. {Cystopteris Bernh. 1806.] 

Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate leaves, and roundish sori 
borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a 
broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and some- 
what evanescent. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with ^ transversely 
bursting vertical ring. [Ancient name of the fern plant. ] Five species, natives of 
the north temperate zone. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate. 

Leaves broadest at base, long--tapering-, bearing bulblets beneath, i. F, bulbifera^ 

Leaves scarcely broader at base, short-pointed ; no bulblets. 2. F. fragilis. 

Leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate. 3. F, montana. 

1. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 23.) Rootstock short, rooting. 
Stipes 10-15 cm. long, light-colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, 
3-8 dm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or pimnatifid ; 
rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath , in the axils of the pinnae and seg- 
ments, large fleshy bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant ; indusia short, 
truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering. On moist rocks, espe- 
cially limestone, Quebec to Wis., south to Tenn. and Ark. 

2. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. (1. F. f. 24.) Rootstock short. Stipes 10-20 
cm. long; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3- 
pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad 
central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments decurrent along the mar- 
gined or winged rachis, without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute at the free end, 
early withering ; texture membranous. On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newf. 
to Alaska, south to Ga. and Ariz. Almost cosmopolitan. 

3. Filix montana (Lam.) Underw. (1. F. f. 25.) Rootstock widely creeping. 
Stipes 15-22 cm. long, slender; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-pinnate, about 15 cm. long 
and broad, the lowest pinnae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger than the upper, 
their inferior pinnules I.5-3 cm. long ; segments deeply divided into oblong lobes, 
deeply toothed ; sori numerous ; indusia acute, soon withering. On rocks, Lab. 
and Quebec to Br. Col., south to the north shore of L. Superior, and Colo. Also 
in N. Europe and Asia. 

16. WOODSIA R. Br. 

Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, with 1-2 -pinnate or 
pinnatifid leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. 
Indusia inferior, thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and 
open or early bursting at the top into irregular lolies or segments. Stipes often 
jointed above the base and separating at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph 
Woods, 1776-1864, English architect and botanist.] Alxiut 15 species, natives of 
temperate and cold regions. 

Indusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into 
slender hair-like segments. 



1 8 FLORA. 

Stipes obscurely jointed near the base ; cilia of the indusium inflexed over the 
sporanges. 
Leaves with more or less rusty chaflf underneath. i . W. Ilvensis. 

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below ; pinnas cordate-ovate, 5-7-lobed. 

2. W. alpijia. 
Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often tapering both ways ; pinnas deltoid. 

3. W. glabella. 
Stipes not jointed ; cilia of the indusium very short, hidden by the sporanges. 

Puberulent ; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. 

4. W. scopulina. 
Leaves and stipes glabrous ; indusium divided to centre into beaded hairs. 

5. W. Oreg'ana. 
Indusium distinct, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 

6. W. obtusa. 

1. Woodsia Ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (1. F. f. 16.) Rootstock short, csespitose. 
Leaves lanceolate, IO-25 cm. long, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty 
chaff beneath, as are also the slender stipes; pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately 
parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate; stipes jointed near the 
base; sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old; 
indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform seg- 
ments, which are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when 
mature. On exposed rocks, Lab. and Greenland to Minn., south to N. Car. and 
Ky. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. (I. F. f. 17.) Rootstock short, caespi- 
tose. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, scarcely 
narrower below ; pinnae cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate ; pinnately 5-7-lobed, 
glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces; stipes jointed near the base; sori some- 
what scattered on the segments ; indusium as in the preceding species. On moist 
rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. B., N. N. Y. and W. Ont. 

3. Woodsia glabella R. Br. (I. F. f. 18.) Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes 
obscurely jointed at the base; leaves linear or lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. 
wide; pinnae deltoid to ovate, the lower remote, obtuse, crenately lobed, often 
somewhat smaller than the middle ones, glabrous or nearly so; sori scattered on 
the segments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10 radiating segments, 
covered by the sporanges, its filamentous segments only inflexed over them when 
young. On moist rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. H., Vt., N. N. Y. and 
the north shore of L. Superior. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 

4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 19.) Rootstock short, densely 
chaffy. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, not jointed, puberulent like the rachis and lower 
surface of the leaf with minute flattened hairs and stalked glands ; leaves lanceolate, 
12-25 cm. long, tapering from about the middle to both ends; pinnae numerous, 
oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into 10-16 oblong toothed segments; indusium hidden 
beneath the sporanges, very deeply cleft into short cilia with cylindric cells. In 
crevices of rocks, N. Minn, and W. Ont. to Or., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., 
and in the Sierra Nevada to Gal. Summer. 

5. Woodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 20.) Rootstock short. Stipes 
and leaves glabrous ; stipes not jointed, brownish below ; leaves 5^25 cm. long, 
elliptic -lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, 
obtuse, pinnatifid; lower pinnae reduced in size and somewhat remote from the 
others ; rachis straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the 
teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori ; indusia minute, concealed 
by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded hairs. On rocks, 
N. Mich., Minn, and Manitoba to Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and 
in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. July-Aug. 

6. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (I. F. f. 21.) Rootstock short. Stipes not 
jointed, pale green, 7-15 cm. long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 15-40 cm. long, 
minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate; pinnas rather remote, triangular- 
ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse oblong crenate-dentate segments ; 
veins forked and bearing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes; indusia 
conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges. at length splitting into several jagged 
lobes, which are much wider than those in any of the preceding species. On 



PTERIDOPHYTA. . I9 

rocks, N. S. to N. N. Y., Wis. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., the Ind. Terr, and 
Ariz. Ascends to 670 m. in Va. July-Aug. 

17. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. 

Large ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid leaves, and creeping or erect rootstocks. Sori 
small, globular, marginal or submarginal. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular 
receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium, which is 
open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. 
Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. 
Veins always free. [Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstedt, a student of 
the Flora of Weimar. ] About 30 species of wide distribution. 

I. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (I. F. f. 22.) Rootstock 
creeping, not chaffy. Stipes stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaves 3- 
10 dm. long, 12-20 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long- 
attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; rachis and under surface minutely 
glandular and pubescent ; sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at 
the upper margin of each lobe ; sporanges few ; indusium cup-shaped with a delicate 
membranous irregular margin. In various situations, most abundant on open hill- 
sides, N. B. and Ont. to Ind. and Minn, (according to Upham), south to Ala. and 
Tenn. Ascends to 1680 m. in Va. Aug. {Dicks onia punctilobula A. Gray.) 

18. MATEUCCIA Todaro, 1866. IStruthiopteris^'-C^i., 1809. Not Scop. 1760.] 

Coarse ferns growing in a crown from an erect rootstock, with the sporophylls 
closely rolled together into necklace-like segments entirely unlike the broad bi- 
pinnatifid sterile leaves. Veins free. — Three species of the northern hemisphere. 
1. Matteuccia Struthi6pteris(L.) Todaro. Ostrich Fern. (I. F. f. 15.) 
Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle of sterile leaves with one or more 
fertile ones within. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. high, simply pinnate with necklace - 
shaped pinnae which are formed of the closely revolute margins ; sori crowded and 
confluent; sterile leaves 6 dm. -2 m. high, 1.5-4 dm. wide, broadly lanceolate, bi- 
pinnatifid, much the broadest above the middle and gradually tapering below, the 
lower pinnae being gradually much reduced ; veins pinnate, free and simple : 
texture firm ; rootstocks stoloniferous. In moist thickets, especially along streams, 
N. S. to N. J., west to III. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 

19. ONOCLEA L. 

Coarse ferns, with leaves growing separately from a wide creeping slender 
rootstock, with the sporophylls closely rolled up into berry-like segments, and en- 
tirely unlike the broad pinnatifid foliage leaves. Sori round, borne on the back 
of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, 
fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporophylls unrolling at maturity, allowing 
the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed 
by frost. Veins forming small areolae. [Name ancient, not originally applied to 
these plants.] A single species. 

I. Onbclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. (I. F. f. 14.) Rootstock rather 
slender, rooting ; sporophylls 3-7 dm. high, persistent over winter, much contracted, 
and with short pinnules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a narrow 
panicle; foliage leaves 3-13 dm. high, broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, the 
segments lanceolate -oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinnuate-pin- 
natifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; lowest segments tapering both ways from the 
middle. In moist soil, Newf. and Ont. to Minn, and south to the Gulf. Ascends 
to 900 m. in Va. Various forms intermediate between sporophylls and foliage 
leaves occur. Sensitive to early frosts. Aug. -Nov. 

Order 2. SALVINIAlES. 

Aquatic or uliginous herbs with entire or 2-lobed, filiform, or 4-folio- 
late leaves. Spores of two kinds and sizes (microspc^res and macrcx^poros) 
contained in sporocarps. 

Plants rootins^ in the mud; leaves 4-foliolate or filiform. Family i. MdrsiU'accac. 

Plants floating ; leaves eutire, or g-lobed, Family %, Salviniaceai, 



20 FLORA. 

Family i. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. 

Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping 
rootstocks and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consist- 
ing of sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near 
the leaf-stalk or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores 
and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which 
bear archegonia, while the microspores grow into prothallia bearing 
antheridia. Two genera and some 45 species of wide distribution. 

1. MARSILEA L. 

Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow 
water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising 
from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean- 
shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compartments 
(sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, 
who died about 1804.] About 40 species, widely distributed. 

Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. i. M. quadrifolia. 

Sporocarps densely covered with hair-like scales. 2. M. vestita. 

1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. European Marsilea. (I. F. f. 73.) Root- 
stock slender, buried in the muddy bottoms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles 
usually slender, 5-13 cm. high, or when submerged sometimes elongated to 3-6 
dm. Leaflets mostly triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 6-16 mm. long, 4-12 
mm. wide, glabrous or rarely with scattered hairs when young, the margins 
entire ; sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle, which is attached to the 
petiole at its base, covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when young, becom- 
ing glabrous and dark purple when mature ; sori 8 or 9 in each valve. Along the 
shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn., whence it has been introduced into 
various parts of the country, notably into E. Mass. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Marsilea vestita Hook & Grev. (I. F. f. 74.) Rootstock slender. Petioles 
slender, 5-13 cm. high; leaflets similar to those of the preceding species, entire or 
toothed ; sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a. short 
and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely 
covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or (in the forms known as M. 
niMcronata) these are short and appressed or almost wanting ; sori 6-1 1 in each 
valve. In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Kan, to Ariz, and Mex., north to Br. 
Col. Also found in Fla. 

Family 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. 

Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes 
branching axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, 
thin-walled, borne 2 or m.ore on a common stalk, i -celled, with a central 
often branched receptacle, which bears macrosporanges containing a 
single macrospore or microsporanges containing numerous microspores. 
The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegones, the 
microspores into prothallia which bear antherids. The family consists 
of two genera. 

Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. i. Salvinia. 

Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. . 2. Azolla. 

I. SALVi'nIA Adans. 

Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked 
leaves. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcate, membranous, arranged in 
clusters, i or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each 
containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous smaller globose 
pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores. Leaves rather dark 



PTERIDOPHYTA, 21 

gfeen, finely papillose on the upper surface. [Name in honor of Antonio Maria 
Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] About 13 species of wide distribution. 

I. Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm. (I. F. f. 75.) Leaves oblong, rather thick, 
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, 15-30 
cm. long, pinnately veined, bright green and papillose above, the lower surface 
densely matted with brown pellucid hairs; sporocarps 4-8 in a cluster, the upper 
ones containing about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few macrospores, the 
remainder containing numerous microsporanges each with numerous microspores; 
macrospores marked with 3 obtuse lobes which meet at the apex. Bois Brule 
Bottoms, Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds 
in S. E. N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from Cent. N. Y., but his exact station 
is unknown. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. AZOLLA Lam. 

Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched 
stems covered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. 
Sporocarps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn- 
shaped, containing a single macrospore at the base and a few corpuscles above it 
whose character is not fully known, the larger globose, producing many pedicelled 
sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores which are often beset 
with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown function. [Greek, signifying 
killed by drought.] About 5 species of wide geographic distribution. 

I. Azol,la Caroliniana Willd. (I. F. f. 76.) Plants greenish or reddish, 2-4 
mm. each way, deltoid or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching, sometimes covering 
large surfaces of water. Macrospores minutely granulate, with three accessory 
corpuscles ; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes ; leaves with 
ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with the amount of direct sunlight, the 
lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border. Floating on still 
water, Ont. and W. N. Y. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz, and Mex. 

Order 3. EQUISETALES. 

Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or 
often much-branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of 
cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches verticillate, 
the nodes provided with diaphragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves 
reduced to sheaths at the joints, the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i- 
celled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone-like spikes. 
Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2 narrow strap-like 
appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore when moist 
and spreading, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters). 
Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface 
of the ground, green, usually dioecious. 

Family i. EQUISETACEAE Michx. 

Horsetail Family. 
The family consists of the following- genus : 

I. EQUISETUM L. Horsetails. Scouring Rushes. 
Characters of the order. [Name ancient, signifying horsetail, in allusion to 
the copious branching of several species.] About 25 species, of very wide geo- 
graphic distribution. 
Stems annual ; stomata scattered. 

Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing- in early spring before the sterile. 

Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 

4-toothed. i. E. arvense. 

Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering. 

Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothecL 2. E. pratense^ 
Branches compound. 3. E. s\lvaticum. 



^Ni^ 



22 FLORA. 

Stems all alike ; spores mature in summer ; branches simple or none. 

Sheaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy below, attenuate 
upwards. 

Central cavity very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre. 

Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem; spike short. 

5. E. littoi'ale. 
Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fluviatile. 

Stems perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows. 
Stems tall, usually many-grooved. 

Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. 

Ridges with i line of tubercles ; ridges of sheath tricarinate ; stem stout. 

7. E. robustum. 
Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath 
obscurely 4-carinate ; stem slender. 8, E^ hyentale. 

Stems not tuberculate ; sheaths enlarged upward. 9, E^ laevigatum. 

Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5-10-grooved. 

Central cavity small ; sheaths 5-10-toothed. 10. E. variegatum. 

Central cavity none ; sheaths 3-toothed. 11, E, scirpoides. 

1. Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. (I. F. f. 77.) Stems annual, 
with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. 
Fertile stems 1-2.5 ^™^- ^^^1 ^^^ branched, soon withering, light brown, their 
loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate 
teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 5 cm. -6 dm. high, 6-19-furrowed, with 
numerous long mostly simple verticillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, 
the sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows in the furrows ; 
central cavity one-fifth to one -fourth the diameter of the stem. In sandy soil, 
especially along roadsides and railways, Newf, and Greenland to Alaska, south to 
Va. and Gal. Also in Europe and Asia. An occasional form in which the sterile 
stem bears a terminal spike is known as var. serotinjim. 

2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (I. F. f. 78.) Stems annual, 2-4 dm. high, 
with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched 
when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar ; stems rough, 8-20 
ridged with narrow furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches straight, 
rather short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled or rarely 4-5 -angled, solid; 
sheaths of the stem with about 1 1 short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 
3-toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled. In sandy places, N. S. and Rupert 
R. to Minn., and Alaska, south to N. J. and Golo. Also in Europe and Asia. 

3. Equisetum sylvaticum L. (I. F. f. 79.) Stems annual, with scattered 
stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first simple, at 
length much branched and resembling the sterile, only its naked apex withering. 
Stems' 2-5 dm. high, usually 1 2 -furrowed, producing verticillate compound 
branches, the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylindric or cam- 
panulate, those of the stem with 8-14 bluntish teeth, those of the branches with 4 
or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets with 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity nearly 
one-half the diameter of the stem ; branches and branchlets solid. In moist sandy 
woods and thickets, Newf. and Greenland to Alaska, south to Va. and Mich. Also 
in Europe and Asia. 

4. Equisetum palustre L. (I. F. f. 80.) Stems annual, slender, all alike, 
2.5-4.5 dm. long, deeply 5-9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow roughish wing- 
like ridges, the central canal small ; sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subulate- 
lanceolate whitish-margined teeth ; branches simple, few in the whorls, 4-7 -angled, 
always hollow, barely sulcate, more abundant below than above, their sheaths mostly 
5 -toothed ; spike rather long ; stomata abundant in the furrows. In wet places, 
N. S. to Alaska, south to Me., W. N. Y., Minn, and Ariz. Also in Europe, 

5. Equisetum littorale Kuehl. (I. F. f. 81.) Stems annual, very slender, all 
alike, 2-4.5 ^"^- ^^^1 slightly roughened, 6-19-grooved, the ridges rotmded, the cen- 
tral canal one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths dilated above, the uppermost 
inversely campanulate, their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the margins, narrow, 
lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, simple, some 4-angled and hollo\v, some 3-angled 
and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the sheath of the stem. ; spike 
short with abortive- spores, tliese commonly with no elaters. On sandy river and 
lake shores, Me. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn., west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. 



P TEKID OPH VTA. 2 3 

6. Equisetum fluviatile L. (I. F. f. 82.) Stems annual, all alike, 6-12 dm. 
high, lo-30-furrowed, very smooth, usually producing upright branches after the 
spores are formed, the stomata scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark 
brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting under the grooves, small under 
the ridges ; central cavity very large ; branches hollow, slender, smaller but other- 
wise much like the stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow. In swamps and 
along the borders of ponds, N. S. to Alaska, south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in 
Europe and Asia. 

7. Equisetum robustum A. Br. (I. F. f. 83.) Stems perennial, stout, 
tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m. high, sometimes 2 cm. in diameter, 20-48 -furrowed, 
simple or little branched. Ridges roughened with a single series of transversely 
oblong siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, cylindric, appressed, marked with black 
girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth ; ridges of the 
sheath 3-carinate ; branches when present occasionally fertile ; spikes tipped with 
a rigid point. In wet places, O to La. and Mex., west to Br. Col. and Cal. Also 
in Asia. May-June. 

8. Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring-rush. (I. F. f. 84.) Stems slender, 
rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 
8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, the central cavity 
large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, cylindric, 
marked with one or two black girdles, their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth 
brown, membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ; stem rarely producing 
branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile; forms are sometimes 
found with longer sterile branches. In wet places and on banks, especially along 
rivers and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of N. Am., Europe and Asia. 

9. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. (I. F. f. 85.) Stems 3-15 dm. high, 
simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, 14-30 furrowed, the ridges almost 
smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of 
the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges 
of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral 
ones ; stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the 
stem very thin ; spikes pointed. Along streams and rivers, especially in clay soil, 
valley of the Delaware R. in N. J. and E. Penn. to N. Car. and La., west to Br. 
Col. and the Mexican border. 

10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (I. F. f. 86.) Stems slender, peren- 
nial, evergreen, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually simple from a branched base, tufted, 
5-10-furrowed, the stomata borne in regular rows. Sheaths companulate, dis- 
tinctly 4-carinate, variegated with black above, the median furrow deep and 
excurrent to the teeth and downward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each 
tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central cavity small, rarely wanting. Lab. and 
Greenland to N. Terr., south to N. H., W. N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Also in Europe 
and Asia. May-June. 

11. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. (I. F. f. 87.) Stems perennial ever- 
green, filiform, 4-15 cm. long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving, growing in 
slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near 
the base. Sheaths 3 -toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow broad, the 
lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather persistent ; central cavity entirely wanting. 
On moist or wet wooded banks. Lab. to Alaska, soutli to Penn., Ill, and Br. Col. 
Also in Europe and Asia. 

Order 4. LYCOPODIALES. 

Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne ia the axils of scale- 
like or elongated leaves. 

Spores all of one sort and size. Fani. i. Lvco^oJ/\/i'i\u\ 

Spores of two sizes. 

Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. 

l'\-un. 2. A'A/i,'-/// <••//.; rc\;f. 
Leaves elongated, clustered on a corm-like trunk ; aquatic or inuil plants'. 

Fani. 3. Jso^/uccuf^ 



24 FLORA. 

Family i. LYCOPODlACEAE Michx. 

Club-moss Fa7nily. 

Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous 
small lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, 
arranged in 2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely 
branching. Sporanges 1-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on 
their upper surfaces. Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as 
known) mostly subterranean, with or without chlorophyll, monoecious. 
Four genera and about no species. 

I. LYCOPODIUM L. Club-mosses. 

Perennial plants with evergreen i -nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. Spo- 
ranges coriaceous, flattened, reniform, i -celled, situated in the axils of ordinary 
leaves or in those of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in 
sessile or peduncled spikes, opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line 
around the margin. Spores all of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily in- 
flammable from the abimdant oil they contain. [Greek, meaning wolfs foot, per- 
haps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.] About 100 species of 
wide distribution. 

Sporanges borne in the axils of leaves which are similar to those of the stem. 
Sporanges mostly wanting in the axils of the upper, mostly 8-ranked leaves. 
Stems mostly erect, rigid; leaves uniform, ascending. i. L. Selago. 

Stems somewhat lax, spreading ; leaves spreading or deflexed, alternately longer 
and shorter. 2. L. lucidtilum. 

Sporanges only in the axils of the upper leaves forming terminal spikes ; leaves 
many-ranked. 
Plant slender ; leaves acute, soft, mostly entire. 3. L. inundatutn. 

Plant stout ; leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle. 

4. L. alopec2iroides. 
Sporanges borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale-like leaves, which are very 
unlike those of the sterile stems. 
Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or nearly so. 
Spikes erect, closely sessile. 

Stems erect, tree-like. 5. L, obscurum. 

Stems creeping with ascending branches. 

Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked. 6. L. annotinum. 

Leaves of 2 forms, erect-imbricate, 4-ranked. 

7. L. aipinum. 
Spikes erect, short-peduncled ; leaves small, appressed, 4-ranked. 

8. L. sabinaefolium. 
Fertile branches with minute leaves so that the spikes appear long-peduncled. 

Leaves uniform, many-ranked ; stems terete. 9. L. clavatum. 

Leaves of 2 forms, few-ranked ; stems flattened. 
Sterile stems entirely creeping ; spikes solitary. 

10. L Carolinianum. 
Sterile stems with fan-like ascending branches ; spikes clustered. 

II. L coniplanatu77i ., 

1. Lycopodium Selago L. (I. F. f. 88.) Stems 7-15 cm. high, thick, rigid, 
erect, 2-5 times forked, the branches forming a level-topped cluster. Leaves 
crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or spinu- 
lose-denticulate, nerved below, convex above, the upper mostly 8-ranked, sterile, 
those below bearing the small sporanges in their axils, those of the lower half of 
the stem again sterile ; plant propagated also by bud-like organs which have a 
lower pointed bract and 2 or 3 upper fleshy and obovate ones. On rocks. Lab. 
and Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Me. , N. H. , Vt. and N. N. Y. , 
on the summits of the higher Alleghenies to N. Car., and to Mich, and Wash. 
Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (I. F. f. 89.) Stems lax, ascending or 
spreading, thick, 2-3 times forked, the branches 1.5-3 d™- kigh. Leaves widely 
spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining, i -nerved, acute, minutely toothed, a 
series of longer ones alternating with a series of shorter, the latter more frequently 
bearing the sporanges at a short distance below the summit of the stem ; sporanges 



PTERIDOPHYTA. 25 

of preceding years often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preceding 
species by gemmae, which fall to the ground and become new plants. In cold, 
damp woods, Newf. to Br. Col. south to N. Car. and la. 

3. Lycopodium inundatum L. (I. F. f. 90.) Plants, 2.5-13 cm. long, with 
creeping flaccid forking brittle sterile stems closely appressed to the earth. Fertile 
stems erect, solitary, 2.5-15 cm. high, terminated by a short spike ; leaves lan- 
ceolate or lanceolate -subulate with hyaline margins, those of the spike similar to 
those below, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile stems curved 
upward ; spikes rarely two together, 1.5-3.5 cm. long^ yellowish ; sporanges 
transversely oval, splitting nearly to the base ; spores large, reticulated. In 
sandy bogs, Newf. to W. Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Larger forms with fertile stems 12-17 cm. high and more pointed serrate leaves 
have been separated as var. Bigelovii. 

4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. (I. F. f. 91.) Plant stout, leafy, the sterile 
branches flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 25 cm. long. Fertile stems 
stout, rigid, erect, 15-50 cm. high, terminated by a spike 1.8-3.5 cm. long, and, 
including its leaves, 8-10 mm. thick; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of the 
spike similar to those below, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle- 
toothed below the middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ; sporanges 
transversely oval, splitting to near the base. In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to 
Fla., near the coast, west to Miss. 

5. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine. (I. F. f. 92.) Stems erect, i . 5-3 
dm. high, bushy, the branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean, nearly hori- 
zontal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 8-ranked on the main stem, those 
of the branches 6 -ranked, with the two upper and the two lower ranks shorter and 
appressed, or all alike and equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the stems 
up to the bases of the spikes; spikes i-io on each plant, 12—35 cm. long, com- 
posed of many -ranked ovate scarious-margined bracts (scale-like leaves), each 
with a transversely oval sporange in its axil. In moist woods, Newf. and Lab. 
to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. Car. and to Ind. Also in Asia. 

6. Lycopodium annotinum L. (I. F. f. 93.) Stems much branched, slender, 
creeping, rather stiff, 3-12. dm. long, the branches similar, ascending, 12-20 cm. 
high, sparingly forked. Leaves uniform, spreading, 5 -ranked, rigid, linear- 
lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spikes solitary or several at the ends 
of the branches, oblong-cylindric, 2,5-6 cm. long, composed of ovate or ovate- 
cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil; 
spores smooth or spinulose - reticulated on the basal surface. In woods and 
thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., W. Va., Mich., 
Colo, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Mountain forms with more rigid 
pointed leaves have been separated as var. pungens. 

7. Lycopodium alpinum L. (I. F. f. 94.) Stems elongated, creeping, with 
ascending densely crowded dichotomous branches. Leaves 4-ranked, erect-imbri- 
cate, adnate-decurrent, of two forms; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, 
acute, carinate, concave within, those of the intermediate rows scarcely one-third 
as large, lanceolate-subulate, the upper and lower rows alike; spikes solitary at 
the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect, closely sessile, the stems leafy to 
their bases ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate; spores reticulated. In 
woods. Lab. to L. Superior, Wash, and Alaska. Sometimes united with L. coni- 
planatimi. Also in Europe and Asia. 

8. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. (I. F. f. 95.) Stems elongated, creep- 
ing, or subterranean with short erect dichotomous clustered ascending branches, 
5-8 cm. long. Leaves 4-ranked, small, appressed or slightly curved outward, 
lanceolate, mucronate, entire, apparently terete ; spikes short-pedunclcd, solitary, 
cylindric, with cordate acuminate erose-denticulate or entire bracts ; sporanges 
transversely oval or somewhat reniform, deeply splitting. In cold woods. Lab. to 
N.J. and Br. Col. 

9. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Pine. (I. F. f. 06.) Stems creep- 
ing, 3-20 dm. long, with similar short irregular ascending or decumbent densely 
leafy branches. Leaves much crowded, many-rai\ked, int'urvod, linear-subulate, 
bristle-tipped, the lower denticulate, the upper nearly entire and slightly decurrent 
on either side ; spikes I-4 on long 8-striate peduncles ; bracts membranous, round- 



26 • FLORA. 

ish, erose-denticulate below, bearing in the axil a transversely oval sporange which 
splits nearly to the base ; spores narrowly reticulate. In woods, Lab. to Alaska, 
south to N. Car., Mich and Wash. Also in Europe, Asia and Cent. Am. 

10. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. (I. F. f. 97.) Sterile stems and their few 
short branches creeping, closely appressed to the earth, 2.5-8 cm. long, emitting 
numerous roots on the lower side. Leave of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral 
ones broadly lanceolate, acute, and somewhat oblique, i -nerved, widely spreading, 
in 2 ranks with a shorter, intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles 
simple, slender, 5-15 cm. high, clothed with small bract-like leaves and bearing a 
single cylindric spike ; bracts cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans- 
versely oval sporanges in the upper axils. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and 
La. near the coast. 

11. Lycopodium complanatum L. (I. F. f. 98.) Stems extensively creeping, 
with erect or ascending fan-shaped branches several times forked above, with 
crowded flattened branchlets. Leaves minute, imbricate-appressed, 4-ranked, the 
lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the intermediate smaller, narrower and 
wholly appressed, forming a flat surface; peduncle slender, 5-15 cm. high, dichotom- 
ous, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the 
margins pale and erose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting. In woods 
and thickets. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Forms with less distinctly dimorphous leaves and narrower, more erect 
and bushy branches have been separated as var. Chamaecyparissus. 

Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. 

Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching 
stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4- 
ranked and of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges i -celled, 
solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or 
less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrospo- 
ranges), others containing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which 
develop into small prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing arche- 
gones, those from the microspores antherids. The family consists of the 
following genus : 

I. SELAGINELLA Beauv. 

Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a Lyco- 
podium.'\ About 340 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. 

Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked. 

Stems compact with rigid leaves ; spikes quadrangnilar. i. S. rupestrts. 

Stems slender ; leaves lax, spreading ; spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 

2, S. selaginoides. 
Stem-leaves of 2 kinds; 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus 

1. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. 99.) Stems tufted, with occa- 
sional sterile runners and sub-pinnate branches, 2.5-8 cm. high, commonly curved 
when dry. Leaves rigid, appressed-imbricated, 2 mm. or less long, linear or linear- 
lanceolate, convex on the back, more or less ciliate, many -ranked, tipped with a 
distinct transparent awn ; spikes sessile at the ends of the stem or branches, strongly 
quadrangular, 12-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate, broader than the leaves of the stem ; macrosporanges and microspo- 
ranges borne in the same spikes, the former more abundant. On dry rocks. Me. 
to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Mo. and Cal. 

2. Selaginella selaginoides (L. ) Link. (I. F. f. 100. ) Sterile branches creep- 
ing, slender, 12-50 cm. long, the fertile erect or ascending, thicker, 2.5-8 cm. high, 
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 
2-4 mm. long ; spikes solitary at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong, 
linear, subacute, 2.5 cm. or less long, 4-5 mm. thick ; bracts of the spike lax, 
ascending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate. On wet rocks, Lab. to 
Alaska, south to N. H., Mich, and Colo. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 



P TERID OFH YTA, 2^ 

3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. loi.) Annual, light green, stems 
creeping, 2.5-10 cm. long, much branched, flaccid, angled on the face. Leaves 
minute, membranous, of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes : uppqr leaves of 
the lower plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate, acute, serrulate, not distinctly 
ciliate ; leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cuspidate ; spikes 6-16 mm. long, 
obscurely quadrangular ; bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, acutely keeled in 
the upper half ; macrosporanges more abundant toward the base of the spike. In 
moist shaded places, often among grass, Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to 
Fla., La. and Tex. 

Family 3. ISOETACEAE Underw. 

Quzllwort Family. 

Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2- 
lobed or 3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up 
a compact tuft of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the 
leaves, some containing macrospores (macrosporanges), others micro- 
spores (microsporanges) ; the former germinate into prothallia bearing 
only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single 
antherid. The family consists of the following genus only. 

1. ISOETES L. QuiLLwoRTS. 

Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl- 
shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with 
or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or withovit stomata, bearing a small 
membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases 
of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the 
inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The sporanges of the outer leaves usually con- 
tain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner ones contain minute 
powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny, apparently 
referring to the persistent green leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. 
Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribution, these plants are 
popularly little known. 

Submerged or rarely emersed in very dry seasons ; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral 
bast-bundles. 
Stomata wanting ; macrospores crested. 

Leaves stout, rigid, scarcely tapering. i. /. lacustrts. 

Leaves slender, tapering. 2. /. Tuckerynani. 

Stomata present ; macrospores echinate. 3. /. echinospora. 

Amphibious or submerged only in earlier stages ; stomata always present on the quad- 
rangular leaves. 
Peripheral bast-bundles wanting. 

Microspores papillose or tuberculate, not reticulate, white. 

Leaves 5-8 cm. long ; macrospores with minute warts. 4. /. saccharata. 
Leaves 10-20 cm. long ; macrospores with jagged crests. 5. /. riparta. 
Microspores densely reticulate and often slightly papillose, dark brown ; macro- 
spores with thick-walled reticulations. 6. I. foveolata. 
Peripheral bast-bundles irregular or wanting ; submersed leaves very long ; macro- 
spores with convolute labyrinthine ridges. 7, /. Eatoni. 
Peripheral bast-bundles present. 

Macrospores sparsely covered with irregular crests. 8. /. Dodgcj. 

Macrospores with honeycomb-like reticulations. 9. /. Engelmatini. 

'i'errestrial ; stomata abundant on the triangular leaves. 

Leaves 15-60, usually black at the base. 10. /. vielanopoda. 

Leaves 8-12, bright green, paler at the base. 11. /. Biitleri. 

I. Isoetes lacustris L. (L F. f. 102.) Submerged or rarely alxive water ; 
leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering, dark or olive green, obtusely 
quadrangular, 5-15 cm. long ; stomata none ; peripheral bast-lmndles wanting ; 
sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, unspotted ; volum rather narrow ; ligule 
triangular, short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 500-800 // in diameter, 
marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con- 



28 FLORA. 

verging ridges ; microspores 35-46 // long, smooth. In water 6.3-1.6 m. deep, 
Lab. to the N. W. Terr., south to E. Mass. and N. J. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. (I. F. f. 103.) Submerged or rarely partly 
or wholly emersed in dry seasons ; leaves 10-30, very slender, tapering, olive- 
green, quadrangular, 5-8 cm. long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer 
recurved ; sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third covered by the velum; 
macrospores 440-560// in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branching 
ridges on the upper half, separated by the three converging ridges, the lower 
covered with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 jx long, nearly smooth. In 
ponds, Newf. to Middlesex County, Mass., clustered in shallow water. 

3. Isoetes echinospora Braunii (Durieu) Engelm. (I. F. f. 104.) Submerged 
or rarely emersed ; leaves 12-25, tapering, soft, reddish -green, 7-20 cm. long, with- 
out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata only toward the tip ; sporange orbicu- 
lar or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered with the velum ; 
macrospores 400-500 // in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are often 
slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; microspores 26-39 fx long, smooth. Lab. 
and Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Penn. and Utah. 

Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Much larger than the preceding, leaves 25-70 
or even more 12-30 cm. long, with abundant stomata throughout. With the preceding, 

Isoetes echinospora Boottii Engelm. Leaves 12-20, soft, erect, bright green, 
10-13 cm. long, with a few stomata near their tips ; sporange nearly orbicular, with pale 
spots, two-thirds or more covered by the velum ; macrospores 390-500 ju in diameter, with 
longer and more slender simple spinules ; microspores 26-30 /x long. In ponds, Middlesex 
County, Mass., usually submerged. 

Isoetes echinospora muricata (Durieu) Engelm. Leaves 15-20, flaccid, bright green, 
15-30 cm. long, bearing few stomata ; sporange broadly oval, with pale-spots, about one- 
half covered by the velum ; macrospores 400-580 u. in diameter, with shorter and more 
confluent, almost crest-like spinules; microspores 28-32 /u., slightly rough on the edges. 
Submerged in running water in tributaries of Mystic Pond, Middlesex County, Mass. 

4. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. (I. F. f. 105.) Amphibious or uliginous with 
a flat depressed trunk. Leaves 10-20, olive- green, pale at the base, spreading, 5-8 
cm. long, quadrangular ; stomata numerous ; sporange oblong, unspotted, with a 
narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one-third of its surface ; peripheral bast- 
bundles wanting ; ligule triangular, rather short ; macrospores 400-470 fi in di- 
ameter, with very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if sprinkled with 
grains of sugar ; microspores papillose, 24-28 fj, long. In mud overflowed by the 
tides, Wicomico and Nanticoke rivers, E. Md. and near Washington, D. C. 

5. Isoetes riparia Engelm. (I. F. f. 106.) Amphibious or uliginous, usually 
emersed ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather rigid, 10-20 cm. long, quadrangular, 
bearing numerous stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; ligule rather short, 
triangular ; sporange mostly oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, 
one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with the velum ; macrospores 450-650// in 
diameter, marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or somewhat reticu- 
late on the lower side ; microspores 28-32 // long, more or less turberculate. Bor- 
ders of the lower Delaware R. to Me. 

6. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. (I. F. f. io6c.) Amphibious from a 
bilobed or rarely trilobed base ; leaves 15-70, stout 5-15 cm. long, pinkish even 
when dry or rarely dark green ; stomata scattered found only near the tips ; no 
peripheral bast-bundles ; monoicous or becoming dioicous ; velum covering one- 
fourth or one-third of the sporange ; ligule round-ovate ; sporanges thickly sprinkled 
with dark cells which are often collected in groups ; macrospores 380-560// in di- 
ameter, covered beneath with very thick-walled reticulations, the openings appear- 
ing like little pits ; reticulations elongate on the upper surface of the spore ; 
microspores dark brown, 22-35 // long, densely reticulate and usually slightly 
papillose. In muddy banks of the Pautuckaway River, Epping and E. Kingston, 
N. H. 

7. Isoetes Eatoni Dodge. (I. F. f. io6b.) Amphibious from a large trunk 
2.5-10 cm. in diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 20-200, varying in 
length up to 7 dm., marked with an elevated ridge on the ventral side ; leaves of 
the emersed plant shorter, 7.5— 15 cm. long, stomata abundant ; peripheral bast- 
bundles irregular in occurrence or often wanting ; velum covering one-fourth of the 



PTERIDOPHYTA. 29 

sporange ; polygamous; sporanges large, 10 by 4 mm., pale, spotted ; macrospores 
small, 300-400 /< in diameter, marked with convolute labyrinthine ridges and 
cristate on the angles of the inn^r face ; microspores 25-30 u in diameter, smooth 
or slightly papillose. In mud flats, E. Kingston and Epping, N. H. 

8. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton. (I. F. f. io6a). Plant amphibious from a 
2-lobed trunk. Leaves 10-75, 2-4.5 ^^^' ^^ng, when submersed, erect or spirally 
ascending when scattered ; emersed leaves 10-15 cm. long, tortuous and often inter- 
laced, with numerous stomata and usually four bast- bundles ; velum narrow, cover- 
ing from one-fifth to one-fourth of the sporange ; sporanges thickly sprinkled with 
dark brown cells ; macrospores more numerous on submersed plants, globose 
500-675 // in diameter, sparsely covered with irregular crests which at maturity 
separate into irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate or spinulose at the top ; 
microspores more numerous on emersed plants, 22-40 /f in diameter, ashy, papillose. 
In mud flats, E. Kingston, N. H. 

9. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. (I. F. f. 107.) Amphibious, usually partly im- 
mersed when mature. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapermg, 22-50 
cm. long, bearing abundant stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles present; sporange 
oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; macrospores 400-520 // in 
diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-28 fx long, 
mostly smooth. In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud. Me. to Del. and Penn., 
111. and Mo. 

Isoetes Engelmanni vdlida Engelm. Leaves 50-200, keeled on the upper side, 4.5-6 
dm. long- ; sporange linear oblong, 1-2 cm. long, one-third to two-thirds covered by the 
velum ; microspores 320-480 ju, in diameter ; microspores 24-27 ;a long, spinulose. War- 
riorsmark, Cornwall and Smithville, Pa., and Wilmington, Del. 

Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. Leaves 8-12, slender, 22-30 cm. long; bast- 
bundles often quite small or only two present; spores as in the typical form. S. New 
Eng. to N. J. 

10. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. (I. F. f. 108.) Terrestrial with a subglobose 
deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish 
shining base, 12-15 cm. long, triangular, bearing stomata throughout, well developed 
peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air-cavities within ; ligule 
triangular, awl-shaped ; sporange mostly oblong, spotted with a narrow velum ; 
polygamous ; macrospores 250-400 /^ in diameter with low more or less confluent 
tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores 23- 
28 fjL long spinulose. In moist prairies and overflowed fields. 111. to la., Mo. and 
Tex. 

11. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. (I. F. f. 109.) Terrestrial from a subglobose 
trunk. Leaves 8-15, bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 4.5-18 cm. long, 
bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick 
dissepiments and small air cavities within ; sporange usually oblong, spotted ; 
velum very narrow or none ; ligule small, triangular ; dicecious ; macrospores 
500-630 yU in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles ; microspores 28-34 /^ 
long, dark brown, papillose. On rocky hillsides, St. Louis, Mo., and on saline 
flats, Ind. Terr. 



Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Seed-bearing Plants. 

Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or 
more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a 
terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes indifferentiated before 
germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges 
(anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macro- 
sporanges (ovules) are borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modi- 
fied leaf (carpel) and contain one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops 
the minute female prothalliumi, an archegone of which is fertilized by 
means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting 
from the pollen-grain. 

There are two classes which differ from each other as follows : 
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigrnas none. Class i. Gymnospermae. 
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovar>') ; stigmas i or more. 

Class 2. Angiospermae. 

Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this repre- 
sented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) di- 
viding at maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the 
pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of 
the nutritive endosperm (female prothallium) in the ovule. 

The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became 
most numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 
species of trees and shrubs. 

There are three orders, Finales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is repre- 
sented in our area by the Pine and Yew Families. 

Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. 

Pi7ie Family. Conifers. 

Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- 
like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids 
marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in 
separate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, 
subtended by a scale ; filaments more or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 
2-several-celled, variously dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with 
two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or 
amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale, 
which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numer- 
ous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales ; sometimes berry-like. 
Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo 
straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 240 
species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 

30 



PINACEAE, 31 

Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larix) ; leaf-buds scaly. 

Cone-scales woody ; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Pinus. 
Cone-scales thin ; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths. 

Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix, 
Leaves scattered, persistent. 

Cones pendulous ; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. 

Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea. 

Leaves fiat, short-petioled. 4. Tsuga. 

Cones erect ; sterigmata inconspicuous or noie. 5. Abies. 
Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked. 

Cone-scales spiral, thick ; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium. 
Cone-scales opposite ; leaves persistent. 

Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja. 

Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecyparis. 

Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Juniperus. 

I. PINUS L. 

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, 
deciduous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, 
arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some 
western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united to form a 
sheath. Staminate aments borne at the bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of 
stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a minute scale ; filaments very short ; 
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing aments solitary 
or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, composed of numerous 
imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening 
into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and 
becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa 
crustaceous. [Name Celtic] About 75 species, of the northern hemisphere. 

Leaves 5 in a sheath ; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i . P. Strobus. 

Leaves 2-3 in a sheath ; cone-scales much thickened at the tip. 
Cones terminal or subterminal. 

Leaves 2 in a sheath ; cones 3-6 cm. long, their scales pointless. 

2. P. resinosa. 
Leaves 3 in a sheath ; cones 1-2.5 dm. long, their scales prickle-tipped. 

Cones light, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves 2.5-4 dm. long. 3. P. palustris. 
Cones very heavy and woody, 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves 1.2-2.5 dm. long. 

4. P. ponderosa. 
Cones lateral. 

Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle ; leaves in 2's. 5. P- divaricata. 

Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle. 
Leaves some or all of them in 2's. 

Cones 3-7 cm. long, their scales tipped with prickles. 

Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 6. P. Vtrginiana. 

Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long. 7. P. ecJmiata. 

Cones 8-12 cm. long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines. 

8. P. pungens. 
Leaves in 3's (very rarely some in 2's or 4's). 

Leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; old sheaths 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones oblong-conic. 

9. P. Taeda. 
Leaves 7-13 cm. long; old sheaths 0.6-1.2 cm. long; cones ovoid. 

10. P. rigi'da. 

1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. (LF. f. iio.) A large 
forest tree, the bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches horizontal, 
verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very slender, pale green and glaucous. 712 cm. 
long, with a single fibro- vascular bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stoma ta; sheaths 
loose, deciduous; ovule-bearing aments terminal, peduncled; cones subterminal, 
drooping, cylindric, often slightly curved, 10-15 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. thick 
when the scales are closed, resinous; scales slightly thickened at the apex, obtuse 
and rounded or nearly triuicate, without a terminal spine or prickle. In W(.x>ds. 
often forming dense forests, Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and to 

• III. and la. June. 

2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Canadian Pine. Red Pine. (1. F. f. iii.) A tall 
forest tree, the bark reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leave;i 2 in each 
sheath, slender, dark green, 10-15 cm- long, with 2 fibro- vascular bundles; sheaths 



32 FLORA. 

12-25 ni"^- long when young ; staminate aments 12-18 mm. long ; cones sub- 
terminal, oval-conic, 3-6 cm. long, usually less than 2 cm. thick while the scales 
are closed ; scales thickened at- the apex, obtuse, roimded and devoid of spine or 
prickle. In woods, Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., Wise, and Minn. May-June. 

3. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Georgia Pine, (I. F. f. 112.) 
A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 30 m., the bark nearly smooth. 
Leaves in 3's, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the branches, 2.5-4 dm. 
long, with 2 fibro- vascular bundles; sheaths 1.5-3 cm_. long; buds long; staminate 
aments rose-purple, 5-9 cm. long, very conspicuous ; cones terminal, spreading or 
erect, conic-cylindric, I-2.5 dm. long, 5-8 cm. thick before the scales open ; 
scales thickened at the apex, with a transverse ridge bearing a short central 
recurved prickle. In sandy, mostly dry soil, Va. to Fla and Tex., mostly near the 
coast. March-April. 

4. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Western Yellow Pine. (I. F. f. 113.) One of 
the largest trees, attaining a maximum height of nearly 80 m. and a trunk diameter 
of 5 m. Branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping ; bark light red, scaly ; 
leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's), rather stout, I-2.5 dm. long, slightly 
scabrous; cones subterminal, very dense, heavy, ovoid-conic, I-1.5 dm. long, 3-4.5 
cm. thick ; scales much thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, 
with a triangular subulate short stout recurved prickle. Mont, to Br. Col., Neb., 
Tex., Mex. andCal. ; the shorter-leaved eastern form which reaches our area has 
been distinguished from the western type as var. scopuloriun. April-May. 

5. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. Labrador Pine. Gray Pine. (I. F. f. 114.) 
A slender tree, usually 12-20 m. high, but sometimes reaching 30 m., and a trunk 
diameter of I m., the branches spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2's, 
stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or oblique, crowded along the branches, 
seldom over 3 cm. long ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; cones commonly very numer- 
ous, lateral, oblong-conic, usually upwardly curved, 2.5-5 cm. long, 18-30 mm. 
thick when matvire ; scales thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line with 
a minute central point in place of spine or prickle at maturity ; young scales spiny- 
tipped. In sandy soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., 
N. N. Y., N. 111. and Minn. May-June. 

6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. (I. F. f. 115.) A 
slender tree, usually small, the old bark dark-colored, flaky, the branches spread- 
ing or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green, rather stout and stiff, spreading when 
old, 3-7 cm. long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles ; young sheaths rarely more than 
5 mm. long ; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved when young, spreading when 
old, oblong-conic, 3-6 cm. long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex, 
the low transverse ridge with a short central more or less recurved prickle. In 
sandy soil, L. I. to S. C., Ala., S. Ind. and Term. April-May. 

7. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. (I. F. f. 116.) 
A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trimk diameter of 
1.5 m., the branches spreading, the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2's, 
some in 3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, 7-13 cm. long, spreading when mature; 
fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 10-16 mm. long ; cones lateral, oblong- 
conic, about 5 cm. long, usually less than 2.5 cm. thick when the scales are closed; 
scales thickened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge and armed 
with a slender, nearly straight, deciduous prickle. In sandy soil, S. N. Y. to Fla., 
111., Kans. and Tex. Produces shoots from stumps. May-Jxme. 

8. Pinus pungens Michx.f. Table-Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. 
(I. F. f. 117.) A tree with a maximum height of about 20 m. and trunk diameter 
of I m., the branches spreading, the old rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 
2's, some in 3's, stout and stiff, light green, 6-10 cm. long, crowded on the twigs ; 
fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 10-16 mm. long ; cones lateral, usually 
clustered, long-persistent, ovoid, 8- 12 cm. long, 5-7 cm. thick, while the scales 
are closed, nearly globular when these are expanded ; scales thick, woody, their 
ends with a large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a stout reflexed or 
spreading spine 4-5 mm. long. In woods, sometimes forming forests, W. N. J. and 
Cent. Pa. to Ga. and Term. May. 

9. Pinus Taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. (I. F. f. 118.) 
A forest tree, reaching a height of 50 m. and a trimk diameter of 1.6 m., the 



PINACEAE. 33 

branches spreading, the bark thick and rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in 3's, 
(rarely some of them in 2's), slender, not stiff, light green, ascending or at length 
spreading, 15-25 cm. long; fibro- vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 16-25 "^^- long when 
young ; cones lateral, spreading, oblong-conic, 7-12 cm. long, thick before the 
scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, acute, 
tipped with a central short triangular reflexed-spreading spine. S. N. J, to Fla., 
Tex. and Ark. April-May. 

10. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch-pine. Torch-pine. (I. F. f. 119.) A tree 
reaching a maximum height of about 27 m., and a trunk diameter of I m., the 
branches spreading, the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. Leaves in 3's 
(very rarely some in 4's), stout, stiff, rather dark green, 7-13 cm. long, spreading; 
fibro- vascular bundles 2; sheaths 8-13 mm. long when young; cones lateral, ovoid, 
3.5-7 cm. long, becoming nearly globular when the scales open, commonly numerous 
and clustered ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge acute, with a 
stout central triangular recurved-spreading prickle. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
N. B. to Ont., W. Va., Ga. and Tenn. Develops shoots from stumps. April- 
May. 

2. LARIX Adans. 

Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear de- 
ciduous leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branch- 
lets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the 
ovule -bearing buds commonly leafy at the base and the aments red. Anther-sacs 
2-celled, the sacs transversely or obliquely dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones 
ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persist- 
ent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripening into 2 reflexed somewhat winged 
seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic] About 9 species, natives of the north 
temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following 2 others occur in the western 
parts of N. Am. 

I. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. American Larch. Tamarack. Hack- 
matack (I. F. f. 120.) A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 35 m. 
and a trunk diameter of i m,, the branches spreading, the bark close or at length 
slightly scaly. Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 
0.5 mm. wide, deciduous in late autumn; fascicles borne on short lateral branchlets 
about 4 mm. long; cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar branchlets, ovoid, 
obtuse, 12-17 "^^- lo^gj composed of about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their 
margins entire or slightly lacerate. In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, 
Newf. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Penn., Ind. and Minn. March-April. 

3. PICEA Link. 

Evergreen conic trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all direc- 
tions, jointed at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, 
falling away in drying, the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate pro- 
jections. Leaf- buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2- 
celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the connective prolonged into an append- 
age ; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, terminal, ovoid or oblong; 
ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less winged 
seeds. Cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally 
arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.] About 14 species, natives of 
the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the* following, 3 others occur in 
the northwestern parts of N. Am. . 

Twigs and sterig-mata glabrous, glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric. i. P. Canadensis. 
Twigs pubescent, brown ; cones ovoid or oval. 

Leaves not glaucous. 2. P. Mariana. 

Leaves glaucous. 3- P' brevi/olia. 

I. Picea Canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce. (L F. f. 121.) A 
slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. ami a trunk diameter of 
I m., ])ut usually much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale and glau- 
cous; leaves light green, slender, 12-16 mm. long, very acute; cones cylindric or 



34 FLORA. 

oblong-cylindric, pale, 3.5-5 cm. long, 12-17 ™i^- thick before the scales open; 
scales almost membranous, their margins usually quite entire ; bracts incised. 
Newf. to Huds. Bay and Alaska, south to Me., N. N. Y., Mich., the Black 
Hills, Mont, and Br. Col. Sometimes with a strong, skunk-like odor. April- 
May. 

2. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black Spruce, Red Spruce. (I. F. f. 
122 and 123.) A tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk sometimes reaching a 
diameter of 3.3 m., the branches spreading, the bark smooth or only slightly 
roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubescent or glabrate; .leaves thickly 
covering the twigs, green, stout, straight or curved, rarely more than 16 mm. 
long, obtuse or acuminate or merely mxicronate at the apex; cones oval or ovoid, 
2-5 cm. long, mostly persistent on the twigs for two or lyiore seasons, their scales 
with entire, lacerate or erose margins. Newf. to Huds. Bay and the N. W. Terr., 
south to N. J., N. C, Mich, and Minn. Tree very variable in the size of cones 
and in the thickness of its leaves; the leaves of the lower branches often very sharp- 
pointed, while those of the upper are blunt or mucronate. May -June. 

3. Picea brevifolia Peck. Swamp Spruce. (I. F. f. 122a.) A small slender 
tree, or on mountains reduced to a shrub. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata glabrous, 
or slightly pubescent; leaves nearly straight, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely 
mucronate, stout, 4-12 mm. long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 
1.5-3 cm. long, the scales with eroded margins. In swamps and bogs, Vt. to Ont., 
N. N. Y. and Mich. June. 

4. TSUGA Carr. 

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly 
linear scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to 
very short sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate 
aments axillary, short or subglobose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehis- 
cent, the connective slightly produced beyond them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule- 
bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed 
ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely 
woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.] About 7 
species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in N. W. N. Am., 2 or 3 Asiatic. 

Cones 1-2 cm. long, their scales remaining appressed. i. T. Canadensis, 

Cones 2,5-3 cm. long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana. 

1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. (I. F. f. 124,) A tall forest 
tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk reaching 1.6 m. in diameter, the lower 
branches somewhat drooping, the old bark flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves 
obtuse, flat, 12-18 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, dark green above, pale beneath, 
the petiole less than one-half as long as the width of the blade ; cones oblong, 
obtuse, as long as or slightly longer than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, 
obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. N. S. to 
Minn., south to Del., along the AUeghenies to Ga. and Ala. and to Mich, and Wis. 
April-May. 

2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock. (I. F. f. 125.) A 
forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 27 m. and a trunk diameter of 
1.3 m,, the lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, rather light 
green above, nearly white beneath, 14-22 mm. long, the petiole nearly as long as 
the width of the blade; cones 2.5-3 cm. long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, 
oblong, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity. S. W. Va. to S. Car. and Ga. in the 
mountains. April. 

5. ABIES Juss. 

Evergreen, trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to 
appear 2-ranked. but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and 
commonly quite persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of 
their bases. Staminate aments axillary ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 



PINACEAE. 35 

dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a short knob or point; pollen-grains com- 
pound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, 
reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery, mucronate or 
aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from the 
persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs. ] About 
20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous 
regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
and I in Mex. 

Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales ; leaves obtuse. i. A. balsamea. 

Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales ; leaves mostly emarginatCo 

2. A. Fraseri. 

1. "Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. (I. F. f. 126.) A slender forest 
tree attaining a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of i m., 
usually much smaller and on mountain tops and in high arctic regions reduced to 
a low shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin " blisters." Leaves fragrant in dry- 
ing, less than 2 mm. wide, 12-20 mm. long, obtuse, dark green above, paler 
beneath or the youngest conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ; cones 
cylindric, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, upright, arranged in rows on the upper 
side of the branches, violet or purplish when young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, 
mucronate, shorter than the broad rounded scales. Newf. and Lab. to Hud. Bay 
and the N. W. Terr., south to Mass., Penn., along the Alleghenies to Va. and to 
Mich, and Minn. Canada balsam is derived from the resinous exudations of the 
trunk. _ May-June. 

2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Lindl. FrasePv.'s Balsam Fir. (I. F. f. 127.) A 
forest tree, similar to the preceding species. Leaves, especially the younger, con- 
spicuously whitened beneath, I -2 cm. long, nearly 2 mm, wide, emarginate or 
some of them obtuse at the apex ; cones oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 5-8 cm. 
high, about 2.5 cm. thick, their scales rhomboid, much broader than high, rounded 
at the apex, much shorter than the papery bracts, which are reflexed, their summits 
emarginate, serrulate and aristate. On the high Alleghenies of S. W, Va,, N. Car., 
and Tenn. May. 

6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. 

Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged 
sessile linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to 
appear 2-ranked, some of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds 
naked. Staminate aments very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping 
panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves ; anthers 2-5 celled, the sacs 2-valved. 
Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters, their scales few, bractless, 
each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly so, the scales thick 
and woody, rhomboid, fitting close together by their margins, each marked with a 
triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular-pyramidal. [Name 
Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.] Three known species, the following of 
S. E. N, Am., I Mexican, i Chinese. 

I, Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Bald Cypress. (L F. f. 128.) 
A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. and a trunk di- 
ameter of nearly 3 m., the old bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear, 
flat, thin, I-2 cm. long, i mm. wide, or less, rather light green, acute, those on 
some of the flowering branches smaller, scale- like; cones globose or slightly longer 
than thick, pendent at the ends of the branches, very compact, 2-3 cm. in di- 
ameter; surlaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the inversely triangular 
scar; seeds 8-10 mm. long. Li swamps and along rivers, Del. to Fla., west to 
Tex., north in the Miss. Valley region to S. Ind., Mo. and Ark. The roots de- 
velop upright con'C " knees " sometimes 1.5 m. high and .4 m. thick. March- 
April. 

7. THUJA L. 

Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, 
scale-like, appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranke\l, those of the ultimate branch- 
lets mostly obtuse, those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments 



36 FLORA, 

monoecious, both kinds terminal, the staminate globose; anthers opposite, 2-4 
celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid or oblong, small, 
■their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or ob- 
long, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6- 10, coriaceous, opposite, not 
peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged 
or wingless. [Name ancient.] About 15 species, natives of North America and 
eastern Asia. Besides the following, another occurs from Idaho and Or. to Alaska. 
I. Thuja occidentaris L. White Cedar. Arbor Vit^. (I. F. f. 129.) A 
conical tree, reaching a height of 22 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., the old 
bark deciduous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate branches nearly 
obicular, obtuse, 2-3 mm. broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other rows 
flat, causing the twigs to appear much flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower 
and longer, acute or acuminate; mature cones, 8-10 long, their scales obtuse'; seeds 
broadly winged. In wet soil and along the banks of streams, forming almost im- 
penetrable forests northward, N. B. to James Bay and Man., south to N. J., along 
the Alleghenies to N. C. and to 111. and Minn. May-June. 

8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. 

Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas^ with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked 
scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal 
aments. Staminate aments as in Thuja^ but the filaments broader and shield- 
shaped. Ovule-bearing aments globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bear- 
ing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones globose, the scales thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 
erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. 3eeds winged. 
[Greek, meaning a low cypress.] About 7 species, the following of the eastern U. 
S., 2 in western N. Am., 3 or 4 Japanese. 

I. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. Southern White Cedar. (I. F. f. 
130.) A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk di- 
ameter of 1.5 m. Leaves of the ultimate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely i mm. 
wide, those of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows slightly convex, 
each with a minute round discoid marking on the centre of the back, those of the 
older twigs narrower and longer, subulate; cones about 6 mm. in diameter, blue, 
each of their closely fitting scales with a small central point; seeds narrowly 
winged. In swamps, Mass. and N. H. to N. N. J., Fla, and Miss., mostly near 
the coast. April-May. 

9. JUNIPERUS L. 

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, 
sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small 
globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong 
or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few 
opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3's, each bearing a 
single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the 
fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic] About 30 
species, natives of the northern hemisphere, some of them extending into tropical 
regions. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the western parts of North 
America. 

Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate ; aments axillary. 

Small erect tree or shrub ; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. J. communis. 

Low depressed shrub ; leaves stouter, mostly curved. ^ 2. J. nana. 

Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite ; aments terminal. 

Tree ; fruit on short straight branches. 3. /. Virginiana. 

Depressed shrub ; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. J. Sabina. 

I. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. (I. F. f. 131.) A low tree or erect 
shrub, sometimes attaining a height of 8 m, and a trunk diameter of 25 cm., usually 
smaller, the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy. Leaves subulate, 
rigid, spreading, or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed^ 
verticillate in 3's, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, 1-2 cm. long, less 
than 2 mm. wide, channeled and commonly whitened on the upper surface ; aments 



taxaceajz. 37 

axillary ; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark blue, 6-8 mm. diameter. 
On dry hills, N. S. to Br. Col, south to N. J., Penn., Mich., Neb. and in the Rocky 
Mts. to N, Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. The fruit is used for flavoring gin. 
April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. 

2. Juniperus nana Willd. Low Juniper. (I. F. f. 132.) A depressed rigid 
shrub, seldom over 0.5 m. high, forming circular patches often 3-4 m. in diameter. 
Leaves similar to those of the preceding, but stouter, similarly channeled and often 
whitened above, appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny-tipped, 8-12 mm. long, 
mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs, verticillate in 3's; aments axillary: 
berry-like cones blue, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry, open places. Lab. to Br. Col., 
south to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and Utah. Also in 
Europe and Asia. The characteristic growth in a depressed circular patch gives 
the plant a very different aspect from the true Juniper, April-May, 

3. Juniperus Virginiaiia L. Red Cedar. Savin. (I. F. f. 133.) A tree, 
reaching a maximum height of aboiit 32 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., conic 
when young, but the branches spreading in age. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of 
young plants and commonly some of those on the older twigs of older trees subulate, 
spiny -tipped, 4-8 mm. long, those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, 
closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangu- 
lar; aments terminal; berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 6 mm. in di- 
ameter, on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2 
seeded. In dry soil, N. B. to Br. Col, Fla., Tex., N. Mex. and Ariz. Also in 
the W. I. Wood used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. 
April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 

4. Juniperus Sabma L. Shrubby Red Cedar. (I. F. f. 134.) A de- 
pressed shrub, seldom more than 1.3 m. high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- 
ceding species, those of young plants and the older twigs of older plants subulate, 
spiny -tipped, those of the mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, acute or 
acuminate; aments terminal; berry-like cones light blue, somewhat glacuous, 8-10 
mm. in diameter, borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own 
length, 1-4 seeded. On banks, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Mass., N. N. Y., Minn. 
and Mont, Also in Europe and Asia, April-May, 

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. 

Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or de- 
ciduous, linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, 
the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth 
wanting. Stamens much as ir. the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or 
two integuments ; when two, the outer one fleshy ; when only one, its outer 
part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or rarely a cone. About 8 genera and 75 
species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the southern 
hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, 
with fan-shaped leaves, is an interesting tree, formerly included in the 
group, much planted for ornament, now regarded as forming a distinct 
natural family. 

I, TAXUS. 

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat 
mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, 
sessile or subsessile very small aments; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly 
bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle; anthers 4-6-celled. 
Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy, annular disk which is 
bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup- 
shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.] Alxnit 6 
species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs 
in Fla., one in Mex. and one on the Pacific coast. 

I. Taxus Canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Ground IIK^u.ocK. (L F. 
t 135.) A low shrub, seldom over 1.5 m. high. Leaves dark green tni Ix^th sides, 
narrowly linear, mucronate, narrowed at the base, 12-20 nun. U>ng. nearly J turn. 
wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; staminate aments glolx-iso. 2 nun. long, 
usually numerous; ovules usually few; fruit red and puli\\\ resinous, oblong, 



^^m 



38 FLORA. 

nearly 6 mm. hig , the top of the seed not covered by the fleshy integument. In 
woods, Newf. to Man., N. J., in the Alleghenies to Va., and to la. April-May. 

Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by 
the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf 
(carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are 
ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit 
of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which pene- 
trates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter 
(micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo- 
sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the 
ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. 

There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows : 

Cotyledon one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons two ; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous. 

Sub-class 2. DiCOTYLEDONES. 

Sub-class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the germinat- 
ing plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue 
(parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; 
no distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, 
mostly alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base 
and often with no distinction of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3- 
merous or 6-merous. 

Order I. PANDANALES. 

Our species aquatic or marsh plants, with narrow elongated leaves 
and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes or heads. 
Perianth of bristles, or of chaffy scales. Ovary i, 1-2-celled. Endo- 
sperm mealy or fleshy. 

The order takes its name from the tropical genus Pandanus, the so- 
called Screw-Pine. 

Flowers in terminal spikes. Fam. i. Typhaceae. 

Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. 

Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Cat-tail Family.'^ 

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and 
glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, 
sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in termi- 
nal spikes, which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious 
bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, 
the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, 
the filaments connate. Ovary i, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovules anatro- 
pous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the 
stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers 
many sterile flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm 
copious. The family comprises only the following genus : 



Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis- 
tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides those here described, another 
occurs in Cal. 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. 



SPARGANIACEAE. 39 

Spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former 
v.'ithout bractlets ; stigmas spatulate or rhomboid ; pollen 4-grained. 

I. T. latifolia. 

Spikes light brown, the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bract- 
lets ; stigmas linear ; pollen in simple grains. 2. T. angustt/olia. 

1. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. (I. F. f. 136.) Stems 
stout, 1-2. 'J m. high. Leaves 6-25 mm. broad; spikes dark brown or black, the 
staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous, each 7.5-30 cm. long and often 
2 cm. or more in diameter, the pistillate without bractlets; stigmas rhomboid or 
spatulate; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting in water ; seeds with a 
separable outer coat. In marshes, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. 
Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug. -Sept. 

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. (I. F. f. 137.) 
Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 ni. high. Leaves mostly narrower than those of the pre- 
ceding species, 4-12 mm. wide; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistillate 
portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 0.5 m. long, the pistillate, 
when mature, 6-16 mm. in diameter, and provided with bractlets; stigmas linear 
or linear-oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; 
outer coat of the seed not separable. Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic 
Coast from N. S. to Fla. and Cuba, but also occurring rather rarely inland. Also 
in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug. -Sept. 

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. 1858. 

Bur -reed Family.^ 

Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, 
erect or floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, 
sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose 
heads at the upper part of the stem and branches, the staminate heads 
uppermost, sessile or peduncled. Spathes linear, immediately beneath 
or at a distance below the head. Perianth of a few irregular chaffy 
scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct; anthers oblong 
or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly i -celled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit 
mostly I -celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight, in copious endo- 
sperm. The family comprises only the following genus : 

I. SPARGANIUM L. 

Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves] 
About 10 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, one 
occurs in Cal. 

Fruit sessile. i. S. eta-ycarpuni. 

Fruit stalked. 

Inflorescence branching. 2. S. atidrocladum. 

Inflorescence simple. 

Staminate heads 4-6, pistillate 2-6, 10-16 mm. in diameter. 3. S. simplex. 
Staminate heads 1-2, pistillate 1-3, 4-10 mm. in diameter. 4. ^. jninimutn. 

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-reed. (I. F. f. 
138.) Stems stout, 1-2.8 m. high, branching. Leaves flat, slightly keeled be- 
neath, the lowest 1-2 m. long; staminate heads numerous; pistillate heads 2-4 on 
the stem or branch, sessile or peduncled, hard, compact and 2-3 cm. in diameter 
when mature; style i; stigmas I-2; nutlets 6-10 mm. long, obtusely 4 5 -angled, 
narrowed at the base, the top rounded, flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped 
with the style; scales as long or nearly as long as the fruit and as many as its 
angles, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhat spatulate, the apex 
roundea, denticulate or eroded. In marshes and along streams, Newf. to Br. 
Col., south to Va., Mo., Utah and Cal. 

2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Branching Biir-kkkh. 
(1. F. f, 139,) Stem slender, more or less branching, 2.5-6 cm. high. Pistillate 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Mim^om;. 



40 FLORA. 

heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled, axillary or the peduncles and branches 
axillary ; style I ; stigma I (rarely 2) ; fruiting heads 12-25 "^'^. in diameter; nut- 
lets fusiform, 4-6 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, often strongly contracted at the middle, 
tapering into the style ; scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter, the exterior 
ones narrower ; stalk of fruit 2 mm. long or more. In bogs or shallow water, N. S. 
to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Fla. and La. June— Aug. 

Sparganium androcladum fliictuans Morong. Floating in deep water with long- 
slender stems and thin leaves 2-7 mm. wide ; inflorescence usually sparingly branched ; 
fruiting heads 8-12 mm. in diameter. In cold ponds, N. B. to Penn. 

3. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple-stemmed Bur-reed. (I. F. f. 140.) 
Stem slender, 3-60 cm. high, simple. Leaves more or less triquetrous, 4—8 mm. 
wide ; inflorescence 2-20 cm. long ; staminate heads 4-6 ; pistillate 2—6, sessile or 
the lowest peduncled; fruiting heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; nutlets fusiform or 
narrowly oblong, obtusely angled at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle, 
smaller than those of the preceding species and more tapering at the summit ; scales 
denticulate, about one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long as the style or 
shorter, rarely 2 ; stalk of fruit about 2 mm. long. Borders of ponds and streams, 
Newf. to Br. Col., Penn., Mont, and Cal. June- Aug. 

Sparganium simplex angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm, Floating in deep water. 
Leaves very long, 1—3 mm. wide, their sheaths often inflated at the base ; staminate and 
pistillate heads 1-4 ; fruiting heads 6-15 mm. in diameter. In mountain lakes and slow 
streams, Newf. to Ore., N. Y. and Cal. 

4. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small Bur-reed. (I. F. f. 141.) Float- 
ing, stems very slender, o. I-I m. long. Leaves thin and lax, I-5 mm. wide ; inflor- 
escence 2 cm. or more long ; staminate heads I-2 ; pistillate, I-3, sessile, axillary, 
supra-axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle ; ripe fruiting heads 4-10 mm. 
in diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly triangular, tapering abruptly into the style, 
2-4 mm. long, twice as long as the denticulate scales ; stigma ov?l, often oblique, 
about as long as the style; stalk of the nutlet 0.5-1 mm. long, often apparently 
none. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Man. and Ore., south to N. J., Mich, and 
Utah. Also in northern Europe. Dwarf forms, growing out of water, sometimes 
occur with stems 3'-6' high. Jime-Aug. 



Order 2. NAIADALES. 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various in form. Flowers perfect, 
monoecious or dioecious. Perianth present, or wanting. Parts of the 
flower mostly unequal in number. Carpels i or more, mostly distinct and 
separate (united in Vallisneriaceae ; united at least until maturity in 
Scheuchzeriaceae) ; endosperm none, or very little. 

Perianth, if present, inferior ; carpels mostly distinct. 
Perianth-segments, when present, herbaceous. 

Carpels distinct ; aquatic herbs. Fam. i. N^aiadaceae. 

Carpels united until maturity; bog plants ; flowers racemed or spiked. 

Fam. 2. Scheuchzeriaceae. 
Perianth of 2 series of segments, the outer green, the inner mostly white. 

Fam. 3. Alis?naceae. 
Perianth superior; carpels united. Fam. 4. Vallisneriaceae. 

Family i. NAIADACEAE Lindl.* 

Immersed aquatic plants with slender, often branching, leafy stems, the 
leaves flat or filiform, and perfect, monoecious or dioecious, spicate axil- 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. 



NAIADACEAE. 4I 

lary or spadiceous flowers. Perianth of 4 segments, or a hyaline envelope, 
or wanting. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypogynous 
in the perfect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers ex- 
trorse, 1-2-celled. Ovaries 1-9, mostly distinct, i-celled, mostly i-ovuled. 
Carpels rarely dehiscent. Seeds straight or curved. Endosperm none. 
About 10 genera and 100 species of wide geographical distribution, most 
abundant in temperate regions. The months noted in the descriptions 
indicate the fruiting period. 

Flowers perfect. 

Perianth of 4 distinct segments. x. Potamogeton. 

PeriaJith none ; flowers naked. 2. Ruppia. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Leaves entire. 

Leaves i-nerved, 2-8 cm. long; 0.5 mm. or less wide. 3. Zanuichellia. 

Leaves many-nerved, 0.3-1.6 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide. 4. Zostera. 

Leaves spiny-toothed on the margins. 5. Naias. 

I. POTAMOGETON L. 

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and float- 
ing, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. 
Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, 
enclosing the young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles 
axillary, usually emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 
4, short-clawed, concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth- 
segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, I -celled, i-ovuled, attenu- 
ated into a short style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp 
usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an unci- 
nate embryo thickened at the radicular end, [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic 
habitat.] About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the 
following, 3 others occur in the southern parts of N. Am. 

Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. 
With floating and submerged leaves. 
Submerged leaves bladeless. 

Nutlets more or less pitted. , \. P. nutans. 

Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus. 

Submerged leaves with a proper blade. 

Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong. 
Uppermost broadly oval or elliptic, lowest lanceolate. 

3. P. ainplifolius. 
Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 

4. P. pulcher. 
Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous. 

i-nerved or nerveless. 25. P, Yaseyi. 

3-nerved 26. P. lateralis. 

Submerged leaves all alike, linear. 

Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular- 
reticulated in the middle. 5. P. Nuttalhi. 
Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 

9. P. heterophyllus. 
Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate. 

Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpinus. 

All the leaves petioled. 

Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subconlate at 
base. II. P. lUinoi'tisis. 

Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, tapering at base. 

7. P. lonchites. 
Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanoeolate, tapering at base. 

5. P. Faxon i. 
All the leaves sessile or subsessile. 

Fruit only 2 mm. long, obscurely 3-koeled. 

10. /'. s pathuUiiiformis, 
Fruit 3 nun. long, distinctly 3-keeled. u. /'. Zisii. 



42 FLORA. 

With submerged leaves only. 

Without propagating- buds and without glands. 

Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, many-nerved. 
Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 

13. P. lucens. 
Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucuUate at the apex. 

14. P. praelo7igus. 
Leaves meeting around the stem, ven,- obtuse at the apex, not cucullate. 

15. P. perfoliatus . 
Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved. 

Leaves oblong-linear, s-j-ner^-ed, obtuse at the apex. 

16. P. Mysticus. 
Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 

21. P. foliosus. 
Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i-nerved or nerveless. 

17. P. confervoides. 
With propagating buds or glands, or both. 

With buds, but without glands. 

Leaves serrulate, 3-7-nerved. iS. P. crispus. 

Leaves entire, vdth 3 principal and many fine nerves. 

19. P. zosteraef alius . 
Commonly with glands, but no buds. 

Stems long-branching from the base ; leaves lax. flat, 3-nerved, abruptly 

acute or cuspidate. 20. P. Hillii. 

Stems simple ; leaves strict, revolute, 3-5-nerved, acuminate. 

24. P. rutilus. 
With both buds and glands, 

Glahds large and translucent ; buds rare. 22. P. obtiisifolius. 

Glands small, often dull ; buds common. 

Leaves linear, 5-7-nerved. 23. P. Friesii. 

Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 27. P. piisillus. 

Leaves capillary, i-nerved or ner^-eless. 28. P. gemmiparus. 

Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles. 

With both floating and submerged leaves. 

Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 

29. P, diversifolitcs. 
Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly 2 mm. long. 

30. P. Spirillus. 
With submerged leaves only. 

Stigma broad and sessile. 31. P. filiformis. 
Style apparent ; stigma capitate. 

Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 32. P. pectinatus. 
Fruit strongly 3-keeled. 

Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved. 33. P. interruptus. 

Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-ners^ed. 34. P. Robbiftsii. 

1. Potamogeton natans L. Common Floating Pondweed. (L F. f. 142.) 
Stems 0.6-1.3 1^- ^oi^gr simple or sparingly branched. Floating leaves thick, the 
blade ovate, oval or elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, usually with a short 
abrupt tip, rounded or subcordate at the base, many-nerved; submerged leaves 
reduced to phyllodes which commonly perish early; stipules sometimes 10 cm. 
long, acute, 2-keeled; peduncles as thick as the stem. 5-10 cm. long; spikes very 
dense, about 5 cm. long; fruit tiu-gid, 4-4.5 ^^^- ^ong, about 2.5 mm. thick, scarcely 
keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face; style broad; nutlet hard, 
pitted or impressed on the sides, 2 -grooved on the back ; embryo forming an 
incomplete circle, the apex pointing toward the base. In ponds and streams, 
throughout N. Am. except the extreme north, extending into Mex. Also in Europe 
and Asia. July -Aug. 

2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes' Pondweed. (I. F. f. 143.) 
Stems very slender, often much branched from below. Floating leaves elliptic, 
mostly obtuse, roimded or subcordate at the base. 2-5 cm. long. 10-20 mm. wide, 
l2-20-nerved; petioles 5-15 cm. long; submerged leaves mere "capillary phyllodes, 
often persistent; peduncles 2-8 cm, long, commonly thicker than the stem: spikes 
cylindric, 12-25 cm. long; stipules acute, hardly keeled; fruit obovoid, about 
3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-keeled, the middle keel 
sharp; style apical or subapical; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes 



NAIADACEAE. 43 

slightly impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex pointing toward the base. 
In still water, Anticosti to N. Penn. and N. J. Summer, 

3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pondweed. (L 
F. f. 144.) Stems long, simple or occasionally branched. Floating leaves oval or 
ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. 
wide, many-nerved ; submerged leaves mostly petioled, large, the uppermost often 
elliptic or oval, 7-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, the lowest lanceolate, often 20 cm. 
long, with about 25 nerves, often with the sides closed and assuming a falcate shape; 
stipules tapering to a long sharp point, sometimes 10 cm. long ; peduncles thickened 
upward, 5-20 cm. long; spikes 2-5 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, 
turgid, the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled ; face more or less angled ; 
style subapical ; embryo slightly incurved. In lakes, Ont. to Br. Col., south to 
Conn., Ky. and Neb. July-Sept. 

4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed, (I. F. f, 145,) 
Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, 0.3-0.7 mm, long. Floating leaves usually 
massed at the top on short lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate, sub- 
cordate, 2-8 cm, long, 5-1 1 cm. wide, many-nerved; peduncles about as thick as 
the stem, 5-10 cm. long, spotted ; submerged leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost 
pellucid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, 7-20 cm. long, I-3.5 cm. wide, 
tapering at the base into a short petiole, io-20-nerved ; the lowest much thicker, 
opaque, spatulate, long; stipules 2-carinate ; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, 
turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled ; face angled 
near the middle, with a sinus below ; embryo coiled. In ponds and pools, Me. to 
Ga. and Mo. July. 

5. Potamoge'ton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. Nutt all's Pondweed, (I. F, f. 
146,) Stems slender, compressed, mostly simple, 0.3-2 m. long. Floating leaves 
opposite, elliptic, to obovate, obtuse, short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, 
many-nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 5-17 cm, long, 2-6 mm, wide, 
5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner and 
the midrib reticulated ; stipules obtuse, hyaline, not keeled ; peduncles 2-13 cm. 
long ; spikes 1-2.5 cm. long; fruit round-obovoid 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 
3-keeled, the sides flat and indistinctly impressed ; style short, apical ; embryo 
coiled one and one-third times. In ponds and streams, N. S. to Penn. and S. C. 
June- Aug. 

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. (I. F. f. 147.) 
Plant of a ruddy tinge; stems simple or branched, somewhat compressed. Float- 
ing leaves spatulate or oblaijceolate, obtuse, many-nerved, tapering into petioles 
2-12 cm. long; submerged leaves semi-pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost 
petioled, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or rarely acute, narrowed at the 
base, 7-30 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved; stipules broad, faintly 2-cari- 
nate, obtuse or rarely acute; spikes 2-3 cm. long; fruit obovoid, lenticular, reddish, 
2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face arched, 
beaked by the short recurved style; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the 
basal end. In ponds, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J. and Cal. Also in Europe. 
July-Aug. 

7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Long-leaved Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
148.) Stem terete, much branched, 1-2 m, long. Floating leaves rather thin, 
elliptic, pointed at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, I-3 cm. wide, many - nerved, 
petioled; submerged leaves pellucid, 10-32 cm. long, 4-24 mm. wide, rounded at 
the base or tapering into a petiole; stipules acuminate, strongly or faintly 2- 
carinate; peduncles thickening upward, 5-8 cm. long; spikes cylindric, 2-5 cm. 
long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, obliquely obovoid. the face nearly 
straight, the back 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting 
wing under the style, not impressed on the sides; embryo slightly incurved, apex 
pcMuting slightly inside of the base. In ponds and slow streams, N. Br. to Wash., 
Fla. and Cal. July-Oct. 

Potamogeton lonchites Noveboract^nsis Morong-. Floatini;- leaves thicker, 7-14 cm. 
lont;-, about 5 cm, wide, 20-24-nerved, abruptly pointed or obtuse at the apex; peduncles 
sometimes 10-12 cm. and spikes 7.5 cm. lonj;-. Lakes of Cent. N. V. 

8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. Faxon's Pondwi kd. (I. F. f. 140.) 
Floating leaves numcnnis, mostly obovate or oblanceolatc, blunt -ptuntod or obtuse 



44 FLORA. 

at the apex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly like those of P. spathulaeformis, 
5-9 cm. long. 15-25 mm. wide, 13-17-nerved. petioled; submerged leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse, 7—13 cm. long, 1—25 cm. wide, 5-13-nerved, 
often with an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib; petioles 1.2-2.5 cm. 
in length; peduncles slightly thicker than the stem; spikes dense, 2-5 cm. long; 
fruit not collected. Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Vt. 

9. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed. 
(1. F. f. 150.) Stems slender, compressed, much branched, sometimes 4 m. long. 
Floating leaves pointed at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base, 1,5- 
10 cm. long, 8-30 mm. wide, io-i8-nerved, on petioles 2-10 cm. long ; submerged 
leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, rather stiff, 2-15 
cm. long, 2-16 mm. wide, 3-9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled ; peduncles 
often thickened upward, sometimes clustered; stipules spreading, obtuse 1.5-2.5 
cm. long; spikes 1. 8-25 cm. long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. 
long, 1—2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled ; style short, obtuse, apical ; apex of the 
embryo nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it. A very variable 
species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all N. Am. except the extreme 
north. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 

Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifolius (Fries) j\Iorong. Submerged leaves deli- 
cate, flaccid, linear, 4-12 cm. long-, 2-6 mm. wide With the type. 

Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong. Stems dichotomously 
branching, very leafy ; submerged leaves delicate, about 2.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, 3-5- 
nerved, linear er the upper oblanceolate ; floating leaves elliptic or lanceolate-oblong ; 
rootstock tuberous. Mass., R. L and Conn. 

Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong. Stems long and almost capillary, 
the internodes 7-10 cm. long, densely clustered on short lateral branches, 1-2.5 <^n^' long, 
scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, acuminate, i-nerved ; floating leaves 1-3.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. 
wide, lanceolate, oval or ovate, usually clustered at the summit of the stem. Mass. and 
N. H. 

10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis (Robbins) Morong. Spatulate-leaved 
Pondweed. (I. F. f. 151.) Stems many, branched, 0.6-1 m. long. Floating leaves 
obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, 2-6 cm. long, 
1.5-2.5 cm. wide, borne on slender petioles; submerged leaves pellucid, spatulate- 
oblong or linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-i8mm. wide, 5-13-nerved, cuspidate or 
spinescent, sessile or subsessile, often reduced to phyllodes with a very narrow blade 
and a long acumination at the base and apex; peduncles often thickening upward, 
2-5 cm. long ; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded ; spikes 
large ; fruit about 2 mm. long, roundish or obliquely ovoid, obscurely 3-keeled, with 
a curved or slightly angled face ; embr}^o with the apex pointing slightly inside of 
the base. In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. 

11. Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong. Illinois Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
152.) Stem stout, much branched above. Floating leaves opposite, numerous, 
thick, 10-14 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, many-nerved' oval or broadly elliptic, short- 
pointed, petioled ; submerged leaves numerous, 10-20 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, 
13-19-nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly tapering at the base into a 
short, broad, flat petiole, rarely reduced to phyllodes ; stipules 5-8 cm. long, obtuse, 
strongly 2-carinate ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. long ; fruit roundish 
or obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt.. In 
ponds, 111. to la. and Minn. Aug. 

12. Potamogeton Zizii Roth. Ziz's Pondweed. (I. F. f. 153.) Stems 
slender, branching. Floating leaves elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2. 5 cm. wide, many- 
nerved ; petioles mostly short ; submerged leaves mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
thin, acute or cuspidate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-30 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved ; stipules 
obtuse, 2-keeled ; peduncles thicker than the stem, 6-15 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. 
long ; fruit obliquely obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, the face dorsally 
3-keeled ; style short, blunt, facial ; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the 
base. In lakes and streams. Que. to Mont., Fla. and Wyo. Also in Europe. 
July-Aug. 

Potamogeton Zizii Methyensis (A. Benn.) Morong. Middle leaves narrow ; upper 
leaves oval ; stipules long ; fruit small. Methy Lake, Can. 



NAIADACEAE. 45 

13. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pondweed. (I. F. f. 154.) Stem thick, 

branching below and often with masses of short leafy branches at the summit. Leaves 
all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the uppermost oval, shining, sessile or short- 
petioled, 6-20 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, the tips otten serrulate ; stipules 2-carinate, 
sometimes very broad ; peduncles 7-15 cm. long ; spikes 5-6 cm. long, very thick ; 
fruit about 3 mm, long and 2.5 mm. thick, roundish, the face usually with a slight 
inward curve at the base ; apex of the embryo pointing transversely inward. In 
ponds, N. S. to Fla., west to Cal. and Mex. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.-Oct. 

Potamogeton Iticens Connecticut^nsis Robbins. Stems flexuous ; leaves acuminate ; 
fruit larger than that of the type (about 4 mm. long), distinctly 3-carinate and with a 
facial style. Saltonstall's Pond, Conn., and White Plains, N. Y. 

14. Potamogeton praelongus Wuif. ' White-stemmed Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
155.) Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched, growing in deep water, 
sometimes 2.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, semi- 
amplexicaul, bright green, I-3.5 cm. long, 5-30 cm. wide, with 3-5 main nerves; 
stipules white, scarious, obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem ; 
peduncles 7-50 cm. long, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem; spikes 2-5 
cm. long, thick, cylindric; fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 
mm. thick, the back much rounded, often with the upper curve nearly as high as 
the style; the middle keel sharp ; style short, obtuse, facial. N. S. to Br. Col., 
N. J., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe. June-July. 

15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
156.) Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all submerged, orbicular or ovate, 
sometimes lanceolate, usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the apex, cordate- 
perfoliate at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; peduncles 3.5 cm. long, 
usually erect or slightly spreading; spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; fruit obliquely 
obovoid, 2.5-3 ™"^- loi^gj 2 mm. thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back, the face 
slightly curved outwardly toward the top, the sides with a shallow indentation 
which runs into the face ; style nearly facial ; embryo slightly incurved or with its 
apex pointing directly toward the base. In ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., 
Fla., and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

Potamogeton perfoliatus Richards5nii A, Bennett. Leaves 2-12 cm. long, 8-16 
mm. wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curving inward at the apex, 13-23- 
nerved. Fruit somewhat larger than that of the type, about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. 
thick. N. N. E. to Or., Del., Neb., and Cal. 

16. Potamogeton Mysticus Morong. Mystic Pond Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
157.) Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregularly branching above, 
nearly filiform, terete, 0.3-3.3 i^- lo^^g* Leaves all submerged, scattered oblong- 
linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and rarely with minute 
serrulations near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and sessile or partly 
clasping; stipules obtuse, about 12 mm. long, hyaline and with many fine nerves, 
mostly deciduous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem; spikes 
few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles 2-5 cm. long; immature fruit 
obovoid, less than 2 mm. long, about I mm. wide, obscurely 3 -keeled on the back, 
slightly beaked by the slender, recurved style. Mystic Pond, Medford, and 
Miacount Pond, Nantucket, Mass. Aug. -Sept. 

- 17. Potamogeton confervoides Reiclib. Alga-like Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
158.) Stems slender, terete, 15-45 cm. long, the upper branches repeatedly 
forking. Leaves very delicate, flat, setaceous, 2-6 cm. long, the broa^lcst scarcely 
0.5 mm. wide, tapering to a long hair-like point, 1-3-nerved and often with a few 
cross-veins; stipules delicate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; peduncles 5-20 cm. long, erect, 
somewhat thickened upward; spikes 6-8 mm. long; fruit roundish-obovoid, 2-3 mm. 
long and about as thick, the back sometimes a little angular or sinuate. 3-koeled, 
the middle keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides impressed with a 
shallow indentation which runs into the notch of the face ; apex of the embryo 
nearly touching the base a little to one side. In colil or mountain ponds, Me. and 
N. H. to N. J. and Penn. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 



46 FLORA. 

i8. Potamogeton crispus L. Curled-leaved Pondweed. (I. F. f. 159.) 

Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2 -ranked, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceo- 
late, sessile or semi-amplexicaui, obtuse, serrulate, crisped, i-io cm. long, 6-14 
mm. wide, 3-7 -nerved, the midrib often compound and the outer nerves very near 
the margin; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early perishing; peduncles 2-5 cm. 
long, frequently recurved in fruit, sometimes very numerous; spikes about i cm. 
long, appearing very bristly with the long-beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit 
ovoid, about 3 mm. long, 2 mm. or more wide, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle 
keel with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face slightly curved, the style 
facial and nearly as long as the drupelet; embryo small, its apex pointing directly 
toward its base. The plant is mainly propagated by peculiar winter buds. In 
fresh, brackish or even salt water, Mass., Penn., and Va. Also in Europe. Aug. 

19. Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. Eel-grass Pondweed. (I. F. 
f. 160.) Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely branching. Leaves 
linear, obtuse and mucronate or sharp-pointed at the apex, 5-30 cm. long, 2-5 mm. 
wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones; stipules scarious, obtuse, finely 
nerved, soon perishing ; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spikes cylindric, about i cm. 
long, 12-15-flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 
mm. thick, 3 -keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather obscure ; face arched, 
beaked with a short recurved style; embryo slightly incurved. The plant is prop- 
agated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bottom, and rest during the 
winter. In still or running water, N. B. to N. J., west to Or. Also in Europe. 
July-Aug. 

20. Potamogeton Hillii Morong. Hill's Pondweed. (I. F. f. 161.) Stems 
slightly compressed, slender, widely branching, 0.3-0.6 m. long. Leaves linear, 
acute, cuspidate, or often almost aristate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5.-2.5 mm. wide, 3- 
nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the midrib; stip- 
ules whitish, many-nerved, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles about I cm. long, 
erect or slightly recurved; spikes capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
obtuse at the base, about 4 mm. long, 2-2.5 i^n^* thick, 3-carinate on the back, 
the middle keel sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face slightly 
arched; style nearly facial, short; embryo coiled. In ponds, E. N. Y. to Mich. 
There are two forms of the species, the one 2-glandular at the base of the leaves, 
the other glandless. July-Sept. 

21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. (I. F. f. 162.) Stems 
flattened, much branched, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
acute, 3 -nerved; stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or sometimes acute, 1-2 cm. long; 
peduncles more or less clavate, erect; spikes about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular or 
nearly orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle keel 
winged, sinuate-dentate, often with projecting shoulders or teeth at each end, the 
face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a projecting tooth at the base; 
style apical. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., N. Mex. and Cal. 
July-Aug. 

Potamogeton folibsus Niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morongf. Larger. Stems 0.6-1. 

m. long, leaves sometimes over 7.5 cm. in length and 2 mm. wide, 3-5-nerved; 

stipules larger and occasionally acute ; spikes 8-12-flowered. Niagara Falls to Mich, 
and Cal. 

22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Blunt-leaved Pondweed. 
(I. F. f. 163.) Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branching. Leaves 
linear, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3 -nerved 
with a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7 nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands 
large and translucent; stipules white or scarious, many -nerved, obtuse, 1-2 cm. 
long, often as long as or longer than the intemodes; peduncles numerous, slender, 
erect; spikes 6-8 mm. long, ovoid. 5-8-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 3 
mm. long and 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short, blunt, nearly facial. In still 
water. Que. to Penn., Minn., and Wyo. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 

23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. Fries' Pondweed. (I. F. f. 164.) 
Stems compressed, 0.5-1.3 m. long, branching. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. 



NATADACEAE. 47 

wide, acute, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex, mostly 5 -nerved, rarely 7-nerved, 
2-glandular at the base, the glands small; stipules white, hyaline, finely nerved, 
obtuse or acute, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles often thicker than the stem and some- 
times thickening upward ; spikes, when developed, interrupted ; fruit quite similar 
to that of p. pu stilus, but with a recurved style, usually with a shallow pit on the 
sides, and with the apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end. In still 
water, N. B. to N. Y., west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occa- 
sional. July-Aug. 

24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. Slender Pondweed. (I. F. f, 165.) 
Stems very slender, 0.2-0.6 m. long, compressed, simple or nearly so. Leaves 
2-3.5 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5- 
nerved, revolute, often 2-glandular at base and bright green, the nerves prominent 
beneath; stipules acute, 1-2 cm. long, often longer than the intemodes and hiding 
the bases of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and fibrous with age; 
peduncles 1-3.5 cm. long; spikes 6-10 mm. long, usually dense, but sometimes 
interrupted; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 2 mm, long and I mm. thick, obscurely 
keeled or the back showing only 2 small grooves ; apex of the drupelet tapering 
into a short facial nearly straight recurved style ; embryo circle not complete, the 
apex pointing a little inside of the base. Anticosti and James Bay to Mich, and 
Minn. Also in Europe. 

25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Vasey's Pondweed. (I. F. f. 166.) 
Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with many short lateral branches 
above, 0.3-0.5 long, the emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more com- 
mon sterile submerged forms in water from 2-3 m. in depth. Floating leaves on 
the fertile stems only, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval, oblong or obovate, 
8-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering 
at the base into petioles 6-8 mm. long; submerged leaves capillary, 2-4 cm. long; 
stipules white, delicate, many-nerved, acute or obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; peduncles 
6-12 mm. long, thickening in fruit ; spikes 4-6 mm. long, 2-6 fruited ; fruit 
roundish-obovoid, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick, 3 -keeled, the middle keel 
rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style. E. Mass. to S. Ont. and O. 
The plant is furnished with propagative buds. July-Aug. 

26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. (I. F. 
f. 167.) Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves on sterile shoots only, 
coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 5-7-nerved, the nerves 
deeply impressed beneath, usually in 1-3 opposite pairs which stand at right 
angles to the stem on petioles 6-20 mm, long; submerged leaves linear, acute, 2-8 
cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 1-3-nerved, 2-glandular at the base, but the glands 
small and often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, many-nerved, obtuse, deciduous; 
peduncles and floating leaves lateral, widely spreading at maturity, sometimes re- 
curved, spikes capitate or often interrupted, 3-4-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
about 2 mm. long, lenticular, the back much curved and 2 -grooved, the face arched 
and surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma; curve of the embryo oval, its apex 
nearly touching its base. In lakes and slow streams, E. Mass. to Mich. Prolifer- 
ous shoots at the summit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the 
season, as the plants are beginning to decay. July-Aug. 

27. Potamogeton pusiUus L. Small Pondweed. (I. F. f. 168.) Stems 
filiform, branching, o. 1-0.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, linear, obtuse and 
mucronate or acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the base, 2.8 cm. long, alxnit I mm. 
wide, 1-3-nerved, the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; 
peduncles usually 6-18 mm., or rarely 7.5 cm. long; spikes 3- lO- flowered; fruit 
obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick, curved and 2-gr(Kn-ed on 
the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly arched, beaked by a 
straight or recurved style; apex of the embryo slightly incurved and pointing ob- 
liquely downward. Propagative buds occur in greater or less abundance. In 
ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Va., Tex., and Cal. Also iu 
Europe. July-Aug. • 

Potamogeton pusdlus Panormit;\nus (Riv.) Morongf. I'ppermost leaves subcoriace- 
ous, spatulate, opposite, divaricate, 3-5-nerved, 8-10 mm. loiiij, tapering into a broad 
petiole as long as the blade. Ottawa, Ont. Also in Europe. 



48 FLORA. 

Potamogeton pusfllus polyphj^llus Morong. Stem 7-14 cm. long, divaricately 
branching from the base and very leafy throughout ; leaves very obtuse, 3-nerved. Plant 
not known to flower, but abundantly provided with propagating buds which are 
thickened, hardened and closely invested with imbricated leaves. E. Mass. 

Potamogeton pusillus Sturrockii A. Bennett. A rare form with delicate bright green 
pellucid leaves, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or often apiculate at the apex, less than 2 mm. wide, 
sometimes 5-nerved ; fruit much smaller than that of the type, short-beaked. E. Mass. 
Also in Europe. 

28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. Capillary Pondweed. 
(I. F. f. 169.) Stems filiform, terete, branching, 0.1-1.3 m. long. Leaves capil- 
lary, sometimes not as wide as the stem, often with no perceptible midrib, taper- 
ing to the finest tip, 2-8 cm. long, 2-glandular at the base; stipules I-2.5 cm. long, 
mostly deciduous; spikes interrupted, 3-6-flowered; peduncles iiliform, or some- 
times slightly thickened, 1-5 cm. long; fruit seldom formed, similar to that of Z'. 
pusillus, except that it is flatter and somewhat impressed on the sides. In ponds, 
E. Mass. and R. I. It is commonly propagated by its abundant buds; the leaves 
and stems are often alike in thickness, so that the plant seems to consist of threads. 
Aug. -Sept. 

29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque's Pondweed. (I. F. f. 
170.) Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much branched. Floating leaves coria- 
ceous, the largest 2.5 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lan- 
ceolate-oblong and acute; petioles filiform or dilated; submerged leaves setaceous, 
seldom over 0.5 mm. wide, 2-8 cm. long; stipules obtuse or truncate, 6-10 mm. 
long, those of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged leaves sometimes 
adnate; emersed peduncles 6-14 mm. long; submerged peduncles 4-6 mm. long, 
clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 6-10 mm. long, occasionally inter- 
rupted; fruit cochleate, rarely over I. mm. long, 3 -keeled, the middle keel narrowly 
winged and usually with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the margin, the lateral keels 
sharp or rounded; embryo coiled i]/^ times. In still water, Me. to Fla., west to 
Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. 

Pomategon diversifblius multidenticulatus Morong. Differs from the type in the 
numerous teeth of the fruit, as many as 12 being sometimes found on the middle keel, 
and each lateral keel with 6-8 more, the teeth often bristle-like and sometimes 2-pronged. 
Conn, to E. Penn. and Del. 

Potamogeton diversifblius trichophj^llus Morong. Plant about 15 cm, long, with- 
out floating leaves, the submerged leaves as fine as floss silk and entirely nerveless. 
Lake Marcia, N. J. 

30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral Pondweed. (I. F. f. 171.) 
Stems compressed, branched, 15-50 cm. long, the branches often short and re- 
curved. Floating leaves oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about 2.5 cm. long and 
1.2 cm. wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath, their petioles often 2.5 cm. 
long; submerged leaves linear, 3-4 mm. long, about i mm. wide, mostly 5-nerved; 
stipules of the upper floating leaves free; those of the submerged leaves adnate to 
the blade or petiole; spikes above water 6-10 mm. long, continuous, the lower 
mostly sessile, capitate and i-io-fruited; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than 2 mm. 
long, flat and deeply impressed on the sides, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle keel 
winged and sometimes 4-5 -toothed ; style deciduous ; embryo spiral, about \\ 
turns. In ponds and ditches, N. S. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Mo., and 
Neb. June-Aug, 

3^:. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Filiform Pondaveed. {I. F. f. 172.) 
Stems from a running rootstock, slender, I-7 m. long, filiform above, stout and 
thick toward the base. Leaves numerous, 5-30 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 
I -nerved with a few cross veins; sheaths about 2 mm. long and the free part of the 
stipule 12 mm. long, scarious on the edges ; flowers on long, often recurved 
peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl; fruit 2-3 mm. long, slightly less than 2 mm. wide, 
the sides even, the back not keeled, the face nearly straight or obtusely angled 
near the top; stigma nearly or quite sessile, remaining on the fruit as a broad 
truncate projection. In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to W. N. Y. and Mich. August. 



NAIADACEAE, 49 

Potamogeton filif6rmis Mac6unii Morong. Leaves 2-7,5 cm. long, the largest i mm. 
or more wide, obtuse, stiff, with a strong midrib and raised or slightly revolute margins ; 
fruit rarely more than 2 mm. long; peduncles only 1.5-2 cm. long; plant commonly 
with a compact bushy habit. In brackish or salt water lakes, prairie region of Can. 

32. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. (I. F. f- 
173.) Stems slender, much branched, 0.3-1 mm. long, the branches repeatedly 
forking. Leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, i -nerved, 2.5-15 cm. long, often 
capillary and nerveless; stipules half free, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, their sheaths scarious 
on the margins; peduncles filiform; the flowers in verticils; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
w^ith a hard thick shell, 3-4 mm. long, 2-2.5 ™"^- wide, without a middle keel, but 
with obscure lateral ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or occa- 
sionally a little angled on the face; style straight or recurved, facial; embryo apex 
pointing almost directly toward the basal end. In fresh, brackish, or salt water, 
Cape Breton to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex., and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 

3?. Potamogeton interriiptus Kitaibel. Interrupted Pondweed. (I. F. 
f. 174.) Stems arising from a running rootstock which often springs from a small 
tuber, 0.6-1.3 ™- lo^g> the branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, 7-15 
cm. long, 2-25 mm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with many transverse veins; narrow, i- 
nerved leaves occur on some plants and these are acuminate, much like those of 
P. pectinatus; stipules partially adnate to the leaf-blade, sometimes with narrowly 
scarious margins, the free part shorter and scarious, obtuse; spikes interrupted; 
fruit broadly, obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, the largest 4 mm. long and 
nearly as broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, 
the face nearly or quite straight; style facial, erect. In ponds and streams, Pr. 
Edw. Isl. to N. Ind., Mich., and Neb. Also in Europe. Aug. 

34. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Pondweed. (L F. f. 175.) 
Stems stout, widely branching, 0.6-1.3 m. long, from running rootstocks sometnnes 
0.3 m. long. Leaves linear, 7-13 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, finely many- 
nerved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate at the point of attach- 
ment with the stipule; stipules adnate, the free part 1.2-2.5 cm. long, acute, persist- 
ent, white, membranous, mostly lacerate; peduncles 2-7 cm. long, the inflorescence 
frequently much branched and bearing from 5-20 peduncles; spikes interrupted, 
flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 4 mm. broad and 3 mm wide, 3 -keeled 
on the back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral ones rounded, the face arched, the 
sides with a shallow depression which runs into the face below the arch; style sub- 
apical, thick, slightly recurved; apex of the embryo pointing a little inside the 
basal end. In ponds and lakes, N. B. to Or., south to Del., Penn., and Mich. The 
plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets from 
each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug. -Sept. 

2. RtJPPIA L. 

Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate 
I -nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. 
Flowers on a capillary spadix-like pedvmcle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, 
each with 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having be- 
tween them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the 
whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, 
peltate. Fruit a small obliquely-pointed drupe, several in each cluster and pedi- 
celled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that ami the hypo- 
cotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a Cex-man botanist.] 
In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle 
elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertiliza- 
tion it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface'of the water. 

Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the wtn-Ul. 
The following are the only ones known to occur in N. Am. 

Sheaths 6-8 nmi. long; drupes about 2 mm. long. i. R. tnijri'tini.i. 

Sheaths 12-35 "un. lung; drupes 3-4 nun. long. 2. A\ occidcntalis. 



50 FLORA. 

1. Ruppia maritima L. Maritime Ruppia. (I. F. £ 176.) Steins usually 
whitish, often i m. long, the internodes irregular, naked. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 
1.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit 
sometimes 0.3 m. long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, 1-3.5 cm. long; drupes 
with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often oblique or gibbous 
at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape; 
forms with very short peduncles and pedicels, and with broad, strongly marked 
sheaths occur. Common in brackish or salt water along the Atlantic and Pacific 
Coasts of N. Am. and in the saline districts in the interior. Widely distributed in 
the Old World and in S. Am. July-Aug. 

2. Ruppia occidentalis S.Wats. Western Ruppia. (I. F. f. 177.) Stems 
stouter, the branching fan-like. Leaves 7-20 cm. long, with large branches and 
leaves often thickly clustered at the nodes, the sheaths overlapping each other; 
drupes larger, ovoid or pyriform, borne on pedicels about 2 mm. long, the peduncles, 
bright red when fresh and sometimes nearly 0.7 m. in length. In saline ponds, 
Neb. to Br. Col. Summer. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA L. 

Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corre- 
sponding to the stipule in Fotamogeton. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the 
same axil; the staminate solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a 
short pedicel-like filament; the pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped, tapering into 
a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, somewhat cup-shaped, its margins angled or 
dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or sometimes toothed on the back. 
Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor of J. H. Zannichelli, 
1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist] Two or three species of very wide 
geographical distribution in fresh-water ponds and streams. 

I. Zannichellia paliistris L. Zannichellia. (I. F. f. 178.) Stems capillary, 
sparsely branched, the rhizome creeping; roots fibrous. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, 0.5 
mm. or less wide, acute, thin, i -nerved with a few delicate cross-veins; spathe-like 
envelope separate from the leaves and fruits at maturity; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, 
2-4 mm. long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster 
peduncled; style persistent, straight or curved, 1-2 mm. long; plant flowering a.nd 
ripening its fruit under water. In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, nearly 
throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, and widely distributed in the Old 
World. July-Sept. 

4. NAIAS L. 

Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with fibrous roots. Leaves oppo- 
site, alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, 
axillary, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the 
exterior one entire or 4-homed at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to 
the anther; stamen sessile or stalked, 1-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit. 
Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a short style; stigmas 2-4, subu- 
late. Mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellipsoid, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed con- 
formed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the raphe distinctly marked. 
[Greek, a water-nymph.] About 10 species, occurring in fresh water all over the 
world. The following are the only ones known in N. Am. : 

Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. 

I. N. marina. 
Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth ; leaves 
Hnear. 
Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N.fiexilis. 

Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. Guadalupensis. 
Sheaths auriculate ; leaves delicately filiform. 4. N. gracillitna, 

I. Naias marina L. Large Naias. (I. F. f. 179.) Dioecious; stem stout, 
compressed, commonly armed with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves 
opposite or verticillate, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, with 6-10 spine-pointed 
teeth on each margin and frequently several along the back; sheaths with rounded 
lateral edges; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long, the pericarp tipped with a long persistent 



NAIADACEAE. 5 1 

style and 3 thread-like stigmas; seed not shining, rugose. In lakes, Cent. N. Y. to 
Fla., west to Cal. Also in Europe. Summer. 

Naias marina gracilis Morong. Internodes 2-8 cm. long, with a few teeth on the 
upper part ; leaves scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, with 15-24 large teeth on the margins and a 
few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or 3 teeth on each margin ; seed sculptured with about 
25 rows of nearly square or irregularly oblong reticulations. Cent. N. Y. and Fla. 

Naias marina recurv^ta Dudley. Branches and leaves recurved; leaves 6-12 mm. 
long, narrow, with 2-4 large teeth on each margin and none on the back ; internodes 
short, naked, or with i or 2 teeth; sheaths i-toothed on each side. Cayuga Marshes, 
N. Y. 

2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Slender Naias. (I. F. f. 180.) 
Stem slender, forking. Leaves linear, pellucid, acuminate or abruptly acute, 1-2.5 
cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, numerous and crowded on the upper parts of the branches, 
with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge ; sheaths obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth 
on each margin ; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. 
in diameter ; style long, persistent ; stigmas short ; seed smooth, shining, straw- 
colored, sculptured, though sometimes quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of nearly 
square or hexagonal reticulations which are scarcely seen through the dark peri- 
carp. In ponds and streams throughout nearly all N. Am. Also in Europe. Sum- 
mer. 

Naias flexilis robusta Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, 1-2 m. long ; internodes 
elongated. Mass. to Mich, and Tex, 

3. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Guadaloupe Naias. (I. F. f. 
181.) Stemsnearly capillary, 0.3-0.7 m. long, widely branched from the base. Leaves 
numerous, 12-18 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, 
frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but generally 
with 40-50 teeth on each margin of the leaf ; fruit about 2 mm. long ; pericarp 
dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations 
which are transversely oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining. In ponds and 
lakes, Neb. to Or. and Tex., east to Fla. Also in tropical America. July-Sept. 

4. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. Thread-like Naias. (I. F. f. 182.) 
Dioecious ; stem capillary, 15-40 cm. long, much branched, the branches alternate. 
Leaves numerous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's-5's or more, setaceous, 2-5 cm. 
long, usually with about 20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auricled, with 6 
or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath ; 
stigmas very short ; fruit oblong-cylindric, I mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter, slightly 
curved inwardly or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or purplish, marked by 
about 25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations ; seed not shining. In pools and 
ponds, E. Mass. to Del. and Mo. July-Sept. 

5. ZOSTERA L. 

Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 
2-ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, 
contained in a spathe. Flowers monoecius, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the 
spadix. Staminate flower merely an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, 
I -celled, opening irregularly on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate 
flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary I ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, 
capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregularly, 
beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, refer- 
ring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 6 species of marine distribution. Besides 
the following one occurs in Fla. and one on the Pacific Coast. 

I. Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack. (I. F. f. 1S3.) Leaves 
ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 0.3-2 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide, with 3-7 principal 
nerves. Spadix 2.5-6 cm. long ; flowers about 6 mm. long, crowded, usually from 
10-20 of each kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vern\iform ; at anthesis the 
stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and droi> off before the anthers 
of the same spadix open ; the anthers at anthesis work themselves out of the spathe 
and discharge the glutinous stringy pollen into the water ; seeds cyliudric, stix)ngly 



52 FLORA. 

about 20-ribbed, about 3 mm. long, and i mm. in diameter, truncate at both ends, 
the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp. In bays, streams, and ditches along 
the Atlantic Coast from Greenland to Fla., and on the Pacific from Alaska to Cal. 
Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Summer. 

Family 2. SCHEUCHZERlACEAE Agardh.* 

Arrow-grass Family • 

Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose per- 
fect flowers. Perianth 4-6 parted, its segments in two series, persistent or 
deciduous. Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers 
mostly 2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, 1-2-ovuled, more or less 
united until maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. 
Embryo straight. Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic 
distribution. 

Leaves all basal ; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or in spike-like racemes. 

I. Triglochin. 
Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria. 

I. TRIGLOCHIN L. 

Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. 
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth -segments 
3-6, concave, the 3 inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6 ; 
anthers 2-celIed, sessile or nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments 
and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6, i -celled, sometimes abortive ; ovules 
solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none. Stigmas as many as the 
ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3-6 cylindraceous oblong or obovoid carpels, which 
are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe separating from the base 
upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by 
a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or an- 
gular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.] About 9 
species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Only 
the following are known to occur in N. Am. : 

Carpels 3. 

Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. palustris. 

Fruit nearly globose. 2. T, striata. 

Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3, T. maritima. 

1. Triglochin paliistris L. Marsh Arrow-grass. (I. F. f. 184.) Root- 
stock short, oblique, with slender fugacious stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than 
the scapes, 12-30 cm. long, tapering to a sharp tip ; ligule very short ; scapes I or 
2, slender, striate, o.2-o.6m. high; racemes 12-30 cm. long; pedicels capillary, in 
fruit erect-appressed and 5-7 mm. long ; perianth-segments 6, greenish-yellow ; 
anthers 6, sessile ; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3 -celled, 3-ovuled ; stigmas sessile ; 
fruit 6-7 mm. long, linear or clavate; ripe carpels separating from the axis and 
hanging suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged. In bogs, N. B. to Alaska, 
south to N. Y., Ind. and Mont. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

2. Triglochin striata R. & P. Three-ribbed Arrow-grass. (I. F. f. 185.) 
Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes I or 2, more or less angular, usually not 
over 0.3 m. high; leaves slender, slightly fleshy, nearly "or quite as long as the 
scapes, 0.5-2 mm. wide; flowers very small, light yellow or greenish, in narrow 
racemes; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, not elongating in fruit; perianth-segments 3, 
stamens 3; anthers oval, large; pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit subglobose or 
somewhat obovoid. about 2 mm. in diameter, appearing 3-winged when dry by the 
contracting of the carpels; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3 -ribbed on the back; 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong, 



ALISMACEAE. 53 

axis broadly 3-winged. In saline marshes, Md. to Fla. and La. Also in tropical 
America. June-Sept. 

3. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrow-grass. (R^F. f. 186.) Root- 
stock without stolons, often subligneous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the 
sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly terete, 0.1-0.7 m. high; leaves half- 
cylindric, usually about 2 mm. wide; raceme elongated, often 0.4 m. long or more; 
pedicels decurrent, 2-3 mm. long, slightly longer in fruit; perianth-segments 6, 
each subtending a large sessile anther; pistil of 6 united carpels; fruit oblong or 
ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, obtuse at the base, with 6 recurved points at 
the summit; carpels 3-angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or the dorsal 
edges curving upward and winged, separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis. 
In salt marshes, along the Atlantic seaboard from Lab. to N. J., and in fresh or 
saline marshes across the continent to Alaska and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
July-Sept. 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. 

Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the 
leaves elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore 
at the apex and a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, race- 
mose. Perianth 6-parted, regularly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at 
the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments elongated ; anthers linear, basifixed, 
extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, I -celled, each 
cell with I or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papillose or slightly fimbriate. 
Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, 1-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent. 
Seeds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann 
Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.] A monotypic genus of the north 
temperate zone. 

I. Scheuchzeria palustris L. (I. F. f. 187.) Leaves 10-40 cm. long, the 
upper ones reduced to bracts ; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at the base 
with the remains of old leaves, 10-40 cm. tall ; sheaths of the basal leaves often 10 
cm. long with a ligule 12 mm. long; pedicels spreading in fruit; flowers white, few, 
in a lax raceme ; perianth-segments membranous, i -nerved, 3 mm. long, the inner 
ones the narrower ; follicles 4-8 mm. long, slightly if at all united at the base ; 
seeds oval, brown, with a very hard coat. In bogs. Lab. to Hudson Bay and Br. 
Col., south to N. J., Penn., Wis. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

Family 3. ALISMACEAE DC* 
Water -Plantain Family. 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose 
stems and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose 
or paniculate. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedi- 
celled, the pedicels verticillate and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat 
or convex. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing 
by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous or rarely few, i -celled, usually with a 
single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in fruit in our spe- 
cies. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm 
none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli. 
About 13 genera and 70 species, of wide distribution in fresh water 
swamps and streams. 

Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle. i. AUsvui. 
Carpels crowded in many series upon a larg:e convex receptacle. 
Flowers perfect, staminate or polyg;anious. 

Pedicels not recurved ; calyx spreadini;;. 2. Echinodorus. 

Pedicels recurved in fruit ; calyx appressed to tlie carpels. 3. Lophotocarptis. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4- Sa^ittaria. 



Contributed by Mr. J. G. Smith. 



54 FLORA. 

I. ALISMA L. 

Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several- 
ribbed, the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. 
Scapes short or elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. 
Flowers small, numerous on unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or 
rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigynous. Ovaries few or many, borne in one 
or several whorls, ripening into flattened achenes which are 2-3 -ribbed on the 
curved back and 1-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said to be in reference to the 
occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.] About 10 species, widely 
distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are known to occur 
in eastern N. Am. 

Stamens 6, strongly compressed ; flowers panicled. i. A. Plantago-aqtiatica. 

Stamens 9, turgid; flowers umbelled. 2. A. tenellum. 

1. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. (I. F. f. 188.) 

Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, the 
blades 3-10-ribbed; petioles 2-25 cm. long; scapes occasionally 2 from the same 
root, usually solitary, 0.2-1.3 m. high; inflorescence a large loose panicle ; pedicels 
verticillate in 3's-io's, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts; petals 1-2 mm. 
long ; styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the 
inner curve of the achene; stigma small, terminal; achenes obliquely obovate, 
nearly 2 mm. long, arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely triangular truncate 
head. In shallow water or mud throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. 
June-Sept. 

2. Alisma tenellum Mart. Dwarf Water Plantain. (I. F. f. 189.) Plant 
delicate, stoloniferous, 2-12 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the 
blades acute at both ends, 6-30 mm. long. 2-6 mm. wide ; petioles longer or shorter 
than the blades, narrowly dilated at the base; scape solitary, often surpassing the 
leaves, commonly reclined; umbel 2-8-flowered; pedicels very unequal, often 
recurved in fruit ; bracts lanceolate, more or less connate at the base ; flowers white ; 
stamens 9 ; style much shorter than the ovary ; ovaries numerous ; achenes in sev- 
eral whorls, coriaceous, turgid, obovate, not i mm. long, enclosed by the erect per- 
sistent sepals, the beak short, sharp. In mud, Mass. to W. Ont. and Minn., south 
to Fla., Mo., and Tex. April- Aug. 

2. ECHINODORUS Rich. 

Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, often 
cordate or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctuate with dots or lines. 
Scapes often longer than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the 
flowers verticillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles; 
flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, persistent; petals white, deciduous; receptacle 
large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries numerous; style obliquely api- 
cal, persistent; stigma simple; fruit achenes, more or less compressed, coriaceous, 
ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the spinose 
heads of fruit.] About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the follow- 
ing are known in N. Am. : 

Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovarj' ; beak of achene short. 

I. E. radicans. 
Scapes erect; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifoliiis. 

I. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Creeping Bur-head. (I. F. 
f. 190.) Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-18 cm. wide, marked 
with short pellucid lines, the nerves 5-9, connected by netted cross-veins. Petioles 
sometimes 0.5 m. long; scapes creeping, o.6-i.4m. long, slightly scabrous, often root- 
ing at the nodes; verticils distant; pedicels 3-12, unequal, slender or filiform; sepals 
persistent, much shorter than the heads ; petals larger, obovate, about 6 mm. long ; 
stamens about 20; style shorter than the ovary; achenes numerous, about 4 mm.' 
long, 6-io-ribbed, with 2-several oval glands on each side and beaks about one- 



ALISMACEAE. 55 

fourth their length; fruiting heads 8 mm. in diameter. In swamps, 111. to N. C. 
and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. June-July. 

7. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Upright Bur-head. (I. F. f. 191.) 
Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 15-20. 
cm. long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate, acute at each 
end and but 2-5 cm. long; petioles angular, striate; scapes i or more, erect, 12-40 
cm. tall; flowers 3-6 in the verticils; pedicels erect after flowering; sepals shorter 
than the heads ; petals 4-6 mm. long ; stamens often 1 2 ; styles longer than the 
ovary; fruiting heads very bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter ; achenes about 3 mm. 
long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, about one-half 
the length of the achene. In swamps and ditches, 111. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Also 
in tropical America. June-July. 

3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. 

Annual, bog or aquatic herbs with basal leaves, and simple erect or rarely 
branching scapes bearing flowers in verticils of 2-3 -at the top. Sepals 3, distinct, 
persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrapping the fruit. Petals 
white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Bracts membranous, those of the 
lower verticils orbicular or ovate and obtuse, connate at the base, those of the stam- 
inate flowers lanceolate and acute, free, or connate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous, 
inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous; 
ovule solitary, erect, anatropous; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes 
winged or crested. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.] 
About 9 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in W. N. Am., the others of tropical 
America. 

Leaves with sagittate or hastate blades, seldom bladeless. Plants growing in fresh-water 
ponds and marshes. 
Basal lobes of the leaves widely divergent ; large plants, 2-4 dm. high : petioles 

spongy, thick. i. L. calyctnus. 

Basal lobes not widely divergent ; low plants, 1-1.5 dm. high ; petioles slender. 

2. JL. depauperattis. 
Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes. Submersed seashore and tidal-fiat aquatics. 

Phyllodes thick, spongy, nodose, 1-3 dm. long. 3, L. spongiosus. 

Phyllodes fiat, spatulate, not nodose, 3-7 cm, high. 4. L. spathulatus. 

1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves floating or 
ascending, entire, hastate, sagittate, or triangular crescent-shaped, the basal lobes 
spreading, ovate, acute or acuminate, the apex acute or obtuse, the blade varying 
from 10-20 cm. long, sometimes 30 cm. wide at the base. Scape simple, weak and 
at length decumbent, shorter than the leaves ; verticils of flowers 2-5 ; fertile pedi- 
cels very thick, recurved in fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile ones ; 
petals 6-10 mm. long ; filaments papillose, about as long as the anthers ; achene 
cuneate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on the margins, tipped with a short hori- 
zontal triangular beak. In swamps, N. B. to Va. and La., Okla. and S. Dak. 
July-Sept. 

2. Lophotocarpus depauperatus (Engelm.) J. G, Smith. Sagittaria caly- 
cina dtpaiiperata Engelm. in herb. Low, 10-15 cm. high ; petioles slender, 
ascending ; blades elliptic, hastate or sagittate, acute, 3-nerved, 1.8-3.3 cm.. 
long, the basal lobes divergent ; scape half as long as the leaves ; fertile pedicels 
slender, 8-25 mm. long ; fruiting head depressed-globose, 6.5-8 mm. in diam- 
eter ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm, wide, the slender hori- 
zontal beak one-third the width of the body. ISIargins of ponds. Wis. to the Ind. 
Terr. June-Sept. 

3. Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sdg/Utin'ti colycina 
spongiosa Engelm. Submersed aquatic, with thick, spongy nodose phylUxles and 
scapes 10-30 cm. high ; blades 5-10 cm. long, spatulate and obtuse, or elliptic 
and truncate, or hastate or sagittate with narrow, falcately-divergent. acute U4x^s 
2-10 mm. wide, often half as long as the blade ; scape simple, terete, spongy, half 
the length of the pc^tioles, at length decumbent, bearing 2 v>\' 3 verticils of T 3 
flowers each ; fertile pedicels 3-6 mm. thick, 10-35 cm. long ; fruiting head 



56 FLORA. 

depressed-globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter ; achenes 2-2.5 "^"i. lorig> cuneate, with 
a narrow dorsal winu; and a very short ascending or horizontal beak. Margins 
of brackish ponds and tide-water marshes, N. B, to Va. July-Aug. 

4. Lophotocarpus spathulatus J. G. Smith. Low aquatic, 3-7 cm. high ; 
phyllodes bladeless or sometimes spatulate at the tip, ascending, with the edges 
vertical through a twist in the base, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
Scape simple, usually shorter than the phyllodes, 3-4 cm. long, one- or two-flow- 
ered, thickened, reflexed after flowering ; bracts scarious, broadly ovate, ob- 
tuse ; stamens 6-9, the filaments flattened, incurved, broadest at the base, 1.5-2 
mm, long, glabrous ; anthers I mm. long, oblong ; sepals oblong-orbicular, 3 mm. 
long, nerveless, thin, scarious on the margins, and papery in fruit ; petals ovate- 
orbicular, obtuse, shorter than the sepals ; achenes 1-5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, 
narrowly winged on the back to about the level of the beak and sometimes with a 
transverse lateral ridge near the tip; beak slender, oblique or horizontal. Sandy 
beaches above salt-water but within the influence of tides. Newburyport, Mass, 
Type collected by A. A. Eaton, 1898. 

4. SAGITTARIA L. 

Pereimials, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, basal long-petioled 
nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect, decumbent or 
floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious 
or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's, pedicelled, 
the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Sepals persistent, those of 
the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species. Petals 3, white, decid- 
uous. Stamens inserted on the convex receptacle ; staminate flowers sometimes 
with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes 
with imperfect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes num- 
erous, densely aggregated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, 
curved. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] About 30 
species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 
10 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit. 
Leaf-blades sagittate; filaments glabrous. 

Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade. 
Beak of the achene more than one-fourth its length. 
Beak of the achene erect. 

Fruiting pedicels shorter than the bracts ; leaves broad. 

1. S. lojigirostra. 
Fruiting pedicels longer than the bracts; leaves narrow. 

2. S. Ettgelmanm'ana. 
Beak of the achene horizontal or oblique. 3. S. latifolia. 

Beak of the achene less than one-fourth its length. 

Petioles rather short, curving ; bracts long ; bog species. 

4. ^S. arifolia. 
Petioles elongated; bracts short; aquatic species, 

5. S. cuneata. 
Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 

6. S. longiloba. 
Leaf-blades entire, or rarely hastate or cordate. 

Filaments slender, tapering upward; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. 
Filaments glabrous; bracts connate. 7. S. ambigua. 

Filaments cobwebby -pubescent; bracts mostly distinct. 

8. S. lancifolia. 
Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent; veins distinct to the base of the blade. 
Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so. 9. S. rigida. 

Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled. 

Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing. 

10. S. teres. 
Leaves reduced to flat nodeless phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing ; petals 

with a rose-colored spot at base, n. S. Eatoni. 

Leaves rigid ; blades elliptic-linear, 12, S. cristata. 

Leaves not rigid ; blades lanceolate or linear-oblong, phyllodes flat, 
nodose; petals white. 13. .5". graniinea. 



ALISMACEAE. 57 

Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit; filaments dilated. 

Filaments pubescent; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 14. S. platyphylla. 

Filaments glabrous ; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodes. 

15. S. subulata. 

1. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli). J. G. Smith. Long-beaked Arrow- 
head. (I. F. f. 193.) Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather stout, 0.4-1 m. 
tall. Leaves broad, sagittate, 10-30 cm. long, abruptly acute at the apex, the 
basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the 
blade; scape usually longer than the leaves, 6-angled below; bracts triangular- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm. long, longer than the fertile pedicels ; petals 16-28 
mm. long; styles curved, tvv^ice as long as the ovaries; achene obovate, about 4 mm. 
long, w^inged on both margins, the ventral margin entire or undulate, the dorsal 
eroded, its sides w^ith a short crest, its beak stout, erect, or somevi^hat recurved. In 
swamps and along ponds, N. J. and Perm, to Ala. July-Sept. 

2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. Engelmann's Arrow-head. 
(I. F. f. 194.) Monoecious, glabrous; scape erect or ascending, slender, 20-50 cm. 
high. Leaves narrow, 4-20 cm, long, 2-8 mm. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, 
the basal lobes narrowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the 
blade; scape striate, about as long as the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter 
than the slender fertile pedicels, 8-12 mm. long; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; style 
about twice as long as the ovaries; achene obovate, 4 mm. long, winged on both 
margins, and with I-3 lateral wing-like crests on each face, the beak short, stout, 
erect, about i mm. long. In shallow water, N. H. and Mass. to Del., near the 
coast. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head. (I. F. f. 195.) 
Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly so ; scape stout or slender, 
o. I-I.2 m. tall, simple or branched. Leaves exceedingly variable in form and size, 
sometimes linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes wider than long 
and obtuse; basal lobes from ^ to -| as long as the blade; bracts acute, acuminate 
or obtuse, the upper ones sometimes united; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide; achene 2-4 
mm. long, broadly winged on both margins, its sides even or I -ribbed, the beak 
about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so. In shallow water, throughout 
N. Am., except the extreme north, extending to Mex. Variable. July-Sept. 

Sagittaria latif61ia pubescens Muhl. Whole plant pubescent, varying from merely 
puberulent to densely hirsute, Ont. to N. J., Fla. and Ala. 

4. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. Arum-leaved Arrow-head. (I, F. f. 196.) 
Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially submerged; scape weak, ascending, 
0.2-0.5 m, long. Leaves sagittate, broad, acute at the apex, about as long as the 
scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes acute or acuminate, one- 
fourth to one-third the length of the blade; petioles usually curving outwardly; 
bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or longer than the fertile pedicels, often 
reflexed; petals 6-10 mm, long; achene cuneate -obovate, about 2 mm. long, winged 
on both margins, the sides smooth, the beak short, erect. Quebec to Minn, and 
Br. Col., south to Me., Mich., Kans., N, Mex., and Cal. 

5. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Floating Arrow-head, (I. F. f, 197.) 
Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand; scape very slender, simple, terete, 0.3-0,6 
m. long, bearing the flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, 
the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, the basal 
lobes acuminate, about one-fourth its length; phyllodes of two kinds, one petiole- 
like and as long as the leaves, the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of the 
plant; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, much shorter than the slender 
fertile pedicels; flowers i. 2-1. 6 cm. broad; achene only I mm. long, olxwato-cune- 
ate, its beak very short, erect. In shallow water, Minn, to Wash, and Br. Col. 
Aug. -Sept. 

6. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. Long-lobkd Arrow-hkao. (T. F. f. ioS.) 
Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, simj^le or rarely branched, 0.3-0.O m. tall. 
Leaves long-petioled, the apex acute, the basal k>bes linear-lanceolate, acinuinate. 
about three-fourths the length of the blade; bracts lanceolate, acuminate. S mm. 
long, much shorter than the serf slender fertile pedicels which arc longer than the 



58 FLORA, 

sterile ones; stamens numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers; achene 
about 2 mm. long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than below, winged 
on both margins, its beak exceedingly short. In shallow water. Neb. to Colo., south 
to Tex. and Mex. 

7. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith. Kansas Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 199.) 
Monoecious; glabrous; scape erector ascending, 0.3-0.6 m. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
entire, long-petioled, acute or acuminate at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, 
really 5-7 -nerved, 12-20 cm. long, equalling or shorter than the scape ; bracts 
lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.6 cm. long, much shorter than the slender fruiting pedi- 
cels, connate at the base, papillose; stamens 20—25; filaments glabrous, longer than 
the anthers; achene about 2 mm. long, oblong, curved, narrowly winged on both 
margins, its sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique. In ponds, Kan. and 
the Ind. Terr. 

8. Sagittaria lancifolia L. Lanced-leaved Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 200.) 
Monoecious, glabrous ; scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate, branched 
or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate at both ends, firm, entire, the blades 5-9-nerved, 0.2-0.4 m. ^ong, gradually 
narrowed into the long petioles, apparently pinnately veined; fiowers numerous, 
1-2.5 cm. broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not united at the base, gla- 
brous or nearly so, equalling or shorter than the fruiting pedicels ; stamens numer- 
ous; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, equalling or longer than the anthers; achene 
narrowly obovate-cuneate, 2-3 mm. long, winged on both margins, its sides smooth, 
its beak tapering, oblique. In swamps and shallow water, Del.- to Fla. and Tex., 
near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical America. 

9. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrow-head. (I. F. f. 201.) 
Monoecious, glabrous; scape simple, weak, curving, ascending or decumbent, 
shorter than the leaves. Leaves very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly 
ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with i or 2 short or slender basal lobes; 
bracts ovate, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, united at the base or sometimes distinct; heads of 
fruit sessile or very nearly so; pedicels of the sterile flowers 1-2.5 cm. long; filaments 
dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubescent; achene narrowly obovate, 3-4 
mm. long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout nearly erect, 
beak of about one-fourth its length. In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minn., 
N. J., Tenn., Mo. and Neb. July-Sept. 

10. Sagittaria teres S. Wats. Slender Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 202.) 
Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, erect, simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing only 
i_3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually reduced to elongated terete nodose 
phyllodes or some of them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones occa- 
sionally bearing a linear blade; bracts ovate, obtuse, about 3 mm. long, much 
shorter than the filiform fruiting pedicels, which are longer than the sterile ones; 
flowers 12-16 mm. broad; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments pubescent, 
shorter than the anthers ; achene broadly obovate, 2 mm. long, the ventral margin 
winged, the dorsal 7-11 -crested, the sides bearing several crenate crests, the beak 
short, erect. In ponds, Mass. to S. Car. Aug.-Sept. 

11. Sagittaria Eatoni J. G. Smith. Eaton's Sagittaria. Monoecious, 
0.1-0.2 m. high, glabrous; scape simple, slender, ascending, weak, bearing I, 2, 
or rarely 3 verticils of flowers. Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes, rarely with 
linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate blades 1.8-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; the 
phyllodes flat, nodeless ; lowest verticil with two fertile flowers, and one stam- 
inate; fertile pedicels 4-8 mm. long, shorter than the sterile ones, very slender; 
sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm. long; petals white, with a rose-colored spot 
at the base, obovate-cuneiform, emarginate; stamens 12; mature achenes not known ; 
pistils very minute, 80-100. Ripple-swept, sandy shores, between high and low 
tide, above the influence of salt water, Newburyport, Mass. 

12 Sagittaria cristata Engelm. Crested Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 203.) 
Monoecious; scape slender, erect, 0.3-0.8 m, high, simple, bearing 4 or 5 verticils 
of flowers at or above the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and 
rigid, reduced to slender phyllodes or bearing linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades 
5-10 cm. long, and 6-25 mm. wide; bracts acute, 4-8 mm. long, much shorter than 
the slender fertile pedicels; fl6wers 1.6-2'cm. broad; stamens about 24; filaments 
dilated, pubescent, at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene obliquely 



VA LLISNERIA CEA E. 59 

obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, 
each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique. In shallow water, la. 
and Minn. Phyllodes are commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock. 
July-Aug. 

13. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 
204.) Monoecious or dioecious; glabrous; scape simple, erect, o. 1-0.6 m. tall. 
Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceolate or elliptic, acute at both ends, 
5-15 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with nerves distinct to the base, or some 
of them occasionally reduced to flattened phyllodes ; bracts ovate, acute, 3-6 mm. 
long, much shorter than the slender or filiform fruiting pedicels, connate to the 
middle or beyond; flowers 8- 12 mm. broad; stamens about 18; filaments dilated, 
pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers; achene obovate, I-2 mm. long, 
slightly wing-crested on the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short. 
In mud or shallow water, Newf. to Ont. and S. Dak. , south to Fla. and Tex. 
Early leaves often purplish. July-Sept. 

14. Sagittaria platyph;^lla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Ovate-leaved Sagit- 
taria. (I. F. f. 205.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape erect, simple, rather weak, 
mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid, the blades ovate, ovate -lanceolate 
or ovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, gradually 
narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately-veined, 5-15 
cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 
1.6-3 cm. broad; fertile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in fruit, 1-6 
cm. long; filaments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the anthers; achene 
obliquely obovate, winged on both margins, the dorsal margins somewhat crested, 
the sides with a sharp wing-like ridge. In swamps and shallow water, S. Mo. to 
Miss, and Tex. Phyllodes, when present, oblong or oblanceolate. July-Sept. 

15. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau. Subulate Sagittaria. (I. F. f. 
206.) Monoecious or rarely dioecious; scape very slender, 5-15 cm. high, few- 
flowered, about equalling the leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodes or 
sometimes bearing linear or linear-lanceolate blades 2-4 cm. long; bracts united 
to the apex or becoming partly separated; flowers I -1. 6 cm. broad; fertile pedicels 
reflexed and much longer than the bracts in fruit; stamens about 8; filaments 
about equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous; achenes rather less than 2 mm. long, 
obovate, narrowly winged, with two or three crests on each side, the wings and 
crests sometimes crenate; beak short. In tide-water mud, S. N. Y. and Penn. to 
Fla. and Ala. July-Sept. 

Sagittaria subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith. Submerged; leaves 0.6-1.3 dm. 
long-, bladeless or bearing small 3-nerved lanceolate blades 2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide ; 
scape simple, terete or compressed, about as long as the leaves; flowers few, 1.6-2 cm. 
broad. E. Mass. and R. I. Perhaps a distinct species. Fruit not seen. 

Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. 

Tape-Grass Family. 

Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers 
regular, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 
bracts or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid 
or the 3 outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary 
at its base in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadel- 
phous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary i -celled with 3 parietal placenta? or 
6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. C^vulos anatro- 
pous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscont. Seeds 
numerous, without endosperm. About 14 genera and 40 species of wide 
distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, 
another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Fla. 

Stem branched ; leaves whorled or opposite. i. Philotria. 

Acaulescent ; stoloniferous ; leaves griiss- like, elongated. 2. VallisHt-ria. 

Stem stoloniferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, petioled. 3. Limnobium. 



6o ' FLORA. 

I. PHILOTRIA Raf. 

Stems submerged, elongated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
crowded, i-nerved. pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or 
polygamous, arising from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted. 
at least the 3 inner segments petaloid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the 
anthers oblong, erect. Ovary i -celled with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, 
nearly sessile. 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. [Name from the 
Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.] About 10 
species, inhabitants of fresh-water ponds and streams in temperate and tropical 
America. 

I. Philotria Canadensis piichx.) Britton. ^YATEPv-^^-EED. Ditch-moss. 
Water Thyme. Stems o. i-i m. long. Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or 
obtuse, serrulate or entire, verticillate in 3's or 4''s or the lower opposite. 4— 15 mm. 
long, 1-4 mm. wide; flowers axillar}^, white, the staminate minute, sessile, break- 
ing off at the time of flowering and rising to the surface where they shed their 
pollen around the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers expanding on the surface, which 
ihey reach by means of the slender cah-x-tube. which varies in length from 5-25 
cm., their spathes 10-15 mm. long; stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. 
Nearly throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized in Europe. 
It has been maintained that there are fom- N. Am. species. May-Aug. 

The plant of the northern lakes and rivers, with ovate or oval leaves, is appar- 
ently the type of the species. The plant of the Atlantic States with lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate leaves is the Serpicula verticillata angiistifolia Muhl. (I. F. f. 207); 
that of the Central States from Minn, to Ky. and Mo. .with leaves similar to this, 
but pellucid, and the stems shorter, is Udora CajiaJensis minor Engelm. These 
three appear to be distinct, but for lack of flowers and fruit in the material at my 
command. I am at present unable to characterize them further. 

2. VALLISNERIA L. 

Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. 
Staminate flowers with a 2-3 -parted spathe on a short scape, nimierous. nearly 
sessile on a conic receptacle; perianth 3-parted; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pis- 
tillate flowers on a very long flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft. 
I -flowered spathe; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary. 3-lobed and with 3 small 
petals; ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentse; stigmas 3. nearly sessile, short, 
broad, 2-toothed with a minute process just below each sinus; ovules numerous, 
borne all over the ovary -wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric. crowned 
with the perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730. Italian naturalist.] 
A monotypic genus of wide distribution both in the Old World and the New. 

I. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-grass. Eel-grass. (I. F. f. 208.) Plant 
rooting in the mud or sand, stoloniferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear. 5 -nerved, 
obtuse, sometimes serrate near the apex. 0.2-2 m. long, 4-18 mm. wide, the 2 
marginal nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from the scape at the time of 
flowering and expands upon the surface of the water; pistillate flowers upon a 
long thread-like scape, the spathe 12-25 mm. long, enclosing a single white 
flower; ovary as long as the spathe; after receiving the pollen from the staminate 
flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts spirally; ripe fruit 5-17 cm. long. In 
quiet waters, N. B. to Fla., Mmn.. Iowa and Tex. The '-wild celery" of Chesa- 
peake Bay, and a favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Aug.-Sept. 

3. LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard. 

Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad, 
often cordate. Flowers monoecious, white, from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved. 
membranous spathes. Perianth 6-parted. the segments petaloid, the 3 outer 
oblong-ovaL the 3 inner oblong-linear. Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe. long- 
pedimcled. the stamens united in a column bearing 6-12 anthers at different 
heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia. the filaments tipped with 
abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-peduncled with 3-6 vestigial 
stamens; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central placentae; stigmas as many as the 



GRAMINEAE, 6 1 

cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many -seeded berry. [Greek, referring to the aquatic 
habitat. ] Three or four species, natives of America. 

I. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc.) L. C. Richard. Frog's -bit. (I. F. f. 209.) 
Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate or reniform, faintly 5-7- 
nerved and cross-veined, purplish and spongy beneath, 2-5 cm. broad, on petioles 
2-25 cm. in length. Stolons rooting and sending up flowers and leaves at the 
nodes; peduncles of the staminate flowers, 7-10 cm. long, those of the pistillate 
flowers stouter, 2.5-5 cm. long, nodding in fruit. In shallow, stagnant water, Lake 
Ont. to Fla., Ill, Mo. and La. July-Aug. 

Order 3. GRAMINAlES. 

Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, 
with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually nar- 
row and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, 
small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in 
spikes or spikelets. 

Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; culm mostly hollow, Fam, i. Gramtneae. 

Fruit an achene ; culm solid. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae, 

Family i. GRAMINEAE Juss.* 

Grass Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees 
Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed 
Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side oppo- 
site the blade ; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely 
wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo- 
rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed 
of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the 
two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these 
sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes 
the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed 
by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale 
and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2- 
keeled ; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. 
Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, sub- 
tended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 
1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i -celled, i-ovuled. 
Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit 
a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species 
widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all 
kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The 
species are more numerous in tropical countries, while the number of 
individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming extended 
areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed. 

KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. 

A. Spikelets i or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile, lower st.uuiiuUo ; 
rachilla articulated below the scales or the subtending involucre, and not extending 
beyond the flowers. 
Spikelets not flattened laterally. 

Flowering scale and palet hyaline ; none of the scales spiny. 

Spikelets montKcious ; staminate and pistillate in the same panicle. 

I. M.iydeaf. 
Spikelets in pairs, perfect, or the pedicellate one staniiuato, eiupty, rudimentary 
or wanting. II. AnJropo^oui\ic\ 



* Contributed by Mr. Geo. V. Nash. 



62 FLORA. 

Flowering scale and palet membranous ; second scale spiny (in ours). 

III. Zoysieae. 
Flowering scale and palet of the perfect flower coriaceous or chartaceous ; spikelets 
involucrate in Nos. i8 and 19 ; scales 3 or 4. IV. Paniceae. 

Spikelets flattened laterally, i-flowered ; scales 2. V. Oryzeae. 

B. Spikelets i-many-fiowered ; rachilla generally articulated above the two lower 
scales (below them in Nos. 38, 46, 54 and 61) and frequently extending beyond the flower 
in i-flowered spikelets. 
Culms herbaceous. 

Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows. 
Spikelets with but i perfect flower, which is terminal except in Nos. 42 
and 43. 
Fifth scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet i-nerved. 

VI. Phalarideae. 
' Third scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet 2-nerved. 

VII. Agrostideae. 
Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (or one staminate in Nos. 46 and 51). 
Flowering scales generally shorter than the empty lower ones, usually 

with a bent awn on the back. VIII. Aveneae. 

Flowering scales generally longer than the empty lower ones, unawned 
or with a straight awn from the apex. X. Festuceae. 

Spikelets in two rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme. 

IX. Chlorideae. 
Spikelets in two opposite rows, forming an equilateral spike (unilateral in 
Nardus). XI. Hordeae. 

Culms woody, at least at the base ; tall reeds. XII. Bambuseae. 

Tribe I. Maydeae. 

Fertile spikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick rachis. i. Tripsacum. 

Tribe II. Andropogoneae. 

Joints of the rachis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 
Spikelets alike, perfect. 2. Erianthus. 

Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicelled staminate, empty or wanting. 
Inflorescence composed of spike-like silk}' racemes. 

Racemes usually in pairs, rarely in 3's-5's and digitate, the rachis internodes 
and pedicels opaque ; fourth scale of the spikelet with a blade. 

4. Andropogon. 
Racemes panicled, the rachis internodes and pedicels thickened on the mar- 
gins and with the intervening portion thin and translucent ; fourth scale 
of the spikelet pedicel-like, without a blade. 5. Amphilophis. 

Inflorescence paniculate. 

Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in our species). 6. Sorghastrum. 

Pedicelled spikelet present and usually staminate. 7. Sorghum. 

Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 

3. Manisuris. 

Tribe III. Zoysieae. 

Spikelets in a terminal spike ; second scale spiny. 8. Nazia. 

Tribe IV. Paniceae. 

Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. 
Spikelets all alike. 

Second scale of the spikelet not enlarged nor saccate at the base. 
Spikelets arranged in one-sided racemes. 

Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base. 

12. E7-iochloa. 
Spikelets without a callus. 

Racemes alternate or scattered, rarely in a terminal pair, or some- 
times single and slender, in the latter case the spikelets 
broadly oval and obtuse. 
Spikelet of 3 scales. 



GRAMINEAE. 63 

Opening in the flowering scale turned away from the 
rachis of the raceme ; spikelets usually oval or orbicular 
and obtuse, rarely narrower and acute. 

9. Paspalum, 
Opening in the flowering scale turned toward the rachis of 
the raceme ; spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute. 

10. Anastrophus. 
Spikelets of 4 scales. 

Spikelets awnless, the scales glabrous. 

14. Brachiaria. 
Spikelets with the second and third scales hispid on the 
nerves and usually long-awned, or in one species the third 
scale only awn-pointed. 15. Echinochloa. 

Racemes long and slender, digitate or whorled, sometimes single or 
in pairs ; spikelets lanceolate and acute. 13. Syntherisfna. 
Spikelets arranged in a true panicle, either open or contracted. 

16. Panicuni. 
Second scale of the spikelet much enlarged, many-nerved, deeply saccate at the 
base. 17. Sacciolepis. 

Spikelets of two kinds, one borne on terminal panicles, the other solitary on sub- 
terranean peduncles and maturing seed. 11. Amphicarpon. 
Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of : 

i-many persistent bristles ; spikelets in dense spikes or spike-like panicles, deciduous. 

18. Chaetochloa. 
2 spine-bearing valves forming a bur enclosing the spikelets and deciduous with 
them. 19. Cenchrtis. 

Tribe V. Oryzeae. 

Spikelets moncecious ; tall aquatic grasses. 

Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the apex of each branch of the panicle. 

20. Zizajiiopsis. 
Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of the panicle. 

21. Zizanta. 
Spikelets not moncecious ; grasses of swamps or wet grounds. 22. Hotnalocenchrus. 



Tribe VI. Phalarideae. 

Third and fourth scales 

small and empty or rudimentary, not awned ; stamens 3. 23. Phalaris. 

empty, awned upon the back ; stamens 2. 24. AntJioxcuitJium . 

subtending staminate flowers with 3 stamens ; fertile flowers with 2 stamens. 

25. Savastana. 

Tribe VII. Agrostideae. 

Flowering scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the empty scales, and closely 
enveloping the grain. 
Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet. 

Flowering scale with a three-branched awn ; stamens mostly 3. 

26. AristiJa. 
Flowering scale with a simple awn. 

Flowering scale narrow ; awn persistent. 

Awn tortuous or twisted, stout ; callus evident. 27. Stipa. 
Awn straight, very slender ; callus minute, 31. Muhlenberghi. 

Flowering scale broad ; awn slender, straight, deciduous : callus obtuse. 
Flowering scale glabrous, or pubescent with short hairs. 

28. Oryzopsis. 
Flowering scale pubescent with copious long silky hairs extemling much 
beyond the scale. 29. Eriocoma. 

Flowering scale awnless. 30. Milium. 

Rachilla with a pedicel-like extension beyond the palet ; stamens 2. 

32. Brachyclytrum. 
Flowering scale hyaline or membranous at maturity ; empty scales coarser ; grain loose. 
Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle. (Some species of No. 37 may be looked for 
here.) 



64 FLORA, 

Spikelets 6 mm. or less long. 

Spikelets readily deciduous at maturity. 

Empty scales not awned. 35. Alopecurus. 

Empty scales awned. 38. Polypogon. 

Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent. 

Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 

33. Heleochloa. 
Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones. 

34. Phleum. 
Spikelets 10-12 mm. long; tall seashore grasses. 43. Atnmophila. 

Spikelets variously panicled ; panicle not spike-like, except in a few species of No. 37. 
Seed loosely enclosed in the pericarp, which opens readily at maturity. 
Empty scales minute ; low arctic grass. 36. Phippsia. 

Empty scales not minute ; no callus, awns or hairs. 37. Sporobolus. 
Seed adherent to the pericarp. 

Palet I -nerved ; stamen i ; flower plainly stalked : scales not hairy. 

40. Cinna. 
Palet 2-nerved ; stamens 3 ; flower not plainly stalked. 

Flowering scale bifid, with a delicate awn on its back ; rachilla prolonged 

into a short bristle. 45. Apera. 

Flowering scale entire ; rachilla not prolonged into a bristle. 

Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base (except in some species 
of genus 42.) 
Rachilla extended beyond the palet. 42. Calamagrostis. 

Rachilla not extended beyond the palet. 44. Calamovil/a. 
Callus naked or with very short hairs. 

Empty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones ; arctic 

grass. 39. Arctagrostis. 

Empty scales longer than the flowering ones ; panicle open ; 
spikelets small. 41. Agrostis. 



Tribe VIII. Aveneae. 

Spikelets deciduous ; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned ; plant velvety. 

46. Holcus. 
Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous. 

Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers ; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 

47. Aira. 
Spikelets 2-m any-flowered ; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. 

Awn of flowering scale upon the back, inserted below the teeth. 
Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting. 
Spikelets less than 12 mm. long ; grain free, unfurrowed. 
* Flowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 

48. Deschampsia. 
Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes pro- 
duced into awns. 49. Trisetunt. 

Spikelets over 12 mm. long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the 
scales, 50. Avena. 

Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 

51. Arrhenatherutn. 
Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted. 

52. Danthonia. 

Tribe IX. Chlorideae. 

Flowers perfect or some of them rudimentary. 

I perfect flower in each spikelet ; sometimes 2 in Nos. 59 and 61. 
No empty scales above the flower. 
Spikelets deciduous. 

Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet ; spikelets narrow. 

54. Spartina. 
Rachis not so produced ; spikelets globose, sometimes 2-flowered. 

61. Beckmannia. 
Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent ; low slender grasses. 
Spikes 2-6, slender, digitate, 2.5-5 cm. long. 53. Capriola. 

Spikes many along a common axis, 5-10 cm. long. 

58. Schedonnardus. 



GRAMINEAE. 65 

One-several empty scales above the flower. 

Lower empty scales 4 ; spike solitary, dense. 55, Campulosus. 

Lower empty scales 2. 

Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 

56, Chloris, 
Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate. 

Spikelets scattered or remote on filiform spikes. 

57. Gymnopogon. 
Spikelets crowded, sometimes 2-flowered. 

Spikes 4 or less ; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. 

59. Bouteloua. 
Spikes numerous, 12 or more ; spikelets few, 12 or less. 

60. Atheropogon. 
2-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet. 

Spikelets densely crowded ; spikes usually digitate. 

Spikes with terminal spikelets. 62. Eleusine. 

Spikes without terminal spikelets, the rachis extending beyond them into a 
point. 63. Dactyloctenium. 

Spikelets distinctly alternating ; spikes remote. 64. Leptochloa. 

Spikelets dioecious, very unlike ; spikes short ; low prairie grass. 65. Bulbilis. 

Tribe X. Festuceae. 

Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale ; tall aquatic grass. 

67. Phragmites. 
Rachilla and flowering scales naked or hairy, hairs much shorter than the scales. 

Stigmas barbellate ; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 

66. Munroa. 
Stigmas plumose ; spikelets not in the axils of leaves ; inflorescence various. 

Spikelets of two forms, the fertile 1-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, con- 
sisting of many empty pectinate scales. 86. Cynosurus. 
Spikelets all alike. 

Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate 
nerves. 
Flowering scales membranous ; seed not beaked nor exserted from the 
scales. 
Lateral nerves of flowering scale pilose. 

Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering 
scale attached by a long-pointed callus, which is copiously 
pilose on the outer surface. 70. Triplasis. 

Internodes of the rachilla and the callus of the flowering scale 
short, blunt. 
Panicle simple or compound, contracted or open, the 
spikelets on pedicels of varying length. 

69. Tricuspis. 
Panicle composed of long branches along which the ap- 
pressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 

72. Diplachne. 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 

Callus of the flowering scale conspicuously pubescent with long 
hairs. 
Panicle contracted ; flowering scale broadly oval, rounded 

at the apex. 74. R/ionibolytrntn. 

Panicle open and diffuse ; flowering scales lanceolate and 
acute. 71. Redfieldia. 

Callus of the flowering scale glabrous. 

Second empty scale similar to the first. 

Panicle narrow, the branches appressed. 

Panicle dull, interrupted ; rachilla articulated. 

73. Molinia. 
Panicle shining, dense and spike-like ; rachilla 

continuous. 77. Koelcria. 

Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading. 

Rachilla continuous ; flowering scales deciduous in 
fruit, the palet persistent. , 

75. Fr\igrostis. 
Rachilla articulated ; floweriui; scales and palets 
both deciduous with the vacliilla internodes. 
78. Caiabrosa, 



66 FLORA. 

Second empty scale very dissimilar to the fi«t, broad and 
rounded at the summit. 76. Eatojiia. 

Flowering scales coriaceous in fruit ; seed beaked and exserted from 
the scales. 80. Korycarpus. 

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. 

Flowering scales 3-toothed at the apex. 68. Sieglingia. 

Flowering scales not 3-toothed at the apex. 

Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, broad and 

enfolding each other. 79. Melica. 

Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or narrow and 
abortive. 
Keel of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 

81. Pleuropogon. 
Keel of the palet not appendaged. 

Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary ; flow- 
ering scales awned only in Nos. 85 and 93. 
Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled. 
Empty basal scales 3-6 ; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 

82. Uniola. 
Empty basal scales 2 ; spikelets flattened. 

Panicle contracted ; spikelets dioecious. 

83. Distichlis. 
Panicle open ; spikelets perfect. 

Flowering scales herbaceous, awn- 
pointed ; spikelets collected in one- 
sided clusters. 

85. Dactylis. 
Flowering scales scarious-margined ; 
rachis glabrous or with webby 
hairs. 
Spikelets large, cordate. 

84. Brz'za, 
Spikelets mostly smaller, not cor- 
date. 

Empty scales projecting be- 
yond the uppermost flow- 
ering ones ; arctic grass. 

88. Dupontia. 
Uppermost scales exceeding 

the empty ones ; flowering 
scales 2-10, mostly webby 
at base. 

87. Poa. 
Flowering scales membranous ; rachis 
hirsute with stiff hairs, extended 
into a hairy appendage. 

90. Graphephorum. 
Scales rounded on the back, at least below. 

Flowering scales with a basal ring of 
hairs, toothed at apex ; water grass. 

89. Scolochloa. 
Flowering scales naked at the base : 

Obtuse or subacute and scarious at 
the apex, usually toothed. 
Plainly 5-7-nerved ; styles present. 

91. Paniciilaria. 
Obscurely 5-nerved ; no style. 

92. Pucci7iellia. 
Acute, pointed or awned at apex. 

93. Festuca. 
Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary ; 

scales mostly awned. 94. Bromus. 

Tribe XI. Hordeae. 

Stigma I ; spike unilateral ; spikelets i-flowered, narrow. 95. Nardus. 

Stigmas 2 ; spike symmetrical. 

Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis. 

Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 96. Lolium. 



GRAMINEAE, 6/ 

Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis. 

Spikelets 1-2-flowered in slender articulate spikes. 97, Lepturus. 

Spikelets 2-many-flowered in stout inarticulate spikes (articulated in one 
species), 98. Agropyron. 

Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis ; scales mostly long-awned. 
Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower. 

99. Hordeum. 
' Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 

Rachis of the spike articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 

100. Sit anion. 
Rachis of the spike continuous, not breaking up into joints. 

Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 

10 1. Elymus. 
Empty scales very small or none. 102. Hystrix. 

Tribe XII. Bambuseae. 

Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 103. Arundinaria. 

I. TRIPSACUM L. 

Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad, flat leaves and monoe- 
cious flowers. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, 
elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the upper part of the axis. 
2-flowered, consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two inner thinner, 
the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints 
of the spike, i -flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in 
the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the homy exterior lower scale. 
[Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales. ] About 3 species, 
natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, another occurs 
in the southern United States. 

1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama-grass. (I. F. f. 210.) Rootstock 
1.25-2.5 cm. thick, culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 
3 dm. or more long, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide; spikes terminal, and in the upper axils, 
solitary ©r 2-3 together, 1-1.25 dm. long; outer scales of the staminate spikelets 
linear and obtuse, 8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, faintly many-nerved; exterior 
scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining. In swamps or along streams, Conn, 
to Kansas, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 

2. ERIANTHUS Michx. 

Tall, generally robust, perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long 
flat leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a 
ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other 
with a pedicel, generally I -flowered. Scales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner 
hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn; palet small, hya- 
line; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to 
the woolly spikelets.] About 17 species, natives of the temperate and tropical re- 
gions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, four others occur in the Southern 
States. 

Awn spiral. i. E. alopectiroides. 

Awn straight. 

Panicle lax; branches long and spreading; basal hairs longer tlian the outer scale 

of the spikelet. 2. H. saccharoides. 

Panicle compact or strict; branches short and erect or appressed; basal liairs equal- 
ling or shorter than the outer scale of the spikelet. 
Outer scale about 5 mm. long. 3. E. compactus. 

Outer scale about 8 mm. long. 4, E. brevibarbist 

I. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Spiral- awnkd Tlume-crass. 
(I. F. f. 211.) Culms stout, erect, 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and the axis of the 
panicle densely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. U>ng, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
wide; panicle oblong, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, branches spreading, 7.5-12.5 



68 FLOE A. 

cm. long, slender, loose; awn 12-16 mm. long, the portion included in the outer 
scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and thence loosely spiral. In damp 
soil, N. J. to Ky. and Mo., south to Ga. and Ala. Sept. 

2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume-grass. (I. F. f. 212.) Culms 
robust, erect, 1.4-3 ™- ^^l^- '^^ summit and the axis of the panicle densely pubescent, 
with appressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths densely pubescent at the throat; 
leaves 0.6-2.5 cm. wide; panicle lax, broadly oblong, 1.25-3.75 dm. long, 5-10 cm, 
wide, its branches spreading, 5-10 cm. long, internodes about 4 mm. long; outer 
scales of the spikelet a little exceeding the pedicel and about one-half as long as the 
basal hairs; awn 2-2.5 ^m. long, scabrous. In moist sandy soil, S. E. Va. to Fla. 
and La. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Erianthus compactus Nash. Contracted Plume-grass. (L F. f. 213.) 
Culms 1-3 m. tall, the summit and axis of the panicle densely pubescent with ap- 
pressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at the top; leaves 
6-12 mm. wide; panicle narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 3.75 cm. wide; 
branches erect, 2.5-5 cm. long; internodes about 2 mm. long; outer scales of the 
spikelet exceeding the pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs; awn 1-2 cm. 
long, scabrous. In moist soil, N. J. to N. C. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Short-bearded Plume-grass. (I. F. f. 
214.) Culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall, nodes naked or scantily barbed, the summit 
and axis of the panicle smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaves rough, 3- 
4.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate; panicle linear-oblong, 2-2.5 d™^- ^'^ 
length, 2.5-3.75 cm. wide, branches erect, 5-12.5 cm. long, internodes about 5 mm. 
long ; outer scales of the spikelet about 8 mm. long, twice the length of the pedicel 
and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long-acuminate ; inner 
scales shorter; awn 1.8-2.5 cm. long, straight, scabrous. In moist soil, Del. to N. 
C. and La. Autumn. 

3. MANISURIS L. 

Mostly tall perennials, with running rootstocks, narrow flat leaves and cylindri- 
cal jointed spikes, terminal and from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each 
node of the excavated rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and 
either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect spikelet 4. the outermost thick 
and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the exca- 
vation in the rachis; second scale chartaceous; third and fourth hyaline, the latter 
subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Grain 
free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.] About 25 species, widely dis- 
tributed in tropical and temperate countries. 

Culms from a creeping rootstock, round ; sheaths round, narrow. i. M. cylindrica. 

Culms tufted, no rootstocks, much flattened, at least below ; sheaths much compressed, 

broad, keeled. 2. M. rugosa. 

1. Manisuris cylindrica (Mx.) Kuntze, Creeping Mansuris. Culms 3-10 
dm. tall, slender; leaves 3 dm. or less long, 1-3 mm. wide; racemes 1-2 dm. long; 
sessile spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, about equalling the internodes, the first scale 
more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpitted, the the pits often con- 
taining a subulate hair; pedicellate spikelets reduced to I or 2 scales, the pedicel 
linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. In sandy 
soil, Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; also in Mo., Ark. and Ind. Terr. June-Aug. 

2. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. Wrinkled Manisuris. (I. F. f. 215.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, compressed, much branched above. Sheaths compressed; 
leaves flat, 1.5-6 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes partially included in the sheath 
or more or less exserted, 3-5 cm. long; outermost scale of the spikelets about 4 
mm. long, strongly transverse-rugose. In wet soil along the coast, Del. to Fla., 
west to Tex. June-Sept. 

4. ANDROPOGON L. 

Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary 
racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile 
and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a 



GE AMINE AE. 69 

single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 coriaceous, the 
second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and 
subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens I -3. Grain free. [Greek, in 
allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical 
and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the south- 
ern and western parts of N. Am. 

Racemes singly disposed ; apex of the rachilla internodes with a translucent cup-shaped 
entire or irregularly-toothed appendage. 
Spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; sheaths of the innovations green. i. A. scoparius. 

Spikelets 8-1O mm. long; sheets of the innovations strongly compressed, glaucous. 

2. A. littoralis. 
Racemes disposed in pairs or more ; apex of the rachis internodes unappendaged. 
Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of i or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile one. 

Racemes usually protruding from the lateral fissure of the spathe, sometimes 
more or less exserted from the apex, the peduncle never long-exserted. 
Branches of the inflorescence crowded at the summit of the culm in a dense 

corymbiform panicle. 3. A. corymbosus. 

Branches of the inflorescence scattered along the culm in a long linear 
panicle. 4. A. Virginicus, 

Racemes much exserted on long peduncles. 

Stamen i ; upper sheaths much enlarged. 5. A, Elliottii. 

Stamens 3 ; sheaths not enlarged. 

First scale of the spikelet nerveless between the keels ; terminal hairs of 

the internodes about twice their length. 6. A. argyraeus. 

First scale of the spikelet with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels ; terminal 
hairs of the internodes about equalling them. 

7. A. Cabanisii, 
Pedicellate spikelet as large as or larger than the sessile, of 4 scales and a staminate 

or rarely perfect flower. 
Fourth scale of sessile spikelet with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral 
at the base. 
Outer two scales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over; 
hairs on the rachis internodes usually 2 mm. or less long. 

8. A. /ur cuius. 
Outer 2 scales of the sessile spikelet smooth or nearly so, except on the 

nerves ; hairs of the rachis internodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 

9. A. chrysocotnus. 
Fourth scale of the sessile spikelet awnless or with a short, straight, untwisted 

awn. 

Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes copious, stiff. 

10. A. Hallii. 

Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes scant or almost want- 
ing, lax, crisped. 11. A. paucipilus. 

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 216.) 
Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes glaucous ; leaves 1.5-3 ^^^^' k^ig. 
scabrous ; spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, loose, solitary, on long-exserted slender peduncles; 
rachis slender, flexuous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long, spreading hairs; outer- 
most scale of sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long; awn spiral, 10-12 mm. long ; pedi- 
celled spikelet a single awn-pointed scale. In dry sandy fields, N. B. to Alb. st)uth 
to Fla. and Tex, Aug.-Oct. 

2. Andropogon littoralis Nash, n. sp. Seaside Beard-grass, Culms 
densely tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the innovations with the leaves and strongly com- 
pressed sheaths glaucous ; leaves 2 dm. long or loss, rough ; racemes 3-4 cm. 
long, rarely longer ; sessile spikelets 8-10 mm. long, the awn of the ftmrth scale 
geniculate, spiral, 10-15 mm. long ; pedicellate spikelet a siugle-awnoil scale. In 
sand along the seashore, N. Y. and N. J. Aug.-Oct. 

3. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. Busiiv Beard-gkass. (I. F. 
f. 221.) Culms 4- 10 dm. tall, from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal 
leaves; sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, 
more or less papillose-hirsute; culm leaves rough; spathes very rough, tightly en- 
rolled around the common peduncle, which is usually as long as the spathe and 
hispidulous toward the summit; racemes in pairs, more or less exserted, 2-3 cm. 



70 FLORA. 

long; sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the awn 1-1.8 cm. long. Wet soil, D. C. to 
Fla. and Miss. Sept.-Oct. [^. glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. in part.] . 

Andropogon corymbosus abbreviktus (Hack.) Nash. Differs from the type in 
having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes, and few if any of them narrow 
and enrolled on the peduncles. Similar situations, Long Island to Fla. Sept.-Oct. 

4. Andropogon Virginicus L. Virginia Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 220.) 
Culms tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, many times longer than the basal leaves; sheaths, at 
least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins ; leaves 4 dm. 
long or less, more or less hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 
cm. long, broad; racemes generally in pairs, 2-3 cm. long; sessile spikelets 3-4 
mm. long, the awn 10-15 long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a 
minute scale. Dry or moist fields, Mass. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

5. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 222.) 
Culms tufted, 5-8 dm. tall; lower sheaths and those of the innovations densely ap- 
pressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much enlarged and much crowded at the 
summit, 8-1 1 cm. long; leaves 2 dm. or less long, rough above and hirsute near 
the base; racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, those on the longer branch at 
each node exserted, the rest concealed in the sheaths; sessile spikelets 4.5-5 ™"^- 
long, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, usually spiral at the base, the column 
much exserted. Dry sandy soil, Pa. (according to S. Watson), south to Fla. and 
Miss. Sept.-Oct. 

6. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. Silvery Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 217.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, simple at base, generally much branched above. Sheaths some- 
M^hat compressed; basal leaves 1.5-3 ^"^' ^oi^gl upper 5-20 cm. by 2 mm. wide; 
spikes in pairs, 2.5-5 C'^- l^^^g? o^ exserted slender peduncles; joints of the rachis and 
pedicels pubescent with long, silky-white, spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile 
spikelet about 5 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous; awn loosely spiral, 12-18 mm. 
long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet a minute deciduous scale. In dry sandy soil, 
Del. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. 

7. Andropogon Cabanisii Hack. Cabanis' Beard-grass. Culms 6-10 
dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or a little roughened; leaves 2.5 dm. or less long, 
smooth beneath, rough above; racemes in pairs, 4-7 cm. long, grayish; sessile 
spikelets 6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 
2-3 -nerved between the keels; pedicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 
3-3.5 mm. long. Dry soil, Pa. (according to Hackel) and Fla. June- Aug. 

8. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 219.) 
Culms stout, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. 
long; spikes 2-5, in pairs or approximate, 5-10 cm. long; joints of rachis and 
pedicels ciliate with short hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long ; 
awn 10-14 mm. long; loosely spiral, geniculate; pedicelled spikelet of 4 scales. In 
dry or moist soil. Me. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

9. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, n. sp. Yellow-haired Beard-grass. 
Culms 7-15 dm. tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 
smooth beneath, a little roughened above; racemes in 2's-4's, 5—9 cm. long, stout, 
long-exserted ; sessile spikelets about i cm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the 
nerves, the awn of the fourth seale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long; 
pedicellate spikelet awnless. Dry soil, Kans. to Tex. July-Sept. 

10. Andropogon Hallii Hack. Hall's Beard-grass. (I. F. f. 218.) Culms 
robust, 9-18 dm. tall, more or less glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous; leaves 
3 dm. long or less; spikes 2-5, 5-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 
about 8 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly to copiously silky- 
pubescent toward the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. long, or sometimes wanting; 
pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4 scales, generally larger than the sessile spikelet 
and enclosing three stamens. Dry sandy soil, Kans. and Mont, to Mex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

11. Andropogon paucipilus Nash, n. sp. Scant-haired Beard-grass. 
Culms 10-12 dm. tall, rather stout. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, as are the leaves 
which are erect and 3 dm. long or less; racemes in 2's-3's, 5-7 cm. long, exserted; 



GRAMINEAE. /I 

sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves toward the 
apex, pubescent toward the summit with long loose-crisped hairs; pedicellate spike- 
let similar to the sessile one, staminate. In dry soil, Mont, and Neb. July, 

5. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. 

Perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and showy, often silvery-white, pan- 
icles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the 
branches more scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with mani- 
festly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of 
the same structure, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets 
of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second i -keeled, the third and fourth scales 
hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merg- 
ing into a usually geniculate, contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. 
Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller 
than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.] About 
30 species, in temperate and tropical countries. 

T. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud.) Nash. Torrey's Beard - grass. 
(I. F. f. 223.) Culms erect, 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, the nodes naked. Sheaths more 
or less glaucous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, glaucous; spikes 2.5-3.75 cm. long in 
a terminal long-exserted panicle 4-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 
3-4 mm. long, about equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, 
acute; awn 8-16 mm. long, spiral; pedicelled spikelet rudimentary. In dry soil, 
Kans. to Ariz, and Mex. Aug.-Sept. {Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.) 

6. SORGHASTRUM Nash. 

Generally tall grasses, ours perennials, with long, narrow, flat leaves and termi- 
nal panicles. Spikelets in pairs, or 3's at the end of the branches, one sessile and 
perfect, the lateral pedicelled, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect 
spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the inner 
hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower, or the palet 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. 
[Named in reference to its resemblance to sorghum.] About 15 species, in tem- 
perate and tropical countries. [Chrysopogon Benth. Not Trin.) 

I. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash. Indian Grass. (I. F. f. 224.) 
Culms 9-24 dm. tall. Lower leaves 3 dm. or more in length; panicle I-3 dm. 
long, brownish-yellow; branches 5-10 cm. long, erect-spreading ; spikelets erect 
or somewhat spreading ; first scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, pubescent 
with long hairs; second scale glabrous; awn 1-2 cm. long, the column having but 
a single bend ; lateral spikelets wanting. In dry fields, Ont. to Man., south to 
N. H., Fla. and Ariz. Aug.-Sept. {Chrysopogon avenacetis 'Benih.) 

7. SORGHUM Pers. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with long, broad, flat leaves and terminal ample 
panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, one 
sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet 
consisting of 4 scales, the outer indurated and shining, obscurely-nerved, inner 
hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Name Indian.] 
About 13 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. 

I. Sorghum Halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson-grass. (I, F^. f. 225.) Culms 
9-20 dm. tall; sheaths smooth; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 6-25 mm. wide; panicle 
from 1.5-4.5 dm. long; outer scales of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long, usually purplish, 
pubescent with long appressed hairs; awn whei\ present 8-16 mm. long. In fields 
and waste places, southern Pa. to Mo. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Native 
of southern Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

8. NAZIA Adans. 

An annual grass, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and i -flowered decid lous 

spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 

2 or 3, the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with h(.H->ked 

prickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name 



72 FLORA. 

unexplained.] A monotypic genus, native of tropical and temperate regions of 
the Old World. 

I. Nazia racemosa (L.) Kiintze. Prickle-grass. (I. F. f. 226.) Culms 
5-35 cm. tall, pubescent above. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rather strongly ciliate; 
spike 2,5-10 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the somewhat inflated upper 
sheath; second scale coriaceous, 3 mm. long, 5 -nerved; third scale 2 mm. long, 
I -nerved. Occasional in ballast and waste places about the seaports. July-Sept. 

9. PASPALUM L. 
Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and i -flowered 
spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on i-sided spikes, which are single, in 
pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, convex 
on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and 
subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, 
used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide distribution in tropical and 
temperate regions, most abundant in America. 

Rachis of the racemes very broad, twice the width of the spikelets, or nearly so, which 
are partially concealed by its inrolled margins. 
Rachis extending beyond the spikelets, long-acuminate; spikelets about i mm. long. 

1. P. mucronattim, 
Rachis not extending beyond the spikelets, acute ; spikelets 2 mm. long. 

2. P. tnembranaceutn. 
Rachis of the racemes narrower than the spikelets, not inrolled on the margins. 

Racemes 2, approximately in a pair at the summit of the culm ; rootstocks exten- 
sively creeping ; culms not tufted. 3. P. distichum. 
Racemes i-several, alternate ; culms tufted. 

Culms simple, no branches from the upper sheath ; racemes stout. 
Spikelets obtuse, glabrous. 

Spikelets 3 mm. or less long. 

Leaves very hirsute on both surfaces ; the hairs on the sheaths very 

dense and long. 4. P. plenipilum. 

Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so. 

Spikelets elliptic, hence longer than broad, decidedly convex 
on the inner side ; sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 

5. P. laeve. 

Spikelets orbicular, or nearly so, hence as broad as long, but 
little convex on the inner side ; sheaths hirsute. 

6. P, circulare, 
Spikelets 4 mm. or more long. 7. P, glabratum, 

Spikelets acute, long villous-ciliate on the margins. 

8. P. dilatatum. 
Culms branched, the upper sheath containing from 1-3 branches ; racemes 
slender. 
Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, or the midnerve sometimes pubescent 
beneath. 
Sheath margins glabrous. 9. P. ciliatt/oh'um. 

Sheath margins pubescent. 

Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color, 2 mm. in 

diameter. 10. P. stramineum. 

Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green, 1.5 mm. 
long. II. P.longipedunculatum. 

Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. 

Pubescence of copious soft short-appressed hairs. 

Culms prostrate, the lower leaves i dm. or less long. 

12. P. prostratum. 
Culms erect, the lower leaves 1.5 dm. or more long. 

13. P. Bushii. 
Pubescence of more or less spreading and usually rather long stout hairs. 

Culm densely pilose below the racemes ; lower sheaths usually 

glabrous or nearly so. 14. P, pubescens. 

Culm glabrous ; lower sheaths generally hirsute. 

Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. 15. P. setaceum. 

Spikelets 2-2.25 n^™- long. 

Racemes on the main culm i, or sometimes 2 ; spikelets 

glabrous ; leaves rather thin. 16. P. Mtihlenbergii. 
Racemes on the main culm 2 or 3 ; spikelets pubescent; 
leaves thick. 17. P. dasyphylhint. 



GRAMINEAE. 73 

1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Water Paspalum. (I. F. f. 227.) Culms 
ascending, 1.5-9 dm. long, from a floating or creeping base, branched. Sheaths 
very loose or inflated, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves 7.5-30 
cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous ; spikes 20-100 , 1.25-7.5 cm. 
long, alternate or sometimes approximately whorled, slender ; rachis flat, thin, ex- 
ceeding the spikelets, long-acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly enclosing the 
spikelets; spikelets in two rows, about i mm. long, elliptic, pubescent ; outer 
scales very thin, 2-nerved, the first one usually a little the longer. In water, Va. 
to southern 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical America. 
Sept. 

2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Walter's Paspalum. (I. F. f. 228.) 
Culms erect or ascending, much branched, smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths 
a little inflated, smooth ; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-7, 
alternate, about 2.5 cm. long, the lower ones usually included in the upper sheath; 
rachis not exceeding the spikelets, flat, thin, 2-3 mm. wide, acute, smooth, its 
inroUed margins partly enclosing the spikelets ; spikelets about 2 mm. long, 
crowded in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, smooth; outer scales 5 -nerved; third scale len- 
ticular, slightly shorter than the outer ones. Moist or wet grounds, N. J. and Del. 
to southern Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. 

3. Paspalum distichum L. Joint-grass. (I. F. f. 229.) Culms erect, 
1.5-6 dm. tall, extensively creeping at base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate 
on the margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, 3. 75-12. 5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, acuminate, smooth; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, in pairs, or occasionally with 
a third, exserted ; rachis flat, I-2 mm. wide, smooth ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 
elliptic, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows ; outer 
scales 3-5 -nerved, slightly exceeding the acute third one, which is sparingly 
bearded at the apex. Va. to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in 
the West Indies, Central and South America. Aug.-Sept. 

4. Paspalum plenipilum Nash, n. sp. Long-haired Paspalum. Culms 
tufted, erect, rather slender, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths little compressed, very densely 
pubescent with long .spreading white hairs; leaves erect or nearly so, 2.5 dm. or 
less long, 4-6 mm. wide, densely pubescent on both surfaces with stiff hairs, those 
toward the base on the upper surface very long; racemes 2-4, ascending, 3-6 cm. 
long; spikelets singly arranged, oval, 2.5-2.75 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, 
prominently convex on the inner side, the empty scales glabrous, 3 -nerved. In 
dry places, N. J. Aug. 

5. Paspalum laeve Michx. Field Paspalum. (I. F. f. 234.) Bright green, 
culms rather stout, erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths com- 
pressed, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base; spikes 2-6, 3.5-7.5 cm. 
long, more or less spreading, alternate, about 2-5 cm. apart on the single stout 
peduncle, pilose in the axils; spikelets 2.5—3 ii^i^- long, oval, close, crowded in 
2 rows, glabrous. In moist fields, R. I. to Ky. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. 
Ascends to 1700 ft. in N. C. Aug.-Sept. 

6. Paspalum circulare Nash, n. sp. Round-flowered Paspalum. Culms 
erect or nearly so, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, at least the lower ones hir- 
sute; leaves erector ascending, 3 dm. or less long, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, 
hirsute above toward the base; racemes usually in pairs, sometimes in 3's, rarely 
in 4's, 4-9 cm. long; spikelets singly arranged, orbicular, about 3 mm. in dia- 
meter, the inner side but slightly convex, the empty scales glabrous, very thin, 
bright green, 3 -nerved. In moist or dry fields, N. Y. to N. C. ; also in Mo. July- 
Sept. 

7. Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.) Mohr. Engelmann's Paspalum. 
(I. F. f. 235.) Culms stout, erect, 9-18 dm. tall, from a creeping nxitstock, gla- 
brous. Sheaths glabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 2-4 dm. long. 6-14 mm. 
wide, acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above; spikes 2-5. o\\ the single stout 
peduncle, 5-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, boarded in the axils; rachis about 
2 mm. wide, flat on the back, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 4 mm. long, 
broadly oval, glabrous, glaucous, singly disposed and crowded in 2 rows; outer 
scales 5-nervedf third scale striate. Moist places, Del. to Kv. auvl Kaus.. south to 
Fla. and Tex. Sept. [I\ispalum Floridanum Michx. in part.) 



74 FLORA. 

8. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Tall Paspalum. (I. F. f. 230.). Culms 
erect, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. or 
more long, 4-10 mm. wide, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at the base; spikes 4-12, 
5-12.5 cm. long, spreading, alternate; rachis of the spikes narrow, less than 2 mm. 
wide, somewhat flexuous, scabrous ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, in 3 or 4 rows, 
acute; outer scales 5 -nerved, the first villous on the margins, the second glabrous 
or sparsely pubescent, the third nearly orbicular, minutely punctate-striate. In 
moist soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

9. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Ciliate-leaved Paspalum. Culms 
tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-25 cm. long, 
6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously 
ciliate wuth long hairs; racemes single or sometimes in2's, 5-I1 cm. long; spike- 
lets in pairs, 1.8-2. i mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, 
the empty scales 3 -nerved, or the midnerve rarely lacking in the second, glabrous. 
In sandy or rocky soil, D. C. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. June-Sept. 

10. Paspalum stramineum Nash, n. sp. Straw-colored Paspalum. Foli- 
age yellowish-green, the spikelets, and sometimes also the sheaths, pale straw-color. 
Culms tufted, 2-8 dm. tall; sheaths, all but the lower ones, glabrous except on the 
margins; leaves erect or nearly so, firm, long-ciliate on the margins, otherwise 
glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long, usually in pairs, 
rarely i or 3; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 3- 
nerved, pubescent, the second scale 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. In sandy 
places and fields. Neb., Kans. and Ind. Terr. July-Sept. {^Paspalum ciliatifolium 
Michx. in part.) 

11. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte. Long-stalked Paspalum. 
(I. F. f. 233.) Culms reclining or decumbent, 3-4.5 dm. long, smooth, leafy at 
base. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate on the margins, pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5- 
8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ciliate on the margins and along the midnerve; pe- 
duncles 1-2 from the upper sheath; spikes 1-2, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, more or less 
curved; rachis very narrow, more or less flexuous; spikelets about .1.5 mm. long; 
outer scales 3 -nerved, the first one glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent; third 
scale slightly exceeding the outer ones. Sandy soil, N. C. to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. 
Aug. -Sept. 

12. Paspalum prostratum Nash. n. sp. Prostrate Paspalum. Culms pros- 
trate, tufted, forming large, dense masses, 5-8 dm. long. Sheaths, as well as both 
surfaces of the leaves, softly and densely pubescent with short hairs ; leaves erect 
or nearly so, ciliate on the margins, 3.5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; racemes 5- 
7.5 cm. long, usually in pairs on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. 
long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval, the outer scales densely pubescent, the first scale 
3 -nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. 
In dry sandy soil, southeastern N. Y. to Del. Aug.-Sept. 

13. Paspalum Biishii Nash, n. sp. Bush's Paspalum. Culms erect, 8-10 
dm. tall, rather stout, lower sheaths pubescent, the others pilose on the margins; 
leaves erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. broad, ciliate on the margins, 
softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces with very short hairs; racemes 10-12 
cm. long, in 2's or 3's on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, 2-2.2 mm. long and 
about 1.8 mm. broad, oval, the empty scales densely pubescent, 3 -nerved, or 
the second scale sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry 
soil. Mo. Aug. 

14. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Paspalum. Culms erect, 4- 
8 dm. tall, pilose at the summit. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; leaves 4-23 cm. 
long, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely broader, densely long -pubescent on both surfaces; 
racemes usually I, rarely 2, 6-12 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, glabrous, about 2 
mm. long, oval, 1.5-I.8 mm. wide, the empty scales 3-nerved, or the second 2- 
nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Kans., 
south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. {Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) 

15. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum. (I. F. f. 231.) 
Culms mostly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths and leaves generally 
very pubescent, the latter 7-5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, acuminate; 
spikes 3.75-8.75 cm. long, more or less curved, generally solitary, occasionally 
2, on a long-exserted slender peduncle, with usually i or 2 additional shorter pe- 



GRAMINEAE, 75 

duncles from the same upper sheath; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, in 2 narrow- 
rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty scales 3 -nerved, glabrous or pubescent; 
third scale obovate, shining. In dry fields, N. H. and Mass. to 111., south to Fla. 
and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

16. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash, n. sp. Muhlenberg's Paspalum. (I. F. 
f. 232.) Culms tufted, at first erect, at length reclining, 4-8 dm. long. Sheaths 
usually hirsute all over; leaves 5-20 cm. long, usually 7-I1 mm. wide, sometimes 
narrower, ciliate on the margins with generally long hairs, more or less pubescent on 
both surfaces with similar hairs; racemes solitary or in 2's, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 
in pairs, glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 
empty scales 3 -nerved, or the second rarely 2 -nerved by the suppression of the mid- 
nerve. In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Mass. to Mo. and Ind. Terr., south 
to S. Car., Ga. and Miss. Aug. -Oct. [Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) 

17. Paspalum dasyphjrllum Ell. Hairy-leaved Paspalum. Plant yellow- 
ish green. Culms tufted, 2-6 dm. tall; sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the 
leaves, densely pubescent with long, yellowish, spreading hairs ; leaves erect or 
ascending, thick, 2 dm. or less long, usually 1-2 cm. broad; racemes on the main 
culm in 2's or 3's, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 
1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale generally pubescent, 3 -nerved, the 
second scale glabrous, usually 2-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. In dry, usually 
sandy, places, S. Car. to Fla.; also in Mo. June-Sept. {Paspalum ciliatifolium 
Michx. in part.) 

10. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. 

Perennial grasses, with the culms usually rooting at the lower nodes, with flat 
leaves and I -flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spikes which 
(in our species) are disposed in a single pair at the summit of the culm, or some- 
times with an additional one a short distance below. Spikelets oblong to lan- 
ceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the outer 2 
membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward the rachis, 
subtending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain free. [Greek, signifying turned around, referring to the spikelets.] 

Spikelets less than 2 mm. long, oblong. i. A. compressus. 

Spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate. 2. A. paspaloides. 

1. Anastrophus compressus (Sw.) Schlecht. (1. F. f. 236.) Stolons nu- 
merous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender, compressed, 
glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those 
of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 
2-4 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, 2.5-5 cm. long, approximate at the summit of the long 
and slender stalk ; spikelets not crowded nor secund, about 2 mm. long, acute. 
Va. to Fla. and west to La. Widely distributed in tropical America. Probably 
not native in the U. S. Aug. -Sept. [Paspalum co7?ipress7iml>i&es.) 

2. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx.) Nash. (I. F. f. 237.) Culms 3-7.5 
dm. tall, from an extensively creeping base. Sheaths and leaves glabrous or 
pubescent, the latter 5-22 cm. long, 6-12 mm, wide, obtuse; spikes 3.75-S.75 cm. 
long, in pairs, or sometimes with an additiontil one; rachis flat, about I mm. wide; 
spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, acute, not crowded ; outer scales 
5-nerved, glabrous. Moist ground, Md. to Fla., west to Tex. July-Aug. {Pas- 
Palum paspaloides Scribn. ) 

II. AMPHICARPON Raf. 

Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets of two kinds ; one kind 
borne in terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, 
terminating subterranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, 
the innermost subtending a palet and a perfect flower ; the scales of the subter- 
ranean spikelets become indurated and enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds of spikelets.] Species 2, inhabiting 
the southeastern U. S., one of them restricted to Fla. 



76 FLORA. 

I. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. (I. F. f. 238.) Culms 3-4.5 
dm. tall, slender, glabrous. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long. 4-12 
mm. wide, erect hirsute and ciliate; panicle linear. 1-1.5 dm. long, branches erect; 
spikelets about 4 mm. long, elliptic; outer scales 5 -nerved, glabrous; subterranean 
spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 6 mm. long. In moist pine barrens, N. J, to Fla. 
near the coast. Aug. -Sept. 

12. ERIOCHLOA, H. B. K. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and short-pedicelled spikelets 
borne in secund spikes, which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular 
callus at the base and articulated to the pedicel. Scales 3. the two outer mem- 
branous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated and subtending a palet and a per- 
fect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, 
signifying wool-grass.] 

I. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. Dotted Millet. (I. F. f. 239.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-25 cm. long ; spikes 
4-25, 2.5-5 cm. long, sessile or nearly so; rachis pubescent; spikelets about 4 mm. 
long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; outer scales pubescent with appressed silky 
hairs, the third about 2 mm. long, rounded at the apex and bearing a pubescent 
awn about i mm. long. Neb. to Tex. and Mex. Widely distributed in trop. Am. 

13. SYNTHERISMA Walt. 

Annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3's, 
in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. 
Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of 
the lowest one ; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of simi- 
lar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop- 
making, in allusion to its abundance.] Species about 25, widely distributed in tem- 
perate and tropical regions. 

Rachis of the racemes with the angles wingless ; first scale of the spikelet wanting, or 
sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. 
Racemes usually short, 2-10 cm. long; spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 

I. S. filiformis. 
Racemes usually exceeding 10 cm. long, rarely shorter; spikelets 2.25 mm. or more 
long. 2. S. villosa. 

Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged; first scale of the spikelet 
usually present, generally wanting in Nos. 3 and 4. 
Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous. 

Sheaths and leaves strongly pubescent; second scale one-half or less as long as 

the spikelet. 3. 6". serotina. 

Sheaths and leaves glabrous; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 

4. S. linearis. 
Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. 

Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long; third scale with the first and second 
nerves on each side hispid above the middle. 5. ^. sanguinalis. 

Spikelets more than 3 mm. long ; third scale with the nerves smooth. 

6. S. fimbriata. 

1. Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash. Slender Fixger-grass. (I. F. f. 242.) 
Culms 1.5-7 dm. tall. Sheaths hirsute, at least the lower ones; leaves 3-20 cm. 
long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets 
about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs, the first scale want- 
ing, the second 3-nerved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown 
at maturity. Dry sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., south to Del., N. C. and the Ind. 
Terr. July-Sept. 

2. Syntherisma villosa Walt. Southern Slender Finger-grass. Culms 
densely tufted. 6-14 dm. tall. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; leaves 
0.7-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; racemes 2-8, commonly more than 5, 4-20 cm. 
long, generally 12-15 cm., erect or ascending; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 
mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 3's, the first scale %vanting, the second scale 
3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown at matxir- 
ity. Sandy soil, principally along the coast, from Ga. and Fla. to Tex. ; also in 
the Ind. Terr, and 111. June-Get. 



GRAMINEAE. J 7 

3. Syntherisma serotina Walt. Late-flowering Finger-grass. (I. F. f. 
241a.) Culms 2-5 dm. long, tufted, at length much branched and prostrate and 
rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose- 
hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 1.5-10 cm. long, usually less than 5 cm., 
3-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. 
long; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 
pairs, the first scale wanting, the second 3 -nerved, the fourth scale white. Low, 
open grounds, Del. to Fla. and Miss. June-Oct. 

4. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash. Small Crab-grass. (L F. f. 
241.) Culms 2-5 dm. tall, finally prostrate, and forming large mats. Sheaths 
smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-13 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and 
glabrous on both surfaces; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, finally widely spreading; 
spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long and about I mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, 
usually in pairs, the first scale wanting or sometimes present as a mere rudiment, 
the second scale 3 -nerved, the third scale 7 -nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut- 
brown when mature. Introduced into waste places and fields and along roadsides, 
N. S. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Kans. July-Sept. 

5. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. (I. F. f. 
240.) Culms I m. or less long, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the 
lower nodes. Lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; leaves 4-20 cm. long, 4-10 
mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both surfaces; racemes 3-10, 5-18 cm. 
long; spikelets 2.5-3 ™"^' ^o^g ^-^'^ about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 
in pairs, the first scale minute, triangular, the second scale 3 -nerved, about one-half 
as long as the spikelet, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale yellowish white, 
acutely apiculate. Cultivated places, fields, roadsides, etc., throughout N. Am., 
principally in the north. July- Aug. 

6. Syntherisma fimbriata (Link) Nash. Fimbriate Crab-grass. Culms 
8 dm. long or less, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. 
Lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 2-8 cm. 
long, 5-10 mm. wide, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent; racemes 
2-9, 2-12 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, 
very acute, in pairs, the first scale minute, the second scale 3-nerved, more than one- 
half as long as the spikelet, the third scale 7 -nerved, the fourth scale lanceolate, 
very acute, yellowish-white. Dry sandy soil, D. C. to Fla., west to Tex., also in 
Kans. June-Sept. 

14. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. 

Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaves and a panicle composed of alternate 
scattered one-sided racemes with the spikelets borne in 2 rows. Spikelets i -flowered, 
articulated to the pedicel below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membran- 
ous; fourth scale chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect 
flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Species 
about 100, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 

Spikelets ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm. long. i. B. digitarioides, 

Spikelets oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, about 3 mm. long. 2. B. obtusa. 

1. Brachiaria digitarioides (Carpenter) Nash. Narrow Panicum. (L F. 
f. 245.) Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout creeping rootstock, Q-15 dm. 
tall, simple, stout, smooth. Sheaths smooth; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, S-16 mm. wide, 
long-acuminate; panicle linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
erect; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as long 
as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about 2 mm. loiig, 5-nervod and a little 
exceeded by the 3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly shorter than the 
third. In water, Del. to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. {Panicutn digitarioides 
Carpenter.) 

2. Brachiaria obttisa (H. B. K.) Nash. Blunt Panicum. (I. F. f. 246.) 
Glabrous, culms erect, ^-^ dm. tall, simple or branching at base, smcKith. Shoutlis 
smooth; leaves 6.25-22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, loug-acumiuato; 
panicle linear, 5-15 cm. long; branches 1.8-3.7 cm. long, appressod: spikelets 
about 3 mm. long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid; first scale shorter 



78 FLORA, 

than the rest, obtuse, 5 -nerved; second, third and fourth scales about equal, the 
second and third 5 -nerved, the fourth chartaceous. Kans. to Ariz., south to Tex. 
and Mex. July-Sept. {Panicum obtusum H. B. K.) 

15. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 

Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal in- 
florescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately arranged. 
Spikelets i -flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ulti- 
mate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid 
on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes 
merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale indurated, shining, fre- 
quently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the 
stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical 
countries. 

Sheaths glabrous. 

Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second and third scales more or less awned. 

1. E. Crus-galli. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long, the second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 

2. E. CO I on a. 
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 3. E. Walteri. 

I. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard-grass. Cockspur-grass. 
(I. F. f. 243.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and 
glabrous ; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous ; 
panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches 
spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 
rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous 
or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly 
pointed. In cultivated and waste places, throughout N. Am. except the extreme 
north. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized from 
Europe. Aug. -Oct. [Paniaim Crus-galli 'L.) 

2. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Jungle Rice. (I. F. f. 243a.) Culms 
tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the 
lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, usually crowded ; leaves flat, 2.5-17 cm. long, 
2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of3-i8 i-sidedmore or less spreading dense 
racemes, 6-30 mm. long, disposed along a 3 -angled rachis and generally somewhat 
exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3's in 2 rows 
on one side of the hispidulous, triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale 
about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3 -nerved, the second and third scales a little 
more than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5 -nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale 
cuspidate. Fields and roadsides, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Common in all 
tropical countries. March-Sept. {Panicum colonum L.) 

3. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Nash. Salt-marsh Cockspur-grass. 
(I. F. f. 244.) Culms 9-18 dm. tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at least the lower 
ones, papillose-hispid; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, strongly sca- 
brous above; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, consisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading 
branches; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of 
the scabrous and hispid rachis, brownish-purple; second and third scales about 3 
mm. long, scabrous and hispid, tipped with upwardly barbed awns, sometimes 
10-20 times their length; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. In marshes 
and ditches, principally within the influence of salt-water, Ont. to N. H. and R. L, 
Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. {Panicu?H Walteri Vuxsh..) 

16. PANICUM L. 

Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles. Spike- 
lets i-2-flowered, when 2-fiowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 
lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the 
same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of 
similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. 



GRAMINEAE. 79 

[Old Latin name for some grass, probably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its 
panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 300 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 
The geographic distribution of many of our species is not well ascertained. The 
old English name Panic or Panic-grass is often applied to any of the species. 

Palet of the fourth scale much enlarged at maturity, forcing the spikelet open and mak- 
ing it gape. I. P, hians. 
Palet of the fourth scale not enlarged, smaller than the scale. 

Spikelets roughened with numerous tubercles, glabrous. 2. P. verrucosum, 

Spikelets not tuberculate, or if so, the tubercles bearing hairs. 

(A) Basal and culm leaves similar, usually elongated; spikelets lanceolate to 

ovate, commonly the former, acute to acuminate. 
Lower sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. 

Culms branched, at least at maturity ; no scaly rootstocks nor stolons. 
Sheaths very pubescent. 

Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less. 

Annuals; pedicels not usually more than 2-3 times as long 
as the spikelets. 
Culms stout ; panicle usually included at the base, its 
many branches repeatedly divided and bearing nu- 
merous spikelets. 3. P. capillare. 
Culms slender ; panicle exserted, its few branches 
but little divided, and bearing comparatively few 
spikelets. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. 

4. P. minus, 
Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. 

5. P. flexile. 
Perennial ; pedicels commonly many times as long as 

the spikelets. 6. P. cognatum. 

Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long. 7. P. miliaceum. 

Sheaths glabrous. 8. P. proliferum. 

Culms simple, from stout, often scaly, rootstocks. 

Culms tufted ; rootstocks scaly. 9. P. virgatum. 

Culms not tufted ; rootstocks not scaly ; leaves glaucous and 
very thick. 10. P. amarum. 

Lower sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. 

Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the apex curved. 13. P. rostratum. 
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, the apex not curved. 
Ligule naked ; culms finally much branched. 

11. P. agrostoides . 
Ligule ciliate ; culms simple or nearly so. 

12. P. longi/olium. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. 14. P. stipitatum. 

(B) Basal and culm leaves dissimilar, the former generally much shorter and 

broader than the latter ; rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the 
fall : spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute 
in No. 15). 
(A) Middle leaves of the main culm less than 1.5 cm. wide, usually less than 
I cm. in width, the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, 
sometimes narrowed toward the base, 
(a) Leaves elongated, erect, narrow, distinctly narrowed toward the 
base, especially the lower ones. 
Secondary panicles borne on short basal branches, which are nearly 
concealed in the dense tufts. 
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 

16. P. Etislini. 
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. 

15. P. depaupcratum. 
No concealed basal panicles. 

Sheaths glabrous, or merely ciliate on the margins. 
Leaves linear, less than 5 mm. wide. 

17. P. Werner i. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. wide. 

iS. P. Bicknellii. 
Sheaths densely pubescent. 19. P. laxifiorum. 

(6) Leaves not ek^ngated, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward 
the base. 



8o FLORA. 



1. Culms, leaves, and sheaths glabrous or the latter two merely 

ciliate on the margins. 
Spikelets glabrous. 

Nodes of the culm naked. 

Leaves divaricate ; culms erect, short, the later 

branches bunched. 23. P, dichototnum. 

Leaves erect ; culms accumbent, weak, finally elon- 
gated, and the later branches scattered. 

24. P. sphagntcola. 
Nodes of the culm densely barbed. 

25. P. barbulatum. 
Spikelets pubescent. 

Culms very slender, less than 2 dm. tall, densely tufted, 

simple. 22. P. Brittoni. 

Culms not slender, 3 dm. or more tall, at length branched. 
Spikelets elliptic ; leaves smooth above or nearly so, 
naked at the base. 
Panicle dense, the branches erect or nearly so; 

spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 27. P. Eatoni. 
Panicle loose and open, the branches spreading ; 
spikelets 2 mm. long. 28. P. boreale. 
Spikelets globose or nearly so ; leaves very rough 
above, thick, ciliate at the base. 

46. P. sphcerocarpon, 

2. Culms, sheaths or leaves, or all of them, pubescent. 

* Spikelets 2.5 mm. or less long. 
t Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent beneath, the hairs short and soft. 

Primary leaves long and narrow, erect, thick, the numerous 
secondary leaves very narrow, 1.5 mm. or less wide, usually 
involute when dry. 
Spikelets broadly obovoid, barely 2 mm. long. 

20. P. neuranthum, 
Spikelets elliptic, 3 mm. long. 21. P. angustifoHum. 

Primary leaves lanceolate, the secondary leaves flat, lanceolate, ex- 
ceeding 2 mm. broad. 
Culms villous with short hairs, at least below. 
Leaves minutely villous beneath. 

Culms erect, rigid. 31. P, Columbianum. 

Culms weak, finally decumbent and forming mats. 
32. P. tsugetorum. 
Leaves glabrous beneath. 

Spikelets obovoid, i. 5 mm. long. 

30. P. Nashianutn, 
Spikelets elliptic, 2.5 mm. long. 

49. P. Ashei. 
Culms not villous. 

Culms glabrous; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long. 

29. P. nitidunt. 
Culms at base densely pubescent with long stiff, ap- 
pressed hairs; spikelets 2-2.5 "i"^- long. 
Panicle 3-4 cm. long, oblong, dense ; spikelets 3 
mm. long ; leaves naked on the margins. 

39. P. Addisonii. 
Panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, open ; spike- 
lets 2.5 mm. long ; leaves ciliate at the base. 

40. P, Commonsianum. 
tt Leaves pubescent on both surfaces, especially beneath. 

Hairs on the lower surface short, soft, and copious. 

Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves long and stiff ; spike- 
lets about 1.5 mm, long. 37. P, lanugmosum. 
Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves short, soft, and 
copious. 
Spikelets nearly 2 mm. long ; panicle dense, oblong ; culms 

slender, glabrous. 26. P. annulum. 

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle open, ovoid ; culms stout^ 
densely pubescent. 38. P. viscidum. 

Hairs on the lower, as well as the upper, surface stiff and long> 
sometimes scattered. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 



GRAMINEAE. 8 1 

Culms slender ; hairs on the upper surface of the leaves 
extremely long and copious. 
Panicle 2-3 cm. long; culms minutely pubescent 

above. 34. P. filiculme. 

Panicle 4-6 cm. long ; culms hirsute above, especially 
in the panicle. 33. P. implicatum. 

• Culms rather stout; hairs on the upper surface of the 
leaves shorter and more scattered, sometimes nearly 
wanting. 35. P. pubescens, 

Spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long. 

36. P. Atlanticum. 
** Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. 

Leaves glabrous, or sometimes pubescent beneath. 

Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 44, P, xanthophysum. 
Panicle open, its branches spreading. 

Sheaths glabrous, except the ciliate margins ; spikelets elliptic. 

45. P. calliphyllum. 
Sheaths papillose-hirsute ; spikelets broadly ovoid, turgid. 

43. P. Scribnerianum. 
. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. 

Leaves erect, rigid, thick, 3-4 mm. wide ; spikelets pubescent with 

short hairs. 41. P. Wilcoxianutn. 

Leaves often spreading, not thick, 5-10 mm. wide; spikelets long- 
hirsute. 42. P. Liebergii. 
(B) Middle leaves of the main culm more than 1.5 cm. wide, often 3 cm. in 
width, the base cordate and clasping. 
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less. 

Leaves glabrous on both surfaces. 

Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; panicle oblong and dense; culms 

simple. 47. P. polyanthes. 

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle ovoid and open; culms branched. 
Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the short terminal ones on 

the branches. ^ 52. P. clandesimum. 

Sheaths glabrous, 48. P. conimutatutn^ 

Leaves densely villous. 38. P. viscidum. 

Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. 

Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 

51. P. Porterianutn. 
Nodes naked. 

Sheaths glabrous, or merely pubescent on the margins; panicle 

open, its branches spreading. 50. P. macrocarpon. 

Sheaths hispid ; panicle contracted, its branches appressed. 

44. P. xanthophysuTTt. 



1. Panicum hians Ell. Gaping Panicum. (I. F. f. 247.) Glabrous; culms 
erect, 3-7.5 dm. tall, generally simple, sometimes creeping at base, smooth. 
Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 7.5-20 
cm. long ; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones often drooping, the 
lower naked below the middle; spikelets about 2 mm. long; fourth scale exceeded 
by the third and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged, generally forc- 
ing the spikelet wide open. In moist ground, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and 
Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Panicum. (I. F. f. 27S.) Culms 
erect or decumbent, slender, generally mu.ch branched at base. Sheaths glabrous, 
much shorter than the internodes; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, erect or 
ascending, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 7.5-30 cm. long, its lower 
branches '5-15 cm. long, naked below, strict and ascending, or lax and spreading; 
spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches, 
the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty secmul and third, the fourth 
scale apiculate. Moist soil, Mass. to Fla., west to La., nu^stly near the co.ist. 
July-Sept. 

3. Panicum capillare L. Witch-grass. TuMin.K Weed. (L F. f. 274.) 
Culms erect or decumbent, 36 dm. tall, simple or sometimes sparingly branched. 
Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, pulx\scent; 
terminal panicle 2-3.5 dm, long, lower branches 1.5-2.5 dn\. long; lateral pani- 



82 FLORA. 

cles, when present, smaller; spikelets 2-2.5 ^^- lo'^g? acuminate; first scale one- 
fonrth to one- half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales nearly equal, 
very acute, the fourth 1.5 mm. long. In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated 
fields, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Nev. July-Sept. 

Panicum capillkre Gattingeri Nash. Culms more slender than in the type; terminal 
panicle rarely over 1.5 dm. long, the lateral ones very numerous. Moist places, N. J. 
to Tenn., Mo. and southward. 

4. Panicum minus (Muhl.) Nash. Wood Panicum. (I. F. f. 277.) Culms 
erect, or occasionally decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, slender, somewhat branched at 
base. Sheaths hirsute; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, more or less 
pubescent; panicle 10-22. 5 cm. long, its lower branches 7.5-10 cm. long, spread- 
ing or ascending; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute, smooth, borne in 
pairs at the extremities of the ultimate divisions of the panicle; first scale about 
one-third as long as the equal acute second and third ones, the fom-th somewhat 
shorter than the third. In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ga., west to Mo. 
Aug. -Sept. 

5. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry Panicum. (I. F. f. 275.) 
Culms erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender, bearded at the nodes. Sheaths papillose- 
hirsute; leaves 10-22. 5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long-acuminate, more or 
less pubescent; panicle 1-2.25 dm. long, narrowly ovoid to oblong in outline, its 
branches ascending, the lower ones 5-8.5 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much 
shorter than the pedicels, acuminate; first scale about one-fourth as long as the 
spikelet; second and third scales about equal, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, 
somewhat shorter than the third. In moist or dry soil, Penn. to Tenn. and Mo. 
Aug. -Oct. 

6. Panicum cognatum Schultes. Diffuse Panicum. (I. F, f. 276.) Culms 
erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, generally much branched at the base, slender. 
Lower sheaths sometimes densely pubescent; leaves 3. 75-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
wide, ascending, acuminate, glabrous; panicle 1.25-3 dm. long, bearded in the 
axils, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long, finally exserted and w^idely spreading at 
maturity; spikelets lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acmninate, glabrous or pubes- 
cent, on capillary pedicels of many times their length ; first scale minute ; second 
and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes villous, the fourth lanceolate, 2.5 mm. 
long. In dry soil. 111. to Ga. and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Ariz. July-Sept. 
(/*. atittannale Bosc.) 

7. Panicum miliaceum L. Millet. (I. F. f. 272.) Culmse rect or decum- 
bent, rather stout, 3 dm. tall or more, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hir- 
sute; leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long. 8-25 mm. wide, more or less pubescent ; panicle 
rather dense, 1-2.5 ^^- ^o^gJ branches erect or ascending; spikelets 5 mm. long, 
acuminate; first scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, 5-7- 
nerved; second scale acuminate, 13-nerved, somewhat exceeding the 7-13-nerved 
acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale shorter than the 
third, becoming indm-ated, obtuse. In waste places. Me. to Del. and Penn., west 
to Neb. Adventive from the Old World. July-Sept. 

8. Panicum proliferum Lam. Spreading Panicum. (I. F. f. 273.) Culms 
at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent and geniculate, 1-1.5 m. long, 
branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened; leaves 
1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the margins and 
occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyramidal, I-4 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. 
long, crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about 
one-fourth as long as the spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales about 
equal, acute, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, shining. In wet soil. Me. to Penn. 
and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

9. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Smooth Panicum. (I. F. f. 270.) Culms 
erect from a creeping rootstock, 9-15 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths smooth and 
glabrous; leaves elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, long-acumi- 
nate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 
dm. long, the lower branches 1-2.5 dm. long, more or less widely spreading or 
sometimes nearly erect; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm, long; first scale 



GRAMINEAE, 83 

acuminate, about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-5 -nerved; second scale gen- 
erally longer than the others, 5-7-nerved, the third similar and usually subtending 
a palet and staminate flower. In moist or dry soil. Me, and Ont. to Minn., south 
to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

10. Panicum amarum Ell. Sea-beach Panicum. (I. F. f. 271.) Smooth and 
glabrous, glaucous; culms arising from long branching rootstocks, 3-9 dm. tall, de- 
cumbent. Sheaths overlapping; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, long-acumi- 
nate, thick and leathery, involute on the margins, at least toward the apex, the 
uppermost leaf generally exceeding the panicle ; panicle linear, less than 3 dm. 
long, its branches erect; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first, second, and third scales 
acuminate, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, the third some- 
what longer than the second, usually with a palet and staminate flower, the fourth 
elliptic. On sea beaches, N. H. to Fla. Sept.-Nov. 

11. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostis-like Panicum. (I. F. f. 249.) 
Culms erect, 4.5-6 dm. tall, much branched, compressed, smooth. Sheaths com- 
pressed, glabrous, or sometimes hairy at the throat; ligule very short, naked; 
leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, I-3 
dm. long, terminating the culm and branches; primary branches of the panicle 
spreading, secondary generally appressed; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, acute, straight; 
first scale 3 -nerved, acute; second and third scales 5 -nerved, about twice as long 
as the first and longer than the oval fourth scale. Wet ground. Me. to Mirm., 
south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept, 

12. Panicum longifolium Torr. Long-leaved Panicum. (I. F. f. 251.) 
Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, simple, or occasionally with a single lateral 
panicle. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate into a long, slender 
point, rough, glabrous; ligule short, pilose; panicles 1.25-2.25 dm. long; primary 
branches long and slender, spreading, secondary very short, appressed, generally 
bearing 1-3 spikelets; spikelets 2 mm. long, acuminate; first scale acute, about 
one-half as long as the acuminate second one; third scale equalling the second, 
acuminate, one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one. Moist soil. Conn, 
to Penn. and D. C. Aug-Sept. 

13. Panicum rostratum Muhl. Beaked Panicum. (I. F. f. 248.) Culms 
erect from a creeping scaly branched rootstock, 4.5-15 dm. tall, much branched. 
Sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 
mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, 1.5-3 dm. long; axis and ascending 
branches scabrous; spikelets 3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acuminate; first 
scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet ; second scale curved at the apex, 
scabrous above on the middle nerve; third scale usually subtending a small empty 
palet. Moist soil, N. J. to 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

14. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Long Panicum. (I. Y. i. 250.) Culms 
erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, 
acuminate, scabrous; panicles pyramidal, i-3dm.long; primary branches spread- 
ing or ascending, the secondary usually divaricate; spikelets about 2.5 mm, long, 
crowded, acuminate; first scale acute or acuminate, one-third the length of the 
equal and acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly elliptic, about one- 
half as long as the third and raised on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. Moist 
soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Tenn. and N. Car, July-Sept. (P. elojigatum Vwrsh.. 
Not Salisb. 1796.) 

15. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicum. (I. F. f. 268.) 
Culms erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple or branched at base. Sheaths glabrous to 
hirsute; leaves erect, elongated, I-4 mm. wide, mostly crowded at base and equal- 
ling or one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm-leaf often much exceeding the 
panicle; primary panicle generally much exserted from the upper shoath, 2.5-7.5 
cm. long, usually linear, its branches mostly erect; secondary panicles on very 
short basal branches and often concealed by the lower leaves; spikelets 3-4 mm. 
long, glabrous, acute. In dry places N. S. to Manitoba, soutli to Fla. and Tex. 
June-Sept. 

16. Panicum Enslini Trin. Linear-leaved Panicum. (I. F. f. 26Sa.) 
Culms tufted, very slender, erect, smooth and glabrous, simple, 1.5-4 dm. tall. 
Sheaths glabrous or pilose with long while hairs; leaves elongated, glabrous or 
more or less pilose, especially upon the lower surface, 7.5-25 cm, long. 2-4 mm. 



84 FLORA, 

wide, the uppermost leaf the longest, and often extending beyond the panicle; pri- 
mary panicle loose and open, 3.75-10 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 
2—2.5 iriii"'- loi^g^ obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry soil, es- 
pecially hillsides, N. Y. and N. J. to Mo. [P. linearifoliu7n Scribn.) 

17. Panicum Werneri Scribn. Werner's Panicum. (I. F. f. 268b.) Smooth 
and glabrous, light green. Culms tufted, erect, slender, simple or later sparingly 
branched, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall; leaves erect, elongated, linear, acuminate, 5-10 cm. 
long, 3-5 mm. wide, panicle loose and open, 6.2-8.7 cm. long, its branches as- 
cending; spikelets about 2 mm. long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely 
and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular, about one-quarter as long 
as the spikelet, I -nerved, the second and third scales 7 -nerved, the fourth scale 
oval, slightly apiculate. Dry knolls in swamps, N. Y, and Ohio. Jime-July. 

18. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Bicknell's Panicum. (I. F. f. 268c.) 
Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender, 2-4 dm. tall, the lower internodes 
puberulent. Sheaths ciliate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; leaves 
elongated, erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed toward the ciliate base, 
primary leaves 7.5-17-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; primary panicle 6-7.5 cm. long, 
its branches ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed branches; spike- 
lets obovate or oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent with short, spreading hairs, the first 
scale I -nerved, the second and third scales 9-nerved. Dry wooded hills, N. Y. 
and Penn, July- Aug. 

19. Panicum laxiflbrum Lam. Lax-flowered Panicum. (I. F. f. 262.) 
Culms erect, 2-4 dm. tall, simple, pubescent, or glabrate. Sheaths shorter than 
the internodes, hirsute; leaves 6.25-12.5 cm. long, 4-iomm.wide, erect, generally 
narrowed at base, long-acuminate, pubescent or glabrate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, 
its axis and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute; spikelets about 2 mm. 
long, ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent; first scale minute, 
i-nerved; second and third about equal, 9-nerved, very pubescent, as long as the 
shining, obtuse, minutely apiculate fourth one ; third scale usually with an empty 
palet. Moist soil, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. June-Aug. 

20. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Nerved Panicum. (I. F. f. 269a.) 
Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths gla- 
brous, or the lower pubescent; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary erect, 
acuminate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or 
ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; 
primary panicle 2.5-10 cm. long, its branches at first erect, at length widely 
spreading; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about 2 mm. long, densely pubes- 
cent with short, spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7 -nerved. Dry or 
moist soil along the coast, Va. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. June-Oct. 

21. Panicum angustifolium EIL Narrow-leaved Panicum. (L F. f. 269.) 
Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous, at first simple, later profusely branched 
above. Leaves elongated, 2-6 mm. wide, narrowed to the base, firm, glabrous, 
those of the culm distant, those of the branches shorter and crowded; primary 
panicle long-exserted, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, its branches ascending or erect; lateral 
panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves; spikelets few, about 2.5 mm. long, 
elliptic to obovoid; first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet; 
second and third oval, 9-nerved, pubescent; fourth oval, minutely pubescent at 
the apex. Dry soil, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 

22. Panicum Brittoni Nash. Brixton's Panicum. (L F. f 263a.) Smooth 
and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, not branched, tufted, slender, erect, rigid, 
1-2 dm. tall; leaves longer than the sheaths, those on the culm three in number, 
the middle one the longest, i. 25-3.1 cm. long, 1.5-3 "^"^- wide, erect, acuminate, 
5-7 -nerved; panicle 1.8-3. i cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spike- 
lets one-half as long as the pedicels or less, obovoid, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the first 
scale one-third as long as the spikelet, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely 
pubescent with spreading hairs. Moist sand in the pine barrens of southern N. J. 
May-June. 

23. Panicum dichotomum L, Forked Panicum. (I. F. f. 264.) Smooth 
and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed. Culms erect, 1. 5-6 dm. tall, at first 
simple, later profusely dichotomously branched at about the middle. Leaves light 
green, widely spreading, generally much narrowed toward the base, the primary 



GRAMINEAE. 85 

ones distant, 5-7.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches 2.5 cm. long or 
less, 1-2 mm. wide, sometimes involute; primary panicle usually long-exserted, 
2.5-5 cm. long; branches lax, spreading, bearing few spikelets; secondary pani- 
cles smaller, not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very few spikelets; 
spikelets about 2 mm. long, ellipsoid, glabrous. In woodlands and thickets, N. Y. 
to Ky., Mo. and southward. June-July. 

24. Panicum sphagnicola Nash. Sphagnum Panicum. (I. F. f. 264b.) 
Culms slender, 4.5-9 dm. long, at length much elongated, dichotomously much 
branched and declining. Leaves erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, 
lanceolate, the primary leaves 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, those on the 
branches 3.75 cm. or less long; primary panicle loose and open, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, 
its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets on elongated filiform pedicels, 
1.75-2.5 mm. long, oval to obovoid, the scales glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the 
first less than one-half as long as the spikelet, I -nerved, the second and third scales 
7 -nerved. Sphagnum bogs, D. C. and southern N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. June- 
Sept. 

25. Panicum barbulatum Michx. Barbed Panicum. (I. F. f. 265.) Culms 
at first simple, erect, 6-9 dm. tall," later profusely branched for their whole length, 
9-12 dm. long, prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed. Leaves smooth 
and glabrous, the primary ones 7.5-12.5 cm. long, about 1.25 cm. wide, widely 
spreading, the lower ones usually reflexed, those of the branches 1.25-5 cm. long, 
2-4 mm. wide; primary panicle 7.5-12.5 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, 
rigid; secondary panicles smaller, lax, the branches bearing few spikelets; spike- 
lets about 1.5 mm. long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous. Moist soil. Conn, and N. Y. 
to Tenn., south to Fla, and Tex. June- Aug. 

26. Panicum annul um Ashe. Culms single, sometimes somewhat tufted, 
slender, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, the nodes densely barbed with long hairs. Sheaths, 
especially the lower ones, pubescent ; leaves softly and densely pubescent on both 
surfaces, spreading; panicle oblong, dense, 5-11 cm. long; spikelets nearly 2 mm. 
long, elliptic, pubescent. In dry rocky woods, Md. (according to Ashe) to Ga. 
June-July. 

27. Panicum Eatoni Nash. Eaton's Panicum. (I. F, f. 267c.) Smooth 
and glabrous. Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect, at length dichotomously branched and 
swollen at the nodes; leaves erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 3.75-10 cm. long, 3-10 
mm. wide; panicle finally long-exserted, dense and contracted, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 
3.2 cm. or less broad, its branches erect-ascending ; spikelets oval, about 1. 5 mm. 
long, acutish, the first scale i-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely 
pubescent with spreading hairs. Along the coast, in damp or wet places, Me. to 
N. J, May-Aug, 

28. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panicum. (I. F. f. 261.) Culms at 
first erect and simple, 3-6 dm. tall, later decumbent and somewhat branched, 
smooth and glabrous. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, erect, sparsely 
ciliate at the base, acuminate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches 2.5-5 
cm. long, spreading or ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long, about equalling the 
pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent; first scale ovate, obtuse; second and third 
scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, acute, 
and slightly more than 1,5 mm. long. Moist soil, Newf, and Ont. to N. Y.. Vt. 
and Minn. June-Aug. 

29. Panicum nitidum Lam, Shining Panicum. (I. F. f. 263.) Culms at 
first simple, 3-4.5 dm. tall, later profusely dichotomously branched, 6-9 dm. long. 
Sheaths glabrous to pubescent; leaves glabrous, the primary ones 2.5-7.5 cm. 
long, 3-6 mm. wide, erect, those of the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. Unii^, 2 mm. wide 
or less; primary panicle long-exserted, 2.5-5 cm. long, ovoid, those ot the branches 
smaller; spikelets about I mm. long, obovoid, pubescent, usually purple; second 
and third scales broadly oval or orbicular, 7-nerved. Common in dry sandy soil, 
N. E. to N. Car. June-Aug. 

30. Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Nash's Panicum. (I. F. f. 264a.) Culms 
tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 1.5-3.75 dm. tall, at length much branched. 
Leaves erect or ascending, lanceolate, acmninate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate. at 
least at the base, 1.8-5 *^"^- ^o^^g^ 2-5 mm. wide, the leaves (^f the branches smaller; 
primary panicle 2.5-5 c^^^* lo"g» the branches widely spreading; spikelets about 2 



86 FLORA, 

mm. long, obovate, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with 
short, spreading hairs. Pine lands, Va. to Fla. March-July. 

31. Panicum Columbianum Scribn. (I. F. f. 267b.) Culms tufted, erect, 
softly pubescent, 2-6 dm. tall, at length dichotomously branched, the branches 
erect. Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous; leaves lanceolate, erect, 
thickish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more or less pubescent beneath, 
the primary 3.75-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; pan- 
icle small, ovate, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets broadly 
obovoid, a little more than 1.5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with 
spreading hairs. Fields and open woods, Mass. to N. Car., west to Tenn. and 
Ala. Jime-Sept. 

32. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panicum. (I. F. f. 267d.) 
Culms and sheaths pubescent with short appressed or ascending hairs intermixed to- 
ward the base with longer ones. Culms tufted, 4.5 dm. or less tall, at length much 
branched and decumbent or prostrate; leaves erect or ascending, firm, lanceolate, 
minutely appressed-pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, the primary 
leaves 3.75-7-5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; primary 
panicles broadly ovoid, 3.75-6.25 cm. long, the branches spreading-ascending; 
spikelets broadly obovoid. about 1.75 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent, with 
short spreading hairs. Dry soil in hemlock woods. Conn, and N. Y. to Ohio. 

33. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Hairy-panicled Panicum. (I. F. f. 267a.) 
Culms tufted, erect, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall, very slender, more or less pubescent, 
at length much branched. Sheaths densely papillose-hirsute, at least the 
lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate, 1.25-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, at least 
the lower ones papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, especially beneath; panicle open, 
ovate, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, its branches widely spreading; spikelets broadly obovoid, 
obtuse, purplish, about 1. 5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent with short, 
spreading hairs, the first scale nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, 
obtuse. Dry soil. Me. to Conn., N. Y. and N. J. 

34. Panicum filiculme Ashe. Culms densely tufted, slender, finally much 
branched, 2-3 dm. tall, minutely pubescent above. Sheaths hirsute with strongly 
very long hairs; leaves erect, the primary ones 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
papillose -pubescent on both surfaces or sometimes glabrous beneath, the hairs on 
the upper surface exceedingly long and copious; primary panicle long-exserted, 
2-3 cm. long; spikelets broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. In dry soil, 
N. J. to Ga. June-Aug. 

35. Panicum pubescens Lam. Hairy Panicum. (L F. f. 267.) Culms at 
first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous 
or pubescent. Sheaths hirsute, often papillose; leaves more or less hirsute, espe- 
cially beneath, generally more or less spreading, those of the culm 5-7.5 cm. long, 
those of the branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 7.5 cm. long, ovoid, 
their branches ascending ; lateral panicles much smaller; spikelets hardly 2 mm. 
long, pubescent. In dry soil, common. Me. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to Ga., 
Ind. Terr, and Ariz. June-Aug. 

36. Panicum Atlanticum Nash, Atlantic Panicum. (L F. f. 267^) 
Papillose -hirsute with long, white, spreading hairs. Culms tufted, at length 
branched, 3-5 dm, tall, erect or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which 
are barbed with spreading hairs; leaves erect, rigid, thickish, linear-lanceolate, 
3.75-10 cm. long, 4-7 mm, wide, middle leaves the longest; panicle 3.75-6.25 
cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide; spikelets numerous, obovoid, a little over 2 mm. long, 
1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with short spreading 
hairs. Dry soil, N. Y. to Ohio and Va. June-Aug. 

37. Panicum lunuginosum Ell. Woolly Panicum. (I. F. f. 266a. ) Culms, 
sheaths and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part 
of the culm shorter. Culms leafy, tufted, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, at length branched, 
a smooth ring below each barbed node; leaves erect, lanceolate, 3.75-12,5 cm. 
long, 4-9 mm. broad; panicle ovoid, 3. 75-10 cm, long, the axis pubescent, the 
branches ascending, the larger 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, broadly obo- 
void, about 1.75 mm. long, the first scale orbicular, the second and third scales 
nearly orbicular, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry sandy soil, south- 
em N. J. to Fla. and Ala. 



GRAMINEAE, 8/ 

38. Panicum viscidum Ell. Velvety Panicum. (I. F. f. 266.) Culms 
erect, 6-12 dm. tall, simple, or at length much branched above, villous. Sheaths 
villous; leaves softly pubescent, those of the culm 10-17.5 cm. long, 10-16 mm. 
w^ide, distant, those of the branches 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, crowded; 
primary panicles 7.5-15 cm. long, ovoid, branches ascending; secondary panicles 
much smaller; spikelets ovoid to oval, about 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; fourth scale 
oval, apiculate, 2 mm. long. Moist soil, N. J. to Ind. and the Ind. Terr., south 
to Fla. and Tex. Not viscid. June -Aug. 

39. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Rigid Panicum. (I. F. f. 267e.) Culms 
2.5-3.75 dm. tall, rigid, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base, at length much 
branched, the branches erect, pubescent with long, nearly appressed hairs. Sheaths 
appressed-pubescent, at least the lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate, thickish, 
smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. 
wide; panicle ovoid to oblong, 1.8-5.6 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascend- 
ing ; spikelets obovoid, 2 mm. long ; second and third scales densely pubescent with 
long, spreading hairs. Sandy soil, southern N. J. May -June. 

40- Panicum Commonsianum Ashe, Commons' Panicum. Culms tufted, 
erect, 2.5-5 ^^- '^'^^ densely appressed-hirsute below and puberulent above, or 
rarely somewhat hirsute. Sheaths, especially the lower ones, appressed-hirsute; 
leaves erect or nearly so, firm, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate toward the base, 
4-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle open, 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovate, its 
branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, obovate, pubescent. On dry, 
sandy ridges along the coast, Del. to N. Car. June-July. 

41. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. Wilcox's Panicum. (I. F. f. 260.) 
Culms erect, 1. 5-2. 5 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths papillose-pubescent; 
leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. long, less than 4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, strongly pubes- 
cent with long hairs; panicle about 3.75 cm. long, oblong to ovoid, compact; 
branches less than 2.5 cm. long, ascending, flexuous; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, 
ellipsoid; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second and third 
scales about equal, pubescent; fourth scale about as long as the third, obtuse. In 
dry soil. Neb. (and Kans. ?). July -Aug. 

42. Panicum Liebergii (Vasey) Scribn. Lieberg's Panicum. (I. F. f. 259a.) 
Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, especially near the nodes, 3-6 dm. tall, 
at length branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves erect 
or ascending, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, 
papillose-hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the rough upper surface; 
panicle oblong, 5-10 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. 
long, oval, the outer three scales papillose-hirsute with long, spreading hairs. Dry 
soil, Ohio to Minn, and S. Dak., south to Mo. and Neb. June-July. 

43. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panicum. (I. F. f. 259.) 
Culms erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, or late in the season dichotomously branched 
above, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; leaves 5-10 cm. 
long, 6-12 mm. wide, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath; 
panicles small, the primary one ovoid, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, the secondary ones much 
smaller and more or less included; branches of the primary panicle spreading, 
1.6-3.7 cm. long, often flexuous; spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long. In 
dry or moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Kans. and Ariz. June- Aug. 

44. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender Panicum. (I."F. f. 258.) 
Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple. Sheaths sparingly papillose-hirsute; leaves 
7.5-15 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, long-acuminate, erect, smooth and glabrous; pan- 
icle long-exserted, linear, 3,75-10 cm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets few, 
about 3 mm. long, olx)void, pubescent or glabratc; first scale about one-half as long 
as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; fourth scale indurated and shining, 
elliptic or oval. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, south to N. J. and Penn. 
Plant light green, becoming yellowish in drying. June-Aug. 

45. Panicum calliphyllum Ashe. Plant yellowish-green. Culms single or a 
little tufted, simple, 4-5 dm. tall, minutely pubescent; sheaths glabrous, excepting 
the ciliate margins; leaves ascending, q-^ii cm. long, 9-12 mm. wide, lanceo- 
late, smooth and glabrous, ciliate at the base; panicle 6-9 cm. long, its ascending 
scabrous branches 3-4 cm. long; spikelets few, 3 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent. In 
dry soil, central N. Y. June-Aug. 



88 FLORA. 

46. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panicum. (I. F. f. 252,) 

Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at base, 2,5-6 dm. tall, 
smooth, or the nodes sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- 
nodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate; leaves 5-10 cm. long. 4-14 mm. wide, acu- 
minate, scabrous above, smooth beneath, the margins cartillaginous and minutely 
serrulate, ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets less 
than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical or somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple; 
first scale broadly ovate, obtuse. Dry soil, southern Ont., N. Y. and Mo. to Fla., 
Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

47. Panicum polyanthes Schult. Small-fruited Panicum. (I. F. f. 253.) 
Culms generally erect. 6-9 dm. tall, simple, smooth. Sheaths smooth, glabrous, 
longer than the internodes; ligule none; leaves 1.25-2 dm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, 
long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base; panicle 
7.5-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong in outline; branches slender, ascending; spikelets 
1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous; first scale minute, second and 
third about equal, 7-nerved. puberulent, the fourth white and shining. Woods and 
along thickets, southern N, Y. to Penn. and Mich., south to Fla., La., Neb. and 
Tex. July-Sept. {P. microcarpon Muhl.) 

48. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable Panicum. (I. F. f. 255.) 
Culms erect. 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so. simple, finally dichotomously 
branched above. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent. generally ciliate on the margins; 
primary leaves 7-11 cm. long. 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, gla- 
brous, those of the branches generally broader and more crowded than those of 
the main stem; panicle 7-12.5 cm. long, the branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 
mm. long, elliptic; second and third scales equal, 7-nerved, pubescent. In dry 
woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 

49. Panicum Ashei G. Pearson. Ashe's Panicum. Culms tufted, 2-4 dm. 
tall, finally sparingly branched, minutely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous or minutely 
pubescent, ciliate on the margins; leaves distant on the main culm, in the branched 
state crowded at the end of the few branches, spreading or ascending, lanceolate to 
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the base, those on the main 
culm 4-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; panicle 4— 6 cm. 
long, open, its branches ascending; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long and about 1 m^m. 
broad, elliptic, obtusish, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry 
woods, N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. ; also in Mo. July-Sept. 

50. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. Large-fruited Panicum. (I. F. f. 
256.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched above, smooth, the 
nodes, at least the upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, ciliate; 
leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long. 1.8-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, 
smooth and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate; panicles 7.5-15 cm. 
long, generally long-exserted. rarely included, its branches more or less ascending; 
spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obovoid; second and third scales broadly 
oval, obtuse. 9-nerved. pubescent. Usually on dr}- hillsides. N. H. to N. Car., 
west to Iowa and Kans. July- Aug. 

51. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Porter's Panicum. (I. F. f. 254.) 
Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or somewhat dichotomously branched above, the 
nodes densely barbed. Sheaths generally softly pubescent; leaves ovate to broadly 
lanceolate, 5-I0 cm. long, 1.25-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acute, gla- 
brous, at least below; panicle included or somewhat exserted. the branches spread- 
ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled appressed spikelets 4-5 mm. 
long; first scale one-third to one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second 
and third ones; fourth scale about as long as the third. In woods, Me. and Ont. 
to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Jime-Aug. 

52. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panicum. (L F. f. 257.) Cuhns 
erect or ascending. 4.5-12 dm. tall, rather stout, simple at first, much branched 
later in the season. Sheaths longer than the internodes. much crowded on the 
branches, papillose-hispid, especially the upper ones ; leaves 5-20 cm. long. 1.2-3.7 
cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the margins 
ciliate at base ; primary panicle sometimes long-exserted-; panicles of the branches 
included in the sheaths, rarely slightly exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 ^™' lo^g- ellip- 
soid. In thickets, Quebec to 5lich.. south to Ga., Mo. and Tex. June-July. 



GRAMINEAE 89 

17. SACCIOLEPIS Nash, «.^#«. 

A perennial grass with flat leaves and a terminal contracted panicle. Spikelets 
numerous, readily deciduous when mature, i -flowered, articulated to the pedicel 
below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, the first scale small, 
the second one much larger than the rest, many-nerved, strongly saccate at the base; 
fourth scale much shorter than the third, chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar 
texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the large saccate second scale of the spikelet.] 
Species i, native of the southern U. S. Also in Cuba. 

I. Sacciolepis gibba (Ell.) Nash. (I. F. f. 279.) Culms erect from a creep- 
ing base, 6-18 dm. long, dichotomously branched IdcIow. Lower sheaths densely 
hirsute, the upper generally glabrous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, 
usually spreading, more or less pubescent; panicle 7.5-22.5 cm. long, dense and 
contracted; branches 1.2-2.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, elliptic, 
somewhat acute; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second scale 
gibbous at base, 11 -nerved; third scale about equalling the second, 7 -nerved, empty, 
the fourth one shorter than the second. Swamps, Va. to Tenn., south to Fla. and 
La. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. 

18. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. {Setaria Beauv. 1812. Not Ach., 1798.) 

Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in 
spike-like clusters. Spikelets i -flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, 
the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and 
therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer membranous, the 
third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower; the inner or fourth scale 
chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. 
[Greek, in reference to the bristles of the inflorescence.] Species about 20, in tem- 
perate and tropical regions. 

Bristles downwardly barbed. i. C. verticUlata. 

Bristles upwardly barbed. 

Spike-like inflorescence racemose ; second scale much shorter than the spikelet. 

Annual ; spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long ; upj>er surface of the lower leaves 

hirsute. 2. C. glauca. 

Perennials ; spikelets less than 3 mm. long ; leaves glabrous. 

Culms tufted ; spikelets nearly 3 mm. long, the second scale usually 5- 
nerved. 3. C. occidentalis. 

Culms not tufted ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the second scale usually 3-nerved, 
the fourth scale purple, at least at the tip. 4. C. versicolor. 

Spike-like inflorescence paniculate, sometimes nearly racemose in some forms of 
No. 5 ; second scale as long as the spikelet or nearly so. 
Flowering scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin in fruit. 

Inflorescence 2.5-8.5 cm. long, 1.25 cm. or less thick; spikelets about 2 mm. 

long ; bristles green. 5. C. viridis. 

Inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, 1.25-5 cm. thick; spikelets about 3 mm. long; 
bristles usually purple. 6. C. Itatica. 

Flowering scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard in fruit. 

7. C. magna. 

1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. Fox-tail Grass. (L F. f. 280.) 
Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
scabrous above; spikes 5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, equalled or 
exceeded by the downwardly barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long" 
as the spikelet, i -nerved; second and third scales 5-7-nerved, equalling the oval 
fourth one. About dwellings and in waste places, N. S. and Ont. to N. J., Ky. 
and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 

2. Chaetochloa glauca (I-) Scribn. Yellow Fox-tail. Puieon Grass. 
(I. F. f. 281.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
pilose above near the base; spikes 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much 
shorter than the bristles; first scale 1-3 -nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5 -nerved 
second; third scale 5 -nerved, equalling the fourth, which is \'-shaped in cross-sec- 
tion, about twice as long as the second. In waste places and cultivated groiuids, 



90 FLORA. 

throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Often a troublesome weed. Na- 
turalized from Europe. July-Sept. 

3. Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash, n. sp. Western Fox-tail Grass. Culms 
tufted, from a branching rootstock, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, keeled, 
smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, firm, 1.6 dm. or less long, 5-7 mm. wide, gla- 
brous; spike-like racemes 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, the bristles green; spike- 
lets a little less than 3 mm. long, the first scale about one-half as long as the spike- 
let, 3 -nerved, the second scale a little longer, 3-5 -nerved, the fourth scale strongly 
transverse-rugose, elliptic. In meadows, Kans. and Ind. Terr. July. 

4. Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. Seacoast Fox-tail Grass. Perennial. 
Culms 6-12 dm. long, ascending; sheaths smooth and glabrous, compressed and 
keeled; leaves long and narrow, 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or glau- 
cous, smooth or nearly so; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender, 2.5-7 
cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick; spikelets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 
1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half as long as the spike- 
let, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5 -nerved, the fourth scale 
rather pointed, purple-tipped; bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very 
slender, 6-10 mm. long. Borders of salt and brackish marshes. Conn, to Fla. 

5. Chaetochloa viridi.9 (L.) Scribn. Green Fox-tail Grass. (I. F. f. 282.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; 
spikes compound, 2.5-IO cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, much shorter 
than the green, or sometimes yellowish, bristles; first scale less than one-half as long 
as the spikelet, I-3 -nerved; second and third scales 5 -nerved; fourth scale equalling 
or slightly exceeding the second. In waste places and cultivated grounds through- 
out N. Am. , except the extreme north, and often a troublesome weed. Naturalized 
from Europe. July-Sept. 

6. Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribn. Italian Millet. Hungarian 
Grass. (I. F. f. 283.) Culms 6-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or scabrous ; leaves 
1.5-3 dm. or more in length, 6-36 mm. wide, generally scabrous; spikes 1-2.25 
dm. long, 1.25-5 C"^- thick, usually very compound; spikelets about 3 mm. long, el- 
liptic, equalled or exceeded by the purplish bristles; first scale less than one-half as 
long as the spikelet, I-3 -nerved; second and third 5-7 -nerved, fourth scale equal- 
ling or somewhat exceeding the second. In waste places, escaped from cultivation, 
Quebec to Minn. , south to Fla. and Tex. Native of the Old World. July-Sept. 

7. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn. Giant Fox-tail Grass. Culms 
1.5-5 ^- ^^^^' stout. Sheaths densely hirsute on the margins, otherwise glabrous; 
leaves 8 dm. or less long, 2-4 cm. wide, very rough on both surfaces; panicle 2-6 
dm. long, 3-6 cm. thick, nodding above; spikelets 2 mm. long, the first scale about 
one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second scale as long as the spikelet, 
7-nerved, the fourth scale oval, very acute, smooth and shining. In swamps, Del. 
(according to Scribner) to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. 

19. CENCHRUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike- 
like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at 
maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter 
sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, 
subtending a palet of similar structure which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 
3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. 
[Ancient Greek name . for some grass, probably Millet.] About 12 species, in 
tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
southern parts of N. Am. 

I. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur Grass. Hedgehog Grass. (I. F. f. 284.) 
Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths usually 
loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 6.25-12.5 cm. long; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 
sometimes partially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded on the 
scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, globose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny 
burs, the spines stout ; spikelets about 6 mm. long. On sandy shores and in waste 
places, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sometimes a noxious 
weed. Apparently perennial in the Southern States. Aug.-Sept. 



GRAMINEAE. 9 1 

20. ZIZANIOPSIS. Doell and Aschers. 

Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaves and paniculate inflor- 
escence. Spikelets i -flowered, the pistillate borne at the top of the branches, the 
staminate at the base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the 
pistillate spikelets broad, acute, and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. 
Grain nearly globose, the pericarp readily separable. [Name in allusion to the 
resemblance of this grass to Zizania. ] A monotypic genus, of temperate and trop- 
ical America. 

I. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell. and Aschers. Zizaniopsis. (I. F. 
f. 285.) Culms 1-4.5 "^"^- t^l^ from a long rootstock. Sheaths loose, glabrous; 
ligule 8-14 mm. long, thin-membranous; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
wide; panicle 3-4.5 dm. long, narrow; branches erect; staminate spikelets 6-8 
mm. long, the outer scale 5 -nerved, the inner 3 -nerved; pistillate spikelets about 
6 mm. long, the outer scale bearing an awn 2-6 mm. long, 5 -nerved; inner scale 
3 -nerved. Swamps, Ga. to Ohio (according to Riddell), south to Fla. and Tex. 
June-July. 

21. ZIZANIA L. 

A tall, aquatic monoecious grass, with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. 
Spikelets i -flowered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the 
staminate on the lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute 
in the staminate, long-awned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly 
distinct. Grain linear. [From an ancient Greek name for Darnel.] A monotypic 
genus of N. Am, and Asia. 

1. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Reed. 
(I. F. f. 286.) Culms erect from an annual root, 9-30 dm. tall. Sheaths loose, 
glabrous; ligule about 6 mm. long, thin -membranous ; leaves 3 dm. or more long; 
panicle 3-6 dm. long, the upper branches erect, the lower widely spreading; 
staminate spikelets 6-12 mm. long, outer 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; scales of 
the pistillate spikelets 8-24 mm. long, the outer one 5-nerved, with an awn 2.5-5 
cm. long, the inner narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed; grain 1-3 cm. long. In 
swamps, N. B. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Oct. 

22. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. 

Marsh grasses with flat narrow, generally rough leaves and paniculate inflores- 
cence. Spikelets i -flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually 
more or less imbricated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly 
conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed re- 
semblance of these grasses to Millet.] About 5 species, natives of temperate and 
tropical countries. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Spikelets oblong;, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated. 

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; panicle-branches usually rigid. i. H. Virgmicus. 

Spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. H. oryzoides. 

Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 

3, H. lenticularis. 

X. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd.) Britton. White Grass. (I. F. f. 
287.) Culms 3-9 dm, long, much branched, slender. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
2-1 6 mm. wide, scabrous; terminal panicle finally open and long-exscrted, 7.5-20 
cm. long; lateral panicles smaller and usually included ; spikelets 2,5-3 mm. long, 
about I mm. wide; outer scale hispid on the keel and margins; stamens i or 2. 
Swamps or wet woods. Me. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice Cut-grass. (I. F. f. 288.) 
Culms 3-12 dm. long, much branched, rather stout. Leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 
4-10 mm. wide ; terminal panicle 1.25-2.25 dm. long, finally long-oxsortod, its 
branches lax, and later widely spreading ; lateral panicles generally included; 
spikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1. 5 mm. wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the outer 
one hispid on the keel and on the margins; stamens 3. In swamps and along 
streams, often forming dense tangled masses, N. S. to western Ont., south to Fla 
and Tex. Also in the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 



92 FLORA. 

3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. Catch-fly Grass. 
(I. F. f. 289.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, usually simple. Leaves I-3 dm. long, 8-20 
mm. wide; panicle 1. 12-2.25 dm. long, finally exserted, its branches lax, and later 
spreading ; spikelets much imbricated, 4-5 mm. long, 2-3.5 ™^- wide ; scales 
smooth or sparingly hispid-scabrous, the outer one strongly 3 -nerved, hispid on the 
keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly i -nerved, hispid on the keel; 
stamens 2. Wet grounds, Va. to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

23. PHALARIS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, capi- 
tate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, i -flowered. Scales 5, the first and 
second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled; 
third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments ; fifth scale sub- 
tending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the indurated scales. 
[Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] About 10 species, mostly natives of 
southern Europe. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the U. S. 

Outer scales not winged ; inflorescence a narrow panicle. i. P. arundinacea. 

Outer scales broadly winged ; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. 

Spikelets narrow ; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy. 

2. P. Caroli7iiana, 
Spikelets broad ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, broadly lanceolate, gla- 
brous or sparingly hairy. 3. P. Canariensis. 

1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. (I. F. f. 290.) Gla- 
brous, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves 8.75-25 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 7.5-20 
cm. long, dense and contracted; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer scales 3-nerved; 
third and fourth scales less than one -half as long as the fifth; fifth scale about 
three-fourths as long as the spikelet, pubescent with long appressed silky hairs. In 
moist or wet soil, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Ky., Kans. and Nev. Also in 
Europe and Asia. July-Aug. The Ribbon-grass or Painted-grass of cultivation, 
the so-called variety picta, has leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a 
derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from gardens. 

2. Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Canary-grass. (I. F. f. 291.) 
Culms 3-10.5 dm. tall. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spike-like panicle 
oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long, 3-nerved; third and fourth scales 
less than one-half as long as the fifth ; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the 
spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed hairs. In moist soil, S. Car. 
to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 

3. Phalaris Canariensis L. Canary-grass. (I. F. f. 292.) Culms 3-9 
dm. tall. Leaves 5-30 cm. long, 4—12 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; spikes 1.25— 
3.75 cm. long, ovoid; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales whitish with green 
nerves; third and fourth scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly lanceolate, 
thin-membranous, sparingly hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
let, pubescent with appressed hairs. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Neb. 
Naturalized from Europe. The grain is the common food of canary birds. July- 
Aug. 

24. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 

Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. 
Spikelets i -flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5; the two outer acute 
or produced into a short awn, the first shorter than the second; third and fourth 
scales much shorter, 2-lobed, awned on the back; the fifth scale shorter than the 
others, obtuse. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain 
free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets 
in some species.] A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Eiu-ope. 

I. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. (I. F. f. 293.) 
Culms 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves i. 25-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; 
panicles 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 8 mm. long, crowded; outer scales glabrous or 
pubescent; the third and fourth very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice 



GRA MINE A E, 93 

its length inserted about the middle, the fourth scale bearing near the base an awn 
more than twice its length. In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole of 
N. Am. Very fragrant in drying. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 

25. SAVASTANA Schrank. 

Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; 
the first and second nearly equal, acute, glabrous ; the third and fourth somewhat 
shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2 -toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, 
enclosing a palet and stamens ; fifth scale often produced into a short awn, enclos- 
ing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 
2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Name 
unexplained.] About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. 

Third and fourth scales unawned ; 
Entire ; culms 3-10 dm. tall. 

Panicle i dm. long or less, its branches short, 5 cm. long or less ; leaves short 

and broad. i. 6". odor at a. 
Panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches capillary, drooping, 1-2 dm. long ; leaves 

long and narrow. 2. S. Nashii. 

Erose-truncate ; culms 1.5 dm. tall or less. 3. S. paiiciflora. 

Third and fourth scales awned. 4. S. alpina. 

1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Holy-grass. Seneca Grass. (I. F. f. 
294.) Sheaths smooth; lower leaves elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the 
upper ones 1.25-5 cm. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches 2.5-5 cm. long, 
usually spreading; spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, 4-6 mm. long; first and 
second scales acute; third and fourth villous and strongly ciliate, awn-pointed, 
Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Wis. and Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
June-July. This and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn before the churches in 
northern Europe, whence the name Holy-grass. Also known as Vanilla-grass. 

2. Savastana Nashii Bicknell. Nodding Vanilla-grass. (I. F. f. 294a.) 
Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect, slender, 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths 
overlapping, striate; leaves erect or ascending, elongated, the culm leaves 5 or 6, 
5-20 cm. long, 4-6 mm, wide, acuminate; panicle long-exserted, loose and open, 1.7- 
4.5 dm. long, its apex nodding, the capillary branches drooping, the larger 7.5-17.5 
cm. long, in pairs; spikelets 5-8 mm. long, on capillary pedicels; scales 5, the 
outer 2 abruptly long-acuminate; the third and fourth scales about 5 mm. long, 
rough, ciliate on the margins with ascending hairs. Along brackish marshes, N. Y. 
City. July-Aug. 

3. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn. Arctic HoLy-grass. (I. F. f 
295.) Glabrous; culms 1.5 dm. high or less, erect, simple, smooth, sheaths mostly at 
the base of the culm, overlapping; leaves smooth, the basal ones 2.5-5 cm. long, i 
mm. wide, involute at least when dry; culm leaves 1.25 cm. long or less. 2 mm. 
wide, flat; panicle less than 2.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets few, 3-4 mm. long; 
first and second scales 3-4 mm. long, smooth and glabrous ; third and fourth shorter, 
scabrous. Arctic America. Summer. 

4. Savastana alpina (Sw.) Scribn. Alpine Holy-grass. (I. F. f. 296.) 
Culms 1.5-4-5 dm. tall. Lower leaves elongated, 7.5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. 
wide, the upper much shorter, 1. 25-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 1.8-3.7 cm. 
long, contracted; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, crowded; third and fourth shorter, cili- 
ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn about 2 mm. long, the latter with a 
more or less bent awn about 6 mm. long; fifth scale acute, usually awn-pointed. 
Greenland to Alaska, south to the higli mountains of N. E. and N. Y. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

26. ARl'STIDA L. 

Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow. t>tton in- 
volute-setaceous. Spikelets narrow, l -flowered. Scales 3. narrow, the two outer 
cariuate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at 
the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2 -nerved. 



94 FLORA. 

Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in 
the scale. [Latin, from arista^ an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer 
regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the 
southern and western parts of N. Am. The English name Three-awned Grass 
is applied to all the species. 

Awns not articulated to the scale. 
Central awn coiled at the base. 

First scale usually equalling- or sometimes slightly shorter than the second scale, 

which is generally 7-9 mm. long. i. A. dichotoma. 

First scale much shorter than the second (often but little more than one-half as 
long), which is 10-15 n^n^- long. 
Lateral awns short, straight and erect, 1-2 mm. long, the central awn 
usually more than five times their length, its straight portion 5-8 mm. 
' long. 2. A. Czirttssu. 

Lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, the 
central awn from one-half again to twice their length, its straight por- 
tion 10-15 nim. long. 3. A. basiramea. 
Central awn not coiled at the base. 

Panicle narrow, linear to oblong, the branches short (sometimes long in No. 12), 
erect or ascending. 
Central awn and sometimes the lateral ones also strongly refiexed, the bend 

semicircular. 4. A. ramosissima. 

Central awn from erect to spreading with no semicircular bend at the base. 
First scale much shorter than the second, usually about one-half as long. 
Spikelets crowded, 4-6 on the short branches, which are spikelet- 

bearing to the base or nearly so. 5. A. fasciculata. 

Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3 on branches naked at the base. 
Second scale of the spikelet 1.5 cm, or less long, usually 
equalling or slightly exceeding the flowering scale. 

6. A. Fe?idleria7ta. 
Second scale of the spikelet 2 cm. or more long, from one-half 
* u again as long as to nearly twice the length of the flowering 

scale. 7. A. longiseta. 

First scale from a little shorter than to exceeding the second. 
Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long ; first scale 5-7-nerved. 

8. A. oligantha. 
Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long; first scale 1-3-nerved. 

Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent only at the apex. 

Leaves strongly involute, densely villous at the base 

9. A, strict a. 
Leaves flat, at least not villous at the base. 

First scale generally shorter than or equalling the 

second. 10. A. gracilis. 

First scale usually exceeding the second. 

11. A. purpurascens. 
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 

12. A. lanosa. 
Panicle diffuse and open, the branches very long and widely spreading. 

13. A. divaricata. 
Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral column. 

Column conspicuous, 6 mm. long or more. 14. A. tuberculosa. 

Column inconspicuous, 2 mm. long or less. 15. A. desmantha. 

X. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty-grass. (I. F. f. 297.) Culms 
1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. 
wide, involute, usually scabrous; spike-like racemes or panicles 5-12.5 cm. long, 
slender ; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; outer scales nearly equal, usually awn- 
pointed ; third scale shorter than the second, the middle awn horizontal, the termi- 
nal straight portion 4-6 mm. long, the lateral awns 2 mm. long or less, erect. Dry 
sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Neb. and the Ind. Terr., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

2. Aristida Curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. Curtiss' Aristida. Culms tirfted, 
2-5 dm. tall, branching. Leaves 4-16 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 5-9 cm. 
long, the branches erect; spikelets generally 10-12 mm. long, rarely longer, the 
first scale much shorter than the second, which usually about equals the flowering 
scale; the flowering scale 7-1 1 mm. long; the lateral awns very short, 1-2 mm. 



GRAMINEAE. 95 

long, straight and erect. In dry soil, Mo. and Kans. to the Ind. Terr. ; also in Va. 
Sept. -Oct. 

3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Forked Aristida. (I. F. f. 299.) Culms 
tufted, rather slender, 2-6 dm. tall, branching. Leaves 3-15 cm. long, 1.5 mm. 
wide or less; panicle 3-9 cm. long, the branches erect; spikelets 10-15 "^"^- lc)ng, 
the first scale much shorter than the second; the flowering scale 7-1 1 mm. long, 
considerably shorter than the second scale ; the lateral awns more or less spread- 
ing, usually a little spiral at the base, one-half to two-thirds as long as the central 
awn, which is strongly spiral at the base. In dry places, Minn, to Neb., south to 
111. and Kans. 

4. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Branched Aristida. (I. F. f. 300.) 
Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikelets few, borne in loose spikes, 5-10 cm. 
in length; first scale awn-pointed; second scale 1.6-2 cm. in length, exceeding the 
first, terminated with an awn 2-6 mm. long; third scale as long as the second; 
middle awn about 2.5 cm. long, forming a hook, the lateral awns erect. In dry 
soil, 111. to Ky. and Mo. July-Sept. 

5. Aristida fasciculata Torr. Bushy Aristida. (I. F. f. 306.) Culms 3-6 
dm. tall, branched. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat; panicle 7.5- 
17.5 cm. long, at first strict, the branches finally more or less spreading; first scale of 
spiicelet i -nerved, shorter than the second scale; third scale equalling or longer 
than the second; awns divergent, the middle one 8-16 mm. long, the lateral ones 
shorter. Dry soil, Kans. to Cal., south to Mex. Aug. -Sept. {Aristida dispersa 
Trin. and Rupr.) 

6. Aristida Fendleriana Steud. Fendler's Aristida. (I. F. f. 304.) Culms 
densely tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple. Sheaths smooth, confined to 
the base of the culm ; leaves involute, at least when dry, often curved, 0.5 mm. in 
diameter; panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict, its branches short and appressed and 
usually bearing a single spikelet; spikelets I.2-I.5 cm. long, the flowering scale 
9-12 mm. long, the central awn 2-3.5 cm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter. 
In dry sandy soil. Black Hills to Neb. and Utah, south to Tex. and N. Mex. 
{Aristida purpurea Nutt. in part. ) 

7. Aristida longiseta Steud. Long-awned Aristida. Culms tufted, 2-4 
dm. tall, simple. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, involute, at least when dry; panicle 1-2 
dm. long, its branches usually bearing but a single spikelet; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. 
long, the flowering scale 1.2-1.6 cm. long, from a little over one-half to two-thirds 
as long as the second scale, the central awn 6-II cm. long, the lateral ones equal- 
ling it or a little shorter. In dry sandy soil. Neb. to Mont, and Wash., south 
to Tex. and Mex. {Aristida purpurea Nutt. in part. ) 

8. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Aristida. (I. F. f. 303.) 
Culms 3-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 1-2 mm. 
wide, smooth; spikelets few, in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle; first scale 5- 
nerved, occasionally 7 -nerved at base, equalling or somewhat shorter than the 
second, which bears an awn 4-8 mm. long; third scale shorter than the first, awns 
divergent or spreading, the middle one 3.7-6.2 cm. long, the lateral somewhat 
shorter. Dry soil, N. J. to Neb., south to La. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

9. Aristida striata Michx. Erect Aristida. (I. F. f. 305.) Culms 6-12 
dm. tall. Leaves involute- filiform, the basal 3 dm. or more in length, those of the 
culm 2-3 dm. long, or the upper shorter; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top some- 
times nodding, 1.5-6 dm. long; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first 
I -nerved, shorter than the second; third scale equalling the first or a little shorter; 
middle awn 1-2 cm. long, horizontal when old, the lateral ones shorter, erect or 
divergent. Dry soil, Va. (according to S. Watson), south to Fla. July-Sept. 

10. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Aristida. (I. F. f. 298.) Culms 
1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, or involute when 
dry; panicle spike-like, 7.5-17.5 cm. long, slender; spikelets about mm. long; 
outer scales about equal; third scale about equalling the second, generally mottled, 
middle awn horizontal, the lateral awns 2-6 mm. long, erect. Dry soil, N. H. and 
Mass. to III. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sopt. 

11. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Aristida. (I. F. 1.301.) c'ulms 
3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm, wide, flat, or becoming invu- 



96 FLORA. 

lute in drj^'ing; spike-like panicles 1.25-4.5 dm. long, strict, or sometimes nodding; 
outer scales of spikelet awn-pointed, the first longer than the second; third scale 
from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle awn 1.8-2.4 cm. long, 
horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent. In dry soil, 
Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept.-Oct. 

12. Aristida lanosa Muhl. Woolly Aristida. (I. F. f. 302.) Culms 6-12 
dm. tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long, 
slender point; panicle 3-6 dm. long, strict; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, 
the first I -1. 4 cm. long, exceeding the second; third scale slightly shorter than the 
second, middle awn 1.6-2.4 cm. long, usually horizontal, the lateral awns about 
two-thirds as long, erect or divergent. Dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. west to Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. {Aristida la7iata Poir.) 

13. Aristida divaricata H. & B. Spreading Aristida. (I. F. f. 306a.) 
Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; culm leaves, 
1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; the sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as 
long as the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle comprising one-half of the plant, or 
more, often included at the base, its branches rigid, at length widely spreading ; 
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 1.25 cm. long; empty scales acuminate, 
usually awn-pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter than the empty 
ones, firm; the lateral awns shorter than the central, which is 1.2-2 cm. long. Dry 
sandy soil, Kans. to Ariz, and N. Mex., south to Mex. 

14. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Sea-beach Aristida. (I. F. f. 307.) Culms 
1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, about 2 mm. 
wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1.25-2 dm. long, branches slender, 
ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, awned, the third scale shorter; 
awns divergent or reflexed. more or less coiled. Sandy soil, especially on sea- 
beaches, N. H. to Minn., south to Ga. Also in the interior in 111., Wis., Minn, and 
Neb. Aug. -Sept. 

15. Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. Western Aristida. (I. F. f. 308.) 
Culms 3-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, 
smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle about 1.5 dm. long, the branches slender, 
ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, the third one shorter; awns 
spreading or reflexed, somewhat coiled. In dry soil, Kans. (?), the Ind. Terr, and 
Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

27. STIPA L. 

Generally tall grasses, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence 
paniculate. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute 
or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, 
and bearing a more or less bent awn, which is spiral at the base, and articulated to the 
scale. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to 
the tow-like plumes of some species.] A genus of about 100 species, distributed 
throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Besides the following, some 20 
others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

Outer scales of the spikelet 4-12 mm. long : 

Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 4 mm. in length. i. S. Macounii. 

Acute, 8-12 mm. in length. 

Awn less than five times the length of the scale. 2. S. viridula. 

Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. S. avenacea. 

Outer scales of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more. 

Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath ; third scale 8-12 mm. long ; 

awn slender, curled. 4. S. cantata. 

Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 1.4-2.4 cm. long, awn bent. 

5. S. spartea, 

I. Stipa Macounii Scribn. Macoun's Stipa. (I. F. f. 309.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute- 
setaceous in drying, scabrous; panicle 5-12.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5-5 
cm. long; spikelets borne at the ends of the branches; third scale pubescent with 
long, appressed silky hairs, callus obtuse; awn 8-10 mm. long, contorted. N. B, 
to the N. W. Terr., south to Me,, N. H., Lake Superior, and Mont. July. 



GRAMINEAE. 97 

2. Stipa viridula Trin. Green Stipa. (L F. £ 310.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall. 
Leaves smooth or scabrous, the basal ones involute -filiform, one-third to one-half as 
long as the culm, those of the culm 7.5-22 cm. long, broader; panicle spike-like, 
strict and erect ; outer scales of spikelet 6-8 mm. long, long-acuminate ; third scale 
shorter, more or less pubescent wi\\\ long appressed silky hairs, callus acute; awn 
1,8-3.2 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral at base. Minn, to Br. Col, south to Kans., 
N. Mex. and Cal. July-Aug. 

3. Stipa avenacea L. Black Oat-grass. (I. F. f. 311.) Culms 3-7.5 
dm. tall. Leaves involute-filiform, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal 
one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those of the culm 7.5-12.5 cm. long; 
panicle 1.25-2 dm. long, loose, the branches lax, rinally spreading; outer scales of 
the spikelet 8-10 mm. long; third scale a little shorter, black, pilose at base, and 
with a ring of short hairs at the top; callus hard, acute; awn 3.75-6.25 cm. long, 
bent, loosely spiral below. In dry woods, R. I. to Fla. , mostly near the coast; 
also in western Ont. and Wis. May-June. 

4. Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. Western Stipa. (L F. f. 312.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall. Uppermost sheaths very long and inflated, enclosing the base of 
the panicle; basal leaves involute -filiform, one-quarter to one-half as long as the 
culm, the culm leaves 7.5-1.5 cm. long, a little broader than the basal ones, involute; 
panicle 1. 5-2. 25 dm. long, loose, the branches erect-ascending; outer scales of 
the spikelet 1.8-2.4 cm. long, acuminate into an awn 4-8 mm. in length; callus 
acute; awn 1-2 dm. in length, spiral and pubescent below. On prairies, Alberta 
to Br. Col., south to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. June -July. 

5. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine-grass. (I. F. f. 313.) Culms 6-12 dm. 
tall. Basal leaves one-third to one-half as long as the culm, 2 mm. wide or less, 
usually involute, those of the culm 1.5-3 dm. long, about 4 mm. wide, generally 
flat; panicle I-2.5 dm. in length, its branches erect; outer scales of spikelet 2.5- 
3.6 cm. long, acuminate into a long slender point; callus acute; awn 1-2 dm. long, 
stout, usually twice bent, tightly spiral and pubescent below, doubly spiral about 
the middle. On prairies, Manitoba to Br. Col., south to 111. and Kans. June-July. 

28. ORYZdPSIS Michx. 

Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets i-flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acu- 
minate; the third scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn 
which is early deciduous, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a 
mere scar. Stamens 3, Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, 
tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed resem- 
blance of these grasses to rice.] About 24 species, distributed through temperate 
and subtropical regions, rarely extending into the tropics. Besides the following, 
some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 

Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 2.5-4 mm. long. 

Awn less than 2 mm. long, much shorter than the scale; outer scales 3-4 mm. in 

length. I. O. juj7cea. 

Awn 6-8 mm. long, more than twice as long as the scale; outer scales Jabout 2.5 
mm. in length. 2, O. micrantha. 

Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. 

Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, its 

branches 2.5 cm. in length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifolia. 

Culms leafy to the top; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long; branches 5-10 cm. in length, more 
or less spreading. 4. O. melanocarpa, 

1. Oryzopsis jiincea (Michx.) B. S. P. Slender Mountain rice. (I. F. f. 
314.) Culms glabrous, 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths usually crowded at the 
base of the culm; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, the basal about one- 
lialf the length of the culm, occasionally equalling it. filiform, those of the culm 
2.5-10 cm. long; panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. long, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. in length, 
erect or ascending, the lower half naked; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the third scale 
pubescent with short appressed silky hairs, the awn less than 2 mm. long. In dry 
rocky places, Quebec to Br. Col., south to Mass., Ponn. and Wis. May-June. 

2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. and Rupr.) Tlmrb. SMALL-Fi.owKKK.n Moun- 
tain Rice. (I. F. f. 315.) Culms glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender. 



98 FLORA. 

Leaves erect, scabrous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less than I mm. 
wide, usually more or less involute, the culm leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad ; 
panicle 7.5-15 cm. long, the branches finally spreading, the lower ones 2.5-5 ^°^- 
long, naked for about two-thirds their length ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the third 
scale glabrous, bearing an awn 6-8 mm. long. S. Dak. to Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. 
June-July. 

3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice. (I. F. 
f. 316.) Culms 2.5-5 ^"^- tall, erect, smooth or scabrous. Sheaths crowded at 
base ; leaves erect, rough, especially above, the basal ones elongated, often equalling 
or exceeding the culm, 4-8 mm. wide, the I or 2 culm leaves much reduced, less 
than 1.25 cm. long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5 cm. in 
length or less, erect ; spikelets, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long ; third scale whitish, 
equalling the second or a little shorter, sparingly pubescent, the awn 7-10 mm. long. 
In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. 
to N. Mex. May-June. 

4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Black -fruited Mountain Rice. (I. F. 
f. 317.) Glabrous ; culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, roughish. Sheaths smooth 
or scabrous, the lower ones usually longer, the upper slightly shorter than the inter- 
nodes; leaves 1. 25-3 dm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate 
at apex into a long slender point, scabrous, especially above ; panicle branched or nearly 
simple, 7.5-30 cm. long, its branches 5-10 cm. long, spreading or ascending, the 
lower half naked ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, 6-8 mm. in length, acute ; 
third scale shorter, acute, dark colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn 1,6-2.4 cm. 
long. Rocky woods, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., south to Mass., N. J., Ky. and 
Mo. July-Aug. 

29. ERIOCOMA Nutt. 

Perennial tufted grasses, with usually involute leaves and a contracted or open 
panicle. Spikelets i -flowered. Scales 3; outer two membranous, glabrous; third 
scale firmer, becoming hard in fruit, densely pubescent with long silky hairs,- and 
bearing a terminal readily deciduous awn, the callus at the base of the scale short 
and obtuse. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
in the scale. [Greek, referring to the copious silky hairs of the flowering scale.] 
A small genus of 2 or possibly more species, natives of western N. Am. 

I. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Silky Oryzopsis. (I. F. f. 318.) Culms 3-6 
dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. 
wide, involute, stiff, smooth or somewhat scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 ^''^- long, diffiise, 
generally partially included in the upper sheath, its branches widely spreading and 
many times forked, the ultimate divisions flexuous; outer scales of the spikelet 6-8 
mm. in length, long -acuminate, glabrous; third scale about one-half as long, acute, 
densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs nearly twice its own length, the awn 
4-6 mm. long. On prairies. Alberta to Wash., south to Kans., Ariz, and Mex. 
May-July. (^Oryzopsis cuspidata Vasey.) 

30. MILIUM L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spike- 
lets I -flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned; the outer about equal; the third thin- 
membranous, at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent; palet scarcely shorter. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, 
tightly enclosed in the rigid and shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.] 
Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia. 

I. Milium effusum L. Tall Millet-grass. (I. F. f. 319.) Glabrous 
throughout; culms 6-18 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long. 
6-16 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, smooth or scabrous; panicle 
7.5-25 cm. in length, lax, its branches 5-7-5 cm. long, slender, somewhat flexuous. 
naked at base and dividing above the middle, at length widely spreading; spike- 
lets 2.5-3 ™ni. long; outer scales equal, smooth or scabrous, the third scale shorter, 
smooth, white. In woods. Cape Breton I si. and Quebec to western Ontario, south 
to Mass., Penn. and Mich. Also in Northern Europe and Asia. June-July. 



GRAMINEAE, 99 

31. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. 

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- 
cence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets i -flowered, very rarely 2-flowered, 
Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and 
sometimes awjied; third scale 3-5 -nerved, subtending a paletand perfect flower, ob- 
tuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 
often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, 
tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1 7 56-18 1 7, North 
American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. 

Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. 
Flowering scales not awned but sometimes awn-pointed. 

Outer scales not awned, about half as long as the flowering scale, acute. 

I. M, sobolifera. 
Outer scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. 

Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, 

about 3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana. 

Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, awned, 
about 5 mm. long. 3, M. 7-acemosa. 

Flowering scale long-awned ; awn usually twice the length of the scale, sometimes 
shorter. 
Outer scales about equalling the flowering scale. 

Basal hairs not more than one-half the length of the flowering scale. 

Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and i perfect flower. 4. M. sylvatica. 
Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the 
fourth empty and awned. 5. M. ambigna. 

Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 6. M, comata. 

Outer scales one-half to two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. 

7. M. tenuiflora. 
Outer scales less than one-third the length of the flowering scale. 

First scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn less than 

twice its length. 8. M. diffusa. 

First scale about two-thirds as long as the second. 

Panicle contracted, its branches closely appressed ; awn about three 

times as long as the flowering scale. 9. M. palnstris. 

Panicle open, its branches finally spreading; awn four times or more 
as long as the flowering scale. 10. M. tnicrospe?-tna. 

Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. 

Culms 4.5 dm. tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves elongated, not rigid. 

II. M. capillar is. 
Culms 3 dm. tall or less; leaves 5 cm. long or less, rigid. 

Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly 

recurved. 12. J/, gracillima. 

Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves few, not recurved. 

13. M. pufigens. 

1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
320.) Glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, or sparingly branched 
above, smooth. Leaves rough, those of the culm 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
those of the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in 
length, slender, its branches 1.8-2.5 cm. long; outer scales about I mm. long, half 
to two-thirds the length of the spikelet; the third scale scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, 
tlie middle nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Rocky woods, N. H. and 
Mass. to Minn., south to Va., Tenn. and the Ind. Terr. Sept. -Oct. 

2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
321.) Glabrous; culms 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often prostrate, much branched, 
smooth. Leaves scabrous, those of the culm 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the 
branch leaves smaller; panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted, its branches sf'ikc-likc. 
2.5-5 c"^- l^'^"*?' erector appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; outer scrdcs some- 
what unequal, exceeding the flowering one, or slightly sliorter, acuminate or short- 
awned, scabrous, especially on the keel ; third scale acuminate, scabrous, particu- 
larly toward the apex. In swamps and borders of fields. N. V>. to western Ont.. 
south to N. Car.. Tenn.. Neb. and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Marsh Mi ni.KNBKRr,iA. ^1. 
F. f. 322.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usuallv much branched, smooth and 

L.oFC. 



lOO FLORA. 

glabrous. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-1 1.25 cm. 
in length, usually dense and interrupted, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect or 
appressed, the spike lets much crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate, 4-6 
mm. long, including the awn, smooth, or scabrous, especially on the keel; third 
scale one-half to two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib 
excurrent in a short point. In wet places, Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Mo. 
and N. Mex. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 323.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched. Leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
rough; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, somewhat lax, the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. 
long, erect or ascending; outer scales of the spikelet2.5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, 
scabrous ; third scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the outer ones, strongly 
scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. In moist woods and 
along stream.s, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn., Neb. andthelnd. 
Terr. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Minnesota Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
324.) Glabrous; culms 3 dm. tall or lower, erect, branched, "smooth. Sheaths 
shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; 
panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rigid, its branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, dense, appressed; 
outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about 4 mm. in length 
and exceeding the body of the third scale, which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate 
into an awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale is nearly always 
present. Along a lake shore in Minn. 

6. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. Hairy Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
325.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; leaves 6.2-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, erect, flat, rough ; panicle often tinged with purple, 5-10 cm. in length, dense, 
branches 1.25-3.75 cm. long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet equal, or the sec- 
ond a little the longer, smooth, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, smooth 
and glabrous, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect, 
fully as long as the scale. On prairies, Kans. (?) and Colo, to Cal. Aug. -Sept. 

7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. Slender Muhlenbergia. 
(I. F. f. 326.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes ; leaves 6. 25-17. 5 cm. long, 
2-8 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acummate, scabrous; panicle 1.25-2.25 
dm. long, slender, its branches 2.5-8.75 cm. long, appressed; outer scales of the 
spikelet unequal, half to two-thirds the length of the third one, awn-pointed, sca- 
brous; third scale 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length. 
In rocky woods, Mass. to southern Ont. and Minn., south to Ala. and Tex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nimble Will. Dropseed-grass. (I. F. 
f. 327.) Culms 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, or often prostrate or creeping and as- 
cending, very slender, diffusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
loose; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, I-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-20 cm. long, 
slender, somewhat lax, its branches 2.5-5 cm. long, erect, outer scales of the spike- 
let minute, the lower one often wanting ; the third scale, exclusive of the awn, about 
2 mm. long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the nerves; the awn 1-4 mm. in 
length. On dry hills and in woods. Me. and southern Ont. to Minn., south to 
Fla., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

9. Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn. Sv^amp Muhlenbergia. Culms slen- 
der, weak, 6-10 dm. long. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, 3-5 cm. 
long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath and rough above; panicle slender, con- 
tracted, I- 1. 5 dm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets, exclusive of the awn. 
2.5-2.8 mm. long, the first scale shorter than the second, which is about one-third 
as long as the spikelet; the flowering scale 2.3-2.5 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at 
the apex, bearing an awn between the teeth 5.5-8 mm. long, the callus hairy. In 
a swamp at Washington, D. C. Sept. 

10. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Trin. Small-seeded Muhlenber- 
gia. (I. Ff. 328.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, finally decumbent or somewhat 
prostrate at base, slender, diffusely branched. Leaves 1.25-6.25 cm. long, 2 mm. 
wide or less, scabrous; panicle 5-10 cm. in length, slender, open, the branches 2.5 



GRAMINEAE. 10 1 

cm. long or less, ascending or erect; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, obtuse or 
rounded at apex, about one-third the length of the third scale, which is 2.5-3 ^i^- 
long, exclusive of the awn, and strongly scabrous; awn 1.2-2.4 cm. in length. In 
dry soil, Kans. to Cal.,- south to Mex. 

11. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Long-awned Hair-grass. 
(I. F. f. 329.) Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths 
smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; leaves 1.5-3 
dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse, 
the capillary branches I-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long 
hair-like pedicels which are clavate -thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, 
acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 4 
mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, scabrous, the awn 6-18 mm. in 
length. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Mass. to N. J. and Mo., south to Fla. and 
Tex. Panicle usually light purple. Sept. -Oct. 

12. Muhlenbergia graciUima Torr. Filiform Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
330.) Culms 1-3.5 ^"^- t3.ll, from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, slender, sim- 
ple, rigid. Leaves 2.5-5 ^m. long, involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat sca- 
brous, rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, the 1-3 culm leaves 
erect or ascending; panicle 5-22.5 cm. in length, open, the branches finally widely 
spreading, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, filiform; spikelets about as long as the filiform pedi- 
cels, which are clavate -thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, usually awn- 
pointed or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than 
the outer ones, sometimes twice as long, scabrous ; awn 2-4 mm. long. On prairies, 
Kans. to Colo., south to Tex. and N. Mex. Sept.-Oct. 

13 Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. Prairie Muhlenbergia. (I. F. f. 
331.) Culms 1.5-3.75 dm. tall, from a creeping rootstock, erect from a decumbent 
branching base, rigid, minutely pubescent. Sheaths crowded at the base of the 
culm, scabrous; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, involute-setaceous, rigid, scabrous; panicle 
7.5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches 5-6.25 cm. long, single, distant, much di- 
vided from near the base, the divisions apparently fascicled; spikelets on long ped- 
icels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales, when mature, equalling 
or often shorter than the body of the third one, scabrous, especially on the keel; 
third scale, when mature, 1.5-2 mm. long, scabrous, the awn shorter than its body. 
On prairies, Neb. to Utah, south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug. -Sept. 

32. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. 

A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets i -flowered, nar- 
row, the rachilla produced beyond the. flower, and sometimes bearing a minute scale 
at the summit. Scales 3 ; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often want- 
ing; the third much longer, rigid, 5 -nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet 
scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on the back, 2-nerved. Stamens 2. Styles short, 
distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and 
palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer scales.] A monotypic genus of east- 
ern N. Am. 

I. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum. (I. F. f. 332.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, pubescent at and near the nodes. Sheaths more or less villous, 
especially at the throat; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
5-15 cm. in length, slender, branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, erect or appressed; outer 
scales of the spikelet unequal, the vipper less than one-third as long as the flower- 
ing scale, the lower minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. 
long, scabrous, especially on the midnerve, the awn erect, 1.8-2.4 cm. long. M«,)ist 
places, Newf to western Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. 
July-Aug. 

33. HELEOCHLOA Host. 

Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets l-flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, somewhat luiequal. membran- 
ous, acute, ciliate-keeled ; the third scale similar, a little longer : palet shorter, 
hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, signifying meadow-grass. J 



102 FLORA. 

About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean region, one or two also 
widely distributed through middle Europe and Asia. 

I. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. Rush Cat-tail Grass. (I. F. f. 
333.) Glabrous. Culms 1-4.5 dm. tall, branched, smooth; sheaths about half the 
length of the internodes, the upper loose, the one immediately below the spike 
inflated and usually partially enclosing it ; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
flat, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the 
empty scales acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, i -nerved ; third scale equalling or 
longer than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, otherwise glabrous, 
I -nerved. In waste places, southern N. Y. to Del. Naturalized from Europe. 
July-Aug. 

34. PHLEUM L. 

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spike- 
lets I -flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, 
the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn ; the third scale 
nauch shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit ; palet narrow, 
hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name Greek, taken from 
Pliny ; originally applied to some very different plant.] About 10 species, inhab- 
iting the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only are natives of 
N. Am. The English name Cat-tail Grass is applied to all the species. 

Spikes usually elongated, cylindric ; awns less than one-half the leng-th of the outer 
scales; upper sheath not inflated. i. P. pratense. 

Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric ; awns about one-half the length of 
the outer scales ; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum. 

1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Herd-grass. (I. F. f. 334.) Glabrous 
and smooth or very nearly so throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; 
sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper one long 
and not inflated, or very slightly so ; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 
smooth or scabrous; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 3. 75-17. 5 cm. in length, 
5-8 mm. in diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2-5 mm. 
long, ciliate on the keel, the awn less than half their length. In fields and mead- 
ows nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for 
hay. The scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. July-Aug. 

2. Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Phleum. (I. F. f. 335.) Glabrous. 
Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth; 
sheaths often much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper one 
usually much inflated; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 5-7.5 
cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide ; upper leaf generally very short, less than 2.5 cm. long ; 
spike short, ovoid to oblong and cylindric, 1.25-5 cm. in length, 6-12 mm. in 
diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn. 3 mm. long, strongly 
ciliate on the keel, the awn about one-half their length. Lab. to Alaska, south to 
the mountains of N. H., Vt., Ariz, and Cal. Also in northern Europe and Asia and 
\\\ Patagonia. Summer. 

35. ALOPECURUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves 
and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets i -flowered, flattened : scales 3, the 2 lower 
empty, acute, sometimes short-awned. more or less united below, compressed- 
keeled ; keel ciliate or somewhat winged ; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, 
3-nerved, awned on the back, subtending a perfect flower and usually a palet ; 
palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or rarely 
united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signifying Fox-tail Grass, 
in allusion to the spikes.] About 20 species, principally natives of the north 
temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in western N. Am. 

Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-half their length, smooth to hispid on the keel. 

I. A. agrestis. 
Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less, long-ciliate on the 
keel. 



GRAMINEAE. IO3 

Scales 2-2.5 n^ni. in length. -2. A. geniculatus. 

Scales 4-6 mm. in length. 

Spike 3.75-6.25 cm. long ; outer scales glabrous^^or sparingly pubescent on the 
lateral nerves. 3. A. pratensis. 

Spike 3.75 cm. long or less; outer scales villous. 4. A. alpinus. 

1. Alopecurus agrestis L. Slender Foxtail. (I. F. f. 336.) Smooth 
or slightly scabrous; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the 
internodes ; leaves 3.75-17-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; 
spike 3.75-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick ; outer scales of the spikelet united at the 
base for about half their length, narrowly wing-keeled, 4-5 mm. long, the nerves 
smooth or scabrous, sometimes hispid below, especially on the keel ; third scale 
equalling or slightly exceeding the outer ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn in- 
serted near the base, about twice its length, bent. In waste places and ballast, 
southern N. Y. and N. J. Adventive trom Europe. Native also of Asia. July- 
Aug. 

2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Foxtail. (I. F. f. 337.) Glabrous 
or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the 
base ; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; 
leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; 2.5-7.5 cm. in 
length, 4-8 mm. thick; outer scales of the spikelet slightly united at the base, 
2-2.5 ii^nfi- long, obtuse or subacute, smooth, glabrous except on the pubescent lat- 
eral nerves and strongly ciliate keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, smooth 
and glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. 
In wet soil, Newf. to Br. Col, south to Fla., Tenn., Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe 
and Asia. July-Sept. 

3. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. (I. F. f. 338.) Nearly or 
quite glabrous. Culms 3-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple;, sheaths usually much shorter 
than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; leaves 3-75-8.75 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes 3.75-6.25 cm. in length, 8-12 mm. thick; 
outer scales of the spikelet uniting at the base for about one-quarter their length, 
4-6 mm. long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and the 
strongly ciliate keel; third scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the 
awn inserted about quarter way up the scale and exceeding it. In meadows, N. S. 
to southern N. Y. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 

4. Alopecurus alpinus J- E. Smith. Alpine Foxtail. (I. F. f. 339.) 
Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 1.25-6 dm. tall, erect, sometimes decum- 
bent at the base, simple. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, loose, 
often inflated; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, slightly 
scabrous above; spike 3.75 cm. in length or less, 6-12 mm. thick; outer scales of 
the|spikelet united only at the base, 4 mm. long, obtuse, villous and ciliate; third 
scale about equalling the outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex, 
the awn inserted about one-third the way up, a little exceeding the scale. Green- 
land and Lab. to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

36. PHIPPSIA R. Br. 

A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets 
i-flowered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting ; tlie third 
scale thin-membranous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2-keeled. Stamen I. 
rarely 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed 
in the scale and palet, which readily split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of 
John Constantine Phipps, 1 744-1792, arctic navigator.] A monotypic genus of 
the arctic regions. 

I. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. Phippsia. (I. F. f. 340.) Smooth and 
glabrous throughout. Culms 2.5-12.5 cm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5 cm. in 
length or less, O-5-2 mm. wide, obtuse ; panicle 6-35 mm. in length, contracted ; 
branches 6-18 mm. long, erect or appressed ; spikelets 1-I.5 nim. long; outer 
scales minute, unequal, acutish, the first often wanting ; third scale broad, i-nerved. 
obtuse, or subtruncate and somewhat erose, the palet about two-thirds as long, 
broad, 2-keeled, erose-truncate. Arctic regions ot both tlie (.>ld World and the 
New. Summer. 



104 FLORA. 

37. SPORo'boLUS R. Br. 

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or 
contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, I -flowered, occasionally 2-3- 
flowered. Scales in the i -flowered spikelets 3, membranous ; the 2 outer empty, 
the first somewhat shorter ; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones ; 
palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the deciduous grain.]. 
About 80 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. 
Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Panicle contracted, spike-like. 

Spikelets more than 3.5 mm. in length. 

Panicle terminal; upper sheaths 7.5 cm, long or more. 
Leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 

Third scale of the spikelet acuminate, much longer than the second and 

usually greatly exceeded by the palet. x. S. asper. 

Third scale of the spikelet acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the 
second and equalling or a little shorter than the palet. 

2. S. longifolius. 
Leaves, at least the lower, papillose-hirsute. 3. S. pilosus. 

Panicles terminal and lateral ; sheaths 3.75 cm. long or less. 

4. S. vaginaeflorus. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. 

Sheaths inflated, the uppermost usually enclosing the base of the panicle. 

5. S. neglectus. 
Sheaths not inflated ; panicle exserted. 

Branches of the panicle not crowded ; third scale acuminate. 

Outer scales of the spikelet obtuse or abruptly acute, less than half as 
long as the third scale ; ligule about 2 mm. long, acutish. 

6. S. brevifolius. 
Outer scales of the spikelet acuminate and awn-pointed, more than half 

as long as the third scale; ligule less than 0.5 mm. long, erose- 
truncate. 7. .S". cuspidatus. 

Branches of the panicle densely crowded ; third scale acute. 

Culms decumbent and branched at the base, from a stout horizontal 

rootstock ; panicle short. 8. S. Virginicus. 

Culms erect, simple, tufted ; panicle usually elongated. 

9. S. Indtcus. 
Panicle open, its branches more or less spreading, at least at maturity. 
First scale one-half as long as the second or less. 
Branches of the panicle verticillate. 

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, green. 10. S. argutus. 

Spikelets 2.5-3 "^"i- long, purple. 11. S. ejuncidus. 

Branches of the panicle alternate or sometimes subverticillate. 
Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; first scale lanceolate. 

Pedicels equalling or shorter than the spikelets ; first scale acute. 

Sheaths naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat ; panicle usually 

exserted. 12. S. airoides. 

Sheaths densely pilose at the throat ; base of the panicle generally 
included. 13. S. cryptandrus. 

Pedicels much longer than the spikelets ; first^scale narrow, acuminate, 

17. S. Texatius. 
Spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long ; first scale subulate, usually awned. 

14. .S". heterolepis. 
First scale about equalling the second. 

Perennials ; culms from long rootstocks. 

Culms erect, simple ; leaves elongated. 15. S. Torreyanus. 

Culms decumbent and branched below ; leaves short. 

16. S. asperifolius. 
Annuals ; roots fibrous, no rootstocks. 

Empty scales but little shorter than the flowering scale, usually pubescent. 

18. S. confusus. 
Empty scales one-half as long as the flowering scale, glabrous. 

19. S. serotinus. 

I. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Rough Rush-grass. (I. F. f. 341.) 
Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 7.5 35 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, 



GRAMINEAE. IO5 

attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous 
above, or somewhat hairy at the base; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, linear, strict, 
its branches 2.5-5 cm. long, appressed ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the outer scales 
unequal, acute; third scale pubescent at the base, 'much longer than the second 
and greatly exceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned palet. In dry soil, 
Del. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood. Long-leaved Rush-grass. 
(I. F. f. 342.) Culms 4.5-10 dm. tall, erect, occasionally branched. Leaves i- 
4.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute tip, 
smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy at the base above; panicle more 
or less included in the upper sheath, 7.5-25 cm. in length, linear, strict, the 
branches 2.5-5 ^"^^ ^^ng, erect ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; outer scales unequal, 
acutish, glabrous, the lower shorter; third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, exceed- 
ing the second and equalling or a little shorter than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, 
Me. to Penn., Neb. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. Hairy Rush-grass. (I. F. f. 343.) Culms 
3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout. Leaves 7. 5- 15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at base, 
erect, rigid, attenuate into a slender involute tip, the lower papillose-hirsute on 
both sides, the upper usually glabrous beneath, scabrous above and somewhat hairy 
near the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. in length, included at the base, erect, strict, its 
branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets 5 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, 
glabrous, obtuse, the lower shorter; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat exceed- 
ing the second and equalling or a little longer than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, 
Kans. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood. Sheathed Rush-grass. 
(I. F. f. 344.) Culms 2-4.5 ^"^- t^l^? erect, slender. Sheaths usually inflated; 
leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near 
the base above, attenuate into a slender involute point, the lower elongated, the up- 
per 2.5-7.5 cm. long, setaceous; panicles 1.8-5 cm. in length, the terminal one ex - 
serted or sometimes partially included, strict, the branches 1,25 cm. long or less, 
erect, the lateral ones enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the outer 
scales xmequal, acuminate, the third scale scabrous, sparingly appressed-pubescent, 
about as long as the second and equalling or slightly exceeded by the very acute 
palet. In dry soil, N. H. to N. Y., 111. and Neb., south to Ga, and Tex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

5. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Small Rush-grass. (L F. f. 345.) Culms 
1.5-3 *i™- t^llj erect from a usually decumbent base, slender. Sheaths inflated; 
leaves 2 mm. wide or less at the base, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and 
hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender point, the lower elongated, the 
upper 2.5-7.5 cm. long, setaceous; terminal panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. in length, usually 
more or less included in the upper sheath, strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the 
sheaths; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, the third scale acute, 
glabrous, a little longer than the second and about equalling the acute palet. In 
dry soil, Mass. to Ky., Neb. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 

6. Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Nash. Short -leaved Rush -grass. 
I. F. f. 346.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, arising from a hori- 
zontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and branching at the base. Leaves 
1.25-5 cni. long, involute-setaceous; panicle 1.25-7.5 cm. in length, usually about 
3.75 cm., linear, its branches 6- 12 mm. long, erect or appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 
mm. long, the outer scales unequal, less than half as long as the third, obtuse or 
abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the apex; third scale long-acuminate, 
sometimes cuspidate, scabrous toward the apex. Anticosti Isl. and Me. to Br. Col., 
south in the mountains to N. Mex. and Cal. Summer. 

7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. Prairie Rush-grass. (I. F. f. 
347.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat 
branched. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide at the base, ei-ect, in- 
volute-setaceous, at least when dry; panicle 3.75-12.5 cn\. in length, slender, its 
branches 6-25 mm. long, appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales halt" 
to three-quarters as long, acuminate or cuspidate, scabnnis on the keel; third scale 
long-acuminate and cusi)idate, sparingly scabrous. In dry soil, Manitoba to the N. 
W. Terr., south to Mo. and Kans. Aug. Sept. 



Io6 FLORA. 

8. Sporobolus Virginicus (L.) Kunth. Seashore Rush-grass, (I. F. f, 
348.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, from a stout rootstock. 
Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, 
smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat; leaves 2.5- 
20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point, 
involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above or some- 
times sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, dense and spike- 
like, usually exserted ; spike lets 2-2.5 "^^^- lo^g? the outer scales about equal, acute, 
smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than 
the second and about equalling the obtuse palet. On sandy shores, Va. to Fla., 
west to Tex. and Mex. ^ Also in Cuba. Aug. -Sept. 

9. Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. India Rush-grass. Smut-grass. 
(I. F f. 349.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, 
tufted ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender point, the lower 
2-3 dm. long, the upper shorter; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, 
narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, about 
half as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, 
and often erose-truncate; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding the obtuse or 
acutish palet. In meadows and waste places, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Cal. 
Naturalized from tropical regions; very abundant in Cent, and S. Am. July-Sept. 

10. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. Pointed Dropseed-grass. (I. F. 
f. 350.) Culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the base. 
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top; 
leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous be- 
neath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 3.75-7.5 
cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at first appressed, 
finally widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales smooth and glab- 
rous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one; 
third scale about equalling the second, acute. Kans., the Ind. Terr, and Colo., 
south to Tex. and Mex. Also in the West Indies. July-Sept. 

11. Sporobolus ejuncidus Nash. Purple Dropseed-grass. Wire- 
grass. (I. F. f. 351.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, 
tufted, erect, slender, simple; leaves filiform or setaceous, the basal 1.5-3 dm. 
long, numerous, those of the culm few, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in 
length, open, the branches verticillate, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long, widely spreading; 
spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, purple, the outer scales very unequal, the first obtuse or 
acutish, one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second one; third scale sub- 
acute or blunt, equalling the second and the obtuse palet. Dry sandy soil, Va. to 
Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. [Sporobohts Jimceus {yb^.)'Ki\i.\riotAgrostisjuncea 
Lam.). 

12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Hair-grass Dropseed. (I. F. f. 352.) 
Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and 
sometimes sparingly hairy near the base, 1-3 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into 
a long slender involute point, the basal about one-half as long as the culm, the 
upper culm lea-ves 5-12.5 cm. in length; panicle 1.25-4 dm. long, usually exserted, 
the branches alternate or the upper verticillate, at length widely spreading, the 
lower 7.5-17.5 cm. long; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the scales acute, glabrous, the 
outer unequal, the lower one about half as long as the upper; third scale equalling 
the second and the palet. Prairies, Neb. to Cal., south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug.- 
Sept. 

13. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand Dropseed. (I. F. f. 
353.) Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths with a dense pilose ring at the 
summit, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper much longer, gen- 
erally enclosing the base of the panicle; leaves 7. 5- 15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, 
glabrous beneath, scabrous above, long-acuminate; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. in length, 
the branches spreading or ascending, alternate, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long; spike- 
lets 2-2.5 mm. long, the scales acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the keel, the 
lower one-third as long as the upper; third scale somewhat longer or shorter than 
the second. In sandy soil, coast of N. E., along all the Great Lakes, west to 
Dak., south in the interior to Mo., Tex. and Mex. Aug. -Oct. 

14. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Northern Dropseed. (I. F. f. 354.) 



GRAMINEAE. IO7 

Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Leaves involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins and 
upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal about three-fourths the length of the 
culm, occasionally equalling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 7.5-25 cm. in 
length, its branches erect or ascending, alternate or subverticillate, the lower 3.75- 
8.75 cm. long; spikelets 4-5.5 "^"^- lo^^g? the scales smooth and glabrous, the outer 
unequal, acuminate, die lower subulate, about half the length of the broad second 
one, often awn-pointed; third scale obtuse or acute, shorter than the second or 
occasionally equalling it. In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, south to Penn., 111., 
Neb. and Ark. Aug. -Sept. 

15. Sporobolus Torreyanus (R. & S.) Nash. Flat-stemmed Dropseed. 
(I. F. f. 356.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout, simple, 
much compressed, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, overlapping, some- 
times scabrous at the summit; leaves 1.25-2.5 dm-, long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
folded, slightly rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, the branches ^rector ascend- 
ing, the lower 5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 1.75 mm. long; outer scales sub- 
equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale obtuse and 
apiculate, strongly scabrous, slightly exceeding the outer ones. In bogs, L. I. and 
in the pine barrens of N. J. Sept. -Oct. [Sporobolus compressus (Torr. ) Kth. 
Not Agrostis compressa Willd. ) 

16. Sporobolus asperifolius Nees & Meyen. Rough-leaved Dropseed. 
(I. F. f. 357.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect from a decumbent and branched base. 
Sheaths short, crowded and overlapping; leaves numerous, 2.5-8.75 cm. long, 
2-3 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, fiat, glabi-ous, smooth be- 
neath, very rough above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in length, included at the base, rarely 
entirely exserted, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. 
long; spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, acute, 
glabrous, sparingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, somewhat ex- 
ceeding the second. Dry soil, Assiniboia to Br. Col., south to Mo., Neb., Cal. and 
Mex. Aug.-Sept. 

17. Sporobolus Texanus Vasey. Texas Dropseed. Culms 3-6 dm. 
tall, branching below. Sheaths crowded, the lower ones papillose-hirsute; leaves 
erect, firm, 4-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, very rough above; 
panicle included at the base, the upper branches finally widely spreadmg, 5-iocm. 
long; spikelets a little* exceeding 2 mm. long, on long slender pedicels; scales 
smooth and glabrous, the first scale narrow, acuminate, less than one-half as long 
as the second, which equals the third scale. Kans. (according to B. B. Smyth) to 
Tex. and N. Mex. Aug. 

18. Sporobolus confusus Vasey. Culms tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, slender, from 
an annual root. Leaves 1-401x1. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide ; panicle open, 3-20Cin. 
long, its slender branches spreading or ascending, the longer 1.5-4 cm. long; 
spikelets 1.25-1.5 mm. long, on capillary pedicels which are abruptly thickened at 
the apex, the empty scales shorter than the flowering scale, glabrous or pubescent, 
the flowering scale usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Neb. (according to 
Rydberg) and Colo, to Tex,, Ariz, and Mex. July-Sept. 

19. Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.) A. Gray. Late-flowering Dropskkd. 
(I. F. f, 355.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. 
from an annual root, erect, slender; sheaths short, confined to the lower part 
of the culm ; leaves I mm. wide or less, slightly scabrous above, flat, the basal 
one-third to half the length of the culm, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long ; panicle 
7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches capillary, erect or ascending, the lower 
2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long, the outer scales subequal. 
obtuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly scabrous ; third scale twice the length of the 
outer ones, acuminate. In wet sandv soil, Maine to Mich., south to N. J. 
Sept. -Oct. 

38. POLYPOGON Desf. 

Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves and 
spike-like panicles. Spikelets i-flovvered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, each ex- 
tended into an awn ; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, shori-awned Irom he- 
k,w the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower ; palet shorter than the scale. 
Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain five, enclosed in 



I08 FLORA. 

the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns which resemble a 

beard.] About lo species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions, rare 
in the tropics. 

I. Polypogon Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Beard-grass, (I. F. f. 358.) 
Culms 6 dm. tall or less, erect from a usually decumbent base. Leaves 3.75-15 
cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, 
dense and spike-like, the branches 1.25 cm. in length, ascending; spikelets crowded ; 
outer scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, bearing a more or 
less bent awn 4-6 mm. long; third scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, 
bearing a delicate awn about 0.5 mm. long, inserted below the apex. In waste 
places, N. H. to S. Car., mostly near the coast. Very abundant in western 
N. Am., from Br. Col. to Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
July-Sept. 

39. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. 

A perennial grass with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets I -flow- 
ered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the 
third scale exceeding the second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; 
palet obtuse, 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
[Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis-\\k& grass.] A monotypic genus of arctic and 
subarctic regions. 

I. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. Arctagrostis. (I. F. £ 359.) 
Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth 
and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 
mm. wide, usually erect, scabrous; panicle 3.75-20 cm. long, narrow, its branches 
1.25-5 cm. in length, ascending or erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; outer scales un- 
equal, acutish, the lower about two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the upper; 
third scale obtuse, exceeding the second, hispid on the keel. Greenland to Hud- 
son Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

40. ci'nna L. 

Tall grasses with flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets i -flowered. 
Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute ; the third scale similar, but usually short- 
awned on the back, subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little 
shorter, i -nerved. Stamen i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
[Greek, taken from Dioscorides.] Four known species, inhabiting the temperate 
regions of Europe and N. Am. Besides the following, another occurs in the west- 
ern U. S. 

Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping ; spikelets 4-5 mm. 

long; first scale much shorter than the second. i. C. arundinacea. 

Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets 3 mm. long; 

first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 360.) Culms 6-15 
dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1.5-3 d"^- lo^^g? 4-14 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. 
in length, usually contracted, sometimes purple, the filiform branches erect or • 
drooping, the lower 3. 75-11. 25 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. in length, the scales 
acute, scabrous, especially on the keel, the first one shorter than the second; third 
scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about 0.5 
mm. long from the 2 -toothed apex. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to the 
N. W. Terr., south to N. Car., La., Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 
361.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves I-2.5 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, sca- 
brous; panicle 1.25-2.5 dm. in length, open, the capillary branches generally 
spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 3. 75-12. 5 cm. in length; spike- 
lets 3 mm. long; scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly hispid on the keel, the 
first about equalling the second; third scale usually exceeded by the second and bear- 



GRAMINEAE. IO9 

ing a rough awn I-2 mm. long from the 2 -toothed apex. In damp woods, Newf. 
to Br. Col., south to N. J., in the Alleghanies to N. Car., to Wis., and in the Rocky 
Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Northern Europe. Aug.-Sept. 

41. AGROSTIS L, 

Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and panicu- 
late inflorescence. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membra- 
nous, keeled, acute; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal 
awn, subtending a perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute 
or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Name Greek, refer- 
ring to the field habitat of many species. ] A genus of about 100 species, widely 
distributed throughout the world, particularly numerous 'vn temperate regions. 
Besides the following, some 15 others are found in western N. Am. 

Palet conspicuous, at least one-third as long as the scale. 

Panicle open, its branches long and usually spreading-. i. A. alba. 

Panicle dense and contracted, spike-like, its branches short and appressed. 

2. A. coarctata. 
Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting. 

Branches of the contracted panicle short, spikelet-bearing to the base ; third scale 
• awnless. 3. A. aspe7-ifoUa. 

Branches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet-bearing from about the middle 
to the end. 
Third scale awned. 

Awn very finely filiform, barbellate, at least twice the length of the spikelet. 

4. A. Elliottiana. 
Awn stouter, glabrous, rigid, usually bent, less than twice the length of the 
spikelet. 
Branches of the panicle generally ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long. 
Culms 1.5 dm. or less tall ; panicle 2.5 cm. or less long; a tufted 

alpine grass. 5. A. rupestris. 

Culms 3-6 dm. tall ; panicle exceeding 5 cm. long. 

6. A. canfna. 
Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets 2.5-3 rn"^- long. 

7. A. rubra. 
Third scale not awned, or very rarely bearing a short awn. 

Culms weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at base ; leaves lax ; 

spikelets 1.5 mm. long, 8. A. perefinans. 

Culms and leaves erect. 

Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the 
middle, the spikelets crowded at the extremities. 
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long ; leaves short. 9. A. hyetna/is. 

Spikelets 2.5-3 nim. long ; leaves elongated. 

10. A. altissima. 
Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. 

Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; a grass of low elevations. 

11. A. interynedia. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 rnm. long ; a high-mountain grajs. 

12. A. Novae-Angliae. 

1. Agrostis alba L. Red-top. Fiorin. Herd-grass. (I. F. f. 362.) 
Culms 2-7.5 *irn. tall, erect or decumbent at the base, often stoloniferous. simple, 
smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle 
5-22.5 cm. in length, usually open, or sometimes contracted after flowering, green 
or purplish, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 
2-2.5 "^"^- I'^^i^;; outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabnnis. except on 
the hispid or scabrous keel; third scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at least 
one-third its length. A most variable species, occurring in iields and meadows 
nearly throughout N. Am., extensively cultivated for fodder. Naturalized from 
Europe, and perhaps also native northward. July-Sept. 

2. Aprrostis coarctata Ehrh. Dense-flowered Bent-crass. (T. F. f. 
362a.) Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base and often nxit- 
ing at the lower nodes, 3-5 dm. tall, at length branching; leaves erect, rough on 



no FLORA. 

both surfaces, 3.75-8.75 cm, long, 3 mm. or less wide; panicle dense and con- 
tracted, 3.75-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, its branches erect, the longer 3.1 cm. 
long or less; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; empty scales acute, the flowering scale 
about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, denticulate at the truncate or roimded 
apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale. Me. to N. J. Also in Europe. 
July-Sept. 

3. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. Rough-leaved Bent-grass. (I. F. f. 
363.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base. Leaves 
2.5-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, generally erect, flat, very rough; panicle contracted, 
6.25-25 cm. in length, often interrupted or glomerate, the branches 3.75-7.5 cm. in 
length, erect, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, 2-2.5 "^"^- l^^g; the 
outer scales scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale about three-fourths the 
length of the second; palet minute. Manitoba to Wash., south to Wis., Neb., Tex. 
and Cal. Aug. -Sept. {A. exarata Trin. in part.) 

4. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott's Bent-grass. (I. F. f. 364.) 
Culms 1.25-3.5 dm. tall, erect, slender. Leaves rough, 1.25-5 cm. long, 2 mm. 
wide or less; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, usually narrow, sometimes open, the 
branches slender, naked below, erector ascending, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; 
spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale 
about three-quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or 2-toothed, bearing 
a very finely filiform flexuous barbellate awn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just 
below the apex; palet short. Li dry soil, S. Car. to Ky. and Kans., south to Jla. 
and Tex. May-July. 

5. Agrostis rupestris Allioni. Rock Bent-grass. (L F. f. 365a.) Culms 
tiifted, 1.5 dm. tailor less, slender, erect, or decumbent at the base. Leaves smooth 
and glabrous, those on the culm 2.5 cm. or less long, the basal leaves from one-third 
to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted, 2.5 cm. or less long, its axis and 
branches smooth, the latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the middle; 
spikelets al^out 2 mm. long; flowering scale hyaline, denticulate at the obtuse or 
truncate apex, bearing about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little over 2 mm. 
long; palet wanting. Lab. and the high mountains of Nev. Also in Europe. 
Summer. 

6. Agrostis canma L. Brown Bent-grass. (I. F. f. 365.) Culms 3-6 dm. 
tall, erect, slender, simple. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, 2 mm. wide or less, 
scalDrous; panicle 5-17.5 cm. in length, contracted in fruit, the branches slender, 
naked below, ascending or spreading in flower, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spike- 
lets 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels, the outer scales subequal, acute, strongly 
scabrous on the keel ; third scale about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, 
smooth and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent dorsal awn 2-4 mm. long, 
inserted just above the middle; palet minute or none. In meadows, Newf. to Alaska, 
south to Penn. and Tenn. Native northward; naturalized from Europe southward. 
A variable species. July. -Sept. 

7. Agrostis rubra L. Red Bent-grass. (I. F. f. 366.) Smooth or very 
nearly so, glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the 
base, simple ; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle 6.25-12.5 cm. in 
length, open, the branches generally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, 
rarely erect, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales 
acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the first, obtuse, bearing a 
usually bent dorsal awn 4-5 mm. long, inserted below the middle. Summits of the 
highest mountains of N. E., N. Y. and N. Car. The American plant may be specifi- 
cally different from the European. Summer. 

8. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-grass. (L F. f. 367.) 
Culms 3-7.5 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate base, weak, slender, simple 
or sparingly branched above, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 
mm. wide, lax. scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, the branches 2.5-5 cm. 
long, widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent; spikelets 1.5-2 
mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale about three- 
quarters the length of the first, smooth and glabrous, not awned; palet small or 
wanting. In shaded, damp places, Quebec and Ont. to Wis., south to S. Car. and 
Kans. Panicle usually light green, sometimes purplish. July-Sept. 

9. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Rough Hair-grass. (I. F. f. 368.) 



GRAMINEAE. Ill 

Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender. Leaves 5-12. 5 cm. long, I-3 mm. wide, usually 
erect, roughish; panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually purplish, the capillary scabrous 
branches ascending, sometimes widely spreading, or often drooping, the lower 
7.5-15 cm. long, dividing above the middle, the divisions spikelet-bearing at the 
extremities; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous toward the 
apex and on the keel; third scale two-thirds the length of the first or equalling i>. 
obtuse, rarely bearing a short awn; palet usually very small. In dry or moist soii 
throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. except the extreme north. July- Aug. 

10. Agrostisaltissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tall Bent-grass. (I. F. f. 369.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves elongated, 1.5-3 dm. in length, 2-3 mm. wide, 
scabrous; panicle 1.75-2.25 dm. long, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat 
scabrous, the lower 5-10 cm. in length, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spike- 
lets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, 
obtuse, scabrous, occasionally bearing a short awn ; palet small or wanting. In 
sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. Panicle usually purplish. Aug. -Oct. 

11. Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Upland Bent-grass. (L F. f. 370.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often 
crowded and overlapping; leaves I-2.25 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; pan- 
icle 1-2.25 dm. in length, the branches 3.75-7.5 cm. long, ascending, dividing atthe 
middle or below, the divisions divergent, the pedicels appressed; spikelets about 2 
mm. long, the outer scales acute or acuminate, scabrous on the keel; third scale 
about three-fourths the length of the first, smooth; palet small or wanting. In dry 
soil, Mass. to N. Y., Tenn. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 

12. AgTostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. New England Bent-grass. 
(I. F. f. 371.) Culms 2-4 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths longer thanthe internodes, 
generally overlapping; leaves 2.5-8.75 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, usually 
involute, scabrous; panicle I -2 dm. in length, open, the branches spreading or as- 
cending, dividing at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels often 
appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous on 
the keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse. Newf., south to the high mountains 
of N. E., N. Y. andN. Car. 

42. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. 

Generally perennial grasses, various in habit, with flat leaves and paniculate 
inflorescence. Spikelets i -flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the 
flower and pubescent. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, carinate, membranous ; the 
third scale hyaline, shorter than the outer, obtuse, usually copiously long-hairy at 
the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a straight, bent, or twisted 
dorsal awn ; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
[Greek, signifying Reed-grass.] A genus of about 130 species, widely distributed 
throughout temperate and mountainous regions, and particularly numerous in the 
Andes. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
The English name Small-7'eed is applied to any of the species. 

Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length. 

Awn strongly bent, manifestly exserted, the hairs of the callus much shorter than 
the scale. 
Sheaths usually naked at the summit, rarely bearded ; panicle tinged with 

purple; empty scales rather thick. i. C. brcviscta. 

Sheaths bearded at the summit ; panicle pale ; empty scales thin. 

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; callus-hairs sparse ; palet equaUing the scale or 

nearly so. . 2. C. Porto i\ 

Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; callus-hairs rather copious; palet considerably 
shorter than the scale. 3- C. ncmot\7h\<. 

Awn straight or nearly so, included, the hairs of the calhis equallii\g or but little 
shorter than the scale. 
Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading. 

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, very acuminate. 4- ^'- /-<f'f,C<>for/fi. 

Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; panicle usually loosely tlowerod. 

5. ( ". ( \nnii/<-/ts/s. 
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; panicle rather densely flowered. 

6. C". Mijcouniijria. 



112 FLORA. 

Panicle more or less contracted. 

Culms and almost filiform leaves soft, not rigid. 7. C. neglecta. 

Culms and wider leaves hard, more or less rigid. 

Panicle elongated, rather loosely flowered; culms not tufted or but 

little so. 8. C. inexpansa. 

Panicle short, dense and spike-like ; culms strongly tufted. 

Panicle narrow, much interrupted below ; awn much shorter than 
the scale. 9. C. Labradorica. 

Panicle thick, continuous or but little interrupted ; awn about 
equalling the scale. 10. C hyperborea. 

Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit. 11. C. cinnoides. 

1. Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn. Pickering's Reed-grass. 
(I. F. f. 376.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous below the pani- 
cle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the lower overlapping, the upper one elongated ; 
leaves 3.75-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 
7. 5-1 1. 25 cm. m length, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; 
spikelets 3-4 mm. long, purple tinged, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; 
third scale shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs very short; 
awn bent, not twisted, equalling or slightly exceeding the scale. In wet places, 
Cape Breton Isl. to N. H. and Mass. Occurs in the alpine regions of the White 
Mts. Aug. -Sept. 

Calamagrostis breviseta debilis Kearney. Differs from the above in its softer 
texture, usually lower and more slender culms, thinner leaves, smaller panicles and the 
narrower and thinner empty scales. Newf. to Mass. 

Calamagrostis breviseta laciistris Kearney. Differs from the species in its stouter 
rootstock and taller culms, which are usually 5-10 dm. tall, in its often longer panicle, its 
shorter palet and the copious and longer callus hairs of the flowering scale. Mountains 
of N. E.; also along the Great Lakes from Ont. to Minn. 

2. Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray. Porter's Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 375,) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths slightly sca- 
brous, with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 1.5-3 ^m. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
rough; panicle I-2 dm. in length, the branches erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; 
spikelets 4-6 mm. long, the outer scales strongly scabrous, acute; third scale shorter 
than or equalling the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs less than one-half 
the length of the scale, sparse; awn bent, about equalling the scale, the lower part 
much twisted. In dry woods, Penn. and southern N. Y. Aug.-Sept. 

3. Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearney. Wood Reed-grass. Slightly glau- 
cous. Culms 10-15 dm. tall, rather slender; sheaths loosely embracing the culm, 
usually tomentose at the apex, glabrous; leaves 3-6 mm. wide, flat, very rough on 
both surfaces, the lower ones and those on the innovations 2-3.5 ^'^' long; panicle 
1-1.5 dm. long, contracted; spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the empty scales 
acuminate, the awn of the flowering scale attached about one-fifth above the base, 
slightly exceeding the scale, stout, bent near the middle, the palet about three- 
fifths as long as the scale. Woods, Me. and western N. Y. 

4. Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. Langsdorf's Reed-grass. 
(I. F. f. 374.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish. Sheaths 
shorter than the internodes; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
5-15 cm. in length, the branches ascending or sometimes erect, the lower 2.5-5 c^- 
long, naked at the base; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, the outer scales acuminate, 
strongly scabrous; the third scale equallin-g or shorter than the second, scabrous, 
the stout awn as long as or a little exceeding the copious basal hairs which are 
usually somewhat shorter than the scale. Newf. to Alaska, south to the mountains 
of N. E. and N. Y., and to Manitoba and Wash. Also in northern Europe and 
Asia. Summer. 

5. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx. ) Beauv. Blue Joint-grass. (I. F. f. 
373.) Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths 
shorter than the internodes; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 2-8 mm. wide, rough; 
panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, usually purplish, the branches spreading or 
ascending, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 3 mm. long, the 
outer scales equal or subequal, acute, strongly scabrous; the third scale equalling 



GRAMINEAE, II3 

or slightly shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate and equalling the 
copious basal hairs which are about as long as the scale or some of them shorter. 
In swamps and wet soil, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. 
Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept. 

Calamagrostis Canadensis acuminata Vasey. Differs from the species in its usually 
smaller panicle, larger (3.5-4 mm. long) spikelets with the empty scales sharply acuminate, 
and more scabrous and longer awn of the flowering scale. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, 
south in the Mountains to N. Car., N, Mex. and Cal. 

6. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. Macoun's Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 
372.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
than the internodes; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, 
scabrous; panicle open, 7.5-1 1.25 cm. in length, the branches ascending, or some- 
times erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 2 mm. long, 
the outer scales acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; third scale 
equalling the second, the awn a little exceeding it; basal hairs about as long as the 
scale. Manitoba and Mont, to Wash. , south to Mo. Summer. 

7. Calamagrostis negl^cta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Narrow Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 
378.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 4.5-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple, 
slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves narrow, involute in drying, 
the basal one-third as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-12.5 cm. long, erect; 
panicle contracted, 6.25-I0 cm. in length, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; 
spikelets 4 mm. long, the scales scabrous, the outer acute; third scale obtuse, 
about three-fourths as long as the second, the awn exceeding the scale. Lab. 
to Alaska, south to northern Me., Wis., Mont., Colo., and Ore. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Summer. 

Calamagrostis neglecta boreilis. Differs from the species in its shorter culms (2-3 
dm. tall) and leaves, smaller and denser panicle (3-5 cm. long), and the spikelets but 3 
mm. long. Lab. and Hudson Bay. Also in northern Europe. 

8. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. Bog Reed-grass. Culms but little 
tufted, 8-12 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves rough, 2-3 dm. long, 
4 mm. wide or less; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit, its 
branches rather long, nearly erect; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, numerous, the empty 
scales scabrous, hispid on the keel, acute, the flowering scale scabrous, the callus- 
hairs from three-fourths as long to equalling the scale, the awn from shorter to ex- 
ceeding the scale. Bogs and sandy banks, N. J. and western N. Y. to S. Dak. 
and Colo. 

9. Calamagrostis Labradorica Kearney. Labrador Reed-grass. Culms 
3.5-5 dm. tall, rigid. Sheaths tightly embraciiig the culm; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
2.5 mm. or less wide, strongly involute, thick, scrabrous above, smooth beneath; 
panicle spike- like and dense, 6-9 cm. long, strict; spikelets about 4 mm. long, the 
empty scales acute, nearly glabrous excepting on the hispidulous keels, firm, thick, 
dark purple, the flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, scabrous, the awn much 
shorter than the scale, usually slender, the callus-hairs from somewhat shorter to 
nearly equalling the scale. Among rocks on the seashore, Lab. July. 

10. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Northern Reed-grass. Culms 
densely tufted, rigid, stout, 4-10 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 
very rough on both surfaces, flat, or often involute toward the apex, stiff", I -3 dm. 
long, 5 mm. or less wide; panicle contracted, 7-14 cm. long, its branches short, 
usually erect, sometimes ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the empty scales 
scabrous, acute, the flowering scale with the callus-hairs from a little shorter than 
to nearly equalling it, the awn shorter than or longer than the scale. Meadows 
and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, south toPenn., Colo, and Cal. June-Aug. Very 
variable. The var. elongata Kearney has the panicle very long and rather loose, 
with usually longer branches, and the spikelets 3-4 mm. long; the var. Ameri- 
cana (Vasey) Kearney has the panicle usually very douse and the spikelets alxnit 
3 mm. long. 

11. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Nittam's Rkkd-gkass. 
(I. F. f. 379.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth or rough, the lower 



114 FLORA, 

sometimes sparingly hirsute, and rarely with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 
1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous, occasionally sparingly hirsute; 
panicle 7-5-I7-5 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm. 
long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales strongly scabrous, the outer about equal, 
acuminate and awn-pointed; third scale shorter, obtuse, the basal hairs one-half to 
two-thirds its length; awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. In moist soil, 
N. H. and Mass. to Penn., south to Ga. July-Aug. 

43. AMMOPHILA Host. 

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, convolute above, and dense spike-like 
panicles. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairy. 
Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer empt}-. the lower i -nerved, 
the upper 3-ner\'ed; third scale 5-nerved. with a ring of short hairs at the base, 
subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. St>4es 
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
[Greek, signif\'ing sand-loving, in allusion to the habitat of these grasses.] Two 
species, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the 
northern hemisphere, the other European. 

I. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea Sand-reed. Sea M\t-weed. 
Maram. (LF. f. 380.) Glabrous ; culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout, aris- 
ing frona a long horizontal branching rootstock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, 
crowded and overlapping, the upper longer; leaves 1.5-3 ^^^- ^^ng or more, rigid, 
attenuate into a long slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike- 
like panicle dense. 1-3 dm. in length. 1.2-1.6 cm. thick, its branches 3.75 cm. long 
or less, appressed; spikelets 1-1.2 cm. long, the scales scabrous, about equal in 
length, the third usually with the rudiment of an awn just below the apex; basal 
hairs 2-4 mm. long. In sands of the seacoast from N. B. to Va., and inland along 
the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Aug.-Sept. 

44. CALAMOVILFA H^ck. 

TaU grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are in- 
volute at the apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered. the rachilla 
not prolonged beyond the flower. Scales 3. I -nerved, acute, the 2 outer vmequal, 
empty; third scale longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at the 
base; palet strongly 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas pltimose. 
Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying a reed-like grass.] 
Three knowni species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of X. Am. 

Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the basal hairs less than half the length of the third scale. 

1. C. brevipilis. 
Spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the basal hairs more than half the length of the third scale. 

2. C, longi/olia. 

1. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Terr.) Hack. Short-haired Reed -grass. 
(I. F. f. 381.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 6-12 dm. taU, erect, 
simple ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long. 3 mm. wide or less, attenuate into a long slender 
involute tip. smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle open. 1.25-2.5 cm. 
in length, the branches ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; 
scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer unequal, the first one-half as long 
as the second; third scale- exceeding the second, pubescent on the lower half of the 
keel; basal hairs one-third the length of the scale; palet nearly equalling the scale, 
pubescent on the lower half of the keel. In swamps, pine barrens of N. J. Local. 
Aug.-Sept. 

2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Long -leaved Reed -grass. 
(I. F. f. 382.) Culms 3-9 dm. tail, erect, simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. 
Sheaths crowded and overlapping, glabrous or rarely pilose; leaves 2-3 dm. long 
or more, panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long or more, pale, the branches erect or as- 
cending, the lower 1-2. 5 dm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales acute, smooth, 
the first shorter than the second; the third a little longer or slightly shorter than 
the second, and nearly twice the length of the copious basal hairs; palet slightly 



GRAMINEAE. II5 

shorter than the third scale. On sandy shores, western Ont. and Manitoba to the 
Rocky Mts., south to Ind., Kans. and Colo. July-Sept. 

45. APERA Adans. 

Annual grasses, with narrow flat leaves, and ample open or contracted panicles. 
Spikelets i -flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower into a bristle. 
Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third 
scale a little shorter, membranous, bearing a long slender awn inserted just below 
the shortly 2-toothed apex; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, in- 
cluded in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying not muti- 
lated, whole or entire; application uncertain.] Two species, natives of Europe and 
western Asia. 

T. Apera Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass, Windlestraw. 
(I. F. f. 383.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. 
Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, the upper one generally including the 
base of the panicle; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, 3.75-7.5 cm. 
long; outer scales of the spikelet 2-2.5 "^'^« lo'^g? acute, smooth and shining; third 
scale hairy or nearly smooth, bearing a dorsal scabrous awn 6-8 mm. long; rudi- 
ment at the end of the rachilla less than 0.5 mm. long. In waste places and on 
ballast, Me. to southern N. Y. and Penn. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 

46. HOLCUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. 
Spikelets deciduous, 2 -flowered; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. Scales 4; 
the 2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first i -nerved, the second 3 -nerved and 
often short-awned ; flowering scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a 
bent awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, taken from Pliny.] 
About 8 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass. Meadow Soft-grass. (I. F. f. 384.) 
Softly and densely pubescent, light green. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, often 
decumbent at the base, simple ; sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 
2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long, the empty scales white- 
villous, the upper awn-pointed; flowering scales 2 mm. long, smooth, glabrous and 
shining, the lower sparsely ciliateon the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2-toothed 
and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex. In fields, meadows and waste 
places, N. S. to Ont. and 111. ; south to N. Car. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific 
Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 

47. a'ira L. 

Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets small, 2 -flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, 
thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persistent ; the flowering scales usually con- 
tiguous, hyaline, mucronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn 
inserted below the middle; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. 
Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed in the scale and palet. and often 
adhering to them. [Greek name for Loliiun temtilenti(?n.'\ Four or rive species, 
natives of Europe. 

Panicle open ; flowering scales about 2 mm. long ; plants 1.25-2.5 dm. tall. 

1. .-/. caryophyllea. 
Panicle contracted ; flowering scales about 3 mm. long ; plants 5-10 cm. tall. 

2. A praecox. 

I. Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery Hair-grass. (I. F. f. 385.) Smooth 
and glabrous throughout. Culms 1.25-2.5 dm. tall, erect from an annual root, sim- 
ple, slender ; sheaths mostly basal; leaves 1.25-5 cm. l(Mig, involute-setaceous ; 
panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, open, the branches spreadins^or ascending, the lower 
2.5 cm. long or less ; spikelets 2-2.5 "^"^- ^^^'^Si the empty scales acute ; lUnvorins^ 



Il6 FLORA. 

scales very acute. 2-toothed, 2 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long. In fields 
and waste places, eastern Mass. to Va. Also on the Pacific Coast. Local. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Panicle silvery, shining. May-July. 

2. Aira praecox L. Early Hair-grass. (I. F. f. 386.) Glabrous and 
smooth throughout. Culms 5-10 cm. tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid; 
sheaths clothing the whole culm, the upper one often enclosing the base of the 
panicle ; leaves 2.5 cm. long or less, involute- setaceous ; panicle contracted, strict, 
1.25-2.5 cm. in length ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the empty scales acute ; the 
flowering scales acuminate, 2-toothed, about 3 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. 
long. In dry fields, southern N. J. and Penn. toVa. Naturalized from Europe. 
May-July. 

48. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. 

Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves, and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extended beyond the 
flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 
lower empty, keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persistent ; the flowering scales 
of about the same texture, deciduous, iDearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. 
Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of J. C. A. Loiseleur-Deslong- 
champs, 1774-1849, French physician and botanist. ] About 20 species, inhabiting 
cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. 
Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of N, Am. 

Upper flowering- scales reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty scales. 
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate ; leaves flat. 

1. D. caespitosa 
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse ; leaves involute. 

2. D.flexuosa. 
Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. 3. D. atropurpurea, 

1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hair-grass. (I. F. f. 
387.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves flat, 
2-3 mm. wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones numerous, 
one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-15 cm, long ; panicle 
open, 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches widely spreading or ascending, often 
somewhat flexuous, naked at the base, the lower 5-12.5 cm. long ; spikelets 3.5- 
4 mm. long ; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, the 
awns somewhat shorter or a little longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending 
beyond the apices of the empty ones. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., 111., Minn, 
and in the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada to N. Mex. and Cal., mostly in wet soil.' 
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. (I. F. f. 388.) 
Glabrous throughout. Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth ; leaves 
involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal very numerous, one- 
fifth the length of the culm or less, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle open, 
5-20 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely speading, 
naked at the base, flexuous, the lower 3.75-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 4.5-5 mm. 
long; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex; awns bent 
and twisted, much exceeding the scale. In dry soil, Greenland and Newf. to Ont. 
and Mich., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. 
Also in Europe. July-Aug. 

3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl. ) Scheele. Mountain Hair-grass. 
(I. F. f. 389.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, 
erect, simple, rigid ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, erect, sometimes slightly scabrous 
above, the basal 6.25-12.5 cm. long, those of the culm shorter; panicle contracted, 
usually purple or purplish, 2.5-5 cm. in length, the branches erect, or sometimes 
ascending, the lower 1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long; flowering scales 
about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awus bent and much longer than 
the scales ; upper scale much exceeded by the very acute outer ones, On alpine 



GRAMINEAE. 1 17 

summits of N. Y., N. E., Mont., Ore. and Wash., north to Lab. and Alaska. Also 
in EuropQ. July-Aug. 

49. TRISETUM Pers. 

Mostly perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. 
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate ; rachilla 
glabrous or pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 
lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the 
empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the 
lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3, Styles 
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Latin, referring 
t ) the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flowering scales in some 
species.] About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. 
Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 

Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns. 

Panicle contracted, dense ; flowering scales 5 mm. long or less. 

I. T. subspicatum. 
Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 5 mm. long or more. 2. T. flavescens. 
Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present. 

3. T. Pennsylvanictim. 

1. Trisetum suspicatum (L.)Beauv. Narrow False-oat. (L F. f. 390.) 
Softly pubescent or glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5-10 
cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2.5-12.5 cm. in length, often inter- 
rupted below, its branches 3.75 cm. or less long, erect; spikelets 2-3-flowered, the 
empty scales hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 5 mm. long, the first 
shorter; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, scabrous, each bearing a long 
bent and somewhat twisted awn. In rocky places. Lab. to Alaska, south on the 
mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Trisetum flavescens (L.)R. & S. Yellow False-oat. (I. F. f. 391.) 
Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths more or less pubes- 
cent; leaves 3.75—12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly hairy; 
panicle open, 5-12.5 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat flex- 
uous, naked below, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-4-flowered ; empty scales 
smooth and glabrous, the second acute, 5 mm. long, the first about half as long, 
narrower, acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, scabrous, bearing a long bent 
and twisted awn. Introduced into Mo. and Kans. Native of Europe and Asia. 
Panicle yellow, turning dull brown. July-Aug. 

3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Marsh False-oat. (I. F. f. 
392.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender and often weak, smooth and gla- 
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes scabrous; leaves 2.5-15 
cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 5-20 cm. in length, yellowish, narrow, 
the branches ascending, the lower 2.5-5 cm. lo'^gJ spikelets 2 -flowered; oviter scales 
smooth, shining, subequal, the second 4-5 mm. long; flowering scales 4-5 mm. 
long, scabrous, the lower not long-awned, but a rudimentary awn sometimes pres- 
ent, the upper with a long bent and twisted awn. In swamps and wet meadows. 
N. Y. to 111., south to Fla. and La. Ascends to 1050 m. in Va. Panicle sometimes 
loose and nodding. June-July. 

50. AVENA L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves and panicled spikelets. 
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, or rarely i -flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper 
often staminate or imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3); the two lower empty, 
somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on 
the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet 
narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas pUunose. Grain 
oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or sometimes adher- 
ent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the oat.] About 50 species, widely dis- 
tributed in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old World. Oats {Avcua sativa L.) 
sometimes appear in waste places or in fields where it has been cultivated. 



Il8 FLORA, 

Empty scales of the spikelet 1.2 cm. in length or less, shorter than the flowering; scales. 
Flowering scales with a ring of short hairs at the base; awn nearly as long as the 
scale. I. A. st?'iata. 

Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not over one-half as long as the scale. 

2. A. Stmt hit . 
Empty scales 1.2-1.8 cm. in length, enclosing the flowering scales. 3. A./atua. 

1. Avena Striata Michx. Purple Oat. (I. F. f. 393.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, 
erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Leaves erect, 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 
mm. wide, smooth beneath, usually scabrous above; panicle 6.25-12.5 cm. in length, 
lax, the branches erect or ascending, naked below, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; 
spikelets 3-6-flowered. the empty scales smooth, the second 6-7 mm. in length, 3- 
nerved, the first two-thirds to three-quarters as long, I -nerved; flowering scales 6-8 
mm. long, with a ring of short hairs at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous; awns as 
long as the scales or longer. In woods, N. B. to Br. Col., south to northern Perm. , 
Minn, and Neb. Spikelets reddish purple. July- Aug. 

2. Avena Smithii Porter. Smiths Oat. (I. F. f. 394.) Culms 7.5-15 dm. 
tall, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the intemodes. very rough ; leaves 
1-2 dm. long. 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, the branches 
finally spreading; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty scales smooth, the second 6-8 mm. 
in length, 5 -nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 3 -nerved; flowering scales I cm. 
long, naked at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn one -fourth to 
one-half their length. Northern Mich, and Isle Royal. Summer. 

3. Avena fatua L. Wild Oat. (I. F. f. 395.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, 
simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit, 
sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlapping; leaves 7.5-20 cm. long, 
2-8 mm. wide; panicle open, I-3 dm. in length, the branches ascending; spikelets 
2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales 1. 8-2. 5 cm. in length, smooth, enclosing the 
flowering scales; flowering scales 1.2-1.8 cm. long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs 
at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing a long bent and twisted 
awn. In fields and waste places, N. Dak. and Minn. ; abundant on the Pacific 
Coast. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. July-Sept. 

51. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- 
lets 2-flowered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond 
the flowers. Scales 4. the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or 
awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; flowering scales rigid, 5-7-nerved, deciduous, the 
first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn inserted below the middle, the 
second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stvdes short, distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring to the awn of the stami- 
nate scale. ] Six species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Oat-grass. (I. F. f. 396.) Gla- 
brous. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; lower sheaths longer than the inter- 
nodes; leaves 6.25-30 cm. long. 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. in length, 
contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; empty scales finely rough- 
ened, the second 8 mm. long, the first shorter; flowering scales about 8 mm. long. 
In fields and waste places. Me. and Ont. to Ga., Tenn. and Neb. Also on the 
Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 

52. DANTHONIA DC. 

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open 
panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper stami- 
nate ; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales 5-many, the 2 
lower empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the 
uppermost flowering one; flowering scales roimded on the back, 2-toothed, decidu- 
ous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at 
base, bent; palet hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Name 
in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a IMarseilles botanist of the last century.] A genus 
of about 100 species, widely distributed, chiefly in South Africa. 



GRAMINEAE. 1 19 

Empty scales 1 25 cm. long or less ; sheaths glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent 
at the base. 
Teeth of the flowering scale about i mm. long, acute ; culm leaves short ; panicle 

contracted. \. D. spicata. 

Teeth of the flowering scale 2-3 mm, long, awned ; culm leaves elongated ; panicle 
usually open. 2. D. compressa. 

Empty scales more than 1.25 cm. long. 

Sheaths and flowering scales villous. 3. D. sericea. 

Sheaths glabrous ; flowering scales pilose on the margins. 4. Z). eftlis. 

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat-grass. (I. F. f, 
397.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, nearly terete. Sheaths glabrous or often spar- 
ingly pubescent below; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, the 
lower 1-1.5 dm. long, the upper 2.5-5 cm. long; inflorescence racemose or panicu- 
late, 2.5-5 cm. in length, the pedicels and branches erect or ascending; spikelets 
5-8-flowered; empty scales 8-10 mm. long, glabrous; flowering scales broadly 
oblong, sparingly pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the teeth about i mm. long, 
acute or short-pointed, the bent and Avidely spreading awn closely twisted at the 
base, loosely so above. In dry soil, Newf. to Quebec and N. Dak., south to N. 
Car., Kans., and La. Ascends to 900 m. in Va. July-Sept. 

2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Flattened Wild Oat-grass. (I. F. f. 
398.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, flattened. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, rough, 
lax, the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the culm; lower culm leaves 
1.5-2 dm. long, the upper 7.5-15 cm.; panicle open, 6,25-10 cm. in length, the 
lower branches generally spreading; spikelets 5-10 flowered; empty scales 1-1.2 
cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at base, 
pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, strongly 
twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. In 
woods. Me. and Vt. to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 1800 m. in N. Car. July- 
Sept. 

3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat-grass. (I. F. f. 399.) Culms 
4.5-9 dm. tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous; 
leaves rough and more or less villous, 2-3 mm. wide, the basal one-quarter to one- 
half the length of the culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm 2.5-10 cm. long, 
erect; panicle 6.25-II.25 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect or ascending; 
spikelets 4-10-flowered; empty scales 1. 4-1. 6 cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales 
oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, 
closely twisted below, loosely so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, c^cuminate, awned. 
In dry sandy soil, Mass. to N. J., south to Fla. May-July. 

4. Danthonia epilis Scribn. Smooth Wild Oat-grass. (I. F. f. 398a.) Gla- 
brous. Culms erect, tufted, 4-7 dm. tall, slightly roughened just below the panicle and 
puberulent below the brown nodes; leaves smooth excepting at the apex, 2-4 mm. 
wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 1.5 dm, or more long, the culm leaves 5-10 
cm, long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets, including awns, 1.8-2 
cm. long, 5-10-flowered; empty scales acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long 
to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and sometimes sparingly so on 
the midnerve at the base, the teeth, including the awns, 2-3 mm. long, the central 
awn 9-12 mm, long, more or less spreading. In swamps, southern N. J. to Ga. 
May-July. 

53. CAPRI OLA Adans. 

Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes dig- 
itate. Spikelets i-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flow- 
ering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, 
hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain 
free. [Name mediceval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste 
rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following 
widely distributed. 

I. Capriola Dactylon(L.)Kuntze. Bermuda-grass. Scutcu-gkass. Dog's- 
tooth Grass. (I. F. f. 400.) Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping 
and branching stolons, sm{X)th and glabrous. Sheaths glalm>vis or somewhat 
hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons; leaves 2.5-5 cm. 



I20 FLORA. 

long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, 1. 25-5 
cm. in length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on 
the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, about two-thirds as long as the 
broad and strongly compressed third one. In fields and waste places, southern N. 
Y. to Penn. and Term., south to Fla. and Tex. Abundant in the Southern States. 
Cultivated for pasture. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 

54. SPARtInA Schreb. 

Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute 
leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spike- 
lets I -flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with 
the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3 ; the two outer empty, keeled, 
very unequal ; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter 
than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2 -nerved. Stamens 3. Styles 
filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. 
[Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely 
distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. 

First scale awn-pointed, equalling- the third ; second long-awned. i. ^S". cynosuroides . 
First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long. 
First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel. 

Leaves 1.25 cm. wide or more, flat. 2. S. polystachya. 

Leaves 6 mm. wide or less. 

Spikes ascending or erect ; leaves narrow, involute ; coast plant. 

3. 6". patens. 
Spikes appressed ; leaves usually flat at the base ; western species. 

4. S. gracilis. 
First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally slightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta. 

1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Tall Marsh-grass (I. F. f. 401.) 
Culms 6-18 dm., tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 6-14 
mm. wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into a 
long slender tip; spikes 5-30, 5-12.5 cm. long, often on peduncles 1.25-2.5 cm. in 
length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 
1. 2-1. 4 cm. long; outer scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on 
the keel; third scale as long as the first, the scabrous midrib terminating just below 
the emarginate or 2-toothed apex ; palet sometimes exceeding the scale. In swamps 
and streams of fresh or brackish water, N. S. to Assiniboia, N. J. and Tex. Some- 
times glaucous. Called also Fresh-water Cord-grass. Aug.-Oct. 

2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Salt Reed-grass. (I. F. f. 402.) 
Culms 1-3 m. tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25- 
2.5 cm. wide, flat, scabrous at least on the margins, attenuate into a long slender 
tip; spikes 20-50, ascending, often long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. in length, the rachis 
rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the outer scales 
acute, strongly scabrous -hispid on the keel, the first half the length of the second; 
third scale scabrous on the upper part of the keel, obtuse, longer than the first and 
exceeded by the palet. In salt and brackish marshes, Me. to N. J. and Fla. Called 
also creek-thatch. Aug.-Oct. 

3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Salt-meadow grass. (I. F. i. 403.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 
2-4 mm= broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; 
spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending, more or less pedvmcled, the rachis 
slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on 
the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second; third 
scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at 
the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. On salt meadows, Newf. 
and N. S. to Fla., west to Tex. This 2jndi Juncus Gerardi, the "Black-grass," fur- 
nish most of the salt-meadow hay of the Atlantic Coast. Aug.-Oct. 

4. Spartina gracilis Trin. Inland Cord-grass. (I. F. f. 404.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the 
culm short and crowded; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, fiat or involute, 
attenuate into a long tip; spikes 4-8, 2.5-5 cm. long, appressed, more or less pe- 



GRAMINEAE, 121 

duncled; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous -hispid on the keel, 
the first half the length of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly shorter than the 
second and about equalling the obtuse palet. In saline soil, Assiniboia and Br. Col. 
to Neb. and Nev. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Spartina striata (Ait.) Roth. Smooth Marsh-grass. (I. F. f. 405.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base 
shorter and looser, much crowded ; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide at the 
base, involute, at least when dry ; spikes 3-5, erect or nearly so, 2.5-5 ^m. long ; 
spikelets 1. 2-1. 6 cm. long, loosely imbricated; empty scales acute or acutish, 
I -nerved, the first shorter than the second, which exceeds or equals the third ; 
palet longer than the third scale. 

Spartina stricta maritima (Walt.) Scribn. Culms taller, sometimes 3 m. high, 
and leaves longer ; spikes more numerous, usually appressed. 

Spartina stricta alterniflora (Lois.) A. Gray. Culms 12-18 dm. tall; spikes 
slender, appressed, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, the spikelets barely overlapping. 

Very variable. Common in some one of its forms, along the coast from Me. to 
Fla. and Tex. Also on the coast of Europe. Our plant does not appear to be satis- 
factorily identified with the European. Aug .-Oct. 

55. CAMPULOSUS Desv. 

Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved 
spicate inflorescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat 
curved rachis, i -flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very short, hyaline ; 
the second, third, fourth and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a per- 
fect flower and palet, the uppermost scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in 
allusion to the curved spike.] Seven known species, four of them American, the 
others in the eastern hemisphere. 

I. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. Toothache-grass. (I. F. f. 
406.) Culms 9-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Leaves 
2.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute, smooth ; spike terminal, solitary, 
curved, 5-10 cm. long, the rachis extended into a point ; spikelets about 6 mm. 
long ; segDud scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, bearing just above the middle a 
stout horizontal or recurved awn ; third, fourth and fifth scales membranous, sca- 
brous, awned from below the 2 -toothed apex, the fifth subtending a perfect flower, 
the others empty. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 

56. CHLORIS Sw. 

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes 
few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets l-flowered, arranged in 
two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 ; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, 
acute ; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower ; 
palet folded and 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Cirain 
free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish -yellow, referring to the color of the 
herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Be- 
sides the following some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Spikes slender, naked at the base ; nerves of the third scale all pilose with short ap- 
pressed hairs. i. C. verticillata. 

Spikes stout, spikelets crowded to the very base; lateral nerves of the third scale with a 
tuft of very long hairs at the summit. 2. C. elegans. 

I. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Prairie Chloris. (I. F. f. 407.) Culms 
1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 2.5- 
7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often apicidate, scabrous ; spikes slender, 
usually spreading, 5-1 1.25 cm. long, in one or two whorls, or the upper ones ap- 
proximate ; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long, the third scale 
2 mm, long, obtuse, ciliate on the nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just 
below the apex a scabrous awn about 5 mm. long ; fourth scale as Knig as or 
shorter than the third, awned near the usually truncate apex. On prairies, Kans. 
to Tex. May-July. 



122 FLORA, 

2. Chloris elegans H. B. K. Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, finally branched. 
Sheaths compressed, keeled ; leaves usually less than i dm. long, sometimes 
longer, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, generally very rough above ; inflorescence 
silvery -white, often tinged with purple, consisting of 3-12 erect spikes 2-8 cm. 
long ; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 4 mm. long, usually 2-flowered, the 
third scale with the midnerve abruptly contracted a short distance below the awn, 
the awn 5-10 mm. long. Sandy soil, Kans. (according to Hitchcock) to Ariz., 
south to Mex. 

57. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. 

Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender 
alternate spikes. Spikelets i -flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and 
bearing a small scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, 
unequal, narrow, acute; third broader, fertile, 3 -nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the 
apex, bearing an erect awn; the fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in 
the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the prolongation of the rachilla.] 
Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. 

Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length ; awn longer than flowering scale. 

1. G. ambiguus. 
Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle ; awn shorter than flowering scale. 

2. G, brevifolius. 

1. Gymilopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. Broad-leaved Gymnopogon. 
(I. F. f. 408.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple or 
sometimes sparingly branched. Sheaths short, with a villous ring at the summit, 
crowded at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, lanceo- 
late, acute, cordate at the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous above; spikes 
slender, spikelet-bearing throughout their entire length, at first erect, the lower 1-2 
dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of awns, 4-5 mm. long; 
first scale shorter than the second; third scale exceeded by the second, the callus 
at the base hairy, the awn 4-6 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, southern N. J. to 
Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Short-leaved Gymnopogon.* (I. F.f. 
409.) Culms 3-6 dm. long, from a decumbent base, simple, slender. Sheaths 
sometimes crowded near the middle of the culm; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. 
wide, usually spreading, lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender, 
spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 1.5 dm. long, at first erect, finally 
widely spreading; spikelets. exclusive of the awns, 3 mm. long; first scale shorter 
than the second; third scale equalling or exceeded by the second, short-awned, 
sparingly villous or glabrous, the callus hairy. In dry soil, N. J. to Fla., west to 
Miss. Aug. -Oct. 

58. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. 

An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender spikes 
arranged along a common axis. Spikelets i -flowered, sessile and alternate on the 
rachis. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flow- 
ering scale longer, of similar texture; palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles 
distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. 
[Greek, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the genus Nardus.'\ A 
monotypic genus of central N. Am. 

I. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. Schedonnardus. (I. F. 
f. 410.) Culms 2-4.5 ^"^- ^"^1 erect, slender, rigid, branching at the base, 
scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, compressed, smooth and 
glabrous; leaves 2.5-5 ^m. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, usually erect ; spikes 
numerous, rigid, widely spreading, aitemate, the lower 5-10 cm. long, the axis 
and branches triangular; spikelets 2.5-3 ^^- lo^g: sessile and appressed, alter- 
nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer than the first and exceeded by 
the acute third one. Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to 111., Tex, and N. Mex. 
July-Sept. 



GRAMINEAE. 1 23 

59, BOUTELOUA Lag. 

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spike- 
lets in few one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2 -flowered, arranged in two rows on one 
side of a flat rachis, the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 
1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; 
flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed or awned; palet hyaline, 
entire or 2 -toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] About 30 
species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern U. S. 

Rachilla bearing- the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly 
papillose-hispid on the keel. i. B. hirsuta. 

Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; 
second scale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2. B. oligostachya. 

1. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesquite-grass. (I. F. f. 411.) Culms 
1.5-5 <i"^« ^"^1 erect, simple or sometimes sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths 
mostly at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
erect or ascending, flat, scabrous, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base, espe- 
cially on the margins; spikes I- 4, 1. 25-5 cm. long, usually erect or ascending, the 
rachis extending beyond the spikelets into a conspicuous point; spikelets numerous, 
5-6 mm. long, pectinately arranged; second scale strongly papillose-hirsute on the 
keel; third scale pubescent, 3 -cleft to the middle, the nerves terminating in awns; 
rachilla without a tuft of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. In dry 
soil, especially on prairies, 111. to Dak., Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. 

2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torn Grama-grass. Mesquite-grass. 
(I. F. f. 412.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 
mm. wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or scabrous; 
spikes 1-3, 2.5-5 cm. long, often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a short 
inconspicuous point; spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged, about 6 mm. long; 
second scale scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the keel, sometimes with a 
few papillae; third scale pubescent, 3 -cleft, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla 
with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. On prairies, 
Manitoba to Alberta, south to Wis., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

60. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. 

Perennial grasses with narrow flat leaves and an inflorescence composed of nu- 
merous short scattered few-flowered one-sided spreading or frequently reflexed 
spikes. Spikelets i -flowered, crowded in 2 rows, sessile, imbricated, the rachilla 
articulated above the empty scales and extending beyond the flower, its summit 
bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or more, the lower 2 empty, unequal, acute, nar- 
row, keeled, the third scale thicker and broader, enclosing a narrow 2 -toothed hya- 
line palet and a perfect flower, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned; 
the small upper scales minute, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in reference te^ the awns of 
the flowering scales.] Species about 15, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 

I. Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. Rackmf.d Bouteloua. 
(I. F. f. 413.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 
5-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above; spikes 
numerous, 6-16 mm. long, widely spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent 
from the rachis, 7-12 mm. long; scales scabrous, especially on the keel, the first 
shorter than or equalling the second; the third 3-toothed, the nci'ves extended into 
short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a small awned scale, or sometimes a 
larger 3-nerved scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers vermilliou or cinna- 
bar-red. In dry soil. Out. to Manitoba, south to N. J., Ivy., Tex. and ]\Iex. Jxily- 
Sept. {Botitc'loua curtipendnla (Michx.) Torr.) 

61. BECKMANNIA Host. 

A tall erect grass with flat leaves and erect spikes Ix^rne in a terminal panick^. 
Spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, ctmipressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, 
membranous, saccate, obtuse or abru]")tly acute; the flowering scales nari\>Wj thin- 



124 FLORA. 

membranous; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann 
Beckmann, 1739-1811, teacher of Natural History at St. Petersburg.] A mono- 
typic genus of the north temperate zone. 

I. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Beckmannia. (I. F. f. 414.) 
Glabrous. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth ; sheaths longer than the 
internodes, loose; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. 
in length, simple or compound, the spikes about 1.25 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. 
long, 1-2 -flowered, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis; scales 
smooth, the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute ; flowering scales acute, the lower 
generally awn-pointed, the upper rarely present. In wet places, western Ont. to 
Br. Col., south to Iowa, Colo, and Cal. July-Sept. 

62. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the 
spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flow- 
ered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not 
extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, 
keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale 
and palet. [From the Greek name of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] 
Species 6, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, two others have been 
found in ballast fillings about the eastern seaports. 

I. Eleusine I ndica (L.) Gaertn. Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass, 
(I. F. f. 415.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base. 
Sheaths loose, overlapping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, 
glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, whorled or approximate at the 
summit of the culm or one or two sometimes distant ; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 3-4 mm. 
long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first i -nerved, the second 3-7- 
nerved, the others 3-5 -nerved. In fields, dooryards and waste places all over N. 
Am. except the extreme north. Naturalized from the warmer regions of the Old 
World. June-Sept. 

63. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. 

An annual grass, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or 
digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one 
side of the rachis, which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales com- 
pressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending 
flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, 
loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the digitately spreading spikes.] 
A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World. 

I. Dactylocteniuni Aegyptium (L.) Willd. Egyptian Grass. (I. F. f. 
416.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. long, usually decumbent and extensively creeping at the 
base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous; leaves 
1.5 dm. in length or less, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes puloescent, 
ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 1.25-5 cm. long; 
spikelets 3-5 -flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second awned, 
the flowering ones broader and pointed. In waste places and cultivated ground, 
southern N. Y., Penn. and Va. to 111. and Cal., south to Fla. and Mex. Widely 
distributed in tropical America. Naturalized from Asia or Africa. July-Oct. 

64. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. 

Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a 
simple panicle. Spikelets usually 2-many -flowered, flattened, alternating in two 
rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 to many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter 
than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled, 3 -nerved. Palet 2 -nerved. Stamens 
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.- Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. 
[Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] About 12 species, natives of the warmer 
regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
southern U. S. 



GRAMINEAE. 1 25 

Flowering; scales 1.5 mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves long and copious. 

• \. L. mucronata. 
Flowering scales less than i mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves short and scant. 

2. L. attenuata. 

1. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.)Kunth. Northern Leptochlo a. (I. F. 
f. 417.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, finally branching. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
commonly more or less hirsute ; leaves 6-25 cm. long, i cm. or less wide, rough ; 
inflorescence 1.5-5 dm. long; spikes generally elongated, ascending, 5-15 cm. 
long ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; scales usually 5, the outer empty 2 acute, equal, 
or the first somewhat shorter than the second, the first scale usually a little shorter 
than the first flowering scale. In fields, Va. to Fla., west to Cal. June-Aug. 

2. Leptochloa attenuata Nutt. Sharp-scaled Leptochloa. Culms 
tufted, branching at the base, 2-4 dm. tall, rarely taller. Lower sheaths sparingly 
pilose ; leaves 4-8 cm. long, sometimes longer, 3-5 mm. wide, sparingly pilose be- 
neath ; inflorescence 1.5-2 dm. long ; spikes numerous, finally spreading, 2-5 cm. 
long, rarely longer ; spikelets 1.6-2 mm. long ; scales 5 or 6, the outer 2 subulate, 
acuminate, awn-pointed, usually about equal, or the first shorter than the second, 
which reaches or extends beyond the apex of the second flowering scale. In sandy 
river bottoms, 111. to Ind. Terr. Sept. -Oct. 

65. BULBILIS Raf. 

A perennial stoloniferous monoecious or apparently dioecious grass with flat 
leaves and spicate inflorescence. Staminate spikelets borne in two rows on one side 
of the rachis, the spikes at the summit of the long and exserted culms. Pistillate 
spikelets in spike-like clusters of 2 or 3, on very short culms, scarcely exserted from 
the sheath. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, short-plumose. 
Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the scale. [Name apparently from the supposed 
bulb-like base of old plants. ] A monotypic genus of central N. Am. 

I. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Rat. Buffalo-grass. (I. F. f. 418.) 
Culms bearing staminate flowers 1-3 dm. tall, erect, slender, naked above ; those 
bearing pistillate flowers 1.25-7.5 cm. long, much exceeded by the leaves ; leaves 
2 mm. wide or less, more or less papillose, those of the staminate culms 2.5-10 cm. 
long, erect, those of the stolons and pistillate culms 2.5 cm. long or less, spread- 
ing ; staminate spikes 2 or 3, approximate ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened, 
2-3-flowered, the empty scales i -nerved, the flowering 3 -nerved ; pistillate spike- 
lets ovoid, the outer scales indurated. On plains and prairies, Minn, to Dak., south 
to Ark., Tex. and Mex. A valuable fodder- grass. June-July. 

65. MUNROA Torr. 

A low diffusely branched grass, with flat pungently pointed leaves crowded at 
the nodes and the ends of the branches. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile 
in the axils of the floral leaves, 2-5 -flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales 
empty, lanceolate, acute, i -nerved, hyaline ; flowering scales larger, 3-nerved ; 
I or 2 empty scales sometimes present above the flowering ones ; palet hvaline. 
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas barbellate or short-plunK)se. 
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Gen. William Munro, 
English agrostologist.] Three known species, the following of the plains of N. 
Am., the others in S. Am. 

I. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Munro's Grass. (I. F. f. 419.) Culms 
5-20 dm. long, tufted, erect, decumbent or prostrate, much branched, smooth or 
rough. Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends of the branches, snu)olh. 
pilose at the base and throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins ; leaves 2.5 cm. K)ng 
or less, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungently pointed ; spikelets 
2-5 flowered, the flowers perfect; emj^ty scales i-nerved, shorter than the flower- 
ing scales, which are about 5 mm. knig, 3 -toothed, the nerves excurrent as short 
points or awns, with tufts of hair near the midille ; palets obtuse. On dry plains. 
S. Dak. to Alberta, south to Neb., Tex. and Ariz. Aug. -Oct. 

67. PHRAGMITES Trin. 
Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with bn>ad ilat loaves and ample jianiclos. 
Spikelets 3-several-flowered, the first flower otten stamitiale. tlie others perfect; 



T26 FLORA, 

rachilla articulated between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales 
empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third 
scale empty or subtending a staminate flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, 
long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, 
short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
[Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches.] Three known species, 
the following of the north temperate zone, one in Asia, the third in S. Am. 

I. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Reed. (I. F. f. 420.) Culms 
1.5-5 ^- t^^^- erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. 
Sheaths overlapping, loose ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, 
smooth, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long or more, ample; spikelets crowded on 
the ascending branches ; first scale I -nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3- 
nerved second one ; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, 
equalling the hairs of the rachilla. In swamps and wet places nearly throughout 
the U. S., extending north to N. S., Manitoba and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Rarely ripening seed. Aug. -Oct. 

68. SIEGLINGIA Bemh. 

A perennial tufted grass with flat leaves and a narrow simple panicle. Spike- 
lets few, 3-5 -flowered, the rachilla internodes short. Scales 5-7, the lower 2 empty, 
equalling or nearly as long as the spikelet, the flowering scales very firm, rounded 
on the back, obscurely 9-nerved, the nerves more prominent at the shortly 3 -toothed 
summit, pilose near the margins, the callus short and obtuse, pilose; palet 2-keeled, 
ciliate on the keels. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
free, enclosed in the scale. [Named in honor of Prof. Siegling, German botanist. ] 
A monotypic genus of the Old World. 

i.Sieglingia deciimbens (L.) Kuntze. Heather-grass. (I. F. f. 423.) 
Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and 
glabrous. Sheaths villous at the summit; leaves smooth beneath, usually scabrous 
above, 1-3 mm. wide, the basal 7.5-15 cm. long, those of the culm 2.5—7.5 cm. 
long; panicle 2.5-5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; 
spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 6-10 mm., long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower 
scales equalling the spikelet, acute ; flowering scales broadly oval, ciliate on the 
margins below, obtusely 3-toothed, with two tufts of hair on the callus. Introduced 
into Newf. Native of Europe and Asia. Summer. 

69. TRICUSPIS Beauv. 

Usually perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and an open or contracted 
sometimes spike-like panicle. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or 
the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and be- 
tween the flowers. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes firmer, the lower 2 
empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, sometimes 
longer, the flowering scales 3-nerved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent, the 
midnerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex shortly 2-toothed, 
rarely entire, the teeth obtuse or acute, the callus short and obtuse ; palet shorter 
than the scale, compressed, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stig- 
mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Named in reference to the teeth 
of the flowering scale of most of the species.] Species about 30, natives chiefly of 
temperate regions. [Sieglingia Bernh. in part.) 

Panicle open, the branches long and more or less spreading-, often drooping- at the apex. 

1. 7'. seslerioides. 
Panicle contracted, the branches short and erect or appressed. 

Panicle spike-like, 1-3 dm, long ; spikelets numerous ; leaves long and flat. 
Second empty scale i-nerved; flowering scales 3.5-4 mm. long. 

2. T. strtcta. 
Second empty scale 3-5-nerved ; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long. 

3. T. elo7igata. 
Panicle 1-3 cm. long, almost raceme-like; spikelets few ; leaves thick, folded. 

4. T. pilosa. 

I. Tricuspis seslerioides (IMichx.) Torr. Tall Red-top. (I. F. f. 421.) 
Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, somewhat flattened, often viscid above. Sheaths sortie-. 



GRA MINE A E, 12/ 

times villous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and crowded, the upper 
longer, equalling or shorter than the intemodes; leaves I-3 dm. long or more, 6-12 
mm. wide, flat, attenuate into a long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 
1.5-4.5 dm. long, the branches finally ascending or spreading, the lower 1-2.5 "^i^- 
long, usually dividing above the middle; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 6-8 mm, long, 
purple; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, generally slightly 2 -toothed; flowering 
scales oval, the nerves pilose, excurrent as short tips. In fields. Conn, to Kans., 
south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. [Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx.) Scribn.) 

2. Tricuspis stricta (Nutt.) A. Gray. Narrov^ Tricuspis. (I. F. f. 422.) 
Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, a little compressed. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 
flat, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like panicle 1.25-3 
dm. in length, the branches appressed, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 4-10- 
flowered, 4-6 mm. long; lower scales usually about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
let, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales, acute, glabrous ; flowering scales 
ovate, the nerves pilose for more than half their length, the middle and often the 
lateral excurrent as short tips. Moist soil. Miss, to Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 
{^Sieglingia stricta (Nutt.) Kuntze.) 

3. Tricuspis elongata (Buckley) Nash. Long-panicled Tricuspis. (I. F. 
f, 422b.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect, rough, the sterile shoots about one- 
half as long as the culms. Sheaths rough, a ring of hairs at the apex; leaves 
rough, usually involute when dry, 7.5-2 5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 
narrow, 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 1.25 cm. wide, its branches erect, 3.75 cm. long or less; 
spikelets io-12-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the empty scales scabrous, the first i- 
nerved, the second 3 -nerved; flowering scales about 6 mm. long, obtuse at the 
scabrous apex, 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing at or below the apex, the 
midnerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Prairies, Kans. to Ariz, and Tex. 
June-Aug. {^Sieglingia elongata (Buckley) Nash.) 

4. Tricuspis pilosa (Buckley) Nash. Sharp-scaled Tricuspis. (I. F. f. 
422c.) Culms tufted, 6.25-30 cm. tall, the sterile shoots I dm. tall or less. Sheaths 
smooth, a tuft of hairs on each side of the apex, much shorter than the internodes; 
leaves strict or curved, thick, linear, obtuse, i -nerved, the margins white, serrulate, 
3,75 cm. long, or less, less than 2 mm. wide, folded, at least when dry, pubescent 
with long hairs, especially beneath; panicle almost raceme-like, long-exserted, 
1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-1 2 -flowered; empty scales, acumi- 
nate, I -nerved; flowering scales 6-6.5 i^im. long, acuminate, 3 -nerved, the mid- 
nerve generally excurrent as a short tip, all the nerves pilose (the lateral at the 
top and bottom, the midnerve below the middle). Dry soil, Kans. to Colo., Tex. and 
N. Mex. April-Sept. {^Sieglingia pilosa (Buckley) Nash.) 



70. TRIPLASIS Beauv. 

Perennial (?) grasses, with narrow flat or involute leaves and contracted or 
open somewhat branched panicles. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, 2-6-flowered, the 
glabrous rachilla articulated between the flowers, the internodes very long. Scales 
4-8, membranous, the lower 2 empty, keeled, the flowering scales dorsally roimded 
at the base, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves pilose, deeply 2-lobed at the apex, long- 
awned between the lobes, the callus long and subulate, pubescent on tlie outer sur- 
face; palet 2-keeled, the keels long-ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the 3 
divisions of the flowering scales.] Species 3, natives of the eastern and southern 
parts of N. Am. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Triplasis purpurea (Walt. ) Chapm. Sand-grass. (1. F. f. 424.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent. Leaves 1.25-6.25 cm. U>ng. 2 mm. 
wide or less, rigid, scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle 2.5 7.5 cm. Unig, 
the branches rigid, finally widely spreading, the lower 1.8-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 
2-5-flowered, 5-8 mm. long, the jomts of the rachilla half as long as the flowering 
scale; flowering scales ol)long, 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes en^se-truncate, the 
nerves strongly ciliate, the midtlle one excurrent as a sht)rt point. In sand, espe- 
cially on sea-beaches. Me. to Tex. and along the Great Lakes, Also from Neb. to 
N, Mex. Plant acid. Aug.-Sept. 



128 FLORA 

71. REDFIELDIA Vasey. 

A tall perennial grass, with long narrow leaves and an ample panicle. Spike- 
lets 1-3-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, about equal, shorter 
than the spikelet, I -nerved; flowering scales membranous, 3 -nerved, with a ring of 
hairs at the base. Palet 2-nerved, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles 
long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John 
H. Redfield, 1815-1895, American naturalist.] A monotypic genus of the west- 
ern U. S. 

I. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. Redfieldia. (I. F. f. 425.) 
Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect from a long horizontal rootstock. Sheaths smooth, the 
lower short and overlapping, often crowded, the upper much longer; leaves 3-6 
dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, involute; panicle ample and diffuse, 2-5.5 ^'"^- ^'^ length, 
the branches finally widely spreading, flexuous, the lower 7.5-20 cm. long; spikelets 
about 6 mm. long, 1-3-flowered, the empty scales acute, glabrous; flowering scales 
with a ring of hairs at the base, minutely scabrous, twice the length of the empty 
ones, acute, the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. On prairies, 
Neb. and Wyo. to Colo, and the Ind. Terr. Aug.-Sept. 

72. DIPLACHNE Beauv. 

Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an 
open panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, nar- 
row, sessile or shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, 
keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothed and mucronate or 
short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
[Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] About 15 species, natives of 
the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following species, about 6 
others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

Awn less than one-third as long as the flowering- scale. 

Spikelets 4-8 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or obtuse at the 2-toothed apex, 

lateral nerves often excurrent. i. D. /ascicula?-zs. 

Spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acuminate at the usually entire apex, 

the lateral nerves rarely excurrent. 2. D. actatiinata. 

Awn one-half as long as the flowering scale or more. 3. D. procumbens . 

1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Salt-meadow D'iplachne. 
(I. F. f. 426.) Culms tufted, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 1-2 
dm. long, 3 mm. or less wide, involute when dry, rough; racemes 8 or more, erect 
or ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. long; scales 10-12, 
the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the midnerve extending 
into an awn I mm. long or less. Along the coast. Fla. to Tex., and extending up 
the Miss. Valley to 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 

2. Diplachne acuminata Nash, n. sp. Sharp-scaled Diplachne. Culms 
tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, finally branching. Leaves erect, 1-3 dm. long, 4.5 mm. 
or less wide, usually involute when dry, very nough; racemes numerous, erect 
or ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; scales 8-11, the 
flowering scales 6-7 mm. long, acuminate at the entire or occasionally slightly 2- 
toothed apex, the lateral nerves rarely slightly excurrent, the midnerve extending 
into an awn 0.75-1.3 mm. long. Wet or moist soil, Ark. to Neb. and Colo. June- 
Aug. 

3. Diplachne procumbens (Muhl.) Nash. Long- awned Diplachne. Culms 
tufted, finally branching, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 8-20 cm. long, 4 mm, or less 
wide, involute when dry; racemes numerous, erect, the larger 5-7 cm. long; spike- 
lets about I cm. long ; scales 8-10, the empty ones usually awned or aM-n-pointed, 
the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4.5-5 n^™- lo^g> acuminate at the 
slightly 2 toothed apex, the midnerve extending into an awn one-half or moie as 
long as the scale. Brackish marshes, N. Y. to S. Car. Aug.-Oct. 

73. MOLi'nIA Schrank. 

A perennial tufted grass, with narrow flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets 2-4-flowered; two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse, or acute, une- 



GRAMINEAE. 1 29 

qual, shorter than the spikelet ; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the 
back, 3 -nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales, obtuse, 2 -keeled. Stamens 
3. Styles short. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the 
scale and palet. [Name in honor of Joh. Ignaz Molina, Chilian missionary and 
naturalist.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 

I. Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench. Molinia. (I. F. f. 427.) Culms 3-10 dm. 
tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, and confined to the 
lower part of the culm, smooth and glabrous; leaves I-3 dm. long or more, 
2-6 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above ; panicle 
7.5-25 cm. in length, green or purple, the branches usually erect, 2.5-10 cm. long; 
spikelets 2-4-flowered, 5-8 mm. long; empty scales acute, unequal; flowering 
scales about 4 mm. long, 3 -nerved, obtuse. Introduced on ballast and into waste 
places. Me. to N. Y. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Sept. 

74. RHOMBOLYTRUM Link. 

Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves, and a narrow contracted spike-like 
panicle. Spikelets numerous. Scales several, the outer two empty ones I -nerved, 
the flowering scales broad, rounded at the apex, 3 -nerved, the nerves glabrous, 
the lateral ones vanishing below the margin, the midnerve at the margin or 
sometimes excurrent as a short tip, the callus pilose; palet 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. 
Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. 
[Greek, in reference to the round flowering scales.] Species 4 or 5, natives of 
warm or tropical countries. {Sieglingla Bemh. in part.) 

I. Rhombolytrum albescens (Vasey) Nash. (I. F. f. 422a.) Culms tufted, 
3-5 dm. tall, the sterile shoots one-half as long as the culm or more. Leaves 
smooth beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 6.25-27.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
panicle dense and contracted, white, 6.25-12.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. broad, its 
branches erect or ascending, 2.5 cm. or less long; spikelets 7-ii-flowered, 4-5 mm. 
long, the empty scales white, i -nerved, about equal; flowering scales about 3 mm. 
long, 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, the midnerve excurrent 
in a short scabrous point. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Sept. {Sieglingia albescens 
(Vasey) Kimtze.) 

75. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 
Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet 
in height, the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many -flowered, 
more or less flattened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flower- 
ing ones, keeled, i -nerved, or the second 3-nerved ; flowering scales membranous, 
keeled, 3-nerved ; palets shorter than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2 -keeled, 
usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 
3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the 
scale and palet. [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low grass, or 
Love-grass, an occasional English name.] A genus of about 100 species, widely 
distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries. Besides the following, 
some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

Culms often decumbent at the base and generally much branched, 4.5 dm. tall or less ; 
usually annuals. 
Spikelets 2-s-flowered, 2-3 mm. long. 

Culms branched only at the very base ; pedicels and branches of the panicle long 

and capillary. i. E. ccipillaris. 

Culms branched above the base ; pedicels and branches of the panicle short. 

2. E. Frankii. 
Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 3-16 mm. long. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less. 

Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or 

wanting ; spikelets about i mm. wide. 3. E. pi'losa. 

Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very 
prominent; spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. /:'. Purshii. 

Spikelets 2 mm. wide or more. 

Lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long ; spikelets 2 mm. wide. 

5. /:". i-'ragrostis. 
Lower flowering scales 2-2.5 nun. long; spikelets 2,5-3 "i'^^* ^vide. 

O. /■.■. major. 



130 FLORA. 

Culms erect or ascending, simple, rigid, 4.5-16 dm. tall ; usu?.lly perennials. 
Spikelets not clustered. 

Branches of the open panicle widely spreading, at least when old, 

Spikelets closely sessile. 7. E. sessilispica. 

Spikelets more or less pedicelled. 

Pedicels long, commonly at least the length of the spikelets. 

9. E. pectinacea. 
Pedicels commonly much shorter than the spikelets. 

Leaves elongated ; branches of the panicle long and slender ; spike- 
lets scattered, 6-25-flowered, 10. E. 7'efracta. 
Leaves not elongated ; branches of the panicle short and stout, 
rigid, spikelets crowded, 5-12-flowered. 8. E. curtipedicellata. 
Branches of the elongated panicle erect or ascending, capillary, somewhat 
flexuous. 11. E. trichodes. 
Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches. 

12. E. secjindi/fora. 
Culms extensively creeping ; flowers dioecious. 13. E. hypiioides. 

1. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 428.) 
Culms 2-4.5 *i"^- ^"^^i erect, slender, sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths 
glabrous or sparingly hairy, the upper enclosing the base of the panicle; leaves 
7.5-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. w^ide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above 
;ind sparingly hirsute near the base; panicle diffuse, 1-4 dm. in length, the 
branches capillary, spreading or ascending, 3.75-12.5 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 
2-4-flowered, little flattened, 2-3 mm. long ; empty scales about equal, acute ; 
flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 mm. long. In dry places, N. H. and R. I. 
to N. Y. and Mo., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank's Eragrostis. (LF. f. 429.) Culms 
1.5-4 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or often decumbent at the base. Sheaths loose, 
shorter than the internodes; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth 
beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, 
the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 3-5 -flowered, 2-3 mm. long; empty 
scales acute, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 
mm. long. In moist places, southeastern N. Y. and northern N. J. to Minn., south 
to Miss., La. andKans. Sept.-Oct. 

3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 430.) 
Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched. Sheaths sometimes 
pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, 
scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches at first erect, finally 
widely spreading, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, often hairy in the axils; spikelets 5-12-flow- 
ered, 3-6 mm. long, about I mm. wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as 
long as the second; flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 mm. long, thin, usually 
purplish. Waste places or cultivated grovmd, southern N. E. to 111. and Kans., 
south to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Eragrostis Prirshii Schrad. Pursh's Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 431.) Culms 
1.5-4.5 dm. tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the base and much branched, smooth. 
Leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 2 mm. w^ide or less, smooth beneath, rough above; pani- 
cle open, 7.5-20 cm. long, the branches spreading, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, naked in the 
axils; spikelets 5-15-flowered, dull purple or green, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. 
wide ; empty scales acute, the lower about two-thirds as long as the upper, scabrous 
on the keel; flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long. In dry 
places, apparently throughout the U. S., extending into Ont. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L.) Karst. Low Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 432.) 
Culms seldom over 4 dm. tall, tufted, usually decumbent and much branched. 
Sheaths sparingly pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wade, 
smooth beneath, rough above and somewhat pilose near the base; panicle 5-1 1.25 
cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending, 1.8-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 
8-i8-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; empty scales acute, the first two- 
thirds as long as the second; flowering scales obtuse, 1.5 mm. long,, the lateral 
nerves prominent. In waste places or cultivated ground, Ont. to N. E., N. Y. and 
Penn. Locally naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 

6. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 433.) 
Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, usually branched. Sheaths 



GRAMINEAE, ^ I3I 

sparingly pilose at the throat; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth be- 
neath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascend- 
ing, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 8-35 -flowered, 5-16 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, very- 
flat; empty scales acute, the first slightly shorter than the second; flowering scales 
obtuse, 2-2.5 ""^'^- long, the lateral nerves prominent. In waste and cultivated 
places nearly throughout the U. S., and in Ont. Naturalized from Europe. Un- 
pleasantly scented, handsome. Aug. -Sept. 

7. EragTOstis sessilispica Buckley. Prairie Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 434.) 
Culms 2-10.5 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, 
pilose at the summit; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, rough above, glabrous 
or sparingly pilose beneath; panicle 2-4 dm, in length, the branches stout, rigid, 
widely diverging; spikelets scattered, closely sessile, appressed, 5-12-flowered, 8-14 
mm. long; empty scales about equal in length, acute; flowering scales very acute, 
about 4 mm. long, the lateral nerves very prominent. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

8. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley. Short - stalked Eragrostis. 
(I. F. f, 435.) Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple. Sheaths overlapping, 
pilose at the summit; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, sca- 
brous above; panicle 1-3 dm. in length, the branches widely spreading, 3. 75-11. 25 
cm. long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, on pedicels of less than their own 
length ; scales acute, the empty ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones about 
1.75 mm. long, scabrous on the midnerve, their lateral nerves prominent. Prairies, 
Kans. to Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 
436.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect or ascending, rigid, simple. Sheaths overlap- 
ping, glabrous or villous, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle; 
leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above and spar- 
ingly villous at the base; panicle 1.5-6 dm. in length, purple or purplish, the 
branches 7.5-25 cm. long, strongly bearded in the axils, widely spreading or the 
lower often reflexed; spikelets 5-15 -flowered, 3-8 mm. long, on pedicels of at least 
their own length; scales acute, the empty ones about equal, the flowering ones about 
1.75 mm. long, their lateral nerves very prominent. In dry soil, N. H. to 111. and 
S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

10. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Meadow Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 
437.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths overlapping, smooth 
and glabrous; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above, 
and villous toward the base; panicle 2-5 dm. long; branches slender, I -2. 5 dm. long, 
at length widely spreading, the axils often bearded; spikelets 6-25-flowered, 5 -12 
mm. long, longer than their pedicels; empty scales acute, the first somewhat 
shorter than the second; flowering scales very acute, 1.5-2 mm. long, the lat- 
eral nerves prominent. In moist soil, Del. and Md. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.- 
Sept. 

11. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Hair-like Eragrostis. (1. F. f. 
438.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths overlapping, pilose at the 
throat; leaves 1.5-6.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous 
above, attenuate into a long slender tip ; panicle 2.25-6.5 dm. in length, narrow and 
elongated, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, subdividing, somewhat flex- 
uous, 7.5-17.5 cm. long ; k)wer axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale. 
3-10-flowcred, 5-9 mm. long; lower scales very acute, about equal; flowcriiTg scales 
acute, the lower ones 2.5-3 ^''^- lo"R^ their lateral nerves manifest. In dry sandy 
soil, Ohio and 111. to Neb., south to Ark. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

12. Eragrostis secundiflora PresL Clustered Eragrostis. (I. F. f. 
439.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple; leaves 5-30 
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 3. 75-15 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-3.75 
cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so. 
strongly flattened, 8-40-flowered, 6-20 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; lower scales 
acute, about equal; flowering scales 3-3.5 mm. long, acute. usuall\ purple-lx->rd- 
ered, the lateral nerves prominent. In dry soil, Kans. and Mo., south to Tex. and 
La. Aug.-Sept. 

13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Earn.) B.S.P. Crekiung Krai^kostis. (I. F. f. 
440.) Culms 2.5-45 cm. long, extensively creeping, branched, the branches eix^ct 



132 ' FLORA. 

or ascending, 2.5-15 cm. high. Sheaths villous at the summit; leaves 5 cm. long 
or less, 1-2 mm. w^ide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; spikelets dioecious, lo- 
35 -flowered, 4-16 mm. long; lower scales unequal, the first one-half to two- thirds 
as long as the second; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves 
prominent ; scales of the pistillate flowers more acute than those of the staminate. 
On sandy or gravelly shores, Vt. and Ont. to Ore., south to Fla. and Mex. Also 
in the West Indies. Aug. -Sept. 

76. EATONIA Raf. 

Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and usually contracted 
panicles. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; the rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Two 
lower scales empty, shorter than the spikelet, the first linear, acute, i -nerved, the 
second much broader, 3 -nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, 
the margins scarious; flowering scales narrower, generally obtuse. Palet narrow, 
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, 
loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Amos Eaton, 1 776-1842, 
American botanist.] A genus of 4 or 5 species, confined to N. Am. 

Empty scales unequal, the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as the second. 

Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. i. E. obtusata. 

Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. E. Pennsylvanica. 

Empty scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 

3. E. nitida. 

1. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. Blunt-scaled Eatonia. (I. F. 
f. 441.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, often stout. Sheaths usually more or 
less rough, sometimes pubescent; leaves 2.5-22.5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. wide, scabrous; 
panicle 5-15 cm. in length, dense and generally spike-like, strict, the branches 
3.75 cm. long or less, erect; spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 i^"^- lo^^g; empty scales un- 
equal, often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as wide as 
the obtuse or almost truncate second one; flowering scales narrow, obtuse, 1.5-2 
mm. long. In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to Assiniboia, Fla. and Ariz. June-Aug. 

2. Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Pennsylvania Eatonia. 
(I. F. f. 442.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender. Leaves 6. 25-17. 5 cm. 
long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, contracted, often nod- 
ding, lax, its branches 2.5-6.5 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, usually nu- 
merous, somewhat crowded and appressed to the branches; empty scales unequal, 
the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse or ab- 
ruptly acute second one, which is smooth, or somewhat rough on the keel; flower- 
ing scales narrow, acute, 2.5 mm. long. In hilly woods or moist soil, N. B. to Br. 
Colo., south to Ga., La. and Tex. June -July. "" 

Eatonia Pennsylvanica major Torr. Culms taller ; panicle longer and more com- 
pound ; leaves longer and broader. Range apparently nearly that of the typical form. 

3. Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash. Slender Eatonia. (I. F. f. 443.) 
Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, very slender. Sheaths pubescent; leaves 1-25-7.5 cm. 
long, 2 mm. wide or less, often pubescent, the uppermost very short; panicle 5-15 
cm. in length, lax. the branches spreading at flowering time, afterwards erect, 2.5- 
6.25 cm. long; spikelets not crowded, 3 mm. long; empty scales smooth, the first 
about one-third as wide as and equalling the second, which is obtuse or almost 
truncate, often apiculate; flowering scales narrow, 2-2.5 "^^- lo^g; obtuse oracut- 
ish, smooth. In dry woods. Conn, to southern N. Y., N. J., Ga. and Ala. May- 
June. 

77. KOELERIA Pers. 

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat or setaceous leaves and mostly 
spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-5 -flowered. Two lower scales empty, narrow, 
acute, unequal, keeled, scarious on the margins; the flowering scales 3-5 -nerved. 
Palet hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, 
German botanist.] About 15 species of wide geographic distribution. The fol- 
lowing, which may contain two forms, occurs in N. Am. 



GRAMINEAE. 133 

^ I. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Koeleria. (I. F. f. 444.) Culms 3-7.5 

dm. tall, often pubescent just below the panicle. Leaves 2.5-30 cm. long, 1-3 mm. 
wide, erect, flat or involute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsvite; panicle 
2.5-17.5 cm. in length, pale greeai, usually contracted or spike-like, the branches 
erect or rarely ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-6 mm. 
long, the scales rough, acute, the empty ones unequal; flowering scales 3-4 mm. 
long, shining. In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ont. to Br. Col., south to 
Penn., Neb., Tex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Very variable. July- 
Sept. 

78. CATABROSA Beauv. 

A perennial grass, with soft flat leaves and an open panicle. Spikelets usually 
2 -flowered. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, much shorter than the 
flowering ones, unequal, rounded or obtuse at the apex ; flowering scales membran- 
ous, erose-truncate. Palet barely shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
tinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the erose top of the flowering 
scales.] A monotypic genus of arctic and mountainous regions of the northern hem- 
isphere. 

I. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Water Whorl-grass. (I. F. f. 445.) 
Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1-6 dm. tail, erect, from a creeping base, bright 
green, flaccid; sheaths usually overlapping, loose; leaves 3. 75-12. 5 cm. long, 
2-6 mm. wide, flat, objtuse; panicle 2.5-20 cm. in length, open, the branches 
whorled, spreading or ascending, very slender, 1.25-5 cm. long; spikelets 2.5-3.5 
mm. long, the empty scales rounded or obtuse, the first about half as long as the 
second, which is crenulate on the margins ; flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, 
3 -nerved, erose-truncate at the apex. In water or wet soil. Lab. and Quebec to 
Alaska, south to Neb., Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

79. MELICA L. 

Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets i -several-flowered, often secund, the rachilla extended beyond the flow- 
ers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded scales, convolute around 
each other. Two lower scales empty, membranous, 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales 
larger, rounded on the back, 7-13-nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins 
more or less scarious; palets broad, shorter than the scales, two-keeled. Stamens 
three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and 
palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for sorghum; said to be in allusion to the 
sweet culms of some species.] About 30 species, inhabiting temperate regions. 
Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the Rocky Mts. and on the Pacific 
Coast. 

Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. 

Spikelets few ; branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. i. M. diffiisa. 

Spikelets usually numerous ; branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parvijiora. 

Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 3. M. niutica. 

1. Melica diffusa Pursh. Tall Melic-grass. (I. F. f. 446.) Culms 4.5- 
12 dm. tall. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1. 5-2 dm. in 
length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 3.75-7-5 cm. long; 
spikelets usually numerotis, about 3 -flowered, 9-1 1 mm. long, nodding, on slender, 
more or less flexuous, pubescent pedicels; empty basal scales very broad, obtuse or 
acutish, the second generally much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 7-9 
mm. long, acute or obtuse, scabrous. Penn. to Neb., south to Va., Ky. and Tex. 
May -June. 

2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn, Small Melic-grass. (I. F. f. 447.) 
Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths more or less rough; leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, 
2-4 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1. 25-1. 75 dm. in length, contracted, tlio branches 
erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, 1-1.3 cm. long, nod- 
ding, on somewhat flexuous strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales obtuse or 
acutish, the second much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, 
acutish, scabrous. Prairies, Ivans, and Colo, to Ariz, and Tex. 

3. Melica rautica Walt. Nat^uow Melic-grass. (^1. F. f. 44S.) Culms 



134 FLORA, 

3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually slender. Sheaths rough; leaves rough, 1-2.25 dm- ^ 
long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle 8-26 cm. in length, narrow, the branches spreading 
or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets about 2-flowered, 7-9 mm. long, nodding, 
on more or less flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty scales very broad, acutish to 
obtuse, the second nearly as long as the spikelet or sometimes equalling it; flower- 
ing scales 6-8 mm. long, generally very obtuse, scabrous. In rich soil, Penn. to 
Wis., south toFla. and Tex. June-July. 

80. KORYCARPUS Zea. 

Erect grasses, with long fiat leaves and narrow paniculate or racemose inflores- 
cence. Spikelets 3-5 -flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating between the 
flowers. Upper scales empty, convolute. Two lower scales empty, the first nar- 
row, 3-nerved, acute, the second broader, 5-nerved; flowering scales broader than 
the lower ones, acuminate or mucronate, rounded on the back, finally coriaceous 
and shining, 3-nerved. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2, rarely i. Styles short, dis- 
tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain beaked, free. [Greek, in allusion to the beaked 
grain.] Two known species, the following North American, the other Japanese. 

I. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. American Korycarpus. (I. F. 
f. 449.) Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, very rough below the panicle. Sheaths overlap- 
ping, confined to the lower part of the culm; leaves 2-6 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, 
long-acuminate at the apex, usually scabrous; panicle often reduced to a raceme, 
5-18 cm. in length, the branches erect, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3- 5 -flowered, 1.2- 
1.6 cm. long, the lower scales unequal, the second much exceeded by the spikelet; 
flowering scales somewhat abruptly acuminate; palets shorter than the scales and 
exceeded by the beaked grain. In rich woods, Ohio to Neb., south to Ga., Tenn. 
and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 

81. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. 

Erect grasses with flat leaves and racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-14-flow- 
ered; flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, 
thin-membranous, i-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved; flowering scales 
longer, membranous, 7-nerved, the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn, 
Palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. 
Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale 
^ and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the appendages to the palets.] Three known 
species, the following arctic, the others Califbrnian. 

T. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. Sabine's Pleuropogon. (I. F. f. 450.) 
Smooth. Culms 1.5 dm. or less tall ; sheaths one or two; leaves 6-25 mm. long, 
erect, glabrous; raceme 2.5-5 cm. in length; spikelets 3-6, 5-8-flowered, about I 
cm. long, on spreading or reflexed pedicels 2 mm. in length or less; lower scales 
smooth, the first acute, shorter than the obtuse second; flowering scales oblong, 4-5 
mm. long, erose -truncate at the scarious summit, scabrous, the midnerve sometimes 
excurrent as a short point; palet bearing an awn-like appendage on each keel near 
the middle. Arctic regions of both the Old World and the New. Summer. 

82. UNIOLA L. 

Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- 
cence. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper 
staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute ; the 
lower 3-6 empty, xmequal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales 
often smaller and empty ; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
[Name diminutive of tmus^ one, of no obvious application,] About 8 species, na- 
tives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 

Spikelets about 6 mm. in length ; panicle spike-like. i. U. laxa. 

Spikelets exceeding 1.25 cm. in length; panicle open. 

Panicle lax, the branches pendulous ; spikelets on long thread-like pedicels. 

2. U. latifolia. 
Panicle strict, the branches erect, rigid ; spikelets on short stout pedicels. 

3. U. paniculata. 



GRAMINEAE, 135 

1. Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P. Slender Spike-grass. (I. F. f. 451.) Culms 
4.5-12 dm. tall ; leaves 1.25-4 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, flat, atten- 
uate into a long tip, smooth or slightly rough ; panicle spike-like, 1-3 dm. in 
length, erect, strict, or nodding at the summit, the branches erect, 2.5-5 cm. long; 
spikelets short-stalked or nearly sessile, 3-6-flowered, about 6 mm. long; flowering 
scales 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, spreading in fruit ; palet arched, about two-thirds 
as long as the scale ; stamen i. Sandy soil, L. I. to Penn. and Ky., south to Fla. 
and Tex., mostly near the coast. Ascends to 270 m. in N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. (I. F. f. 452.) 
Culms 6-15 dm. tall ; leaves 1-2.25 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, flat, narrowed into 
a somewhat rounded, often ciliate base, acuminate at the apex, smooth, excepting 
the margins; panicle lax, 1.25-2.5 dm. in length, its branches flliform and pen- 
dulous, the lower 5-12.5 cm. long; spikelets many -flowered, oblong to ovate, 1.8-3 
cm. long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels ; flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, 
ciliate-hispid on the winged keel ; stamen i. In moist places, Penn. to 111. and 
Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Ascends to 600 m. in N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 

3. Uniola paniculata L. Sea Oats. (I. F. f. 453.) Culms 9-24 dm. 
tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 6 mm. wide, involute when dry, attenuate 
into a long slender tip; panicle 2.25-3 dm. in length or more, the branches erect or 
ascending, strict, rigid, the lower 6-12. 5 cm. long; spikelets many-flowered, short- 
pedicelled, ovate to oval when mature, 1.25-2.5 cm. long; flowering scales 8-10 mm. 
long and scabrous on the keels; stamens 3. In sands of the seacoast, Va. to Fla. 
and west to Tex. Also in the West Indies and S. Am. Spikelets persistent into 
the winter. Oct. -Nov. 

83. DISTICHLIS Raf. 

Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or 
convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened, more 
numerous on the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-i6-flowered ; rachilla 
continuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower 
scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flowering ones ; flowering 
scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid ; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles 
thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free, 
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-ranked, probably in refer- 
ence to the spikelets.] Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the 
seacoast or alkaline soil; one of them is also found in Australia. 

I. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Marsh Spike-grass. (I. F. f. 454.) 
Culms 7.5-60 cm. tall, erect from a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at the 
base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded ; leaves 1. 25-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, flat or involute ; panicle dense and spike-like, 1.8-6 cm. in length, the 
branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect ; spikelets 6-i6-flowered, 8-18 mm. long, pale 
green; empty scales acute, the first I-3 -nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3-5-nerved 
second one; flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate. On salt meadows 
along the Atlantic coast from Me. to Fla., in saline soil throughout the interior, and 
on the Pacific Coast north to Br. Col. June-Aug. 

84. BRIZA L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or rarely 
contracted panicles. Spikelets large, flattened, tumid, many-flowered, nodding, 
the flowers perfect. Scales thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower empty, 
3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal; flowering scales imbricated, broader than the 
empty ones, 5-many -nerved; uppermost scales often empty; palets much shorter 
than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
Stigmas plumose, (irain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek 
name for some grain, perhaps rye.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World 
and temperate S. Am. 

Perennial; liguie i mm. long or less, truncate; spikelets 5-i2-fl(.)\vert\i. 4-5 mm. long. 

I. F. m<rJij. 
Annual; liguie 2 nmi. long or more, acute; spikelets j-6-flowered, 2-3 nun. long. 

2. B. m/'n.:.' . 



13^ FLORA. 

1. Briza media L. Quake-grass. Quaking-grass. (I. F. f. 455.) 
Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, from a peremiiial root, simple. Ligule I mm, long or 
less, truncate; leaves 2,5-7.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm, wide; panicle 3.75-12.5 cm. in 
length, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-6 cm. long; spikelets 
4-5 mm, long, orbicular to deltoid-ovate, 5-1 2 -flowered; scales scarious-margined, 
the lower ones about 2 mm. long ; flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, broader than the 
lower ones, widely spreading. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Mass. and R. I. 
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. 

2. Briza minor L. Lesser Quaking-grass. (I. F. f. 456.) Culms 1-4 dm. 
tall, erect from an annual root, simple. Ligule 2-6 mm. long, acute; leaves 
2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm, wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in 
length, open, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-6 cm. long; 
spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, truncate at the base; 
scales scarious-margined, the lower ones about 2 mm. long; flowering scales much 
broader and deeply saccate, about 1.5 mm. long. In ballast and waste places 
about Camden, N. J. ; common in Cal., and widely distributed in tropical America, 
Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. 

85. DACTYLIS L. 

A tall perennial grass, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 
3_^ -flowered, short-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the 
upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, keeled, unequal, 
mucronate; flowering scales larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, 
the midnerve extended into a point or short awn ; palets shorter than the scales, 
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
in the scale and palet. [Name used by Pliny for some grass with finger-like 
spikes.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 

I. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass, (I, F. f. 457.) Culms 6-12 
dm. tall, tufted. Leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous ; panicle 
7.5-20 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, 
the lower 2.5-6 cm. long, spikelet-bearing from above or below the middle ; spike- 
lets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5 -flowered ; lower scales I-3 -nerved, the flowering 
scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on the keel. In fields 
and waste places, N. B. to Manitoba, south to S. Car. and Kans. Naturalized 
from Europe and cultivated for fodder. June-July. 

86, CYNOSURUS L. 

Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflor- 
escence. Spikelets of two kinds, in small clusters ; lower spikelets of the clusters 
consisting of narrow empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets 
of 2-4 broader scales, with an articulated rachilla and subtending perfect flowers. 
Two lower scales in the fertile spikelets empty, I -nerved, the flowering scales 
broader, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned ; upper scales narrower, usually empty. 
Scales of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, all empty, linear- subulate, 
I -nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely plumose. Grain 
finally adherent to the palet. [Greek, signifying dog's-tail, referring to the spike.] 
About 5 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dog's-tail Grass. (I. F. f. 458.) Culms 
3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves 3. 75-12. 5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, smooth, glabrous ; 
spike-like panicle 5-10 cm. in length, 5-12 mm. wide, long-exserted ; spikelets ar- 
ranged in clusters, the terminal fertile, the lower larger and sterile ; scales of the 
former about 3 mm. long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the sterile spikelets 
very narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous on the keel. In fields and waste places, 
Quebec and Ont. to southern N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

87. POA L. 
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open 
panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers 
perfect, or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, 1-3- 
nerved; the flowering scales longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of 
cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved. the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often 



GRAMINEAE. 137 

also the dorsal one ; palets a little shorter than the scales, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. 
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, or sometimes 
adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or herbage.] A genus of about 
150 species, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. The English 
name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of the species. Besides the following, 
some 75 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. : 

Annuals or biennials; culms low and densely tufted, commonly less than 2 dm. long. 
Flowering scale distinctly 5-nerved, not webby at the base. i. P. annua. 
Flowering scale 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at the base. 

2. P. Chapmaniana. 
Perennials; culms tall, usually exceeding 2 dm. long (shorter in Nos. 3 and 4). 
A. Culms tufted, usually densely so. 
a. Panicle open, loose. 

I. Rootstocks slender; often stoloniferous. 

Culms less than 2 dm. tall; low arctic or alpine grasses. 

Flowering scales pubescent all over. 3. P. abbreviata. 

Flowering scales glabrous or slightly pubescent. 

4. P, laxa. 
Culms exceeding 2 dm. in height. 

Basal leaves much shorter than the culms. 
Flowering scales not webby at the base. 

Panicle with short stiff branches; flowering scales glabrous 

below between the nerves. 8. P.glauca. 

Panicle with long slender flexuous branches; flowering 
scales pubescent below between the nerves. 

12. P. auiumtialts. 
Flowering scales webby at the base. 

Flowering scales glabrous; culms manifestly compressed. 

10. P. debilis. 
Flowering scales pubescent on one or more of the nerves; 

% culms round or but little compressed. 

Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 

Plant yellowish green ; flowering scales 2.5 mm. 

long. 9. P. trivialis. 

Plant green; flowering scales 3.5 mm. long. 

13. P. alsodes. 
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pubescent. 

Lower half of the flowering scale densely villous 
between the nerves; arctic grass. 

16. P. cenisia. 
Lower half of the flowering scale glabrous be- 
tween the nerves; sometimes somewhat pu- 
bescent in No. II. 
Panicle-branches dividing and spikelet-bearing 
usually at and above the middle; spike- 
lets 4 mm. long or less. 
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scale 
obscure. 
Culms usually rigid and 4 dm. or less 
tall, the panicle generally less 
than 1.5 dm. long. 

5. /'. ncmoralis. 
Culms usually 6-10 dm. tall. tl\e pani- 
cle commonly 2-4 dm. long. 

6. P. Jiava. 
Intermediate nerves prominent. 

Spikelets crowded on the spreading 
or ascending branches ; midnerve 
of the flowering scale pubescent 
only below. 7. P. pratcn^is. 

Spikelets scattered on the spreading 
often reflexed branches; midnerve 
pubescent its whole length. 

11. P. syl'Cf'sti is. 
Panicle-branches very long, dividing and 

spikelet-bearing only at the end; spikelets 5 
mm. long. 14. /*. IVoljii, 



138 FLORA. 

Basal - leaves very long:, ^he early ones frequently as long as the 
culms. 15. P. brevifolia. 

2. Rootstocks short and stout; no stolons. 

Ligule acute, 4 mm. long; flowering scales lanceolate, 3 mm. long. 

17. P . pseudopi-atensis. 
Ligule truncate, 2 mm. long; flowering scales ovate, 4 mm. long. 

18. P. alptna. 
b. Panicle contracted or spike-like, 

Internerves of the flowering scale very pubescent below with long appressed 
hairs, the remainder appressed-hispidulous. 
Flowering scale erose-truncate at the apex, the nerves strongly silky pu- 
bescent below. 22. P. arida. 
Flowering scale obtuse or acute at the apex, the nerves not silky pubes- 
cent. 
Innovations short, usually less than 6 cm. long; culms generally 4 

dm. or less tall. 23. P. Buckleyana. 

Innovations long, usually exceeding 2 dm. long ; culms commonly 6 
dm. or more tall. 24. P. lucida. 

Internerves of the flowering scale appressed-hispidulous all over. 

25. P. laevigata. 
B. Culms not tufted ; rootstocks long, creeping. 

Flowering scales naked or with short hairs at the base. 

Culms compressed, slender; plant bluish green; spikelets 3-6 mm. long. 

19. P. coinpi-eisa. 
Culms not compressed, stout; spikelets about i cm. long. 

21, P. glu7naris. 
Flowering scales with webby hairs at the base longer than the scale. 

20. P. arachnifera. 

1. Poa annua L. Annual Meadow-grass. Low Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 459.) 
Culms 5-30 cm. tall, from an annual root, erect or decumbent at the base, some- 
what flattened, smooth. Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; leaves i. 25-10 cm. 
long, 1.5-3 "^"^- wide, smooth; panicle 1. 25-10 cm", in length, open, branches 
spreading, 6-35 mm. long, naked, at the base; spikelets 3-5 -flowered. 3-5 mm. 
long; lower scales smooth, the first narrow, acute, i -nerved, about two thirds as 
long as the broad and obtuse 3-nerved second one; flowering scales 2.5-3 ^"^• 
long, distinctly 5 -nerved, the nerves pilose below. In waste and cultivated places 
nearly throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May- 
Oct. 

2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman's Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 460.) 
Culms 7.5-15 cm. tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid, smooth and gla- 
brous. Sheaths tight, mostly at the base of the culm; leaves 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 
2 mm. wide or less, smooth; panicle 2.5-1; cm. in length, the branches usually 
erect, sometimes spreading or ascending, 1.8 cm. long or less, naked at the base; 
spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long; lower scales about equal, 3-nerved, acute; 
flowering scales webbed at the base, obtuse, 3-nerved, sometimes with two addi- 
tional obscure nerves, the prominent ones sometimes pilose for three-fourths their 
length. In dry soil, Ky. and Tenn. to Fla. and Ala. April-Zslay. 

3. Poa abbreviata R. Br. Low Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 462.) Culms 1-5 
dm. tall or less. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base of the culm ; leaves I.25- 
2.5 cm. long, I mm. wide ; panicle contracted, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, branches very 
short and erect; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 5 mm. long; lower scales acute, smooth 
and glabrous; flowering scales about 3 mm, long, obtuse, strongly pubescent all 
over, the intermediate nerves very obscure. Arctic America from Greenland and 
Lab. to the Pacific. Summer. 

4. Poa laxa Haenke. Wavy Meadow-grass. Mountain Spear-grass. 
(I. F. f. 463.) Culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, simple. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 
mm. wide, acuminate ; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, the branches usually erect, 
sometimes ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 4-5 mm. long; 
lower scales usually 3-nerved, acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at its apex; flow- 
ering scales 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair 
of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above, the lateral 
ones pilose for one-third their length. Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains 
of N. E., to Manitoba and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia, 
Summer. 



GRAMINEAE, 139 

5. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Meadow-CxRAss. Northern Spear-grass. 
(I. F. f. 470.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, slender, sometimes rigid. Leaves 2.5- 
10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, smooth or rough; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in 
length, open, the branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, 2.5-5 cm. long; 
spikelets 2-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lower scales acute or acuminate, 1-3-nerved; 
flowering scales obtuse or acute, 2-2.5 ™"^' long, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webby 
at base, the midnerve and the marginal nerves silky-pubescent on the lower half. 
Anticosti Isl. to Br. Col., south to Me., Minn., S. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
Colo. Also in Europe and Asia, Summer. 

6. Poa flava L. False Red-top. Fowl Meadoav-grass. (I. F. f. 471.) 
Culms 4.6-15 dm. tall. Leaves 5-15 cm, long, 2-4 mm, wide, smooth or rough ; 
panicle 1.5-3 ^"^- ^^ length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, 5-12,5 
cm. long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle ; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
3-4 mm, long, exceeding their pedicels ; lower scales acute, the flowering scales 
obtuse, somewhat webby at the base, 2-3 mm, long, silky-pubescent on the lower 
half of the marginal nerves and the midnerve, the intermediate nerves obscure or 
wanting. In swampy places, N, S, and N, B. to Vancouver Isl., south to N. J., 
111. and Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug, 

7. Poa pratensis L, Kentucky Blue-grass. June-grass. (I, F, f, 466.) 
Culms 3-12 dm, tall, from long running rootstocks ; leaves smooth or rough, 1-6 
mm, wide, those of the culm 5-15 cm, in length, the basal much longer ; panicle 
6-20 cm, in length, usually pyramidal, the branches spreading or ascending, some- 
times flexuous, 2,5-7.5 cm, long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle; 
spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute; flower- 
ing scales 3 mm. long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves and mid- 
nerve silky-pubescent below, the intermediate ones naked. In meadows, fields, 
and woods, almost throughout N. Am. Widely cultivated for hay and pasture. 
Also in Europe and Asia. In N. Am, probably indigenous only in the northern 
and m.ountainous regions. Variable, June-Aug, 

8. Poa glauca Vahl, Glaucous Spear-grass, (I. F, f, 469.) Culms 1,5-6 
dm. tall, rigid, somewhat glaucous. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower 
half of the culm ; leaves 2,5-5 C"^- ^o^g^ 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, sca- 
brous above ; panicle 2,5-7,5 cm. in length, open, the branches erect or ascending, 
1,25-3,75 cm, long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm, long; empty basal scales acute, 
3 -nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the keel; flowering scales 3-3.5 mm, 
long, obtuse or acutish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower half of the mid- 
nerve and marginal nerves silky-pubescent, the intermediate nerves obscure and 
occasionally sparingly pubescent at the base. White Mts. of N. H. Also in 
Europe, Summer, 

9. Poa trivialis L. Roughish Meadow-grass. (I, F, f. 468,) Culms 3-9 
dm, tall, usually more or less decumbent at the base. Sheaths rough; leaves 
5-17,5 cm. in length, 2-4 mm, wide, generally very rough; panicle I-1.5 dm. 
long, open, the branches usually spreading or ascending, 2.5-5 c^"'"'- ^^^^%\ spikelets 
2- or sometimes 3-flowered, 3 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute; 
flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the midnerve silky - 
pubescent below, the lateral nerves naked, the intermediate ones prominent. In 

. meadows and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and Va. Naturalized from Europe. 
June-Aug. 

10. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 472.) Culms 3-7.5 
dm. tall, slender, flattened. Sheaths compressed; leaves 2.5-11 cm. long. 2 mm. 
wide or less, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, 
often nodding at the top, the branches erect or ascending, sometimes spreading, 
3.75-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered. 3-4 mm. long, their pedicels longer; 
flowering scales 3 mm. long, obtuse, sparingly webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the 
nerves naked. In woods, N. S. and N. ?>. to Ont. and Minn., south to R. I., 
Penn, and Wis, June-Aug. 

ir. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. Sylvan Spear-cjrass, (I, F. f, 474.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall, slender, slightly flattened. Leaves smoc^th beneath, rough alx)ve, 
2-6 mm, wide, those of the culm 3.75 15 cm. in length, the basal niuch longer; 
panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending, sometimes 
reflcxed when old, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets 



140 FLOI?A. 

2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, webbed at the 

base, obtuse, often pubescent below, 5 -nerved, the midnt-rve pubescent nearly its 
entire length and the marginal nerves below the middle. In thickets and meadows, 
N. Y. to Wis. and Neb., south to N. Car., La. and Kans. June-July. 

12. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 473.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of 
the culm 3.75-15 cm. long, the basal much longer; panicle 7.5-22 cm. in length, 
the branches long and slender, spikelet-bearing at the extremities, 5-12.5 cm. long; 
spikelecs 3-5 -flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; empty basal scales acute, the first i -nerved, 
narrow, shorter than the broad 3 -nerved second; flowering scales rounded orretuse 
at the apex, 3-4 mm. long, not webbed at the base, pubescent on the lower part, 
5 -nerved, the midnerve silky-pubescent for three -fourths its length. In woods, 
N. J. and Penn. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. March-May. 

13. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass. (I. F. f. 475.) Culms 
2-7.5 ^"^- tall. Leaves usually rough, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the culm 5-20 cm., 
in length, the basal longer ; panicle 8-20 cm. in length, the branches spreading or 
ascending, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2-3 -flowered, 
about 5 mm. long; flowering scales acute, about 4 mm. long, webbed at the base, the 
midnerve pubescent near the base, the marginal nerves naked, the intermediate 
ones very faint. In woods and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car. 
and Tenn. May-June. 

14. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 476.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. Made or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of 
the culm 5-10 cm. in length, the basal much longer; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in length, 
lax, its branches erector ascending, flexuous, 3.75-6 cm. long; spikelets 2-4- 
flowered, 5-6 mm. long; scales acute; flowering scales about 4mm. long, copiously 
webbed at the base, 5 -nerved, the marginal and midnerves silky-pubescent for more 
than half their length, the intermediate nerves prominent, naked. 111., Tenn. and 
Kans. 

15. Poa brevifolia Muhl., Short-leaved Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 477.) 
Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Leaves smooth beneath, rough above, 2-4 mm. wide, 
abruptly acute, those of the culm 1. 25- 10 cm. long, the uppermost sometimes al- 
most wanting; basal leaves usually equalling or nearly as long as the culm; panicle 
6-12. 5 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, widely spreading or often re- 
flexed, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 
mm. long; flowering scales slightly webbed at the base, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, 
5 -nerved, the keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, the intermediate nerves 
prominent, naked. In rocky woods, N. J. and Penn. to 111., south to N. Car. and 
Tenn. April-Jtme. 

16. Poa cenisia All. Arctic Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 465.) Smooth and 
glabrous. Culms 1-4 dm. tall, erect, slender; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. 
wide; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, open, the branches generally widely spreading 
and more or less flexuous, 2.5-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 5-7 mm. long ; 
lower scales acute or acuminate, 1-3 -nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, 
faintly 5 -nerved, the nerves short-pilose on the lower half, minutely pubescent be-* 
tween the nerves, somewhat webbed at the base. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska. 
Also in Europe. Summer. 

17. Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. and Rydb. Prairie Meadow-grass. (I. 
F. f. 467.) Culms 3 -6.5 dm. tall. Ligule 4 mm. long, acute, decurrent; leaves 2-6 
mm. wide, smooth beneath, a little rough above and on the margins, those of the 
culm 2.5-8 cm. long, the basal 1.5-2.5 dm. in length ; panicle 5-12.5 cm. long, 
open, the branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
6-8 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved; 
flowering scales acutish, about "3 mm. long, rough above, 5 -nerved, pubescent be- 
tween the nerves below, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent about 
half their length. Manitoba and Assiniboia to Neb. and Colo. 

18. Poa alpina L. Alpine Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 464.) Smooth and 
glabrous. Culms 1-4.5 ^"^- ^"^^'^ ligule 2 mm. long, truncate; leaves 2.5-7.5 
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, the 
branches generally widely spreading, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
5-6 mm., long; lower scales broad, glabrous, rough on the keel, acute; flowering 



GRAMINEAE, I4I 

scales about 4 mm. long, obtuse, pilose for half their length, pubescent between the 
nerves toward the base. Lab. to Alaska, south to Quebec, Lake Superior, and in 
the Rocky Mts. to Colo, Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

19. Poa compressa L. Wire-grass. Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. 
English Blue-grass. (I. F. f. 461.) Pale bluish green, glabrous. Culms 
1.5-6 dm. tall, decumbent at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, much 
flattened; sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-10 cm. 
long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usually contracted, 
the branches erect or ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the 
base; spikelets 3-9-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; lower scales acute, 3-nerved; flower- 
ing scales 2-2.5 ^™- ^o^g» obscurely 3-nerved, the nerves sparingly pubescent 
toward the base. Waste places and cultivated grounds and woods almost through- 
out N. Am. Ascends to 630 m. in Va. Naturalized from Europe. Native also 
of Asia. Varies from weak and slender to quite stiff". June-Aug. 

20. Poa arachnifera Torr. Texas Blue-grass. (I. F. f. 479a.) Culms 
tufted, 3-9 dm. tall, from running rootstocks ; sterile shoots from one-half as long 
as the culms to equalling them. Leaves linear, erect, usually folded when dry, 
smooth beneath, rough above, 3.5-22.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, abruptly acute; 
panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 7.5-16 cm. long, 
1.25-3.75 cm. broad, its branches ascending or erect; spikelets numerous, 4-7- 
flowered, the scales acuminate; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, often pointed, 
pubescent at the base with copious long cobwebby hairs, 5 -nerved, the midnerve 
and lateral nerves pilose below the middle. Prairies, Kans. to N. Mex., south to 
La. and Tex. Also introduced in Fla. April-May. 

21. Poa glumaris Trin. Large-flowered Spear-grass. (I, F. f. 480,) 
Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erector assurgent. Sheaths loose; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 
2-8 mm. wide; panicle I-2.5 dm. in length, the brancTies erect or ascending, 
2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 8-12 mm. long; flowering scales ^-^ mm. 
long, usually acutish, scabrous, 5-7-nerved, pubescent at base and on the lower 
part of the midnerve and lateral nerves, not webbed. Anticosti Isl. and N. S. to • 
Quebec and Alaska. Summer. 

22. Poa arida Vasey. Prairie Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 478). Culms 3-6 
dm. tall, erect, rigid. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule 2-4 mm. long, acute; 
leaves smooth beneath, rough above, I-2 mm. wide, flat or folded, pungently 
pointed, those of the culm 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect, the basal leaves 7.5-15 cm. 
long; panicle contracted, 5-12.5 cm. m length, the branches erect, spikelet-bearing 
nearly to the base, 3.75 cm. long or less; spikelets 4-7 -flowered, 5-7 mm. long ; 
flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, erose-truncate at apex, strongly silky-pubescent on 
the nerves for half their length, the lower part very pubescent between the nerves; 
intermediate nerves very obscure. Meadows and low grounds, N. W. Terr, to 
Kans. and Ariz. April-Aug. 

23. Poa Buckleyana Nash. Buckley's Spear-grass. (I. F. f. 479.) 
Culms 1.5-4 dm. tall, rarely taller, erect, rigid. Ligule 4-6 mm. long, acute; 
leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth 
or rough; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, 3.75 cm. 
long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spikelets 2-5 -flowered, 4-6 mm. 
long; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, appressed-pubescent be-^ 
low, with long hairs. Usually in dry soil on mountain slopes or elevateil prairies, 
S. Dak. to Br. Col., Colo, and Cal. May-Sept. 

24. Poa lucida Vasey. Culms 6-8 dm. tall, erect, the innovations 23 dm. 
long; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves of the culm I dm. or k's-< long, those on 
the innovations much longer; panicle I -2 dm. long, its larger branches 3-5 cm. 
long; spikelets 6-10 mm. long, 4-6-flowered, the flowering scales about 4.5 mm. 
long, appressed-pubescent below with long hairs, obtuse or acutish. Moist hill- 
sides and meadows, Mont, to Neb. and Colo. June-Aug. 

25. Poa laevigata Scribn. Culms densely tufted, 6-8 <\\\\. tall, erect, slender, 
the innovations I-2 dm. long; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves i dn\. or less 
long; panicle very slender, 8-14 cn\. long, its larger branches 3-5 cm. long; spike- 
lets 5-7 mm. long, 3-4-flowered, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, hispidulous all 
over, obtuse to acutish. On dry hills, Mont, to Neb. and Colo. June-Aug. 



142 FLORA, 



S3. DUPONTIA R. Br. 



Low grasses, with flat leaves and generally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4- 
flowered, the flowers all perfect. Two lower scales empr>". extending bevond the 
flowering scales, membranous; flowering scales entire, membranous, with a tuft of 
hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Sts'les distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name in 
honor of J. D. Dupont. French botanist. ] Two arctic species, both circumboreal. 

I. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. Fisher's Dupontl\. (I. F. f. 481.) Smooth 
and glabrous. Cvdms 1.25-3 cm. tall: leaves 2.5-15 cm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, 
flat: panicle usually contracted. 3- 75-8-5 cm. long, the branches less than 3.75 cm. 
long, erect, or sometimes ascending; spikelets few. about 2-flowered. 6-8 mm. long; 
empt}' basal scales thin, generally acute, the first i-nerved. somewhat shorter than 
the second, which is usually 3 -nerved, the lateral nerves often vanishing at about 
the middle: flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, i-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; basal 
hairs about i mm. long. Arctic regions of northeastern America. Also in arctic 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

?9. SCOLOCHLOA Link, 

Tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with fiat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 
2-4-flowered. the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty. thin-mem.branous 
3_5 -nerved: flowering scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, roimded on the 
back. 5-7-ner\-ed. some of the ner\-es usually excurrent as short points; palets about 
equalling the scales. 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Sr%'les very short. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain hairy at the apex. [Greek, referring to the prickle-like projecting nerves 
of the flowering scales.] Species 2. in the north temperate zones of both continents. 

I. Scolochloa festucacea (AVilld.) Link. Fescue Scolochloa. (L F. f. 
482.) Culms 0-15 dm. tall. Sheaths often overlapping ; leaves 2—3 dm. long or 
more, 4-8 mm. wide. flat, scabrous on the margins ; panicle 2-3 dm. in length, 
usuallv open, the branches ascending, naked at the base, the lower 7.5-10 cm. 
long : spikelets 6-8 mm. long ; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter than the 
second ; flowering scales scabrous, 7-nerved. Iowa an(i Xeb., north to Manitoba 
and Assiniboia. July-Aug. 

90. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. 

Slender erect grasses, with flat leaves and a usually contracted nodding panicle. 
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the 
flowers. Two lower scales empt}', somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, 
thin-membranous, acute, keeled: flowering scales membranous, obscurely nerved, 
entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3, St^'les distinct. 
Stiomas pkmiose. Grain glabrous. [C^eek. pencil-bearing, referring to the tuft 
of hairs at the end of the rachilla.] Three known species, natives of northern X. 
Am. 

I. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv. Graphephorum. I. F. 
f. 483.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower often villous; 
leaves 3.7:;-22.5 cm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, rough; panicle 5-I5 
cm. in length, the top usually nodding, the branches erect, 2.5-5 c™- loi^g; spike- 
Jets 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; scales scabrous on the keel, the empty ones un- 
equal, the first I-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; 
flowering scales 3-5-ner\^ed. acute. In wet soil, Anticosti Isl. to Ont., south to 
Me. and Mich. Aug. -Sept. 

91. PANICULARIA Fabr. 

Mostlv perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets few — many-flowered, terete or somewhat flattened. Two lower scales empt}-, 
obtuse or acute. 1-3 -nerved ; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back. 
5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. Palets scarcely shorter 
than the scales, rarely longer. 2 -keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. St^des distinct. Stig- 
mas plumose. Grain smooth, enclosed in the scale and palet. free, or when dry 
slightly adhering to the latter. [Latin, referring to the panicled spikelets.] Ahout 
20 species, widely distributed in X. Am., a few in Europe and Asia, 



GRAMINEAE. 143 

Soikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. 

Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 
Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping. 
Spikelets 3-5-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 2 mm. long. 

1. P. laxa. 
Spikelets 5-12-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 3 mm. long. 

2. P. Ca7iade?isis. 
Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa. 

Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. 

Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. elongata. 

Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect. 
Scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 

Spikelets 3 mm. long or less ; branches of the panicle often drooping. 

5. P. nervata. 
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading, 

6. P. Americana. 
Scales 2.5-3 mm. [long, truncate and[denticulate at the apex. 

7. P. pallida. 
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 

Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse palet. 
Flowering scales firm, hispidulous all over, truncate at the apex. 

8. P. fliiitans. 
Flowering scales thin, hispidulous on the nerves only, obtuse at the apex. 

9. P. borealis. 
Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, shorter than the acuminate palet. 

Flowering scales obtuse, about 6 mm. long, a little exceeded by the palet. 

10. P. brachyphylla. 
Flowering scales acute, about 8 mm. long, much exceeded by the palet. 

11. P. acutijiora. 

1. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 484.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths overlapping, roug]-, ; 
leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, very rough; panicle 17.5-22.5 cm. in length, the 
branches spreading or ascending, the lower 7.5-15 cm. long; spikelets 3— 5 -flow- 
ered, about 4 mm. long; empty scales unequal, scarious, acute. I -nerved, the firsi 
one-half to two-thirds the length of the second; flowering scales broad, about 2 mm. 
long, twice the length of the second scale, obtuse, obscurely 7-nerved. In water or 
wet soil. Me, to Penn. Aug. 

2. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Rattlesnake-grass. (I. F. f. 
485.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
internodes, those at the base of the culm overlapping; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or 
more, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1. 25-2. 5 dm. in length, the branches spread- 
ing, ascending or often drooping, 6. 25-12. 5 cm. long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, 5-8 
mm. long, flattened, turgid; empty scales unequal, acute, i -nerved; flowering 
scales broad, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, obscurely 7-nerved. In swamps 
and marshes, Newf. and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J., Ohio and Kans. 
The handsomest species of the genus. Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. 
July-Aug. 

3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. Blunt Manna-grass. (I. F. 1 
486.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths sometimes rough, strongly striate, the 
lower overlapping; leaves 1. 5-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, usually stiif, erect or 
ascending, smooth beneath, more or less scabrous above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in 
length, contracted, dense, the branches erect; spikelets 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. 
long; empty scales acute, scarious, i-nerved; flowering scales about 3 mm. long, 
broad, obtuse, obscurely 7-nerved. In swamps, N. B. to N. Y. and central Penn., 
south to Del. and Md. Ascends to 690 m. in the Catskill INIts. July-Aug. 

4. Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze. Long Manna-gr.vss. (I. F. f. 
487.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall. Leaves lax, 1. 5-3 dm. long, y-d mm. wide, lon;^- 
acuminate, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle elongated, contracted, narrow, 
usually nodding at the summit, 1. 5-3 dm. in length, the branches erect or appressed. 
2.5-6 cm. long; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long; empty scales unequal, acute, 
l-nerved; flowering scales narrow, about 2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. distinctly 
7-nerved. In wet woods, Newf. to Quebec and Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky. 
Ascends to 1200 m. in the Adirondacks. Aug. -Sept. 



144 FLORA, 

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Nerved Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 
488.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths usually more or less rough; leaves 1. 5-3 dm. 
long, 4-10 mm. wide, acute, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in 
length, often purple, open, the branches filiform, spreading, ascending or often 
drooping, rarely erect, 5-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; 
empty scales obtuse, l -nerved; flowering scales about 1. 5 mm. long, obtuse or 
rounded, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident furrows between. In wet places, 
Newf. to Br. Col., south to Fla. and Mex. Ascends to 1200 m. in Va. June-Sept. 

6. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Tall 
Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 489.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall. Sheaths loose, smooth, or 
sometimes rough; leaves 2-3 dm. long or more, 6-16 mm. wide, usually smooth 
beneath, rough above; panicle 2-4 dm. in length, its branches spreading, ascending 
or rarely erect, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 4-7-fiowered, 4-6 mm. long; empty scales 
acute, i-nerved; flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
sharply and distinctly 7 -nerved, the furrows between the ner\'es evident. In wet 
soil, N. B. to Alaska, south to Tenn., Colo, and Nev. Ascends to 630 m. in Penn. 
June-Aug. 

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Pale Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 490.) 
Pale green. Culms 3-9 dm. long, assurgent; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3- 75-17. 5 cm. in length, the branches spread- 
ing, ascending or rarely erect, often flexuous, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 4— 8-flowered, 
5-7 mm. long ; empty scales unequal, the first l-nen^ed, obtuse, shorter than the 3- 
nerved and truncate second ; flowering scales 2.5-3 ™^- long, truncate and dentic- 
ulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7 -nerved, with plain furrows between the 
nerves. In shallow water, N. B. to Ont., south to Va., Tenn. and Ind. Ascends 
to 600 m. in Penn. July- Aug. 

8. Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 
491.) Culms 10-15 dm. long, flattened, erect or decumbent, usually stout, often 
rooting from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, generally overlapping, smooth or 
rough; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long or more, 4-12 mm. wide, scabrous, often floating; 
panicle 2.25-4.5 dm. long, the branches, at least the lower ones, at first appressed, 
later ascending, and 7.5-15 cm. long; spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered, 2-2.5 <^^^- 
long ; empty scales unequal, l-nerved, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or 
truncate ; flowering scales 4-4.5 '^''ca- long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the 
erose apex, scabrous, sharply 7-nerved.' In wet places or in water, Newf. to Br. 
Col., south to N. Car., Ky., Iowa and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 

9. Panicularia borealis Nash. Slender Manna-grass. (I. F. f. 491a.) 
Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 4.5-15 dm. tall; sheaths overlapping, 
smooth or roughish, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle ; leaves 
linear, abruptly acuminate, I-5 dm. long, 2—10 mm. wide; panicle slender, the ex- 
serted portion 1.5-5 d™- long, its branches appressed or nearly so; spikelets 1-1.8 
cm. long, 7-13-flowered, appressed; outer two scales i-nerved, unequal; flowering 
scales thin, 4-5 mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves only scabrous ; palet slightly shorter 
than the scale. In shallow water, Me. to N. Y., Idaho, Cal., Wash., and north- 
ward. 

10. Panicularia brachyph;flla Nash. Short-lea^ted Manna -grass. (I. F. f. 
492a.) Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths gen- 
erally longer than the intemodes, almost closed, the uppermost one enclosing the 
base of the panicle; leaves linear, acuminate, 6-12.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; 
panicle slender, the exserted portion 3-4 dm. long, its branches appressed or 
nearly so; spikelets compressed-cylindric, 2-2.8 cm. long, 7- 12 -flowered; empty 
scales I-nerved; flowering scales scabrous all over, 7-nerved, about 5 mm. 
long, the obtuse apex obscurely and irregularly few-toothed; palet about 6 mm. 
long, acuminate, a little exceeding the scale. In shallow water, Me. to N. Y. 
June-July. 

11. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Sharp-scaled Mann a-grass. 
(I. F. f. 492.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent base, simple. 
Sheaths loose, generally a little exceeding the internodes. smooth and glabrous ; 
leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 1.5- 
3 dm. in length, the branches erect or appressed, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets linear, 
5-12-flowered, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; empty scales acute, smooth ; flowering scales 



GRAMINEAE. 145 

about 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, exceeded by the long-acuminate 
palets. In wet places. Me. to southern N. Y., Ohio and Tenn. Local. June- Aug. 

92. PUCCINELLIA Pari. 
Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets 3-several-flowered. Lower scales empty, obtuse or acute, unequal; 
flowering scales obtuse or acute, rounded on the back, 5 -nerved, the nerves very 
obscure or almost wanting. Palet about equalling the scale. Stamens 3. Styles 
wanting. Stigmas sessile, simply plumose. Grain compressed, usually adhering 
to the palet. [Name in honor of Benedetto Puccinelli, Italian botanist.] About 14 
species, in all temperate regions. 

Panicle open, its branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect. 

Lower flowering scales 3-4 mm. long; plant stoloniferous. i. P. maritima. 

Lower flowering scales 2.5 mm. long or less ; plants not stoloniferous. 

Second empty scale less than half the length of the flowering scales, broad, ob- 
tuse or truncate ; spikelets crowded. 2. P. distans. 
Second empty scale more than half the length of the flowering scales, narrow, 
obtuse or acute ; spikelets not crowded. 3. P. airoides. 
Panicle contracted, its branches erect, rarely ascending; northern species. 

4. P. angustata. 

1. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.)Parl. Goose-grass. Sea Spear-grass. 
(1. F. f. 493.) Stoloniferous, smooth, glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or 
decumbent at the base; leaves i. 25-12. 5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat to in- 
volute; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, or rarely erect, 
2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-10-flowered, 6-12 mm. long; empty scales unequal, the 
first usually I -nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, broad, 
obtuse or truncate. In salt marshes and on sea beaches, N. S. to R. I. Also on 
the Pacific coast, and on the coasts of Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

2. Puccinellia distans (L.) Pari. Spreading Meadow-grass. (I. F. f. 
494.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, tufted. 
Leaves i. 25-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or folded, usually stiff" and erect, 
smooth beneath; panicle 5-17.5 cm. in length, open, rarely contracted, the 
branches spreading or ascending, whorled, the lower 2.5-11.5 cm. long, sometimes 
reflexed; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty scales obtuse or 
acute, i-nerved, the second exceeding the first and less than half the length of the 
obscurely nerved and obtuse flowering scales, which are 1-2 mm. long. On salt 
meadows, sea beaches and in waste places, N. S. to N. J. Probably naturalized 
from Europe. July-Aug. 

3. Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) "Wats. & Coult. Slender Meadow-grass. 
(L F. f. 495.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide or 
less, flat or involute, usually erect, smooth beneath, rough above ; panicle open, its 
branches slender, spreading or ascending, rarely erect, the lower 5-8.5 cm. long 
and often reflexed ; spikelets scattered, 1-7-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; empty scales 
unequal, the first acvite, i-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, more than 
half the length of the obtuse flowering scales, which are 2-2.5 ^nm. long. In sa- 
line soil, Manitoba to the N. "W. Terr., "Wash., Neb. and Nev. July-Aug. 

4. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Scribn. Arctic Meadow-grass. (I. F. f. 
496.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, simple; leaves 1.25-6.5 
cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; panicle 2.5-5 cm. in length, contracted, the branches 
short and erect or appressed ; spikelets 2-7-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; empty scales 
obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first i-nerved, the second 3-nerved; fltnveriug 
scales 2.5-3 mm. long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex, tireenland and 
Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Me. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

93. FESTUCA L. 
Mostly tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate in- 
florescence. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less 
unequal, acute, keeled; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 
5 -nerved, usually acute, and generally awned at the apex. Palet scarcely shorter 
than the scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 



146 FLORA. 



glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the scale or palet. [Latin, stalk or straw.] 
A genus of about 80 species, widely distributed, particularly numerous in temperate 
regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of X. Am. 

Empty scales membranous, firm, the second one 3— 5-nen-ed. 
Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute or folded. 
Annuals ; flowering scales long-awned. 

First scale more than one-half as long as the second: awn not exceeding the 

length of the flowering scale. i. F, octoflora. 

First scale less that one-half as long as the second ; awn much longer than 
the flowering scale. 2. F. Myuros. 

Perennials ; flowering scales awnless or short-awned. 

Culms from a rootstock or with stolons. 3. F. rubj-a. 

Culms densely tufted, no rootstocks. 

Flowering scales short-awned : leaves setaceous. 

Culms 2-4 dm. tall ; culm-leaves long. 4. F. ovma. 

Culms 1.5 dm. or less* tall; culm-leaves very short, usually about i 
cm. ; an alpine grass. 5. F. brachyphylla. 

Flowering scales aA\"nless ; leaves filiform. 6. F. capillata. 

Leaves 4 mm. wide or more, flat. 

Flowering scales awnless or short-awned. 

Flowering scales 5-7 mm. long ; spikelets 5-10-flowered. 

7. F. elattor. 
Flowering scales 4 mm. long or less ; spikelets 3-6-flowered. 

Spikelets very broad ; branches of the panicle spikelet-bearing from the 

middle or below. 8. F. Shortii. 

Spikelets lanceolate; branches of the panicle elongated, spikelet-bearing 
at the end. 9. F. ?iutans. 

Flowering scales long-awned. 10. F. gigantea. 

Empty scales broad, scarious, with broad hyaline margins, thin, i-nerved ; .base of the 
culms clothed with dry leafless sheaths. 
Panicle loose and open, usually purple, its branches often widely spreading. 

II. F. scabrella. 
Panicle narrow, strict, rigid, green, its branches appressed. 12. F. Watsoni. 

1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescl-e-grass. (I. F. f. 497.) Culms 
1-4.5 d™- ^^^1- erect, from an annual root, slender, rigid. .Leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. 
long, involute, bristle-form; raceme or simple panicle often one-sided, 2.5-15 cm. 
in length, contracted, its branches erect, or rarely ascending; spikelets 6-13-flow- 
ered. 6-10 mm. long; empty scales acute, smooth, the first i-ner^-ed. more than 
half the length of the 3 -nerved second one; flowering scales, exclusive of awn. 
3-5 mm. long, usually very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as the 
body or shorter, or sometimes awmless; stamens 2. Dry sandy soil, Quebec to 
Br. Col., south to Fla.. Tex. and Cal. June-Aug. 

2. Festuca Myuros L. Rat's-tail Fescue-grass. (L F. i. 498.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall, erect from an annual root; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, subulate, involute, 
erect; panicle usually one-sided. 1-3 dm. in length, contracted, sometimes curved, 
its branches appressed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empt\' scales very unequal, acute, 
smooth, the first i-nerved, less than half as long as the 3-ner\-ed second one; 
flowering scales, exclusive of the awn. 4-6 mm. long, narrow, acuminate into an 
awn much longer than the body; stamen i. In waste places and fields. N. H. to 
N. J. and Fla. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from Europe. June— July. 

3. Festuca rubra L. Red Fescue-grass. (L F. f. 499.) Cufms 4.5-7.5 dm. 
tall, from running rootstocks, erect, simple: basal leaves involute-filiform, 7.5-15 
cm. long ; culm leaves shorter, erect, fiat, or involute in drying, minutely pubescent 
above; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, sometimes red, open at flowering time, o-n- 
tracted in fruit; spikelets 3-10-flowered. 8-12 mm. long; lower scales acute, un- 
equal, the first I-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales about 
6 mm. long, obscurely 5-ner\-ed. sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less than 
their own length. Lab. to Alaska, south, especially on the motmtains. to Va.. Tenn. 
and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. Festuca ovina L. Sheep's Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 500.) Culms 1.5- 
3.5 dm. tall, erect, tufted, slender, rigid; sheaths usually crowded -at the base 
of the culm; ligule auriculate. short; leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the 
culm few, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, erect, the basal ones numerous; panicle 3.75-7.5 



GRAMINEAE. 1 47 

cm. long, often one-sided, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed; 
spikelets 3-5 -flowered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first i -nerved, the second 
3 -nerved; flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, smooth, acute, usually short-awned. In 
fields and waste places. Lab. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Colo, and Cal. Variable. 
Probably indigenous northward, but mostly naturalized from Europe. Native also 
of Asia. The so-called var. vivipara, a state of this grass with the scales wholly 
or partly transformed into small leaves, is found on the mountains of N. E. and in 
arctic America. 

Festuca ovina duriiiscula (L.) Hack. Culms taller and stouter, the panicle 
usually more open and the flowering- scales about 6 mm. long. Newf. to the Rocky 
Mts., south to Va. and Colo. Naturalized from Europe. 

5. Festuca brachyphflla Schultes. Short-leaved Fescue-grass. (I. F. f, 
500a.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms densely tufted, 2 dm. tall or less, slender, 
erect, much exceeding the short basal leaves ; sheaths coarsely striate ; leaves very 
narrow, involute, at least when dry, those on the culm 1.25 cm. or less long, erect 
or ascending; panicle 2.5 cm. or less long, nearly simple, its branches appressed; 
spikelets 2-4-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, the first i -nerved, the second 
3-nerved; flowering scales acute or acuminate, rough toward the apex, 4-5 mm. 
long, exclusive of the scabrous awn, which is 1-2.5 mm. long. Newf. to Br. Col., 
the higher mountains of Vt. and the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Summer, 

6. Festuca capillata Lam. Filiform Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 500b.) 
Densely tufted. Culms erect from a decumbent base, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, 
smooth and glaucous, shining; sheaths confined to the base of the culm; leaves 
filiform, smooth or rough, the basal ones from one-third to one-half as long as the 
culm, the culm leaves 2.5-3.75 cm. long; panicle contracted, 1.25-5 cm. long, its 
branches erect, 1.25 cm. or less long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4-5 -flowered; outer 
scales empty, unequal, the first acuminate, the second acute; flowering scales about 
2.5 mm. long, unawned, acute. Fields and roadsides. Me. andN. Y. Also in Miss. 
Introduced from Europe. June-July. 

7. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 502.) 
Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, 
smooth beneath, more or less rough above; panicle 1-3.5 ^"^- i^ length, often nod- 
ding at the top, simple to very compound, the branches ascending or erect, 5-20 
cm. long; spikelets 5-9-flowered, 9-12 mm. long; empty scales acute, the first 1-3- 
nerved, the second 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales acute or short-pointed, smooth and 
glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5 -nerved. In fields and waste places, N. S. 
to Ont., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. Naturalized from Europe and culti- 
vated for hay. Variable. July-Aug. 

8. Festuca Shortii Kunth. Short's Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 503.) Culms 
6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth be- 
neath, rough above; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, open, the branches spreading 
or ascending, rarely erect, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below, the lower 
3.75-8.75 cm. long; spikelets broadly obovate when mature, 3-6-flowered, 5-6 mm. 
long; empty scales acute, unequal, scabrous on the nerves, the first i -3-nerved, the 
second 3-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, smooth, obtuse or acutish, 
faintly nerved. In M^oods and thickets, Penn. (according to Porter) and 111. to Kans., 
south to Miss, and Tex. July-Aug. 

9. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 504.) Culms 
6-9 dm. tall, slender, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 
mm. wide, rather dark green, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 1-2.25 
dm. in length, its branches at first erect, the lower 6.25-12.5 cm. long, finally 
spreading and nodding, spikelet-bearing only at the ends; spikelets lanceolate. 3-5- 
flowered, 5-6 mm. long, empty scales acute, scabrous on the keel, the first i-nerved, 
shorter than the 3-nervcd second; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, simx")th. acute, 
very faintly nerved. In rocky woods, N. S. to Ont. and Neb., south to Fla. and 
Tex. Ascends to 690 m. in Va. June- Aug. 

10. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Great Fescue-grass. (T. F. f. 505.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually overla]iping ; 1.25-3 dm. long 
or more, bright green, 4-12 mm. wiile, flat, rough ; panicle 1.75-3 *^^"^- i'^ length, 
loose, narrow, the branches eregt or ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long ; i-pikolets 



148 FLORA. 

3-7 -flowered ; empty scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the first 1-3 -nerved, 
shorter than the 3-5 -nerved second ; flowering scales, exclusive of awn, about 6 
mm. long, faintly 5 -nerved, slightly scabrous, minutely 2-toothed at the apex, bear- 
ing an awn 1.2-1.6 cm. long. In waste places, Me. to southern N. Y. Adventive 
from Eiu-ope. July -Aug. 

11. Festuca scabrella Torr. Rough Fescue-grass. (I. F. f. 501.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall, erect, usually rough below the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, 
smooth ; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
erect, the basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous from the sheaths, involute 
in drying ; panicle 7.5-10 cm. in length, open, its branches ascending or the 
lower widely spreading ; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, about 8 mm. long ; empty scales 
scarious, unequal, smooth, the first i -nerved, the second longer. 3 -nerved ; flower- 
ing scales about 6 mm, long, scabrous, often bearing a short awn 2 mm. long or less. 
Lab. and Quebec to Manitoba and Br. Col. Summer. 

12. Festuca Watsoni Xash. Watson's Fescue-grass. Culms tufted, 
erect, rigid, the base clothed with dry leafless sheaths. Sheaths smooth and gla- 
brous ; leaves erect, stiff", smooth beneath, rough above, 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 
mm. wide, those on the culm much shorter than those of the innovations ; panicle 
strict, narrow, 10-12 cm. long, its branches erect or appressed ; spikelets usually 
3-flowered, 7-8 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales strongly scabrous. 
Meadows, Alont. to Neb. and Colo. June-July. {Festuca Kmgii (S. Wats.) Scribn. 
Not F. Kingiana Endl.) 

94. BROMUS L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal panicles, the pedicels 
thickened at the summit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Spikelets few-many-flow- 
ered. Two lower scales empty, unequal, acute; flowering scales rounded on the 
back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, 
generally bearing an awn just below the summit; palet shorter than the scale, 
2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas sessile, plumose, inserted below a hairy 
cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palet, 
[Greek name for a kind of oats.] About 40 species, most numerous in the north 
temperate zone. Besides the following, some 14 others occur in the western parts 
of N. Am, 

Lower empty scale i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. 

Awn shorter than the flowering scale or wanting; perennials 6-12 dm. tall. 
Flowering scales awnless, or merely awn-pointed. i, B. inerfnts. 

Flowering scales awned. 

Sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute. 
Leaves 4-12 mm, wide ; culms stout ; branches of the panicle more or 

less spreading or drooping, 2, B. ciliattis. 

Leaves less than 4 mm. Avide; culms slender; branches of the panicle 
erect, 3, B . erecitis. 

Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. 4. B. asper. 

Awn longer than the flowering scale ; low annuals 3-6 dm, tall. 

Flowering scales appressed-hirsute, S-12 mm. long, 5. B. fectornm. 

Flowering scales sparsely appressed-hispidulous. 

Spikelets usually single on the long naked spreading branches. 

6. B. stey-ilis. 
Spikelets several on the branches which are divided and spikelet-bearing 
above the middle, 7. B. Madritensis. 

Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved (3-nerved in No. 8). 
a. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. 
I. Flowering scales awned. 

Flowering scales pubescent. 

Pubescence dense, consisting of long silky hairs. 

Second empty scale 3-nerved; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long. 

8. B. Porteri. 
Second empty scale 5-7-nerved ; flowering scales about 8 xnvsx. long. 

9. B. Kabnii. 
Pubescence of short soft appressed hairs, not dense. 

10. B. Jiordeaceus, 



GRAMINEAE. 1 49 

Flowering scales glabrous or minutely roughened. 
Awns straight. 

Nerves of the turgid fruiting flowering scales obscure ; sheaths gla- 
brous. II. B. secalinus. 
Nerves of the flowering scale prominent ; sheaths softly and 
densely pubescent with reflexed hairs. 

Spikelets broadly lanceolate, usually i, or sometimes 2, on the 

longer branches. 12. B. racemosus, 

Spikelets lanceolate, several on the longer branches. 

13. B. arvensis. 
Awns strongly bent near the base, divergent, 14. B. squari'osus. 

2. Flowering scales awnless, nearly as broad as long. 15. B. brtzce/ormts. 

b. Flowering scales compressed-keeled. 

Flowering scales pubescent; awn 4-6 mm. long. 16. B. breviaristatus. 

Flowering scales minutely roughened ; awn less than 2 mm. long, or none. 

17. B. unioloides. 

1. Bromus inermis Leyss. Hungarian Brome-grass. Culms tufted, 8-12 
dm. tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm, long, 4-6 mm. wide, 
smooth and glabrous; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, oblong, the axis scabrous, its sca- 
brous branches ascending, in clusters; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, 
oblong, erect, the first scale i -nerved, the second scale 3-nerved, the flowering 
scales 10-12 mm. long, 5-7 -nerved, awnless, or rarely awn-pointed. In fields and 
waste places, S. Dak. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. June-July. 

2. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass. Wood Chess, (I, F. f. 
506.) Culms 6-12 dm, tall, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths often softly pubes- 
cent, or the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-12 mm. 
wide, smooth beneath, scabrous and often pubescent above; panicle open, 1-2.5 
dm. in length, its branches widely spreading or often drooping; spikelets 5-10- 
flowered, 2.5 cm, long or less; first scale I -nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; 
flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, obtuse or acute, 5-7 -nerved, appressed-pubescent 
on the margins or over the entire surface; awn 4-8 mm. long. In woods and thick- 
ets, Newf. to Manitoba and Br. Col., south to Fla. and Tex. Variable. The form 
known as var. purgans [B. pubescens Muhl. ) with the flowering scales pubescent all 
over, may be distinct. July-Aug. 

3. Bromus erectus Huds. Upright Brome-grass. (I. F. f. 507.) Culms 
6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves sparingly pubescent, 
2-4 mm. wide, those of the culm 1-2 dm. long, the basal about 3 dm, long, very 
narrow; panicle 7.5-17,5 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 
2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 1.25-3.75 cm. long, sometimes purplish, 5-10-flowered; 
empty scales acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering 
scales I-I.2 cm. long, acuminate, very rough-pvvbescent, 5 -nerved, the intermediate 
nerves faint; awn 4-6 mm. long. In waste places about N. Y. Adventive from 
Europe. July-Aug. 

4. Bromus asperMurr. Hairy Brome-grass. (I. F. f. 508.) Culms 6-18 dm. 
tall, rough. Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute, especially the lower; leaves 2-3 dm. 
long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, rough or often hirsute; panicle 1.5-3 d^'^''- "'' I'-'i^ii'th, 
open, the branches usually drooping; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 2.5-3.75 cm. lon;^-; 
empty scales acute, scabrous on the nerves, the first i -nerved, the second longer, 
3-nerved; flowering scales about 1.2 cm. long, acute, hispid near the margins and 
on the lower part of the keel; awn 6-8 mm. long. In waste places, N. B. to Mich. 
and Ky. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 

5. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Brome-grass, (I. F, f. 500.) Culms 
1.5-6 dm. tall, erect from an annual root. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, softly 
pubescent; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, softly pubescent: panicle 5- 
15 cm. in length, open, the branches slender and drooping, somewhat i>no-sideil; 
spikelets numerous, 5-8-rtowered, on capillary recurved slender pedicels; en^ptv 
scales acuminate, usually rough or hirsute, the first i-nerved. the sect>nd longer, 
3nerved; flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate, 7-nerved, usually nnigh t>r 
hirsute; awn 1.2-1.6 cm. long. In fields and waste places, Mass. and R. 1. to 
Ont., south to Md. and Ohio, Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a trouble- 
some weed. May-July. 



150 FLORA. 

6. Bromus sterilis L. Barren Brome-grass. (I. F. f. 510.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall; sheaths smooth or rough, the lower sometimes pubescent; leaves 
7.5-22.5- cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually more or less pubescent; panicle 1.25- 

2.5 dm. in length, the branches ascending or often widely spreading, not one-sided, 
stiff; spikelets few, 5-10-flowered, spreading or pendulous ; empty scales acuminate, 
glabrous, the first i -nerved, the second longer, 3 -nerved; flowering scales 1.2- 

1.6 cm. long, acuminate, 7 -nerved, scabrous on the nerves, the awn 1.4-2.4 cm. 
long. In waste places and ballast, eastern Mass. to Penn. and Ohio. Locally 
naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. 

7. Bromus Madritensis L. Compact Chess. (I. F. f. 509a.) Culms 
3-6 dm. tall, tufted; sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent; leaves 6.25- 
20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rough above, often pubescent on both surfaces ; panicle 
dense, 7.5-15 cm. long, its rough branches erect or ascending, the longer 5-7.5 cm. 
long; spikelets numerous. 3.75-5 cm. long, including the awns ; scales acuminate, 
scarious on the margins, the first scale I -nerved, the second 3 -nerved; flowering 
scales, exclusive of the awn, 1.2- 1. 4 cm. long, sparsely and minutely appressed- 
pubescent, 5 -nerved, the apex acuminate ly 2 -toothed, bearing an erect or divergent 
awn 1. 2-1. 8 cm. long. Waste places, Mich, and Va. ; also in Cal. Locally adven- 
tive from Europe. Summer. 

8. Bromus Porteri (Coulter) Nash. Porter's Chess. (I. F. f. 511.) Culms 
4.5-9 dm. tall, pubescent below the nodes. Sheaths glabrous or sometimes softly 
pubescent ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, rough, those of the culm 1-2.25 ^^^- ^ong, the 
basal narrow and about one-half the length of the culm; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in 
length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes of the axis 
pubescent ;■ spikelets 5-10-flowered, 1.8-3 cm. long, on slender flexuous pedicels; 
empty scales pubescent, 3-nerved; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, obtuse, 5-7- 
nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; aw:n 2-4 mm. long. In dry 
soil, S. Dak. to Mont., south to western Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. July- Aug. 

9. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm's Chess. (I. F. f. 512.) Culms 4.5-9 
dm. tall. Sheaths more or less pubescent ; leaves 6-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, 
sparingly pubescent ; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, its branches usually flexu- 
ous; spikelets 6-iO-flowered, 1.2-2.4 cm. long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty 
scales pubescent, the first acute, 3-nerved, the second obtuse or mucronate, 5-7- 
nerved; flowering scales about 8 mm. long, 7-9-nerved, densely silky pubescent, 
the awn 2-3 mm. in length. In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to 
Mass.', Penn., 111. and Iowa. July- Aug. 

10. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. (I. F. f. 513.) Culms 2-9 dm. 
tall, usually pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths mostly pubescent; leaves 2.5- 
17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle generally contracted, its branches 
erect or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets appressed-pubescent, on short pedi- 
cels; empty scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer, 5-7-nerved; flower- 
ing scales broad, obtuse, 7-9 mm. long, 7-9-nerved, bearing an awn 6-8 mm. in 
length between the obtuse or acute teeth. In fields and waste places, Conn, and 
N. Y. to Va. and Neb. Locally adventive from Europe. July-Aug. 

11. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat. Chess. (I. F. f. 514.) Culms 3-9 dm. 
tall; sheaths generally glabrous; leaves 5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or 
rough, sometimes hairy; panicle 5-20 cm. in length, open, its branches ascending 
or drooping; spikelets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat pendulous, _6-iO- 
flowered; empty scales scabrous toward the apex, the first 3-nerved, acute, the 
second longer and broader, 7-nerved, obtuse; flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, 
broad, turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves obscure, awnless or bear- 
ing a straight awn 8 mm. long or less between the obtuse short teeth. In fields 
and waste places almost throughout temperate N. Am., often a pernicious weed in 
grain fields. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 

12. Bromus racemosus L. Upright Chess. Smooth Brome-grass. (I. F. f. 
515.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below the panicle. 
Sheaths pubescent; leaves 2.5-22.5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 
2.5-25 cm. in length, the branches erector ascending, the lower sometimes 6 cm. 
long; spikelets erect, 5-11-fluwered; empty scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the sec- 
ond longer and broader, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales broad, 7-9 mm. long, obtuse, 
smooth and shining, the nerves prominent; awn straight, 6-8 mm. in length. In 



gramineaE, 151 

fields and waste places all over the eastern U. S. and Br. Am. ; also on the Pacific 
Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 

13. Bromus arvensis E. Field Chess or Brome. (I. F. f. 515a.) Culms 
erect, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous except at or near the brown nodes. Sheaths softly and 
densely pubescent with short reflexed hairs ; leaves erect or ascending, more or less 
hirsute on both surfaces, 7.5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; panicle ample, 1.25-2.25 
dm. long, its rough branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, the longer 7.5- 
15 cm. long; spikelets, including the awns, 1. 8-2. 4 cm. long, lanceolate, the scales 
minutely and sparsely appressed-pubescent toward the acute apex, papillose along 
the nerves, the first scale 3 -nerved, the second 5-nerved; flowering scales broadest at 
the middle, 5-nerved, 7-8 mm. long, bearing an erect awn of about the same length. 
Fields and wa^te places, N. Y., N. J. and Mich. Locally adventive from Europe. 
Summer. 

14. Bromus squarrosus L. Corn Brome. (I. F. f. 516.) Culms 2-4.5 
dm. tall. Sheaths softly pubescent; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
softly pubescent; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending or 
drooping, often flexuous; spikelets nodding, 6-12-flowered, on slender pedicels ; 
empty scales obtuse or acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second longer, 7-9-nerved : 
flowering scales 9-11 mm. long, obtuse, shining, m.inutely scabrous; awn inserted 
below the apex, about as long as the scale> bent at the base and divergent. In bal- 
last and waste places about the eastern seaports. Fugitive or adventive from 
Europe. July-Aug. 

15. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Quake-grass Brome. (I. F. f. 
517.) Culms 2-6 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent with soft villous 
hairs; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 3.75-20 cm. in 
length, open, the branches ascending or often drooping, flexuous; spikelets few, 
r.'25-2.5 cm. long, laterally much compressed; empty scales very obtuse, often 
purplish, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the first 3-5 -nerved, the second larger, 
5-9-nerved;. flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, very broad, obtuse, 9-nerved, shining, 
glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent, awnless. Introduced into Penn. and 
Del. ; also from Mont, to Cal. Native of northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

16. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Short-awned Chess. (I. F. f. 
518.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pu- 
bescent, at least the lower ones; leaves 1.5-3 dm, long or more, 4-12 mm. wide, 
rough and often pubescent; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, its branches erector ascend- 
ing, the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empty scales acute, pubes- 
cent, the first 3-5 -nerved, the second longer, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales com- 
pressed, keeled, 1.2-1.4 cm. long, acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed-pubescent; awn 
4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and Cal. 
July-Aug. 

17. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Schrader's Brome-grass. 
Southern Chess. (I. F. f. 519.) Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or fre- 
quently pubescent; leaves 7.5-32 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, usually rough, at least 
above; panicle 5-25 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, or the lower 
branches of the larger panicles widely spreading; spikelets much compressed. 
6 lo-flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-5 -nerved, the second longer, 5-0- 
nerved; flowering scales 1.2-I.6 cm. long, very acute, minutely scabrous, bearing 
an awn less than 2 mm. long or awnless. Kans. (?) to the Ind. Terr., Tex. and 
Mex. Widely distributed in S. Am. May-July. 

95. NARDUS L. 

A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaves and a terminal one- 
sided slender spike. Spikelets I -flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch 
of the rachis. Scales 2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, 
the upper flower-bearing, narrow, with involute and hyaline margins; palot narrow. 
2 -nerved. Stamens 3. Style elongated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short - 
papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in the scale, usually free. [Name 
Greek, of uncertain application.] A monotypic genus of the CMd \\\)rld. 

I. Nardus striata L. Wirebent. ^^AT-(;RAss. Nakp. (1. F. f. 5J0.) 
Culms I-4 dm. tall, rigid, roughish. Shoatlis usu.illy at the base ol the luhn; 



152 FLORA. 

leaves setaceous, stiff, rough, the i or 2 culm leaves about 2.5 cm. long, erect, the 
basal ones numerous, 5-12.5 cm. long; spike 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, strict; spike- 
lets I -flowered, 6-8 mm. long, arranged alternately in 2 rows on one side of the 
erect slender rachis, often purplish; lower scale empty, very short, adnate to the 
rachis, sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale 6-8 mm. long, scabrous, long- 
acuminate or short-awned. Introduced into Newf. and at Amherst, Mass. Ad- 
ventive from Europe. July-Aug. 

96. LOLIUM L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 
several-flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually con- 
tinuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned to- 
ward the rachis. Scales rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 
2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-7 -nerved; 
palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas 2, plumose. 
Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.] About 6 species, natives 
of the Old World. 

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. 

Flowering scales awnless. i. L. perenne» 

Flowering scales awned. 2. L. Italicutn. 

Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 3. L. tefnulentum, 

1. Lolium perfenne L. Ray-grass. Rye-grass. (I. F. f. 521.) Smooth 
and glabrous. Culms 1.5-7.5 dm. tall; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
spike 7.5-20 cm. in length; spikelets 5- lO-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty scale 
shorter than the spikelet, strongly nerved; flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, ob- 
scurely nerved, acuminate, awnless. In waste places and cultivated grounds al- 
most throughout the northern U. S. and southern Br. Am. Naturalized from 
Europe. Native also of Asia. Erroneously called Darnel, this name belonging 
to L. temulentum. July-Aug. 

2. Lolium Italicum A. Br. Awned Ray-grass. Culms tufted, 6-10 dm. 
tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide; spikes 
2-3 dm. long; spikelets 20-30, 1.5-2 cm. long, the flowering scales bearing an 
awn equalling or a little shorter than themselves. In fields and waste places, 
N. Y., N. J. and Iowa. Jime-Aug. 

3. Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Ivray. (I. F. f. 522.) Glabrous. Culm.s 
6-12 dm. tall; leaves 1-2.5 ^^'^- i^ length, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough 
above; spike I -3 dm. in length; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-1.8 cm. long, the 
strongly nerved empty scale equalling or extending beyond the obscurely nerved 
flowering scales, which are awned or awnless. In waste places and cultivated 
grounds, locally naturalized or adventive from Europe, N. B. to Mich., Ga. and 
Kans. Abundant on the Pacific Coast. Locally a troublesome weed. June-Aug. 

97. LEPTURUS R. Br. 

Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated 
slender spikes. Spikelets i-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of 
the jointed rachis. Empty scales 2, rarely i, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved; 
flowering scales much shorter, hyaline, keeled, one side turned to the rachis. 
Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, or fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, refer- 
ring to the narrow spikes. ] . Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World. 

I. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. Slender Hardgrass. (I. F. f. 523.) 
Culms 7.5-30 cm. long, decumbent, much branched. Sheaths loose, shorter than 
the internodes ; leaves 1.25-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, 
smooth beneath, rough above; spikes 2. 5-15 cm. in length, slender, strict or curved; 
spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty scales acute; flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, 
I -nerved. In waste places, southern Penn. to Va., near or along the coast. Ad- 
ventive from Europe. Summer. 



GRAMINEAE. I $3 

98. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. 
Spikelets 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually 
continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower 
scales empty; flowering scales rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually 
acute or awned at the apex; palets 2-keeled, the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. 
Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain pubescent at the apex, 
usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth of these grasses in 
wheat-fields.] About 40 species, in all temperate regions. Besides the follow- 
ing, some twelve others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 

Culms tufted, no creeping rootstocks or stolons. 

Basal culm-leaves longer than the upper ; empty scales awnless. 
Flowering scales long-awned. 

Culms stout, erect ; spikes erect, often one-sided. i. A. Richardsonii. 

Culms geniculate, ascending; spikes nodding. 2. A. cantnum. 

Flowering scales with a short awn or awnless. 

Spikes slender, 5-12 cm. long; empty and flowering scales broadesi below 

the middle. 3. A. tenerum. 

Spikes 2.5-7 cm. long; empty and flowering scales broadest above the mid- 
dle. 4. A. violaceum. 
Basal culm-leaves shorter than the upper; empty scales short-awned 

5. A. Gtnelini. 
Culms from creeping rootstocks. 

Rachis articulated, finally breaking up ; spikes 4-angled. 6. A. tetrastachys. 

Rachis continuous ; spikes more or less flattened. 

Spikelets compressed, lanceolate to ovate, ascending. 7. A, spicatum. 

Spikelets nearly round or but little compressed, linear, erect. 

Flowering scales densely pubescent. 8. A. dasystachyum. 

Flowering scales glabrous or merely hispidulous. 

Leaves very rough throughout. 9. A. pseudorepens. 

Leaves smooth beneath, more or less hirsute above. 

10. A. repens. 

1. Agropyron Richardsonii Schrad. Culms 6-10 dm. tall; sheaths smooth 
and glabrous; leaves erect, 8-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, very rough; spike stout, 
strict, often one-sided, 9-15 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; spikelets crowded, 3-5- 
flowered, the empty scales firm, rough on the nerves, short-awned, the flowering 
scales glabrous, with an awn usually 2-3 times as long as themselves. From 
Minn, to the Saskatchewan, south to Neb. and Colo. July- Aug. 

2. Agropyron caninum (L.) R. & S. Awned Wheat-grass. Fibrous- 
rooted Wheat-grass. (I. F. f. 528.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or 
the lower sometimes pubescent; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth 
beneath, rough above; spike 7.5-20 cm. in length, nodding at the top; spikelets 
3-6-flowered; empty scales 9-12 mm. long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed 
or bearing an awn 2-6 mm. long; flowering scales 8-10 mm. long, usually sca- 
brous toward the apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length. 
N. B. to Br. Col., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Native northward; southward locally naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 

3. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. (L F. f. 527.) 
Glabrous; culms 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous ; leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, flat or involute, rough; spike 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, usually narrow and 
slender; spikelets 3-5-flowered; empty scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or short- 
awned, 3-5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, 
5 -nerved, awn-pointed or short-awned, scarious on the margins, often rough toward 
the apex. In dry soil, Lab. to Br. Col., south to N. H., Vt., Kans., Colo, and Cal. 
July-Aug. 

4. Agropyron violaceum (Homem.) Vasey. Purplish Wheat-grass. 
(L F. f. 526.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or 
involute, rough or sometimes smooth beneath; spike 2. 5 10 cm. in length, occa- 
sionally longer, 4-6 mm. broad; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty scales broad. 
usually purplish, scarious on the margins, 5~7-nerved, 8 -12 mm. long, acute or 
acuminate, sometimes awn-pointed, rarely loug-awned; flowering scales often 
purplish, 5-7-nerved, scarious on the margins, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or short- 



154 FLORA, 

awned, the awn rarely as long as the body. Lab. to Br. Col. and Alaska, south 
to the mountains of N. E., N. Y.. Penn. and Neb., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
Colo. Ascends to 1650 m. in the White Mts. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
Summer. 

5. Agropyron Gmelini Scribn. & Sm. Gmelin'sWheat-grass. (I.F. f. 528a.) 
Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, tufted; leaves erect, 1-2.5 ^^- long, 2-6 mm. wide, acumi- 
nate, smooth beneath, scabrous on the margins and sometimes also sparsely so 
above; spike slender, long-exserted, 5-20 cm. long; spikelets 6-20, somewhat 
crowded, appressed to the rachis, more or less compressed, 5-9-flo\vered ; empty 
scales 1-I.4 cm. long, shorter than the spikelet, acuminate into a shorter awn; 
flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate, bearing at or just below the apex a 
slender scabrous awn 1.4-3 cm. long. Bottom lands. Wash, to western Neb. 

6. Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. & Sm. Coast Wheat-grass. (I. F. f. 
524c.) Glaucous. Culms rigid, 4.5-9 dm. tall, from a running rootstock; leaves 
erect, acuminate, 1.25-20 cm. long, 4 mm. or less wide, smooth beneath, glaucous 
above, scabrous on the margins; spikes long-exserted, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 4-sided; 
spikelets crowded, 1.2-2 cm. long, 6-11 -flowered, appressed to the 4-angled articu- 
lated rachis, the angles hispidulous; empty scales lanceolate, i cm., long, 5-7- 
nerved; flowering scales lanceolate, keeled, rough toward the apex, acute, awn- 
pointed or short-awned. Sandy beaches, coast of Me. July-Aug. 

7. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Sm. Western Wheat-grass. 
(I. F. f. 524b.) Pale green, glaucous. Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, from a slender 
creeping rootstock; leaves erect, 5-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate, very 
scabrous above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry; spike strict, 1-2 
dm. long; spikelets crowded, divergent from the rachis, compressed, lanceolate 
when closed, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 6-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate, awn- 
pointed, shorter than the spikelet, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scales 1-1.2 
cm. long, acute or awn-pointed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Prairies and high 
plains, Manitoba and Mmn. to Ore., south to Mo. and Tex. 

8. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey. Northern Wheat-grass. 
(I. F. f. 525.) Glaucous. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, from long running rootstocks; leaves 
5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, or becoming involute in drying, smooth be- 
neath, rough above; spike 6.25-17.5 cm. in length; spikelets 4-8-flowered; empty 
scales 3-5 -nerved, lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 6-9 mm. long; flowering 
scales broadly lanceolate, 5 -nerved, 9-12 mm. long, acute, or short-awned, densely 
villous. Sand-hills and dunes, Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr, and Wyo., and on 
the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Summer. 

9. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. False Couch-grass. (L F. f. 
524a.) Light green. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, from a running rootstock; leaves erect, 
prominently nerved, rough on both surfaces, acuminate, the culm leaves 7.5-20 
cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the basal leaves about one-half as long as the culms; 
spikes 7.5-20 cm. long, strict; spikelets I-1.6 cm. long, 3-7-flowered, a little com- 
pressed, appressed to the rachis; empty scales lanceolate, equalling or somewhat 
shorter than the spikelet, acuminate and often awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves 
hispidulous; flowering scales 5 -nerved, roughish toward the apex, usually aAvn- 
pointed. Rich river-bottoms, Mont, to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and Tex. 
July-Aug. 

10. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. (I. F. f. 
524.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, from a long- join ted running rootstock. Leaves 7.5- 
30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute above; spike 5-20 cm., in 
length, strict; spikelets 3-7-flowered; empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually 
acute or awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales smooth and glabrous, 
acute or short-awned at the apex. Li fields and waste places, almost throughout 
N. Am. except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe, and often a trouble- 
some weed. Very variable. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 

99. HORDEUM L. 

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. 
Spiklets I -flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally 
short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty 
scales often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spike- 



I 



GRAMINEAE. 155 

lets. Empty scales rigid; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5 -nerved at the 
apex, awned; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles 
very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. 
[Latin name for barley.] About 20 species, vi^idely distributed in both hemi- 
spheres. 

Flowering- scales, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. 
Awn of the flowering scale 1.25 cm. long or less. 

All the empty scales of each cluster bristle-like. i. H. nodosum. 

Four of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 

2. //. pusilluni. 
Awn of the flowering scale 2.5 cm. long or more. 3. //. jubatum. 

Flowering scales, exclusive of awn, about 1.2 cm. long. 4. //. murinmn. 

1. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. (I. F. f. 529.) Culms \.<,-^ 
dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent; leaves 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
wide, flat, rough; spike 2.5-8.5 cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central 
one containing a palet and perfect flower, th6 lateral enclosing a staminate or rudi- 
mentary flower, or a palet only; empty scales of each cluster awn-like; flowering 
scale of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long exclusive of the awn, which is 6 -12 mm. 
long, the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets much smaller and short-stalked. 
In meadows and waste places, Ind. to Minn., Br. Col. and Alaska, south to Tex. 
and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 

2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley. (I. F. f. 530.) Culms 1-4 
dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base; leaves 1.25-7.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, 
erect, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 2.5-7.5 cm. in length; spikelets usually 
in 3's, the central one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; 
scales awned, the empty ones scabrous, those of the central spikelet and the lower 
ones of the lateral spikelets dilated above the base; flowering scales smooth, that ot 
the central spikelet 6—8 mm. long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in the 
lateral spikelets smaller and very short-stalked. In dry soil, Ont. to Br. Col., 
south to Neb., Ark., Tex. and Cal.; also sparingly introduced along the coast from 
Va. to Fla. June-July. 

3. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. (I. F. f. 531.) Culms 
2.5-7.5 dm. tall; leaves 2.5-12,5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, erect, rough; spike 5-10 
cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one containmg a palet and per- 
fect flower, the lateral imperfect; empty scales consisting of -slender rough awns 
2.5-6.25 cm. long; flowering scale of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, scabrous 
at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn 2.5-6.25 cm. long; the corresponding 
scale in the lateral spikelets short-awned, about 6 mm. long including its pedicel, 
sometimes reduced to a rudiment. In dry soil, Ont. to Alaska, south to Kans., 
Colo, and Cal. Naturalized in the east from Lab. and Quebec to N. J. and Penn. 
July-Aug. 

4. Hordeum murinum L. Wall Barley. (I. F. f. 532.) Cmms 1.5-6 
dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wicfe, 
rough; spikes 5-10 cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3's; scales awned, the 
empty ones awn-like, scabrous, those of the central spikelet broader and ciliate on 
the margins, bearing awns 1.8-2.4 cm. long, those of the lateral spikelets similar, 
with the exception of the second scale, which is not ciliate; flowering scales sca- 
brous at the apex, bearing an awn about 2.5 cm. long, those of the lateral spikelets 
about 1.2 cm. long, the corresponding scale in the central spikelet somewhat 
smaller. On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern N. Y. and N. ]. to 
I). C. Also from Ariz, to Cal. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Juno- 
July. 

100. SITANION Raf. 

Tufted grasses with flat or involute leaves and a terminal dense spike with the 
rachis articulated and readily breaking up. Spikelets numenms, in 2's or 3's at 
each joint, 1-5 -flowered; empty scales entire or divided, the divisions extending 
often to the base, the scales or their divisions bearing long slender awns; palet _- 
keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plunu>so. Grain adherent 
to the palet. [Greek, tlie meaning (obscure. ] Usually considered a nunuuvpic 
genus, but probably divisible into a number of species. 



156 FLORA. 

I. Sitanion elymoides Raf. (I. F. f. 540.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall; sheaths 
sometimes hirsute; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, I-4 mm. wide, often stiff and erect, 
usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute; spike 5-15 cm. in length; spike- 
lets 1-5 -flowered; empty scales entire or divided, often to the base, the divisions 
awl-shaped and bearing long unequal slender awns 2.5-8.5 cm. in length; flower- 
ing scales 6-10 mm. long, 5 -nerved, scabrous, at least toward the apex, bearing a 
long slender divergent awn 2.5-8.5 cm. in length, the apex of the scale sometimes 
2-toothed, the teeth often produced into short awns. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Ore., 
south to Kans., Tex., Ariz., and Cal. Very variable. July-Aug. 

loi. ELYMUS L. 

Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2- 
several-flowered (rarely i -flowered) sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3's or 
more, in alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales 
forming an apparent involucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, 
acute, sometimes awned, entire ; lowering scales shorter, rounded on the 
back, 5 -nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet a little shorter than the scale. 2- 
keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, referring 
to the involute palet.] About 40 species, natives of temperate regions. Besides 
the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 

Flowering scales conspicuously awned (rarely awnless in No. 2). 
Spikelets divergent from the rachis of the broad spike. 

Empty scales narrowly awl-shaped ; spike slender. i. E. striatus. 

Empty scales linear-lanceolate to linear ; spike stout. 

Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Vt'rgim'cus. 

Flowering scales more or less appressed-pubescent, usually densely so. 

Empty scales linear, thick, firm, bearing generally a much shorter awn. 

3. E. hirsutigluniis. 
Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, rather thin, bearing commonly an 
awn equalling or exceeding themselves. 
Spike rather loosely flowered, nodding at the summit, usually long- 

exserted. 4. E. Cayiadeiisis. 

Spike densely flowered, compact, strict, usually included at the 
base. 5. E. robustus. 

Spikelets appressed to the rachis of the narrow spike. 

Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed, 

6. E. glaucus. 
Empty scales awl-shaped, bearing an awn equalling or exceeding themselves. 

7. E. Macounii. 
Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed. 

Flowering scales glabrous. 8. E. condensatus. 

Flowering scales villous. 9. E. are?ia?-ms. 

1. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. (I. F. f. 533.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or hirsute ; leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, smooth or slightly rough beneath, pubescent above; spike 6— 12 cm. inlength, 
often nodding, broad, slender, dense; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 1-3- 
flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, including the slender rough 
awn, 1-3 -nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute ; 
flowering scales about 6 mm. long, smooth, scabrous or hispid, bearing a slender 
rough awn 1. 6-3 cm. in length. In woods and on banks, Me. and Ont. to Term., 
Neb. and I^ans. June-July. 

2. Elymus Virginicus L. Terrell-grass. Virginla. Wild Rye. (I. F. f. 
534.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often in- 
flated and enclosing the peduncle and the base of the spike ; leaves 1.25-3.5 dm. 
long, 4-16 mm. wide, rough; spike 5-17.5 cm. in length, broad, stout, upright; 
spikelets divergent from the rachis, 2-3 -flowered ; empty scales thick and rigid, 
lanceolate, 1.6-2.4 cm. long, including the short awn, 5-7 -nerved; flowering scales 
6-8 mm. long, glabrous, bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. in length, or rarely awn- 
less. In moist soil, especially along streams, N. S. and N. B. "to Manitoba, south 
to Fla. and Tex. Ascends to 600 m. in N. Car. July-Aug. 



GRAMINEAE, 157 

3. Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. & Sm. Strict Wild-Rye. (I. F. f. 535a.) 
Culms erect from a perennial root, 3-9 dm. tall; sheaths longer than the internocles, 
the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; leaves 2-3 dm. 
long, 8-18 mm. wide, acuminate, very rough on both surfaces ; spikes 6-15 cm. 
long, stout, the rachis pubescent; spikelets crowded, in pairs, 2-5 -flowered; empty 
scales linear, 1-1.2 cm. long, thick, 3-5 -nerved, the nerves hirsute, acuminate into 
a scabrous awn as long as or shorter than the scale; flowering scales lanceolate, 
5 -nerved, appressed-hirsute, 8-10 mm. long, acuminate into a rough awn 1. 2-1. 6 
cm. long. River banks, Me. to Va., west to 111. and Neb. July- Aug. 

4. Elymus Canadensis L. Nodding Wild-rye. (I. F. f. 535.) Culms 
6-15 dm. tall; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-20 mm. wide, rough, sometimes 
glaucous; spike 1-3 dm. in length, rather slender, nodding, its peduncle much ex- 
serted; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5 -flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, 
rigid, 3-5 -nerved, 1.6-3.2 cm. long, including the long slender rough awns; flow- 
ering scales 8-14 mm. long, nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous 
straight or divergent awn 2-5 cm. in length. On river banks, N. S. and N. B. to 
Alberta, south to Ga., Tex. and N. Mex. Ascends to 630 m. in Va. July- Aug. 

5. Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm. Stout Wild-rye. (I. F. f. 535b.) 
Culms erect, stout, 9-12 dm. tall; sheaths smooth or slightly roughened; leaves 
firm, very rough on both surfaces, I-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, acuminate; spike 
usually partially included at the base, stout, strict, 1-2.5 dm. long, compact, the 
rachis usually glabrous except on the angles; spikelets numerous, crowded, in 2's- 
4's, 3-4-flowered; empty scales subulate, 1-1.2 cm. long, bearing an awn about 
twice as long; flowering scales lanceolate, I-1.2 cm. long, 2-toothed at the apex, 
from sparsely to densely appressed-pubescent, bearing a straight or curving awn 
3-4.5 cm. long. River banks, 111. to Mont., south to Kans. 

6. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Smooth Wild-rye. (I. F. f. 536.) Culms 6-15 
dm. tall; sheaths rarely pubescent; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, smooth 
beneath, sometimes rough above; spike 7.5-20 cm. in length, narrow, slender; 
spikelets appressed to the rachis, 3-6-flowered:' empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 
8-12 mm. long, acuminate or awn -pointed, rigid, 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales 
smooth or slightly rough, 1-1.2 cm. long, bearing a slender straight rough awn 
1. 2-1. 8 cm. in length. In moist soil, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Mich., Ariz, and 
Cal. June-Aug. 

7. Elymus Macounii Vasey. Macoun's Wild-rye. (I. F. f. 537.) Culms 
3-9 dm. tall; leaves 5— 15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, rough, especially above; spike 
5-12.5 cm. in length, narrow, slender, often somewhat flexuous ; spikelets appressed 
to the rachis, single at each node, or the lower sometimes in pairs, i-3-flowered; 
empty scales (occasionally 3) awl-shaped, 3 -nerved, rough, 6-8 mm. long, bearing 
a slender straight rough awn, 6-10 mm. in length; flowering scales 7-10 mm. 
long, rough toward the apex, bearing a slender straight awn 6-10 mm. long. 
Prairies, Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Neb. and N. Mex. July-Aug. 

8. Elymus condensatus Presl. Smooth Lyme-grass. (I. F. f. 538.) 
Culms 6-30 dm. tall; leaves 1.5-3 *^1"^- ^o^g or more, 6-24 mm. wide, scabrous, at 
least above; spike 1-4 dm. in length, usually stout, strict, often interruptetl bek^w, 
sometimes compound at the base; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-several at each node of 
the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped, 9-12 mm. long, i-nerved, usually rough; 
flowering scales 8-!0 mm. long, generally awn-pointed, usually rough, sometimes 
smooth. In wet saline situations. Alberta to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and 
C al. July-Aug. 

9. Elymus arenarius L. Downy Lyme-grass. Sea Lyme-grass. (T. F. f. 
539.) Culms 1-2. 5 m. tall, usually softly pubescent at the summit. Sheaths often 
glaucous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long or more, 3-10 mm. wide, flat, or becoming invo- 
lute, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 7.5-25 cm. in length, usually strict; 
spikelets 3-6-flowered, frequently glaucous; empty scales 1.6-2.8 cm. long. 3-5- 
nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; flowering scales 1.6-2 cm. long, acute tn- 
awn-pointed, 5-7-nerve(l, usually very villous. On shores, Creonland and I«\b. 
to the N. W. Terr, and Alaska, south to N.'IL, Lake Superior and Wash. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Summer, 



15S FLORA. 

102. HYSTRIX Moench. 

Usually tall grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several- 
flowered, in pairs, rarely in 3's, at each node of the rachis. Empty scales wanting, 
or sometimes appearing as mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute, 
rigid, rounded on the back, 5 -nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely 
shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain oblong, adhering to the palet when dry. [Greek name of the 
Porcupine, referring to the long awns.] Four known species, the following and a 
Californian one occurring in N. Am. 

I. Hystrix H^strix (L.) Millsp. Bottle-brush Grass. (I. F. f. 541.) 
Culms 6-12 dm. tall; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, smooth beneath, 
rough above; spike 7-5-I7.5 cm. in length; spikelets at length widely spreading, 
8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, readily deciduous, even when young; empty 
scales awn-like, usually present in the lowest spikelet; flowering scales 8-12 mm. 
long, acuminate into an awn about 2.5 cm. in length. In rocky woods, N. B. to 
Ont. and Minn, south to Ga., 111. and Neb. Ascends to 630 m. in Va. June-July. 

103. ARUNDINARIA Michx. 

Arborescent or shrubby grasses, with simple or branched culms and flat short- 
petioled leaves which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles 
or racemes, 2-many-flowered, large, compressed. Empty scales I or 2, the first 
sometimes wanting ; flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved ; palets 
scarcely shorter than the scales, prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. 
Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and 
palet. [From Af-iindo^ the Latin name of the Reed.] About 24 species, natives 
of Asia and America. Two are found in the southern U. S. 

Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year ; culms 4 m. tall or less. 

I. A. tecta. 
Spikelets borne on the old stems; culms 5 m. tall or more. 2. A. macrosperma . 

1. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Scutch Cane. Small Cane. 
(I.. F. f. 542.) Culms 1-4 m. tall, erect, shrubby, branching at the summit. 
Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or rough, ciliate on the margins; 
ligules bristly; leaves lanceolate, 8.5-20 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, flat, more or 
less pubescent beneath, glabrous above; racemes on short leafless culms; spikelets 
7-10-flowered, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, on pedicels 2.5 cm. in length or less, which are 
sometimes pubescent; empty scales unequal, the first usually very small, sometimes 
wanting; flowering scales 1.2-2 cm. long, acute or acuminate, smooth, glabrous or 
pubescent. In swamps and moist soil, Md. to Ind. Mo., Fla. and Tex. May- 
July. 

2. Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. Giant Cane. Culms woody, 6-9 m. 
tall, finally branched above; sheaths ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; 
leaves lanceolate, smooth or roughish. 3 dm. or less long, the larger 2-3 cm. wide, 
those on the ultimate divisions smaller and crowded at the summit of the branches; 
inflorescence on the old wood, the spikelets 3.5-6 cm. long, on slender more or less 
leafy branches, the flowering scales glabrous or hirsute, acuminate. Forming 
•' cane brakes " along river banks and swamps, Va. to Fla., west to La. ; along the 
Miss. R. and its tributaries as far north as Ky., Tenn. and Mo. May-Jvily. 

Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Sedge Family. 

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely 
hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous 
(many species perennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with 
closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one 
(rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary 



C YPERA CEA E. 159 

or clustered, i -many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, 
persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or 
interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, 
rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
I -celled. Ovule i, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple 
or minutely 2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous 
achene. ^Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. 

About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribu- 
tion. The dates given below indicate the time of perfecting fruit. 

Flowers of the spikelet all, or at least one of them, perfect ; spikelets all similar. 
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 

Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or umbelled terminal heads. 

Spikelets with 2-many perfect flowers ; scales several to numerous. 

I. Cyperns. 
Spikelets with but i perfect flower ; scales 2-4. 2. Kyllinga, 

Perianth of 6-g bristles ; inflorescence axillary. 3. Dulichium. 

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. 
Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers. 

Base of the style swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 

Leaves reduced to basal sheaths ; bristles of the perianth usually pres- 
ent ; spikelet solitary. 4. Eleocharis. 
Culm leafy ; perianth-bristles none ; spikelets i-numerous. 

Spikelets capitate, involucrate. 5. Dicht'omena. 

Spikelets umbellate or cymose. 

Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes ; most of 

the style persistent. 6. Psilocarya. 

Spikelets in a terminal umbel, base of style persistent. 

7. Stenophy litis. 
Base of the style enlarged or narrow, deciduous. 

Flowers with no broad sepals nor interior perianth-scales. 

Style swollen at the base ; bristles none. 8. Fimbristylis. 

Style not swollen at the base ; bristles usually present. 
Spikelets solitary to many ; bristles 1-6, rarely none. 

9. Scir'pus. 
Spikelets solitary or few ; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, very 
long, slender, much exserted. 10. Brwphorum. 

Flowers with a perianth of 3 stalked sepals or of i or 2 interior hyaline 
scales. 
Perianth of 3 broad stalked sepals, usually alternating with as 

many bristles. 11. Ftnrena. 

Perianth of i or 2 hyaline scales (sepals ?) ; bristles none. 

Perianth of a single minute posterior scale. 12. Hemicarpha. 
Perianth of 2 scales, convolute around the ovary. 

13. Lipocarpha. 
Spikelets 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect. 

Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 14. Rynchospora. 
Style wholly deciduous. 15. Cladium. 

Flowers all monoecious or dioecious, usually borne in separate small spikelets. 
Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 

Spikelets clustered or solitary, not in a terminal spike ; achene bony. 

16. Selena. 
Spikelets forming a terminal spike ; arctic genera. 

Scales 2-flowered, androgynous. 17. Elyna. 

Scales i-flowered, monoecious. 18. A'odresiii. 

Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 

Axis of the pistillate flower conspicuous, subulate, often exserted beyond tho 

perigynium. 19. rticinia. 

Axis of the pistillate flower rudimentary or none, not exserted. 

20. Ci7ftW. 

I. CYPERUS L. 

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy 
near the base, and with I or more leaves at the summit fiM-ming an involuere to tin- 
simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays ot (l\e uiuIkI 
i^heathed at the base, usually ver)^ unetjual, one or more oi ilie heads or spikes 



I 



I 



I 



1 60 FLORA, 

commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales falling away from the 
rachis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away from 
the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-32). Scales con- 
cave, conduplicate or keeled, 2 -ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens I-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from 
the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.] About 650 
species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the fol- 
lowing, some 40 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular, not 3-angled ; scales falling from the rachis ; spikelets 
flat. 
Achene one-half as long as the scale ; umbel nearly or quite simple. 

Spikelets yellow ; superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C. fiavescens. 
Spikelets green or brown ; superficial cells of the achene quadrate. 
Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed. 

Scales membranous, dull; style much exserted. 2. C.diandrus. 
Scales subcoriaceous, shining ; style scarcely exserted. 

3. C. rivularis. 
Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity. 

Achene narrowly obovate ; spikelets 1-3 cm. long. 4, C. A'uttallu. 
Achene linear-oblong ; spikelets 0.5-2 cm. long. 5. C. microdontus. 
Achene nearly as long as the Scale ; umbel sometimes much compound. 

6. C. flavicomus. 
Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled. 

A. Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. 
Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it. 

Scales tipped with recurved awns ; low annual, 2-15 cm. tall. 

7. C. inflexus. 
Scales acute or obtuse, not awned. 

Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. 

Stamens 3 ; spikelets linear-oblong, 8-25 mm. long ; scales acute 
Annual ; culms smooth, 5-25 cm. long. 8. C. compressus. 
Perennial ; culms rough, 30-85 cm. tall. 9. C. Schweinitzii. 
Stamen i; spikelets ovate, 4-8 mm. long. 

Tall perennial ; achene linear ; scales acutish. 

ID. C. pseudovegettis. 
Low annual ; achene oblong ; scale-tips recurved. 

11. C. acuminatus. 
Wings of the rachis evident. 

Low annual, adventive from Europe ; scales brown. 

12. C. fuscus. 
Tall indigenous perennials (no 13 sometimes annual ?). 

Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 

13. C. Has pan. 
Leaves all elongated-linear. 

Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green . 

14. C. dent at us. 
Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate. 

Scales wholly or partly purple-brown ; achene linear. 
Scales tightly appressed. 15. C. rotundus. 
Tips of the scales free. 16. C. Hallii. 

Scales straw-colored ; achene obovoid. 

17. C, esculentus. 
Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales ; annuals. 

Spikes loose ; spikelets 6-20 mm. long. 18. C. erythrorhizos. 

Spikes dense, cylindric ; spikelets 3-5 mm. long. 19. C. Halet. 

B. Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales con? 
monly persistent. 

Annuals ; spikelets elongated, nearly terete. 
Scales imbricated ; achene obovoid. 

Scales thin, dull brown ; spikelets very slender. 20. C. speciosus. 
Scales rigid, yellow-brown ; spikelets stout. 21. C. ferox. 

Scales distant, achene linear-oblong. 22. C. Englemanni^ 

Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms ; spikelets more or less flattened. 
Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick. 

Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered. 23. C. strigostis. 

Spikelets subterete, few-flowered. 

Spikelets 12-25 mm. long, loosely spicate ; lower reflexed. 

24. C. refj-actus. 



CYPERACEAE. l6l 

• 
Spikelets 3-12 mm. long, densely capitate or spicate. 

Spikeiets all reflexed ; culms rough. 25. C. retrofractus. 

Spikelets spreading or only the lower reflexed ; culms smooth. 
Heads oblong or cylindric. 

Spikelets 6-10 mm. long, the Ipwer reflexed. 

26. C, Lancastriensis, 
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the lower spreading. 

27. C. cylindricus. 
Heads globose. 28. C. ovularis. 

Achene oblong or obovoid, about twice as long as thick. 
Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged. 

Scales pale green, membranous, dull. 29. C. filtculmis. 

Scales chestnut-brown, shining. 30. C. Houghtoni. 

Rachis-wings membranous, broad. 

Scales firm, not appressed ; spikelets loosely capitate. 

31. C. Grayi. 
Scales thin, closely appressed ; spikelets densely capitate. 

32. C. echinatus. 

1. Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Cyperus. (I. F. f. 543.) Annual; culms 
very slender, tufted, leafy below, 7-30 cm. tall, mostly longer than the leaves. 
Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, smooth, the longer usually exceeding the inflorescence ; 
clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays ; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, 
subacute, yellow, many-flovi^ered, flat, 8-18 mm, long, 3-4 mm. broad; scales 
ovate, obtuse, i -nerved, appressed, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate black 
obtuse lenticular shining achene ; stamens 3 ; style deeply 2-cleft ; superficial cells 
of the achene oblong. In marshy ground. Me. to Mich., Fla. and Mex. Also in 
the Old World. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Cyperus. (I. F. f. 544.) Annual; culms 
tufted, slender, 5-40 cm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 
usually 3; clusters sessile and terminal, or at the ends of I-3 rays; spikelets 8- 18 
mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered ; scales ovate, green, brown, 
or with brown margins, obtuse, I -nerved, appressed, membranous, dull; stamens 
2 or 3; style 2-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene lenticular, oblong, gray, 
not shining, one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate, about as 
long as wide. In marshy places, N. B. to Minn., S. Car. and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 

3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus. (I. F. f. 545.) Similar to 
the preceding species, culms slender, tufted. Umbel usually simple; spikelets 
linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long; scales green or dark brown, or 
with brown margins, appressed, firm, subcoriaceous, shining, obtuse; stamens 
mostly 3; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene oblong or oblong-obovate, len- 
ticular, somewhat pointed, dull, its superficial cells quadrate. In wet soil, espe- 
cially along streams and ponds, Me. to S. Ont, Mich, and Neb., Va,, N. C. and 
Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Nuttall's Cyperus. . (I. F. f. 546.) Annual; 
culms slender, tufted, equalling or longer than the leaves. Leaves of the involucre 
3-5, spreading, the larger often 12 cm. long; umbel 3-7-rayed; spikelets rather 
loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat, spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; 
scales yellowish-brown with a green keel, oblong, acute; stamens 2; style 2-cleft. 
its branches somewhat exserted; achene lenticular, narrowdy obovate, obtuse or 
truncate, dull, light brown, one-third to one-half as long as the scale, its superficial 
cells quadrate. Salt marshes. Me. to Miss. Aug. -Oct. 

5- Cyperus microdontus Torr. Coast Cyperus. (I. F. f. 547.) Annual; 
similar to the preceding species; culms very slender, tufted, sometimes 0.5 m. high. 
Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre much elongated; umbel commonly 
simple, sessile, capitate, or i-6-rayed; spikelets linear, acute, 6-iS mm. Unig. less 
than 2 mm. wide, yellowish-brown; scales ovate, acute, thin; style 2-cleft. its 
branches much exserted; achene lenticular, linear-oblong, short-poiiited, light 
blown, one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate. In wet soil, on 
or near the coast, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

6. Cyperus flavicomus Michx. Elegant Cyperus. (I. F. f. 54S.) Aanual; 
culms 0.3-1 m. tall, leafy below. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, (hose iif the involucre 
3-8, the longer ones much exceeding the infloresceucc; umbels fevv-several-rayed; 



l62 FLORA. 

often compound; primary rays i-6 cm. long; spikelets numerous, usually densely 
clustered, linear, acute, 8-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, ilat, many-flowered, spread- 
ing; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, dull, yellowish-brown; stamens 3; style 2-cleft, 
little exserted; achene obovate, lenticular, black, mucronate, not shining, nearly 
as long as the scales and often persistent on the rachis after these have fallen 
away. In wet or moist sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 

7. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (I. F. f. 549.) Annual; 
culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 
2 mm. wide or less, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; umbel sessile, 
capitate, or 1-3-rayed; spikelets linear-oblong, 6-iO-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; scales 
light brown, lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a long, 
recurved awn, falling from the rachis at maturity; stamen i; style 3-cleft; rachis 
winged, the wings persistent; achene 3 -angled, brown, dull, narrowly obovoid or 
oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet, sandy soil, Vt. to the N. W. Terr, and Ore., 
south to Fla., Tex., Cal. and Mex. Fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 

8. Cyperus compressus L. Flat Cyperus. (I. F. f. 550.) Annual; culms 
slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves light green, about 
2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding the spikelets; umbel 
capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. 
long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered; scales light green with a yellow 
band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away 
from the narrowly-winged rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the 
scale. In fields, Md. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. Also in trop. Amer. and the 
Old World. Aug. -Oct. 

9. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Schweinitz's Cyperus. (L F. f. 551.) 
Perennial by the thickened corm-like bases of the culms; culms rather slender, 
rough, at least above, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined, 
those of the involucre 3-7, erect; umbel simple, 3-9-rayed, the rays erect, some- 
times 10 cm. loiig; spikelets flat, in rather loose ovoid spikes, which are linear- 
oblong, 6-i2-flowered, 8-16 mm. long; scales convex, light green, ovate, acute or 
acuminate, 9-13-nerved, falling away from the rachis at maturity; stamens 3; 
style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong, brown, acute at each end, nearly as long as 
the scale. In sandy soil, especially along lakes and streams, W. N. Y. and S. 
Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Minn., Iowa and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 

ID. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Marsh Cyperus. (I. F. f. 552.) Per- 
ennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstocks, culm rather stout, 0.3-1.3 m. 
high, often equalled by the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth, nodulose, 
the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 4-6, spreading: umbel several- 
rayed, compound; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capi- 
tate, 4-6 mm. long; scales keeled, con duplicate, I -nerved, curved, acute, longer 
than the linear 3-angled slightly stalked achene; stamen i; style 3-cleft. In 
marshes, Del. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

11. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Short-pointed Cyperus. (I. F. f. 
553.) Aimual; culms very slender, tufted, 7-40 cm. tall. Leaves light green, 
usually less than 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre much elongated; umbel 1-4- 
rayed, simple ; rays short ; spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, many- 
flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong, pale-green, 3 -nerved, coarsely cellular, 
conduplicate, with a short sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen I; style 
3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, gray, oblong, narrowed at each end, about one-half 
as long as the scale. In moist soil, 111. to La., west to Iowa. Kans., Ore., Tex., 
and Cal. July-Oct. 

12. Cyperus fuscus L. Brown Cyperus. (I. F. f. 554.) Annual; culms 
tufted, 15-40 cm. high, longer than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark 
green, about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-6; umbel several-rayed; spike- 
lets linear. 4-14 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, many-flowered, acute; scales 
ovate, subacute, becoming dark brown, faintly about 3 -nerved, separating from the 
narrowly winged rachis as they mature; stamens 2 or 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
3-angled, oblong, pointed at each end, nearly as long as the scale. Revere Beach, 
Mass., and New London, Conn. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Also in 
ballast about the eastern seaports. July-Sept. 



CYPERACEAE. 163 

13. Cyperus Haspan L. Sheathed Cyperus. (I. F. f. 555.) Perennial 
by short rootstocks (sometimes annual?), roots fibrous; culms weak, tufted, 0.3-1 
m. high. Lower leaves reduced to membranous acuminate sheaths; leaves of the 
involucre about 2, usually less than 2 mm. wide; umbel simple or compound, the 
longer rays 2-5 cm. long; spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-flowered, 6- 
12 mm. long, about I mm. wide; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish -brown, 
acute, mucronulate, keeled, 3-nerved; rachis winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
achene 3 -angled, broadly obovoid, obtuse, nearly white, much shorter than the 
scale. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Also in tropical 
America and in the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, and Australia. July-Sept. 

14. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Cyperus. (I. F. 556.) Perennial 
by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear small tubers; culms rather stiff, 0.2-0.5 
m. tall. Leaves keeled, 2-4 mm. wide, 'those of the involucre umbel, somewhat 
compound; longer rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets linear, very flat, many-flow- 
ered, mostly blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide; scales light reddish- 
brown, ovate-lanceolate, thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate, separating from the 
rachis when mature, their tips spreading; causing ^the spikelet to appear toothed; 
stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the branches exserted; achene 3-angled, obtuse, mucro- 
nate, light brown, much shorter than the scale. In sandy swamps and on river 
shores. Me. to N. N. Y., south to W. Va. and S. Car. Scales often modified into 
tufts of small leaves. Aug. -Oct. 

15. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass. (I. F. f. 557.) Perennial by scaly 
tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm rather stout, o. 1-0.5 m. high, usually longer than 
the leaves. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, those of the involucre 3-5 ; umbel 3-8-rayed, 
the longer rays 5-1 1 cm. long; spikelets linear, clustered, few \\\ each cluster, 
acute, 8—20 mm. long, 2—3 mm. wide; scales dark purple-brown or with green 
margins and centre, ovate, acvite, appressed when mature, about 3-nerved on the 
keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches exserted; achene 3-angled, about one- 
half as long as the scale. In fields, Va. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. Also in 
tropical Am., and widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 

16. Cyperus Hallii Britton. Hall's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 558.) Perennial 
by scaly rootstocks; culm rather stout, 0.6-0.9 ™- tall, about equalled by the 
leaves. Basal leaves about 4-6 mm. wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer much 
exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, its longer rays 7-10 cm. long, the 
ray lets sometimes 2.5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, loosely clustered, linear, 7-15- 
flowered, 10-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; involucels setaceous; scales ovate, acute, 
strongly 7-9-nerved, dark reddish-brown or with lighter margins, their tips not 
appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene linear- 
oblong, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale. Kans. and the Ind. Terr, to 
Tex. July-Sept. 

17. Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-grass. (I. F. f. 559.) Perennial 
by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm usually stout, 0.3-0.8 m. tall, commonly 
shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, 4-8 mm. wide, the midvein promi- 
nent; those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; 
umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound; spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color 
or yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, I-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. M'ide, many- 
flowered; scales ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved; rachis narrowly winged; 
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. In moist fields. N. B. 
to Minn, and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast from Cal. to 
Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distributed x\\ the Old World. Sometimes 
a troublesome weed. Aug. -Oct. 

Cyperus esculentus angustispicktus Britton. Spikelets very slender, :: n\iii. wide or 
less. Mass, to S. Car. and Mo. 

18. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Red-rooted Cyperus. (T. F. i. 560.) 
Annual; culms tufled, stout or shMulcr. 7-50 cm. tall. Loaves 3-S mm. wide, 
rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-7, some of them 3-5 times as long as tho 
inflorescence; innbel mostly ctnnpound; spikelets linear, subacute. 6-25 mm. long, 
less than 2 nun. wide, ct)mpressed, many-flowered, clustered in c^Hong. nearly or 
quite sessile spikes; scales bright chestnut brown, t>bUMig lanceolate. mucrcMuiiate. 
appressed, separating from the rachis at matiu-ity, the membranous wings of the 



164 FLORA. 

rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
achene sharply 3 -angled, oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, one-half as long as 
the scale. In wet soil, S. Ont. to Mass. and Fla., west to Neb., Kans., Tex. and 
Cal. Aug. -Oct, 

19. Cyperus Halei Torr. Hale's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 561.) Aimual; culm 
stout, 0.6-I m. tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 6-8 mm. wide, very 
rough-margined, those of the involucre 5-8, much elongated; umbel compoimd, 
several-rayed; spikes cylindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense, 1-2.5 
cm. long; spikelets very numerous, linear, 3-5 mm. long, i mm. wide, spreading; 
scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5 -nerved, oblong, mucronulate, separating from 
the rachis at maturity, the wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline 
scales, as in the preceding species; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, 
minute. In swamps, S. Mo. to Tenn., La. and Fla. July-Sept. 

20. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 562.) An- 
nual; culms usually tufted, 10-40 cm. tall, reddish toward the base. Leaves 
rough-margined, 3-5 mm, wide, the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 
much exceeding the umbel; vunbel 3-7-rayed. the primary rays 2-15 cm. long; in- 
volucels narrow; spikelets subterete, very narrowly linear, 8-25 mm. long, less 
than 2 mm. thick, lo— 30-flowered, falling away from the axis at maturity; scales 
dull brown, thin, appressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly 3-5 -nerved on the back; rachis- 
wings broad, clasping the achene, persistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slightly ex- 
serted; achene pale, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale. In marshes, E, 
Mass. and. R» I, to Ohio and Minn., Fla,, Tex, and Cal. July-Sept. 

Cyperus specibsus ferrugin^scens (Boeckl.) Britten. Scales spreading or slightly 
recurved, reddish. Mo. to Tex. and N. Mex. 

Cyperus specibsus parvus (Boeckl.) Britten. Culm 2-7 cm. high; umbel very simple, 
generally of but a single cluster of short spikelets. Mo. to N. Mex. 

21. Cyperus ferox VahL Coarse Cyperus. (I. F. f. 563.) Annual, closely 
related to the preceding species, but with smooth-margined, shorter and broader 
leaves, those of the involucre sometimes but little exceeding the inflorescence. 
Umbel often compact, the rays mostly short; spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20- 
flowered, 16-25 ^^' lo^g? about 2 mm. thick, falling away from the axis at ma- 
turity; scales ovate-oblong, appressed, imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green and 
7-9-nerved on the back, yellowish on the sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; rachis 
broadly winged; achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid, obtuse. In wet soil, Mo. to 
Cal. and widely distributed in tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 

22. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 564.) 
Annual; culms slender, 15-75 cm. tall. Leaves elongated, 4-6 mm. wide, flaccid, 
roughish on the margins, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the 
umbel; umbel often compound, the spikelets often densely crowded, very narrowly 
linear, subterete, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5-15 -flowered; rachis narrowly winged; scales 
greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5-nerved on the back, distant, the 
successive ones on each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about one-half 
their length; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, two-thirds 
as long as the scale. In wet soil, Mass. to S, Ont. and Wise. , south to N. J. and 
Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

23. Cyperus strigbsus L. Stra\v-colored Cyperus. .(I. F. f. 565.) 
Perennial by basal tuber-like corms; culm rather stout, 0.3-0,9 m. tall. Leaves 
rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide, the longer ones of the involucre much exceeding 
the umbel; umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays often 10-15 cm. long, 
their sheaths terminating in 2 bristles; involucels setaceous; heads oblong or 
ovoid; spikelets flat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15 -flowered, 
separating from the axis at maturity; scales straw-colored, oblong-lanceolate, sub- 
acute, strongly several-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 
3-angled, acute, about one-third as long as the scale. In moist meadows, swamps 
or along streams. Me. and Ont, to Minn, and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex, Aug,- 
Oct. 

Cyperus strigbsus capittltus Boeckl. Umbel simple ornearly so; spikelets 8-14 mra. 
long, densely capitate in subglobose heads. Range of the type. 



CYPERACEAE. 1 65 

Cyperus strig^sus compositus Britton. Umbel very compound; heads cylindric; 
spikelets 6-12 mm. long, 4-6-flowered. S. N. Y. and Penn. to Ala. and Iowa. 

Cyperus strigdsus robiistior Kunth. Umbel compound; spikelets 16-25 mm., long, 
io-25-flowered. Range of the type. 

24. Cyperus refractus Engelm. Reflexed Cyperus. (I. F. f. 566.) Peren- 
nial by tuber-like corms; culm stout, smooth, 0.3-0.9 m. tall. Leaves 5-8 mm. 
wide, rough-margined, elongated; umbel 6-13-rayed, usually compound, the longer 
rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in I or 2 short teeth ; in- 
volucels setaceous; raylets filiform; spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, 
acute, flattish, I-2.5 cm. long, i mm. thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, 
the lower reflexed ; scales yellowish-green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely ap- 
pressed, g-ii-nerved, thin; stamens 3; style 3 -cleft, its branches much exserted ; 
achene narrowly linear, obtuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and one- 
half as long as the scale. In dry fields, N. J. to N. Car. and Mo. July-Sept. 

25. Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. Rough Cyperus. (I. F. f. 567.) Per- 
ennial by tuber-like corms; culm rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer 
than the puberulent leaves. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the 
longer not greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorter ; umbel simple ; rays 
5-15 cm. long, their sheaths 2-toothed; heads oblong or obovoid; spikelets linear- 
subulate, 6-12 mm. long, about i mm. thick, i-2-flowered, all soon strongly re- 
flexed, separating from the axis at maturity; flowering scales lanceolate, acute, the 
upper one subulate, all strongly several-nerved ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene 
linear, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale. In dry sandy 
soil, S. N. J, to Fia., west to Ky., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 

26. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. Lancaster Cyperus. (I. F. f. 568.) 
Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms; culm slender, smooth, mostly longer than the 
leaves, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer 
much exceeding the inflorescence ; umbel simple, 5-9-rayed, the longer rays 5-10 
cm. long, their sheaths nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, I-2.5 cm. long; spike- 
lets densely clustered, 8-10 mm. long, linear, subterete, 2-4-flowered, the lower 
reflexed, the- middle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at maturity; scales 
green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lanceolate, subacute ; stamens 3 ; 
style 3-cleft; achene linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, two-thirds 
as long as the scale. In dry fields, N. J, and Penn. to Va. and Ala. July-Sept. 

27. Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.) Britton. Pine-barren Cyperus. (I. F. f. 
569.) Perennial by small hard corms ; culms smooth, usually tufted, 1-5 dm. 
tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, the longer ones of the involucre 
much exceeding the umbel ; umbel simple, the rays short, or the longer 2-7 cm. 
long, the sheaths 2-toothed; heads very dense, cylindric, 6-12 mm. long, 4-8 mm. 
in diameter; spikelets 3-4 mm. long,» flattish, i-2-flowered, spreading or the lower 
reflexed ; scales green, oblong ; rachis winged ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene 
linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly more than one-half as long as the scale. 
In sandy pine barrens and on the sea shore, S. N. Y. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly 
near the coast. Jvily-Sept. 

28. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Globose Cyperus. (I. F. f. 570.) 
Perennial by hard tuber-like corms ; culm usually strict, smooth, 0.2-o.S m. tall, 
longer than the leaves. Leaves smooth, 4-6 mm. wide, the longer ones of the in- 
volucre much exceeding the umbel ; umbel simple, few-rayed ; sheath of the ra}-s 
truncate or slightly toothed; heads globose or sometimes a little longer than thick, 
8-14 mm. in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions ; spike- 
lets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-fl(^wercd, separating from the axis at maturity; rachis 
winged; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly several- 
nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-anglod. 2-3 times as Ktng 
as thick. In dry fields and on hills, S. N. Y. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. and Tex. 
July-Sept. 

29. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cytkrus. (I. F. f. 571.) Perennial 
by hard oblong corms; culm smooth, slender or almost filiform, ascending or re- 
clined, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually longer than ilie n)ugh-n\argined leaves. Leaves 
2-4 mm. wide, keeled ; spikelets densely clustered in i 7 glolx^se heads, linear, 
acute, 5-11-flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 nun. long. 2 nun. wide or less, 



l66 FLORA. 

tardily falling from the axis at maturity ; rachis wingless ; scales ovate, acute or 
obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-11-nerved, appressed ; stamens 3; style 3 - cleft ; 
achene oblong or obovoid, 3 -angled, obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-thirds as 
long as the scale, about twice as long as thick. In dry fields and on hills, N. H. 
to Ont., Minn, and Neb. south to Fla., Kans., Tex. and No. Alex. June-Aug. 

30. Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. Houghton's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 572.) Per- 
ennial by tuber-like corms; culms very slender, smooth, 0.3-0.6 m. tail. Leaves 
shorter than the culm, 2 mm. wide or less, smooth, those of involucre 3-5, the 
longer much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, 1-5 -rayed, the rays mostly 
short, their sheaths 2-toothed; spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, 
acute, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 1 1- 15 -flowered, falling away from 
the axis when mature; scales chestnut-brown, firm, shining, oblong, obtuse, trun- 
cate, or apiculate, strongly about 11 -nerved; rachis very narrowly winged; 
stamens 3; style 3 -cleft; achene broadly oblong, less than twice as long as thick, 
3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Mass. to 
Minn., Kans. and Ore. July-Aug. 

31. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Gray's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 573.) Perennial by 
thick hard oblong or ovoid corms; culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stiff, smooth, 
very slender, 15-50 cm. long. Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green, 2 mm. 
wide or less, those of the involucre 4-8; umbel 4-10-rayed, simple, the 
longer rays 7-10 cm. long; sheaths of the rays truncate or nearly so; spikelets 
5-10 mm. long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spreading ; scales 
green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly 13-15 -nerved, rather widely spreading 
when old; joints of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apiculate, about two-thirds as long as the scale. 
In sands of the sea shore and in pine barrens. N. H. to Fla. July-Sept. 

32. Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) \Yood. Baldwln's Cyperus. (I. F. f. 574.) 
Perennial by tuber-like corms; culms slender, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the 
leaves. Leaves pale green. 3-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre 5-10, the longer 
usually much exceeding the umbel; umbel. 6-13-rayed ; the rays filiform, their 
sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, linear, flat, capitate in globose 
heads; scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13-nerved, 
with narrow scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly winged ; stamens 3; 
style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about 
twice as long as thick. In dry soil, N. Car. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. July-Aug. 

2. KYLLINGA Rottb. 

Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and 
with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, 
simple or compound, dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, 
falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, 
the I or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empt}' or 
staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or narrowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, 
keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the sum- 
mit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In honor of Peter Kylling, a 
Danish botanist of the seventeenth century. ] About 20 species, natives of tropical 
and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the So. U. S. 

I. Kyllinga pumilaMichx. Low Kyllinga. (I. F. f. 575.) Annual; culms 
densely tufted, filiform, erect or reclined, 3-40 cm. long, mostly longer than the 
leaves. Leaves light green, roughish on the margins, usually less than 2 mm. 
wide, those of the involucre 3-5. elongated, spreading or reflexed; head oblong or 
ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, simple or commonly with i or 2 smaller ones at the 
base; spikelets about 3 mm. long, flat, i-flowered, the 2 empty lower scales more 
or less persistent on the rachis after the fall of the rest of the spikelet; scales ovate, 
acuminate or acute, thin, about 7-nerved; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticu- 
lar, obtuse. In moist or wet soil, Va. to Fla., west to 111., Mo., Tex. and Mex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

3. DULICHIUM L. C. Richard, 

A tall perennial sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the 
lower leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simole or compound. 



CYPERACEAE, 1 67 

Spikelets 7-ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?) many- 
flowered. Scales 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the ioint below. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth of ^-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 
2-cleft at +he summit, persistent as a beak on the summit of the achene. Achene 
linear-oblong. [Name said to be from Dulcichimum, a Latin name for some 
sedge.] A monotypic genus of E. N. Amer. 

I. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. (1. F. f. 576.) 
Culm stout, 0.3-1 m. tall, erect. Leaves numerous, flat, 2-8 -^m. long, 4-8 mm. 
wide, spreading or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, brown toward their sum- 
mits; peduncles 4-25 mm. long; spikelets narrowly linear, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, about 2 mm, wide, 6-12-flowered; scales lanceolate, acuminate,* strongly 
several-nerved, appressed, brownish; bristles of the perianth rigid, longer tha'n ihe 
achene; style long-exserted, persistent. In wet places, N. S. to Ont., Minn, and 
Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. 

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, 
flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade- 
bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended 
by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianths of 
1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. 
Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but 
sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style per- 
sistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. [Greek, refer- 
ring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.] About 100 species, 
widely distributed. Besides the following, some 17 others occur in the southern 
and western parts of N. Am. 

Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm. 
Culm stout; spikelet many-flowered. 

Culm terete, nodose. i. E. interstincta. 

Culm quadrangular, continuous. 2. E. 7tiutata. 

Calm slender, triangular, continuous ; spikelet few-flowered, subulate. 

3. E. Robbinsii. 
Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm. 

Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. 

Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by slender rootstocks. 
Scales pale green or nearly white; achene 0.5 mm. long. 

4. E. ochreata. 
Scales dark reddish brown ; achene i mm. long. 5. E. olivacea. 

Upper sheath truncate, oblique, or toothed, not scarious. 
Annual, with fibrous roots. 
Achene jet black. 

Culms 2-8 cm. tall; achene 0.5 mm. long; bristles 2-4. 

6. E. atropurpurea. 
Culms 7-25 cm. tall ; achene i mm. long; bristles 5-8, 

7. E. capitata. 
Achene pale brown. 

Spikelet ovoid or oblong; tubercle deltoid, acute. 

5. E. ovata. 
Spikelet oblong-cylindric ; tubercle broad, low. 

9. E. Engelinauni. 
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. 10. E. paltistris. 

Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled or turgid. 
Achene reticulated or cancellate. 

Spikelet compressed ; culm filiform. 11. E, aciiuhn is. 

Spikelet terete; culm slender. 

Achene transversely cancellate ; bristles none. 12. E. Wo.'/ii. 

Achene reticulated ; bristles present, stout. 

Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 13. .'':'. torti/is. 

Tubercle cap-like, as large as the achene or larger. 

14. /:'. tuberculosa. 
Achene smooth or papillose. 

yVchene smooth, white; culms capillary. i5> J'-- >"i^'>Oiii> t^j, 

Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow. 
Tubercle depressed or shtirl-conic. 



l68 FLORA. 

Achene smooth. 

Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. 

i6. /:". melanocarpa. 
Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. 

17. E. albida. 
Achene papillose. 

Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. 18. E. tricostata. 

Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed. 

Culm filiform ; scales obtuse. 19. E. tenuis. 

Culm fiat ; scales acute. 20. E. acuminata. 

Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal. 

Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted, 1-2.5 dm. long. 

21. E. intermedia. 
Culms flattened, slender, 3-6 dm. long. 22. E. rostellata. 

1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. Knotted Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
577.) Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms terete, hollow, nodose, papillose, 
0.4-0.9 m. tall, the sterile ones sharp-pointed. Sheaths membranous, the lowei 
sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, many-flowered, sub- 
acute, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, not thicker than the culm; scales ovate, 
orbicular or obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-margined, 
faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long 
as the body of the achene or shorter; stamens 3; st>'le 3-cleft, exserted; achene 
obovoid, brown, shining, with minute transverse ridges, convex on one side, very 
obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long as the conic acute black broad- 
based tubercle. In water, Mass. to Mich., the W. I. and Mex. July-Sept. 

2. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. Quadrangular Spike-rush. (I. F. f, 
578.) Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms sharply 4-angled, stout, not nodose, 
papillose, 0.6-1.2 m, tall. Sheaths purplish-brown or green, sometimes bearing 
short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, many- 
flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coriaceous, broadly ovate or obovate. 
obtuse or the upper subacute, scarious-margined, faintly many -nerved, persistent; 
bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about as long as the achene ; stamens 3 ; 
style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or slightly angled on the back, minutely 
cancellate, about twice as long as the conic acute tubercle, which is truncate or con- 
tracted at the base. In ponds, streams and swamps, N. N. J. to S. Ont. Mich, south 
to Ala., Mo., Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. July-Sept. 

?. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 579.) 
Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms slender, 3-angled. o. 1-5 m. long, some- 
tinc.es producing numerous filiform flaccid sterile branches from the base. Sheaths 
appressed, obliquely-truncate; spikelet subulate, few-flowered, not thicker than 
the culm, I-2 cm. long. 2 mm. in diameter; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly concave, faintly several-nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, narrowly 
scarious-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6, equalling the achene and tubercle, 
retrorsely barbed; achene obovoid. light brown, biconvex or obtusely angled on 
the back, longer than the conic -subulate flattened tubercle, which has a raised ring 
around its base. In shallow water, N. B. to Mich., south to Fla. Aug-Sept. 

4. Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. Pale Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 580.) 
Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms very slender, or filiform, pale green, 
3-angled, 5-25 cm. tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious limb; 
spikelet subacute, 2-3 times as thick as the culm, about 4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in 
diameter, several-flowered; scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the 
upper acute, thin, hyaline with a faint midvein; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, 
slender, retrorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene ; o. 5 mm. long, 
lenticular, obovate, smooth, brown, 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle, 
which is often constricted at the base. In wet soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Miss. Also in 
trop. Amer. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Bright green Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 581.) 
Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and matted; culms very slender, bright 
green, erect or reclining, flattened, 2-10 cm. long. Upper sheath with a white 
hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, much thicker than the culm, several-many-flowered, 
about 4 mm, long. 2 mm. in diameter ; scales ovate, thin, acute, reddish brown, 
with a grein midvein and narrow, scarious margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bris- 



CYPERACEAE. 1 69 

ties 6-%, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle ; achene 
obovoid, similar to that of the preceding species but twice as large. 3-4 times the 
length of the conic acute tubercle. In wet soil. Me. to S. Ont. and Penn., south to 
S. Car., mostly near tlie coast. Aug.-Sept. 

6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz) Kunth. Purple Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
582.) Annual ; roots fibrous ; culms tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high. Upper 
sheath i -toothed ; spikelet ovoid, many-iiowered, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. 
in diameter or less ; scales minute, ovate-oblong, persistent, purple-brown with 
green midvein and very narrow scarious margins ; stamens 2 or 3 style 2-3-cleft ; 
bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the 
achene; achene jet black, shining, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle conic, 
minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base. In moist soil, Iowa, 
Neb. and E. Colo, to Cent. Am., east to Fla. ; widely distributed in tropical 
America. July-Sept. 

7. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Capitate Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 583.) 
Annual; roots fibrous; culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform, 5-25 cm. 
tall. Upper sheath i -toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker than the culm, 
3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, many-flowered ; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, 
pale or dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scarious-margined, per- 
sistent ; stamens mostly 2 ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, 
as long as the achene ; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly-i mm. 
long; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than 
the achene. In moist soil, Md. to Fla., west to Ind. and Tex. Widely distributed 
in tropical regions. July-Sept. 

8. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Ovoid Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 584.) An- 
nual ; roots fibrous ; culms tufted, slender or filiform, rather deep green, nearly 
terete, mostly erect, 5-40 cm. tall. Upper sheath i -toothed ; spikelet ovoid or 
oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 4-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter ; scales thin, 
oblong-orbicular, very obtuse, brown with a green midvein and scarious margins; 
bristles 6-8 (sometimes fewer or wanting), decidvious, usually longer than the 
achene ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; achene pale brown, shining, lenticular, 
obovate-oblong, smooth, i mm. long or more ; tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, 
scarcely constricted at the base, about one-fourth as long as the achene and nar- 
rower. In wet soil. N. B. to Ont. and Br. Col. south to Fla. , Ore. , Neb. and Tex. 
Also in Europe. Variable. July-Sept. 

9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
585.) Annual, similar to the preceding species, but culms commonly taller, 
sometimes 0.5 m. high. Upper sheath obliquely truncate or I -toothed ; spikelet 
oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or subacute, 4-16 mm. long. 2-3 mm. 
in diameter, many-flowered ; scales pale brown with a green midvein and narrow 
scarious margins, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, not longer 
than the achene; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, 
low, covering the top of the achene, less than one-fourth its length. In wet soil, 
Mass. to Va., west to Ind., Ark., Tex. and Cal. July-Sept. 

10. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & vS. Creeping Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
586.) Perennial by horizontal rootstocks; culms stout, terete or somewhat com- 
pressed, striate, 0.3-1.6 m. tall. Basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short 
blade, the upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylindric, 6-25 mm. long, 
3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm ; scales ovate-obUnig 
or ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown with scarious margin and a green midvein, or 
pale green all over; bristles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the 
achene and tubercle, or sometimes wanting ; stamens 2-3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; achene 
lenticular, smooth, yellow, over I mm. long ; tubercle conic-triangular, constricted 
at the base, flattened, one-fourth to one-half aS long as the achene. In ]Hnuls. 
swamps and marshes, Lab. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Cal. Alst> in 
Europe and Asia. Aug.-Sept. 

Eleocharis palustris glaucc^scens (Wilki.) A. Gray. Culms slender or nearly fili- 
form, 0.2-0.5 "1- tall ; spikelet oblong:, 4-10 mm. long-; achene smaller; tubercle narrower. 
In wet meadows and marshes; raui^e nearly of the type in N. Am. Perhaps a distinct 
species. 

The so-called variety calva is a form without bristles. 



I/O FLORA. 

Eleocharis palustris Wdtsoni Clarke. Culms stout, 15-25 cm. tall ; spike ovoid ; 
scales dark purple-brown. Lab. and Pr. Edw. IsL to Hudson Bay. 

11. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 587.) 
Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks ; culms tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, 
obscurely 4-angled and grooved, weak, erect or reclining, 5-20 cm. long. Sheaths 
truncate ; spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, broader than 
the culm, 3-10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, I mm. wide; scales oblong, obtuse or the 
upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown band on each side 
of the midvein, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile; bristles 3-4, fragile, 
fugacious, shorter than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, 
pale, obscurely 3 -angled with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate ribs 
connected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, one-fourth as long as the achene. 
In wet soil, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Also in Europe and 
Asia. July-Sept. 

12. Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray. Wolf's Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 588.) 
Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender, erect, flattened and 2 -edged, 
0.2-0.5 ^- *^^1^' Upper sheath oblique, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet oblong 
or ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than the culm, 4-6 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. 
in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale green with purplish 
brown bands, tardily deciduous; bristles none (or perhaps early deciduous); style 
3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally 9-ribbed, the ribs 
transversely connected by minute ridges; tubercle depressed-conic, much shorter 
than the achene. In wet meadows, 111., Minn, and Iowa. June- Aug. 

13. Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schultes. Twisted Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 589.) 
Annual; roots fibrous; culms tufted, filiform, sharply 3-angled, pale green, erect or 
reclining, twisting when old, 0.3-0.4 m. long. Sheaths obliquely truncate, i-toothed; 
spikelet ovoid or oblong, subacute, several-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, about 
2mm. thick, much thicker than the culm; scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse; 
bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about equalling the achene and tubercle; 
stamens 3; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, strongly reticulated, 
longitudinally about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, truncate at the base, 
oije-fourth to one-half as long as the achene. In wet soil, near the coast, N. J. to 
Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

14. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. Large-tubercled Spike- 
rush. (I. F. f. 590.) Annual ; culms tufted, slighfly compressed, very slender, 
rather stiff, striate, bright green, 0.2-0.5 "^- tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate 
or i-toothed; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. in 
diameter; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, pale greenish brown with a darker midvein, 
broadly scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly 
or rarely upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; 
style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigonous, strongly reticulated, longitudinally 
about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, nearly or quite as large as the achene. 
In wet soil, near the coast, Mass. to Penn., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Small-fruited Spike- rush. (L F. f. 
591.) Annual; culms finely filiform, densely tufted, somewhat 4-sided, erect or 
reclining, often proliferous by developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike- 
let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 5-20 cm. long. Upper sheath obliquely trun- 
cate ; spikelet oblong, subacute, terete or nearly so, much thicker than the culm, 
many-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; scales ovate, acute, brownish-red with a green 
midvem and lighter margins, early deciduous except the lowest, which is commonly 
larger than the others, persistent and bract-like; bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than 
or equalling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene white, 3-angled, obovoid, 
smooth, minute; tubercle conic-pyramidal, much shorter than the achene. In wet 
sandy soil, S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. June- 
Aug. 

16. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
592.) Perennial by short rootstocks; culms flattened, striate, tufted, slender, erect, 
0.2-0.5 m. tall. Upper sheath truncate, i -toothed; spikelet oblong or cylindric- 
oblong. obtuse. 6-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than 
the culm; scales ovate, obtuse, brown, with a lighter midvein and scarious mar- 



CYPERACEAE. I /I 

gins; bristles 3 or 4, fragile, downwardly hispid, equalling or longer than the 
achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes wanting; stamens 3; style 3 -cleft; achene 
3 -angled, obpyramidal, black, smooth; tubercle depressed, covering the summit of 
the achene, light brown, pointed in the middle. In wet sandy soil, E. Mass. and 
R. I. to Fla., near the coast. Also in W. Ind. July-Sept. 

17. Eleocharis albida Torr. White Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 593.) Annual; 
roots fibrous; culms very slender, tufted, nearly terete, striate, erect, 0.1-0.2 m. 
tall. Upper sheath very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-globose 
or oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than 
the culm; scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; 
bristles al30ut 6, downwardly barbed, persistent, as long as the achene; stamens 3; 
style 3-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, nearly black when ripe, 3-angled, smooth; 
tubercle ovoid-conic, contracted or truncate at the base, about one-fourth as long 
as the achene. In wet soil, Md. to Fla., Tex. and Max., near the coast. 
June-Aug. 

18. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 594.) 
Perennial by short rootstocks; culms very slender, erect, compressed, striate, 
0.3-0.6 m. tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet 
oblong, becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 10-18 mm. long, 2- 
3 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with a green mid- 
vein and scarious margins; bristles none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 
3-angled, brown, dull, papillose, strongly ribbed on each of its angles; tubercle 
conic, acute, light brown, constricted at the base, minute, very much shorter than 
the achene. In wet soil, S. N. Y. to Fla. July-Sept. 

19. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. (I. F. f. 
595.) Perennial by rootstocks; culms tufted, filiform, mostly erect, 4-angled with 
concave sides, 0.2-0.4 "^- tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one 
side; spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many-flowered, thicker than the 
culm, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales thin, obovate or ovate- 
oblong, obtuse, the midvein greenish, the margins scarious; bristles 2-4, 
shorter than the achene, fugacious or wanting; achene obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, 
yellowish brown, papillose; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; tubercle conic, short, acute, 
in wet soil. Cape Breton Isl. to Ont. and Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. The 
achenes are more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the fall of the 
scales. May-July. 

20. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat-stemmed Spike-rush. 
(I. F. f. 596.) Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the preceding species but 
stouter; culms flattened, striate, slender but rather stiff, tufted, 0.2-O.5 m. tall. 
Upper sheath truncate, sometimes slightly i -toothed; spikelet ovoid or oblong, 
obtuse, thicker than the culm, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long; scales oblong or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute or the lower obtusish, purple -brown with a greenish mid- 
vein and hyaline white margins, deciduous; bristles 1-5, shorter than or equalling 
the achene, fugacious, or wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene 
obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown, papillose, much longer than the 
depressed-conic acute tubercle. In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Ga., 
La., Mo. and Neb. Achenes persistent on the rachis as in E. tenuis. June-Aug. 

21. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Matted Spike-rush. (I. F. f 
597.) Annual; roots fibrous; culms filiform, densely tufted, diffusely reclining or 
ascending, usually matted, grooved, 10-30 cm. long. Upper sheath oblii|uely 
truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-oblong, acute, 8-20-flowered, thicker 
than the culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper subacute, light purjile- 
brown with a green midvein, tardily decidutms or the lower one persistent; bristles 
persistent, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; 
style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obovoid, light brown, finely reticulated; tubercle 
conic-subulate, very acute, slightly constricted at the base, one-fourth to one-half 
as long as the achene. In marshes, Ont. to Minn., south to N. j.. Ohio, 111. and 
Iowa. July-Sept. 

22. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. (I. P\ f. 598.) IVr- 
eimial by a short caudex; culms slender, wiry, the fertile erect or ascending, the 
sterile reclining and rooting at the summit, gnxwed, 0.3 1. 5 m. long. I'pper 
sheath truncate; spikelet oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker than the culm, 



1 72 FLORA. 

io-20-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or 
the upper acute, green with a somewhat darker midvein; bristles 4-8, retrorsely 
barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
oblong-obovoid, obtusely 3 -angled, its surface finely reticulated; tubercle conic- 
subulate, about one-half as long as the achene or shorter, capping its summit, 
partly or entirely falling away at maturity. In marshes and wet meadows, N. H. 
to Vt. and W. N. Y., Br. Col., Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal. Also in Cuba. Aug-Sept. 

5. DICHROMENA Michx. 

Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a 
terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. 
Spikelets compressed, several-many-fiowered. Scales spirally imbricated all 
around, several of them with imperfect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 
3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, 
crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to 
the two-colored involucral leaves.] About 8 species, natives of America. Besides 
the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. 

Leaves of the involucre linear ; tubercle truncate at the base. i. D. color at a. 

Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, long-acuminate ; tubercle decurrent on the edges of 

the achene. 2. D. latifolia. 

1. Dichromena colorata (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Narrow-leaved Dichro- 
MENA. (I. F. f. 599.) Glabrous; culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, 
0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves distant, narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, much 
shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish 
white at the base ; head globose, I-2 cm. in diameter ; spikelets narrowly oblong, 
acute; scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, i -nerved, subacute at the 
apex ; achene obovate, brown, nearly truncate at the summit, compressed, covered 
by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. In moist sandy soil, pine 
barrens of N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 

2. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Broad-leaved Dichromena (I. F. f. 600.) 
Similar to the preceding species but the culm stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly 
terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a long-acumi- 
nate apex from a broad base, 3-8 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the culm, but 
the lowest much shorter, those of the involucre 7-10, strongly reflexed when old. 
Head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter ; spikelets oblong, subacute; scales ovate- 
lanceolate, nearly white, rather obtuse; achene nearly orbicular in outline, pale 
brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and longitudinally, so as to appear reticu- 
lated; the tubercle decurrent on its margins. In wet pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and 
Tex. June-Aug. 

6. PSILOCARYA Torr. 

Annual sedges, with fibrous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, 
many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, 
the rays and raylets bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbri- 
cated all around, all fertile, deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 
I or 2. Style 2-clefc, enlarged at the base. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth 
or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or 
nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. [Greek, referring to the absence of 
perianth-bristles. ] About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America. 
Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern United States. 
Achene strongly wrinkled, much longer than the subacute tubercle i. P. Jiitens 

Achene smooth or but little wrinkled ; tubercle subulate. 2. P. scirpoides. 

I. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Short-beaked Bald-rush. (I. F. f. 
601.) Glabrous; culms tufted, slightly angled. 7-36 cm. tall. Leaves narrowly 
linear, about 2 mm wide, smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm, sheathing at 
the base the midvem prominent; umbels mostly loose; spikelets ovoid; 4-6 mm. 
long, rather less than 2 mm. in diameter; scales brown, broadly ovate, thin, 
I -nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate ; achene lenticular, nearly orbicular, light 
brown, strongly wrinkled transversely ; tubercle shorter than the achene, subacute, 
2-lobed at the base. In wet soil, L. I. and Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. 
July-Oct. 



C YPERA CEA E. 1/3 

2. Psilocarya scirpoides (Torr.) Long-beaked Bald-rush. (I. F. f. 602.) 
Similar to the preceding species. Umbels commonly more numerous ; spikelets 
oblong or ovoid-oblong ; achene nearly orbicular in outline, biconvex, not as flat 
as that of P. nitens, dark brown, faintly transversely wrinkled or smooth, sometimes 
longitudinally striate, slightly contracted at the base into a short stipe ; tubercle 
subulate, as long as the achene or sometimes longer, its base decurrent on the 
edges. In wet soil. E. Mass. and R. I. July-Sept. 

7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. 

Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves nar- 
rowly linear or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, 
capitate or solitary, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally 
imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. 
Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much swollen and persistent as 
a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. 
[Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] A genus of some 20 species, natives of 
temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern 
United States. 

I. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. Hair-like Stenophyllus. (I. F. 
f. 603.) Annual; roots fibrous; culms filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, 
smooth, 5-25 cm. tall. Leaves roughish, mucK shorter than the culm, their 
sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs; involucral leaves 1-3, setaceous; 
spikelets narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, 
several in a terminal umbel, or in depauperate forms solitary; scales oblong, 
obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, dark brown with a green keel; stamens 2; style 
3 -cleft; achene yellow -brown, narrowed at the base, very obtuse or truncate at the 
summit, 0.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled; tubercle minute, depressed. In 
dry or moist soil, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in tropical 
America. July-Sept. 

8 FIMBRl'sTYLIS Vahl. 

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capi- 
tate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a i-many-leaved involucre, 
their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth 
none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much en- 
larged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. Achene lenticu- 
lar, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or longitudinally ribbed or stri- 
ate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of some species.] A 
large genus, the specie's widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Be- 
sides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North 
America. 

Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular or biconvex. 

Culms 0.2-0.9 m. tall ; spikelets umbellate ; style mostly pubescent. 
Perennial ; leaves involute. 

Scales coriaceous, shining, glabrous. i. F. spadtcea. 

Scales membranous, dull, puberulent. 2. F. castanea. 

Annual ; roots fibrous ; leaves flat. 3. F. laxa. 

Culms 2-10 cm. tall, very slender ; spikelets capitate ; style glabrous below. 

4. F. Vahlii. 
Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled. 

Umbel mostly compound ; spikelets narrow, acute, mostly peduncled ; achene n':fai ly 
or quite smooth. 5. F. auctorttiaiis. 

Umbel mostly simple ; spikelets plump, obtuse, mostly capitate and sessile; achene 
distinctly reticulated. 6. F. Frankii. 

I. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. Stiff Fimbristylis. (\. F. f. 604.) 
Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous; culms slender. 3-anglcd. wiry, 3-0 lini. 
tall, usualh longer than the strongly involute rigid leaves. Leaves about 2 mm. 
wide wluMi unrolled, their sheaths dark brown; leaves of the involucre 3-6. erect; 
umbel several-rayed, the rays nearly erect, 5-15 cm. long; central spikelets of 
the umbels and umbellets sessile, the others pedicelled; spikelets ovoid or ovoid 



1/4 FLORA. 

cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales oval obovate, or 
orbicular, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, dark brown with a 
green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, brown. In 
marshes and shallow water, Va. to Fla., near the coast. Widely distributed 
in tropical America. July-Sept. 

2. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbristylis. (I. F. f. 
605.) Perennial by a thick base; culms slender, 3 -angled, 0.2-0.5 "^- tall, usually 
exceeding the leaves. Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. wide, their sheaths green 
and more or less pubescent; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short; umbel simple or 
compound, the rays 1-5 cm. long; central spikelets sessile; spikelets oblong, 6-10 
mm. long, 2-3 m.m. in diameter; scales thin, brown with a lighter midvein, 
broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, dull, puberulent, obtuse ormucronate; stamens 
2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate or oblong, biconvex, pale brown. On salt 
meadows, southern N. Y. to Fla. and La. Also in wet soil in the interior from 
Ont., Mich, and 111. to Kans. and Tex., and in tropical America. The achene in 
the prairie plant is shorter and less tapering to the base than in the c«ast form. 
July-Sept. 

3. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Weak Fimbristylis. (I. F. f. 606.) Annual; 
roots fibrous ; culms slender, flattened, striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 
5-40 cm. long, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat, about I mm. wide, 
glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale green, those of the involucre 3-5 ; umbel simple 
or slightly compound, the central spikelet sessile ; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 
6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter ; scales ovate, thin, pale greenish brown, 
subacute or mucronulate ; stamen i ; style 2-cleft, pubescent ; achene biconvex, 
obovoid, light brown, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs tubercled and connected by 
very fine cross-lines. In moist soil, S. Penn. to Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex. 
Also in trop. Am. July-Sept. 

4. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Vahl's Fimbristylis. (I. F. f. 607.) 
Annual ; culms very slender, densely tufted, compressed, striate, 2-10 cm. high, 
longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, rough, 
those of the involucre 3-5, erect, much exceeding the simple capitate cluster of 3-8 
spikelets ; spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, about I mm. thick, 
many-flowered; scales lanceolate, pale greenish-brown, acuminate; stamen i; style 
2-cleft, glabrous below; achene minute, biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate. In 
moist soil. Mo. to Tex., east to N. Car. and Fla. July-Oct. 

5. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbristylis. (I. F. f. 
608.) Annual ; roots fibrous ; culms very slender, densely tufted, flat, 7-40 cm. 
long, usually much exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, 1-2 mm. 
wide, glabrous, those of the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the umbel ; 
umbel compound or decompound, the primary rays 4-10 mm. long, the secondary 
filiform; spikelets linear-oblong, acute, 6-40 mm. long, I mm. thick or less; scales 
ovate-lanceolate, subacute, strongly mucronate, greenish-brown, the midvein prom- 
inent; stamens 1-3; style 3 -cleft ; achene obovoid, nearly white, 3 -angled with a 
ridge on each angle, smooth or indistinctly reticulated, sometimes roughened. In 
moist soil. Me. to Mich., south to Fla. and La. Also in trop. Am. Depauperate 
forms occur with culms not over 2 cm. high bearing solitary spikelets. June-Sept. 

6. Fimbristylis Frankii Steud. Annual, lower than the preceding species, 
the leaves often shorter. Umbel mostly simple, the spikelets, or most of them, 
capitate and sessile, ovoid or oval, blunt, the heads sometimes appearing almost ses- 
sile at the base; achenes rather larger, distinctly reticulated. In mud or wet sand, 
N. H. to Mo., Tenn. and La. June-Sept. 

9. sci'rpus l. 

Annmal or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the 
leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, 
capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre or the in- 
volucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually 
all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, 
slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none 
in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly 



CYPERACEAE. 1/5 

deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene tri- 
angular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to be from 
sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] About 200 species of very wide geographic dis- 
tribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western 
parts of North America. 

Spikelet solitary, terminal, bractless or subtended by a single bract or short leaf. 
No involucral bract. 

Culms 2-5 cm. high ; achene smooth ; plant of saline soil. i. S. nanus. 
Culms 7-25 cm. high ; achene reticulated ; plant of fresh-water marshes. 

2. S. pauctjiorus. 
Involucral bract present, erect. 

Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet ; plants not aquatic. 
Culm terete ; leaf of upper sheath subulate ; bristles smooth. 

3. S. caespitosus. 
Culms triangular; leaf of upper sheath linear; bristles upwardly barbed. 

Leaves shorter than the culm ; scales acute. 4. S. Clmtoni. 

Leaves about as long as the culm ; scales cuspidate. 

5. S. planifolius. 
Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet ; plant aquatic. 

6. S. subterminalis. 
Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; 

involucral bract only i. 
Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. 

Culms not sharply 3-angled ; achene plano-convex ; annuals. 

Achene strongly transversely rugose. 7. S. Hallii. 

Achene smooth or very slightly roughened. 

Bristles downwardly barbed, about equalling the achene. 

8. S. debilis. 
Bristles minute or wanting. 9. S. Smithti. 

Culms sharply 3-angled ; plants perennial by rootstocks. 

Achene plano-convex , bristles shorter than or equalling the achene. 

Spikelets acute, much overtopped by the slender involucral leaf ; scales 

awned. 10. S. Americanus. 

Spikelets obtuse ; involucral leaf short, stout ; scales mucronulate. 

11. S. Olneyi. 
Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back. 

Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf erect. 

12. ,5'. Torreyi. 
Bristles as long as the achene ; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 

13. S. mucronattis^ 
Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled ; tall sedges. 

Culm sharply triangular, equalled by the long leaves. 14. S. cylindricics. 

Culm terete ; leaves reduced to sheaths. 

Bristles downwardly barbed ; achene gray, abruptly mucronate. 

15. S, lactistris. 
Bristles short-plumose below ; achene nearly white, narrowed above. 

16. 6". Califoi-nictis. 
Spikelets several, spicate. 17. S. rtt/us. 

Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large ; involucral leaves 2 or more. 
Achene lenticular or plano-convex ; spikelets capitate. 

Capitate cluster simple ; achene obovate-oblong, pale brown. 

iS. S. cafnpesfn's. 
Capitate cluster often compound ; achene orbicular-obovate, dark brown. 

19. 6". fobitstiis. 
Achene sharply 3-angled ; spikelets umbellate. 20. .5'. Jiuviatilis. 

Spikelets oblong-cylindric, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bristles 6. 

Spikelets narrowly cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; bristles 2-4. 21. S, Xovae-An^i^liae. 
Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads, small; involucral leaves 
several ; tall sedges. 
Bristles downwardly barbed ; spikelets in umbelled heads. 
Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 3-5 nun. long. 

Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene ; leaves 6-16 mm. wide. 
Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled ; bristles 6. 

Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed thron:;hout ; scales 

obtuse. 22. vS". sylvaticiis. 

Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed below; scales acute. 

23. vS". atrovirens. 
Style 2-cleft ; achene plano-convex ; bristles 4. 24. S. microcarpus. 



1/6 



FLORA, 



Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene ; leaves 4-6 mm. wide. 

25. S. polyphyllus. 
Spikelets cylindric, 6-10 mm. long. 26. S. Peckii. 

Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent ; umbel mostly decompound. 
Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales. 

Bristles about as long as the achene ; scales subacute. 

27. S. divaricatus. 
Bristles much longer than the achene ; scales mucronate. 

28. S. lineatus. 
Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 29. S. cyperinus. 

1. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush. (I. F. f. 609.) Annual; 
roots fibrous; culms filiform, flattened, grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. 
high, bearing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base. Spikelet solitary, terminal, 
ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8 flowered, 2-3 mm. long, hot subtended by a bract; 
scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles 
about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
achene oblong, 3 -angled, pale, pointed at each end, smooth. Muddy places in 
salt marshes, Cape Breton Id. to Fla. and Tex., and about salt springs in N. Y. and 
Mich. Also on the Pacific Coast of N. Am. and on the coasts of Europe. July-Sept. 

2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered Club-rush. (I. F. f. 610.) 
Perennial by filiform rootstocks; culms very slender, little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, 
leafless, 7-25 cm. tall, the upper sheath truncate. Spikelet terminal, solitary, not 
subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed, 4-10 flowered, 4-6 mm. long, 
nearly 2 mm. wide; scales brown with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate, 
acuminate; bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 
3-cleft; achene obo void-oblong, gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely 
reticulated. In wet soil, Anticosti and Ont. to Me., W. N. Y., Minn, and Br. Col, 
south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in northern Europe. July-Oct. 

3. Scirpus caespitosus L. Tufted Club-rush. (I. F. f. 611.) Perennial; 
culms smooth, terete, densely tufted, light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, 
wiry, 10-40 cm. long. Basal sheaths numerous, membranous, imbricated, acumi- 
nate, the upper one bearing a short very narrow blade; spikelet solitary, terminal, 
few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm, long, subtended by a subulate involucral 
leaf of about its own length; scales yellowish -brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, 
deciduous; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
achene oblong, smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute. In bogs and on moist rocks, 
Greenl. to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. E., the Adirondacks, W. N. Y., 111., 
Minn, and Br. Col. , in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. , and on the higher summits of 
the southern Alleghenies. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

4. Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray. Clinton's Club-rush. (I. F. f. 612), 
Perennial; culms tufted, triangular, very slender, erect, 10-40 cm, tall, roughish 
on the angles. Lower sheaths imbricated, one or more of them bearing short subu- 
late blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear blade shorter than the 
culm ; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, 3-4 mm, long, subtended by 
a subulate involucral bract; scales ovate, pale brown, acute; bristles 3-6, filiform, 
upwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 
brown, sharply 3-angled, smooth, obtuse. In dry fields and thickets, N. B. to W. 
N. Y. and Mich., south to N. C. Local, June-Aug, 

5. Scirpus planifolius Muhl, Wood Club-rush. (I. F. f. 613.) Perennial; 
culms triangular, slender, tufted, rather weak, roughish on the angles, 15-40 cm. 
tall. Lower sheaths bearing short subulate blades, the upper with a flat narrowly 
linear rough-margined leaf about as long as the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, 
ovoid-oblong, acute, several-flowered, subtended by a short involucral bract; scales 
ovate-lanceolate, yellowish-brown with a green midvein, which is extended beyond 
the acute apex into a sharp cusp; bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, about equalling 
the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, pubescent; achene oblong, 3-angled, smooth, 
light brown, rather obtuse. In woods and thickets, Mass. to Del,, W. N, Y, and Mo. 
May-July, 

6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr, Water Club-rush. (I. F. f, 614.) 
Perennial (?), aquatic, culms slender, terete, nodulose, 0,3-1 m, long. Leaves 
slender, channeled, 15-50 cm. long, 0.5-I mm. wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, 



C YPERA CEA E, 177 

oblong-cylindric, narrowed at each end, several-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, subtended 
by a subulate erect involucral leajf 1-3 cm. long, thus appearing lateral; scales 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown with a green mid vein; bristles 
about 6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 
3-cleft to about the middle; achene obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth, rather 
more than 2 mm. long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of the style. In 
ponds and streams or sometimes on their borders, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and 
Wash., south to N. J., Penn. and Mich. The so-called variety terrestris is an 
emersed form with erect culms and shorter spikelets. July-Aug. 

7. Scirpus Hallii A. Gray. Hall's Club-rush. (I. F. f. 615.) Annual; 
culms very slender, smooth, tufted, obtusely triangular, erect, striate, 1-3 dm. tall. 
Lower sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate, the upper one commonly 
bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long; spikelets capitate in clusters of 1-7, oblong- 
cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, appearing 
lateral by the extension of the solitary involucral leaf; scales ovate-lanceolate, light 
greenish brown, acuminate, keeled, cuspidate; bristles wanting; stamens mostly 2; 
achene obovate-orbicular or slightly broader than high, black, plano-convex, 
mucronulate, wrinkled transversely, about i mm. in diameter. In wet soil, Mass. 
to Fla., west to 111., Col., Tex. and Mex. The lowest sheaths occasionally subtend 
a flower with very long styles. July-Sept. 

8. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rush. (I.f.f. 616.) An- 
nual, smooth; culms slender, terete or nearly so, tufted, 1.5-5 dm. high. Sheaths 
obliquely truncate, the upper one rarely bearing a short subulate blade; spikelets 
capitate in clusters of 1-12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered, appearing 
lateral, the involucral leaf narrowly linear, 3-10 cm. long, erect or divergent; scales 
light yellowish brown with a green midvein, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 
4-6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene; stamens 2-3; style 2 -cleft 
or rarely 3-cleft; achene plano-convex, broadly obovate or orbicular, smooth or 
slightly roughened, dark brown, shining, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet soil. Me. to 
Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Neb. July-Sept. 

9. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. Smith's Club-rush. (I. F. f. 617.) Annual, 
similar to the preceding species ; culms usually lower and more slender or nearly 
filiform ; sheaths oblique and acuminate or the upper one bearing a subulate blade. 
Spikelets 1-4, ovoid, acute, 4-6 mm. long, the involucral leaf narrow, elongated, 
erect; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, pale brown with a green midvein; 
bristles usually wanting, sometimes I-3, and very much shorter than the achene; 
style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex, obovate or orbicular, brown, rather dull, smooth 
or minutely roughened, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet muddy places, Vt. to Ont. 
and Minn., Del., Penn. and Mich. July-Sept. 

10. Scirpus Americanus Pers. Three-square. Chair-maker's Rush. 
(I. F. f. 6x8.) Perennial by long rootstocks; culms sharply triangular, erect, stiff, 
0.3-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled, shorter than the culm; 
spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, 8-12 mm. long, capitate in clusters of 1-7, appearing 
as if lateral; involucral leaf slender, 3-10 cm. long; scales broadly ovate, brown, 
often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft at the apex, the midvein extended into a subu- 
late awn sometimes 2 mm. long, the margins scarious; bristles 2-6, downwardly 
barbed, shorter than or equalling the achene; stamens 3; achene obovate, plano- 
convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. In fresh water and brackish swamps 
throughout N. Am. Also in Chile. June-Sept. 

Scirpus Americknus longispic^tus Britton. Spikelets linear-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. 
long;; bristles as long as the broadly obovate achene. S. shore of Lake Out., Col. and 

N. Mex. 

11. Scirpus dlneyi A, Gray. Olney's Bulrush. (I. F. f. 6iq.) Similar to 
the preceding species; culms stout, sharply 3-angled with concavo sitles, 0.5-2 m. 
tall. Leaves 1-3, 2-13 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate 
in dense clusters of 5—12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5- 8 mm. long, the involu- 
cral leaf short, stout, erect, I-3 cm. long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with 
a green midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles usually O, slightlv 
shorter than or equalling the achene, downwardly barbed; stamens 2-3; style 
2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, brown, mucronate. In salt marshes, Mass. 



lyS FLORA. 

to Fla., Tex,, Mex. and Cal., extending north along the Pacific Coast to Ore. Also 
in Ark. June-Sept. 

12. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Torrey's Bulrush. (I. F. f. 620.) Perennial 
by rootstocks; culms sharply 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 0.5-1. i m. tall. 
Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose, light green; spikelets I-4, in an ap- 
parently lateral capitate cluster, oblong, narrowed at each end, 10-16 mm. long; 
involucral leaf 5-15 cm. long, erect; scales ovate ox lanceolate, shining, chestnut- 
brown, glabrous, mucronulate; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than 
the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, smooth, shining, light brown, 
3-angled, one of its sides broader and flatter than the others. In swamps, Vt. to 
R. I. and Penn. , west to Minn, and Manitoba. July-Sept. 

13. Scirpus mucronatus L. Bog Bulrush. (I. F. f. 621.) Perennial; 
culms stout, tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 0.3-1 m. tall. Spikelets 5-12 in a capitate 
cluster, oblong, obtuse, 8-18 mm. long, rather more than 2 mm. in diameter, sub- 
tended by a linear abruptly spreading involucral leaf ; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, 
light brown with a narrow green mid vein, mucronate ; bristles 6, stout, rigid, down- 
wardly barbed, as long as the achene ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, 
smooth, shining, dark brown, 3-angled, two of the sides narrower and more convex 
than the third. In a swamp in Del. Co., Penn. Probably adventive or fugitive 
from Europe. Widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 

14 Scirpus cylindricus (Torr.) Britton. Canby's Bulrush. (I. F. f. 622.) 
Perennial by stout rootstocks ; culm stout, 3-angled above, 1-2 m. high, the linear 
nodulose keeled dark green leaves nearly or quite as long. Involucral leaf 1-2.5 
dm. long, erect ; spikelets in an apparently lateral umbel, drooping, oblong-cylin- 
dric, acutish, 1-2 cm. long, primary rays of the umbel bracted by I or more subu- 
late-linear leaves ; scales ovate or ovate -lanceolate; pale brown, acute, mucronulate ; 
bristles 6, stout, rigid, about as long as the achene, serrate ; stamens 3 ; style 
3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, light brown, smooth , abruptly subulate-pomted. 
In ponds and swamps, Md. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

ic. Scirpus lacristris L. Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. (I. F. f. 623.) 
Perennial by rootstocks ; culm stout, terete, smooth, erect, I -3 m. tall, sometimes 
2 cm. in diameter, sheathed below. Involucral leaf solitary, erect, shorter than 
the umbel ; umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays 2-10 cm. long ; 
bracts linear-lanceolate ; spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, sessileor some of them 
peduncled, in capitate clusters of 1-5, 5-16 mm, long, 3-4 mm. in diameter ; scales 
ovate or oblong, with a strong midvein which is sometimes excurrent ; bristles, 4-6, 
downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the achene ; .stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; 
achene plano-convex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull. In ponds and 
swamps throughout N. Am. Also in the Old World, June-Sept. 

16. Scirpus Californicus (C. A, Meyer) Britton. California Bulrush. 
(I. F. f. 624.) Perennial, similar to the preceding species, the leaves reduced to 
basal sheaths. Involucral leaf short, stoutly subulate ; umbel compound ; spikelets 
6-10 mm. long, acute, peduncled or some of them sessile; scales brown, ovate, awn- 
pointed ; bristles shorter than or equalling the achene, short plumose below ; stamens 
2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, nearly white, narrowed above into 
a short point, contracted at the base. In swamps, Fla. to La., N. Mex. and Cal., 
and widely distributed in tropical America. Not certainly known within our area. 
June-Aug. 

17. Scirpus nifus (Huds.) Schrad. Red Club-rush. (I. F. f. 625.) Per- 
ennial; culms smooth, slender, somewhat compressed, 7-40 cm. tall. Leaves half- 
terete, smooth, shorter than the culm, channeled, 1-8 cm. long, less than 2 mm. 
wide, the lowest reduced to sheaths; spikelets red-brown, few-flowered, narrowly 
ovoid-oblong, subacute, about 6 mm. long, in a terminal 2-ranked spike; involu- 
cral leaf solitary, erect, equalling or longer than the spike; scales lanceolate, acute, 
I -nerved; bristles 3-6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene, deciduous; 
stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene oblong, pointed at both ends, light brown, plano- 
convex or slightly angled, 3-4 mm. long. In marshes, N. B. and Que. to the N. W. 
Terr. Also in northern Europe. Summer. 

18. Scirpus campestris Britton. Prairie Bulrush. (I. F, f. 626.) Per- 
ennial, culm smooth, sharply triangular, 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves usually pale 
green, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2 or 3, the longer much exceeding 



C YPERA CEA E. 1 79 

the inflorescence; spikelets 3-10 in a dense terminal simple head, oblong cylindric, 
1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, pale brown, 2-toothed at the 
apex, the midvein excurrent into an ascending or spreading awn; bristles 
1-3, much shorter than the achene or none; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, 
obovate or oblong-ovate, mucronulate, yellow-brown, its surface strongly cellular- 
reticulated. On wet prairies and plains, Man. and Minn, to Neb., Kans. and 
Mex., west to Nev. May-Aug. 

19. Scirpus robiistus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. (I. F. f. 627.) 
Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, stiff, 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 0.5-1.4 
m. tall. Leaves dark green, smooth, 5-10 mm. wide; involucral leaves 2-4, elon- 
gated, similar; spikelets ovoid-oblong, stout, 1. 5-2. 5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in 
diameter, 6-20 together in a dense terminal cluster; scales ovate, brown, puberu- 
lent, thin, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, reflexed awn 3-5 mm. long; 
bristles I-6, fragile, shorter than the achene, or none; style 3 -cleft; achene com- 
pressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, 
dark brown, shining, 3 mm. long. In salt marshes, N, S. to Tex. July-Oct. 

20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River Bulrush. (I. F. f. 628.) 
Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, smooth, triangular with nearly flat sides, 0.9-2 
m. tall. Leaves S-16 mm. wide, smooth, attenuate to a very long tip; those of the 
involucre 3-5, erect or spreading, often 20 cm. long; spikelets in a terminal umbel, 
solitary or 2-3 together at the ends of its long spreading or drooping rays, or the 
central spikelets sessile, oblong-cylindric, acute, 1.6-2.5 cm. long, about 7 mm. in 
diameter; scales ovate, scarious, puberulent, the midvein excurrent into a curved 
awn 3-4 mm. long; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene; 
style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, rather dull, short-pointed, 4 mm. 
long. In shallow water. Que. to Minn., N. J., Neb. and Kans. June-Sept. 

21. Scirpus Novae- Angliae Britton. New England Coast Sedge. 
(I. F. f. 627a.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, I-2 m. tall, sharply 
3-angled. Leaves long, 8-12 mm. wide, roughish on the margins when dry, the 
lowest reduced to pointed sheaths, those of the involucre 2-5, the longer of them 
much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly cylindric, acute, 1. 8-5 cm. 
long, less than 8 mm. thick, solitary or 2-5 together at the ends of the rays ; rays 
2-10 cm. long; scales awned; bristles 2-4, shorter than the grayish-white dull 
obovate achene, which is distinctly 3-angled; style 3-cleft. In fresh water and 
brackish marshes. Conn, and S. N. Y. 

22. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush. (I. F. f. 629.) Perennial by 
long rootstocks; culm triangular, stout, smooth, 1-2 m. tall, often overtopped by 
the upper leaves. Leaves 1-1.6 cm. wide, rough on the margins, those of the 
involucre 5-8, the larger often 0.3 m. long or more; umbel terminal, very large, 
sometimes 2 dm. broad, about 3 times compound, the spikelets ovoid or ovoid- 
oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of the ray lets; bractlets of 
the involucels small, linear or lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, Isrown with a 
green centre; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the achene; sta- 
mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, nearly white, mucronulate. 
In swamps, N. H. to N. Car. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 

23. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green Bulrush. (I. F. f. 630.) 
Perennial by rootstocks; culms triangular, rather slender, leafy, 0.5-1.2 m. high. 
Leaves elongated, nodulose, dark green, 6-12 mm. wide, one or two of them 
usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, densely capi- 
tate at the ends of the rays or raylets; involucels short; scales greenish -brown, 
oblong, acute, the midvein excurrent; bristles usually 6, downwardly barbed above, 
naked below, about as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong- 
obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull. In swamps, N. S. to Manitoba, Ga. and La- 
June-Aug. 

Scirpus atr6virens p^llidus Britton. Whole plant pale pfreen ; scales awned; spikelets 
oblong-cylindric, very numerous in the capitate clusters. IVIinn. to the N.W. rerr.andColo. 

24. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Small-fruited Bulrush. (T. F. f. 631.) 

Perennial; culms 0.9-1.6 m. tall, often stout, overtopped by the leaves. Longer 
leaves of the involucre usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid -oblong, 
acute, 3-4 nnn. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of tl^e usually spreading ray- 



l8o FLORA. 

lets ; scales brown with a green midvein, bristles 4, barbed downwardly nearly or 
quite to the base, somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; 
achene oblong -obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, 
pointed. In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Quebec and Alaska, Mass., N. Y., 
INIinn. and Cal. July-Sept. 

25. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bulrush. (I. F. f. 632.) Peren- 
nial by rootstocks; culms slender, sharply triangular, 0.3-1.1 m. tall, very leafy, 
the leaves 4-6 mm. wide, 3-ranked, rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-6, 
the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, about 
3 mm. long, capitate at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown, mostly 
obtuse, mucronulate; bristles 6, downwardly barbed above the middle, twice as 
long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled with a 
broad face and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull. In swamps, wet woods and 
meadows. Mass. to Minn., Ala. and Ark. Some of the scales of the spikelets 
occasionally develop into linear leaves. July-Sept. 

26. Scirpus Peckii Britton. Peck's Bulrush. (I.F. f. 633.) Perennial by 
rootstocks; culms slender, triangular, 0.4-1 m. tall, leafy. Leaves elongated, 
_|.-io mm. wide, rough-margined, the upper overtopping the culm, those of the 
involucre 3-5, the longer exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, large; 
spikelets cylindric, obtusish, 6-10 mm. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of the 
raylets or some of them pedimcled; scales dark brown, keeled, mucronate, falling 
early; bristles 4-6, dovmwardly barbed from below the middle to the summit, longer 
than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, 0.5 mm. long, oblong, narrowed 
at each end, slender-beaked. In swamps, Conn, and N. Y. July-Sept. 

27. Scirpus divaricatus Ell. Spreading Bulrush. (I. F. f. 634.) Roots 
fibrous; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, rather slender, 0.6-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 
4-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, not exceeding the inflorescence; umbel decom- 
pound, the primary rays very slender, sometimes 1.5 dm. long, spreading or 
drooping; involucels setaceous, spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, 
linear-oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, i mm. thick; scales ovate, greenish-brown, 
subacute or obtuse, bristles 6, flexuous, longer than the achene, somewhat 
pubescent, not barbed, shorter than the scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
3-angled, oblong, narrowed at both ends, apiculate, nearly white, not shining. In 
swamps, Va. and Ky. to Mo., Fla. and La. The spikelets sometimes partially 
develop into tufts of leaves. June-Aug. 

28. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. (I. F. f. 635.) Perennial 
by stout rootstooks ; culms triangular, erect, 0.3-1 m. high, leafy. Leaves 4-8 mm. 
wide, not exceeding the inflorescence; light green, flat, rough-margined; umbels 
decompound, the rays very slender, becoming pendulous; spikelets mostly solitary 
at the ends of the raylets, oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; 
scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with a green midvein; bristles 6, weak, 
smooth, entangled, much longer than the achene, equalling the scales or longer; 
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or oblong-obovoid. pale brown, narrowed 
at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked. In swamps and wet meadows, N. H. to 
Ont., Ore., Ga. and Tex. June-Sept. 

29. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kuaith. Wool-grass. (I. F. f. 636.) Perennial; 
culms smooth, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, stiff, leafy, 0.6— 2m; tall. 
Leaves elongated, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined, those of the .involucre 3-6, the 
longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel terminal, compound, the rays at 
length somewhat drooping; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate 
clusters of 3-15 at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or 
subacute; bristles 6, entangled, smooth, much longer than the achene, much exserted 
beyond the scales and grayish brown at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
3-angled, oblong, slender-beaked, nearly white. In swamps, Newf. to Ont., Va. 
and Ky. Aug. -Sept. 

Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum (Michx.) Britton. Spikelets mostly peduncled. 
Range of the type, but extending- to Fla. and La. 

10. ERIOPHORUM L. 

Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, 
the leaves linear, or i or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spike- 



CYPERACEAE. l8l 

lets terminal, solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a i-several-leaved 
involucre, or naked. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Plowers 
perfect. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform smooth soft bristles, which are white 
or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much beyond the scales at maturity. 
Stamens 1-3. Style 3 -cleft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. 
[Greek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.] About 10 species, 
in the nortlaern hemisphere. Besides the following, one occurs in Alaska. 

Spikelet solitary ; involucral leaf short or none. 

Bristles only 6, white, crisped, very long-. i. E. alpinum. 

Bristles numerous, straight or slightly crisped. 
Bristles bright white. 

Culm with 2 inflated bladeless sheaths; achene obovoid, obtuse. 

2. E. vaginattim. 
Only the upper sheath bladeless, or all blade-bearing; achene linear-oblong, 
acute. 3. E, Scheuchzeri. 

Bristles reddish-brown 4. E. russeolu7tt. 

Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate ; involucre 1-4-leaved. 

Achene obovoid, obtuse; spikelets umbellate. 5. E. polystachyon. 

Achene linear-oblong, acute ; spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled. 

Leaves channeled or 3-sided ; bristles 4-6 times as long as the scale, bright 
white. 

Upper part of culm and the peduncles rough ; bristles 2-2.5 cm. long. 

6. E. paucinervium. 
Plant smooth or nearly so throughout ; bristles 1-1.5 cm. long. 

7. E. gracile. 
Leaves flat ; bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown (rarely white). 

8. E. Virginicum, 

1. Eriophorum alpinum L. Alpine Cotton-grass. (I. F. f. 637.) Peren- 
nial by short rootstocks, sending up numerous filiform triangular roughish culms, 
1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves subulate, 6-20 mm. long, triangular, channeled, borne 
near the base of the culm, the lower sheaths often bladeless; spikelet terminal, 
small, erect; involucral bract subulate, mostly shorter than the spikelet, sometimes 
wanting; scales oblong-lanceolate, yellowish brown, firm, the midvein slender; 
bristles 6, white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale; achene narrowly obovoid- 
oblong, brown, apiculate, dull. In bogs and on high mountains, Newf. to Hudson 
Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Vt., N. N. Y. and Minn. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Summer. 

2. Eriophorum vaginatum L. Sheathed Cotton-grass. (I. F. f. 638.) 
Culms stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth, slender, 2-4 dm. tall, bearing two distant 
inflated sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle. Leaves stiff, filiform, 
triangular, channeled, shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm; involucral 
leaf wanting; spikelet solitary; scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, 
acuminate, purple-brown, thin; bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy, 4-5 
times as long as the scale; anthers linear; achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, dull, 
minutely apiculate. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Penn. and Minn. Also in 
N. Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 

3. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Scheuchzer's Cotton-grass. 
(I. F. f. 639.) Similar to the preceding, but the sheaths all blade-bearing or only 
the upper one bladeless; culms slender, smooth, nearly terete. Leaves usually 
much shorter than the culm; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple- 
brown; bristles white or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight; "anthers cor- 
date-ovate;" achene narrowly oblong, acute, brown, dull, subulate -beaked. In bogs, 
Newf. and Lab. to Manitoba, Alaska and Ore. Also in Europe. Summer. 

4. Eriophorum russeolum Fries. Russet Cotton-grass. (I. F. f. 640.) 
Culms triangular, erect, smooth, longer than the leaves. Upper sheath inflated, 
bladeless, mucronate, or rarely with a short subulate blade usually borne below the 
middle of the culm; leaves fililbrm, triangular-channeled, mucronate. 2-iOcm long; 
spikelet erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, purplish 
brown with nearly white margins; bristles numennis, bright re^ldish brown. 3-5 
times as long as the scale; achene oblong, narrowed at each end, apiculate. 
Scarcely differs from the preceding species except in the color of the bristles and 
the shorter-pointed achene. In bogs, Newf. to Quebec. Juac .Vng. 



l82 FLORA. 

5. Eriophorum polystachyon L. Tall Cotton-grass. (I. F. f. 641.] 
Culm stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above, o.4-o.9m. tall, all the sheaths blade- 
bearing. Leaves flat, 3-8 mm. wide, tapering to a channeled rigid tip, those oi 
the involucre 2-4, the longer commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence ; 
spikelets 3-12, drooping, in a terminal umbel ; rays filiform, smooth or rough ; 
scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown ; bristles numer- 
ous, bright white, about 2.5 cm. long, 4-5 times as long as the scale ; achene 
obovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Newf to Alaska, south to N. J., Ga. and 
Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

6. Eriophorum paucinervium (Engelm.) A.A.Eaton. Few-nerved Cot- 
ton-grass. (I. F. f. 642, z.% E.gracile.) Culm slender, obtusely triangular, rough 
above on the angles, 0.4-1 m. tall, the sheaths all blade -bearing. Leaves narrowly 
linear, 2-4 mm. wide, triangular-channeled, rough-margined ; involucral leaf 
commonly only I, stiff", erect ; spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer- 
peduncled ones drooping ; peduncles scabrous ; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse or 
subacute, yellowish brown, the midvein rather strong, often with a weaker nerve 
on each side ; bristles numerous, bright white, 2-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 times as long as 
the scale ; achene linear-oblong, acute, pointed. In bogs, N. B. to N. J. and 111. 
May-Aug. 

7. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-grass. Culms slender, 
3-7 dm. tall, terete or nearly so, smooth, with i or 2 triquetrous leaves 1.5-2.5 
cm. long. Involucral leaves I or 2, short ; spikelets usually 3 or 4, sessile, or on 
smooth peduncles ; scales ovate, or the inner lanceolate, obtuse, dark lead- 
colored ; bristles numerous, 1-1.5 cm. long. In bogs, Newf, to Wash., south to 
S. N. Y., Pa., Neb. and Cal. July-Sept. 

8. Eriophorum Virginicum L. Virginia Cotton-grass. (I. F. f. 643.) 
Culm stiff, obtusely triangular above, smooth, 0.4-1. i m. tall, rather leafy. Leaves 
narrowly linear, flat, 2-5 mm. wide, channeled toward the apex, those of the 
involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 5-15 cm. long ; spikelets several or numer- 
ous in a dense terminal capitate cluster, erect or the outer spreading ; scales 
ovate, acute, brown with a green centre, about 5 -nerved ; bristles numerous, 
dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale ; achene linear-oblong, acute, 
apiculate, light brown. In bogs, Newf. to Manitoba," Fla. and Neb. June-Sept. 

Eriophorum Virgfnicum dlbum A. Gray. Bristles white. N. N. Y. 

II. FUIRENA Rottb. 

Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves 
reduced to inflated sheaths), and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and 
axillary clusters, or rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated, awned, the i or 
2 lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblong or cor- 
date-ovate, stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many down- 
wardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3 -cleft, not swollen at the base, decid- 
uous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, 
smooth. (In honor of Georg Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.) About 20 
species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, i 
or 2 others occur in the southern United States. 

Sepals awned from the apex or awnless. i. F. squarrosa. 

Sepals awned on the back below the apex. 2. F, simplex, 

I. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Squarrose Fuirena. (I. F. f. 644.) Root- 
stock short, sometimes tuber-bearing; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly so, 5-50 
cm. tall. Leaves flat, nearly or quite glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent; 
spikelets sessile and i— 10 together, capitate clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. 
long, about 5 mm. in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, brown, pubescent, m.ostly 
obtuse, 3-nerved, tipped with a stout spreading or recurved awn of nearly their own 
length; sepals oblong, long-stalked, usually narrowed at both ends, the awn down- 
wardly barbed or sometimes smooth; bristles mostly longer than the achene. In wet 
meadows and marshes, Mass. to Fla. and La. near the coast. Also in INIich. and 
Neb. July-Sept. 



CYPERACEAE, 1^3 

Puirena squarrbsa hfspida (Ell.) Chapm. Sheaths and leaves hirsute ; sepals ovate, 
cordate at the base or abruptly narrowed into the stalk, awnless or very short-awned at 
the apex ; bristles usually shorter than or equalling the achene ; plant usually taller. N. 
Y. to Fla., Ala. and Tex. 

2. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western Fuirena. (I. F. f. 645.) Similar to 
the preceding species; culms 1-5 dm. tall, glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or 
ciliate; scales tipped with a spreading or reflexed awn; sepals ovate -oblong, obtuse 
and usually notched at the apex, obtuse, truncate or subcordate at the base ; awned 
on the back from below the apex, the awn smooth or downwardly barbed; bristles 
retrorsely hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or short-stalked achene. In 
moist soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 

12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. 

Low tufted mostly annual sedges, with erect or spreading, almost filiform culms 
and leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a 
1-3 -leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated, deciduous, all subtending perfect 
flowers. Perianth of a single hyaline sepal (bract ?) between the flower and the 
rachis of the spikelet; bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not 
swollen at the base. Achene oblong, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, in allusion to 
the single sepal.] About 3 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 

I. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britton. Hemicarpha. (L F. f. 646.) 
Annual; glabrous; culms compressed, grooved, 2-10 cm. long, mostly longer than 
the setaceous smooth leaves. Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, obtuse, about 2 mm. 
long; involucral leaves usually much exceeding the spikelets; scales brown, 
obovate, with a short blunt spreading or recurved tip; stamen i; achene obovate- 
oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, little compressed, Kght brown. In moist, sandy soil, 
R. I. to Penn., Iowa and Neb., Fla., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

Hemicarpha micrdntha aristul^ta Coville. Scales pale, cuneate-obovate, tapering 
into squarrose awns about their own length. Kans. to Tex, 

13. LIPOCARPHA R.Br. 

Low annual sedges, with slender tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete 
many-flowered spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by a i-several-leaved in- 
volucre. Scales firm, spirally imbricated, all fertile or several of the lower ones 
empty, at length deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two small sepals 
(bracts ?) one on each side of the flower; bristles none. Stamens 1-2. Style 
2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen. Achene plano-convex or 3-angled. 
(Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.) About 7 species, widely dis- 
tributed in warm and tropical regions. 

I. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx.) Torr. American Lipocarpha. (I. F. f. 
647.) Glabrous ; culms grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the narrowly 
linear somewhat channeled leaves, 7-25 cm. tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4; 
spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, in a terminal 
capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceolate, acute, curved, the sides nearly white, 
or flecked with reddish-brown spots; exterior sepal convolute around the achene, 
nerved, hyaline; stamen i; achene oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base. In 
wet or moist soil, E. Va. to Fla. Also near Philadelphia, where it is probably 
adventive. July-Sept. 

14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. 

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3 -angled or terete 
culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clus- 
tered spikelets. Scales thin, i -nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate 
by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower 
perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous 
bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Stamens comumnily 3. Style 2-clett. 
2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swolUn. nv)t 3-angled, smooth or 
transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle). «.>r in 



l84 FLORA, 

some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.] 
About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abimdant in warm re- 
gions. Besides the following, some 27 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate beak. 

I. R. comiculata. 
Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle. 

Bristles minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida. 

Bristles plumose. 3. R. oligantha. 

Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth. 

Scales white or nearly so ; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba. 

Scales brown ; bristles 6. 

Leaves filiform ; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea. 

Leaves narrowly linear, flat ; achene obovate. 

Bristles equalling the achene ; tubercle one-half as long or less. 

6. R. Knieskernii. 
Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long 

as the achene. 
Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 

7. R. glomerata. 
Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 

8. R. axillaris. 
Bristles upwardly barbed. 

Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. 
Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters. 
Achene smooth. 

Leaves setaceous ; achene obovate, shining. 9. R./usca. 

Leaves narrowly linear, flat ; achene broadly oval, dull. 

10. R. gracilenta. 
Achene transversely wrinkled. 

Spikelets ovoid, in erect cymose clusters ; achene longer than the 
bristles. 
Leaves flat ; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. 11. R. cymosa. 
Leaves involute ; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 

12. R. Torreyana. 
Spikelets spindle-shaped, in drooping panicles ; achene shorter than the 
bristles. 13. R. inexpansa. 

1. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Horned Rush. (I. F. f. 
648.) Culm triangular, smooth, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves flat, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6- 
16 mm. wide, rough-margined; umbels sometimes 2.5 dm. broad; spikelets spindle- 
shaped, 8-12 mm. long in flower, capitate at the ends of the rays and ray lets; 
primary rays sometimes 15 cm. long; scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown; 
bristles about 6, rigid, upwardly scabrous; style subulate, entire or minutely 
2-toothed at the apex, 2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous, 
1-2. 5 cm. long, much exserted beyond the scales when mature; achene obovate, flat, 
4 mm. long, dark brown, smooth. In swamps, Del. to Fla., Ohio, Mo. and Tex. 
July-Sept. 

Rynchospora corniculata rnacrost^chya (Torr.) Britton. Bristles about twice as 
long as the achene. Range of the type, but extending north to Mass. 

2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Pale Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 649.) 
Rootstocics slender ; culms triangular, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, 
nearly smooth, the lowest reduced to scales ; spikelets numerous, spindle-shaped, 
4-6 mm. long, aggregated in a compound terminal head, or occasionally also in a 
cluster from the upper axil; uppermost leaves subulate; scales pale greenish brown, 
lanceolate, acuminate ; bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting; style 2- 
cleft ; achene lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, brown, shining, i mm. long, 
tipped by a short tubercle. In pine-barren bogs, N. J. to N. Car. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Rynchospora oligantha A. Gray. Few-flowered Beaked-rush. (I. 
F. f. 650.) Rootstocks short ; culms almost thread-like, leafy toward the base, 
1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves filiform ; spikelets 1-4, terminal, narrowly oblong, acute, 
6-8 mm. long, subtended by I or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale brown, acute, 
cuspidate ; bristles usually 6, densely plumose below the middle ; style 2-cleft ; 
achene obovoid -oblong, obtuse, pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle 



CYPERACEAE. 1 85 

with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic acute projection. In wet sandy 
soil, Del. to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 

4. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 651.) 
Pale green ; rootstocks short; culms slender or filiform, glabrous, 1.5-5 d"^- ^^1'- 
Leaves bristle-like, 0.5-1 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; spikelets in 1-4 dense 
corymbose clusters, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, 4-6 mm. long ; scales 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, 
about as long as the achene and tubercle ; style 2-cleft ; achene obovate-oblong, 
smooth, pale brown, lenticular ; tubercle triangular- subulate, flat, one-half as long- 
as the achene. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, south to Fla., Ky., Minn, and Ore. Also 
in N. Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

5. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 652.) 
Culms filiform, glabrous. 1.5-5 ^"^- ^'^' Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide, 
much shorter than the culm ; spikelets few, in 1-3 loose clusters oblong, acute at 
both ends, 4-6 mm. long ; scales ovate-oblong, chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate; 
bristles 6, slender, downwardly barbed ; achene narrowly oblong, short- stalked, 
light brown, minutely wrinkled, lenticular ; style 2-cleft ; tubercle compressed, tri- 
angular-subulate, dark brown, about one-half as long as the achene. In bogs, Me. 
to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J., Penn. and Mich. July-Aug. 

Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta E. J. Hill. Bristles smooth. N. Ind. and Mich. 

6. Rynchospora Knieskernii Carey. Knieskern's Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 
653.) Culms slender, smooth, 2-3.5 ^^- ^a^l- Leaves narrowly linear, flat, about 
I mm. wide, much shorter than the culm ; spikelets numerous, in several distant 
compact clusters, oblong, acute, about 2 mm. long ; scales chestnut-brown, ovate ; 
bristles 6, downwardly barbed, equalling the achene ; achene obovate, lenticular, 
brown, minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle triangular-subulate, pale, one-half 
as long as the achene or less. Pine barrens, N. J. to Va. July-Aug. 

7. Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Clustered Beaked-rush. (I. F. 
f. 654.) Rootstocks slender; culms smooth, triangular, O.3-1 m. high. Leaves 
flat, 2-4 mm. wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culm ; spikelets, in 3-7 
corymbose-capitate axillary clusters, oblong, narrowed at both ends, 3-4 mm. long; 
scales lanceolate, dark brown; bristles 6, downwardly barbed; achene obovate, len- 
ticular, smooth, dark brown ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. In 
moist soil, Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Rynchospora grlomer^ta panicul^ta (A. Gray) Chapm. Culm stouter, sometimes 
i-i.i m. tall ; leaves usually wider; spikelets numerous in compound clusters. Md. to 
Fia. and La. 

Rynchospora glomerita minor Britton. Culms very slender, 1.2-2.5 dm. tall ; leaves 
0.5 mm. wide or less ; clusters 2 or 3, small, with 3-10 spikelets. Mass. and N. H. 

Rynchospora glomerata discutiens Clarke. Bristles smooth, or barbed at the apex 
only. N. J. to N. Car. 

8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton. Capitate Beaked-rush. 
(I. F. f. 655.) Culms stout, 3-angled, 0.5-1 m. tall. Leaves flat, keeled, 2-3 mm. 
wide; spikelets spindle-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, numerous, in several short-peduncled 
axillary and terminal dense globose heads sometimes 2 cm. in diameter; scales 
dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute; bristles usually 6, downwardly or upwardly 
barbed; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle subulate, about 
as long as the achene. In swamps, L. I. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

Rynchospora axillaris microcdphala Britton. Heads 8-10 mm. in diameter ; spike- 
lets 3 mm. long; achene one-half as large as that of the type. N. J. to Fla. and La. 

9. Rynchospora fvisca (L.) R. & S. Brown Beaked-rush. (L F. f. 656.) 
Rootstocks short; culms 3-angled, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves setaceous, 
channeled, scarcely I mm. wide, much shorter than the culm; spikelets spindle- 
shaped, acute, about 5 mm. long, in 1-4 loose clusters; scales oblong-lanceolate, 
brown, shining, concave; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, often unequal; achene 
narrowly obovate, turgid-lenticular, smooth, shining; tubercle triangular-subulate, 
nearly as long as the achene. In., bogs, N. B. to Del., west to ^lich. Also in 
Europe. July-Aug. 



1 86 FLORA. 

10. Rynchospora gracilenta A. Gray. Slender Beaked-rush. (I. F. { 
657.) Culms slender or filiform, smooth, 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves flat or becomipg 
involute in drying, rather less than 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; spikelets 
narrowly ovoid, acute, 4 mm. long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower clusters 
filiform stalked; scales ovate, brown, mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, 
equalling the achene and tubercle ; achene broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark 
brown, lenticular, dull, smooth; tubercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the 
base, pale, about as long as the achene. In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. and 
Tex. June-Aug. 

11. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass-like Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 658.) 
Light green; culms tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves flat, nar- 
rowly linear, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide or the basal ones broader; spikelets ovoid- 
oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or nearly so, capitate in 2's-7's on the ultimate 
branches of the axillary and terminal clusters ; bracts setaceous ; scales dark brown, 
broadly ovate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene; achene 
broadly obovate or oblong, lenticular, transversely wrinkled; style 2 -cleft; tubercle 
conic, one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene. In moist soil, N. J. to Ky., 
Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 

12. Rynchospora Torreyana A. Gray. Torrey's Beaked-rush. (I. F. f. 
659.) Culms terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, slender, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. 
Leaves involute, the lower 3-4 mm. wide at the base, elongated, the upper bristle- 
like, distant; spikelets ovoid, 3 mm. long, peduncled, numerous in 1-4 loose dis- 
tant clusters ; scales brown, ovate, mucronate ; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter 
than the oblong -obovate transversely wrinkled lenticular achene; style 2-cleft; 
tubercle flat, conic, one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene. In wet pine 
barrens, N. J. to S. Car. July-Aug. 

13. Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. Nodding Beaked-rush. 
(I. F. f. 660.) Rootstocks slender; culms smooth, slender. 3-angled, 0.5-0.9 m. 
tall. Leaves smooth, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, the lower elongated, the upper 
bristle-like, remote; spikelets spindle-shaped, acute at both ends, about 6 mm. 
long, numerous in 1-4 narrow finally drooping panicles; scales brown, lanceolate, 
acuminate; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slender, about twice as long as the 
achene; achene narrowly oblong, transversely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle 
flat, triangular-subulate, one-half as long as the achene. In moist soil, Va. to La. 
juiie-Aug. 

15. CLADIUM P. Br. 

Perennial leafy sedges, similar to the Rynchosporas. the spikelets oblong or 
fusiform, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the 
lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper 
usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, de- 
ciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches sometimes 2-3 -parted. 
Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, 
referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.] About 30 species, na- 
tives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, another occurs in 
California. 

Leaves about 2 mm. wide; umbels small ; achene truncate at the base. 

1. C. mariscoides. 
Leaves 6-20 mm. wide; umbels large, panicled; achene narrowed to the base. 

2. C. effustirn. 

T. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush. (I. F. f 661.) Culm 
slender, rather stiff", obscurely 3-angled. smooth, 0.3-0.9 m. tall. Leaves about 2 
mm. wide, concave, with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels 2 or 3, 
compound, small; spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 5 mm. long, 
capitate on the raylets; scales chestnut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; 
upper scale subtending a perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3 -cleft style, 
the next lower one with 2 stamens and an abortiye ovary; achene ovoid, acute, finely 
longitudinally striate, about 2 mm. long. In marshes, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., 
south to Fla. and Ky. July-Sept. 



CYPERACEAE, I87 

2. Cladium effiisum (Sw.) Torr. Saw-grass. Culm stout, 1.5-3 m. high, 

obtusely 3-angled. Leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm. wide, the margins 
spinulose-serrulate; umbels several or numerous, decompound, forming a large 
panicle; spikelets mostly 2-5 together at the ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, 
acute, 4-5 mm. long; uppermost scale subtending a perfect flower; stamens 2; 
achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed to the base, 2 mm. long. 
In fresh water, southern Va. to Fla. and Tex, Also in the W. I. Aug.-Sept. 

16. SCLERIA Berg. 

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or 
terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers 
monoecious. Fertile spikelets i -flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. 
Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile 
spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3 -cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at 
the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. 
Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in our 
species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] About 100 species, natives of 
tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
southern U. S. 

Spikelets in terminal, or terminal and lateral clusters ; achene supported on a hypo- 
gynium. 

Achene smooth. 

Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene. 

I. S. oligantha. 
Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 2. S. triglomerata. 

Achene reticulated or irregularly rugose. 

Culms erect or ascending ; achene reticulated ; leaves 2-3 mm. wide. 

3. S. reticularis. 
Culms spreading ; achene irregularly rugose ; leaves 4-8 mm. wide. 

4. .S". Torreyana, 
Achene papillose. S- S- pauciflora. 

Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate ; no hypogynium. 6. S. verticillata. 

1. Scleria oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Nut-rush. (I. F. f. 662.) 
Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered. Culms slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly 
smooth, 0.4-0.6 m. tall. Leaves smooth or slightly rough at the apex, 4-6 mm. 
wide, the lower short, acute, the upper elongated; clusters terminal, usually also 
I or 2 axillary and filiform-stalked; bracts slightly ciliate or glabrous; achene 
ovoid, obtuse but sometimes pointed, bright white, smooth, shining; hypogynium 
a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the 
achene. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. June- Aug. 

2. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Tall Nut-rush. (I. F. f. 663.) Root- 
stocks hard, clustered; culms 3-angled, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves flat, glabrous or 
nearly so, 3-5 mm. wide, the upper tapering to a long tip, rarely exceeding the 
culm; flower-clusters terminal, and usually also i or 2 smaller ones from the axils; 
achene ovoid or ovoid-globose, obtuse, bony, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright 
white, shining, about 2 mm. high, supported on a low obtusely triangular, papil- 
lose-crustaceous hypogynium. In meadows and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Fla. and 
Tex. July-Sept. 

Scleria triglomerata minor Britton, Culms very slender, 0.2-0.3 m. long; flower- 
clusters smaller; achene ovoid, subacute, one-half as large as that of the type. S. N. J. 

3. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated Nut-rush. (T. F. f.. 064.) 
Rootstocks small; culms slender, erect, 3-angled, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. 1. caves nar- 
rowly linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide, not overtopping the culm; 
spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 remote axillary rather kxise ones; bracts 
glabrous; achene globose, crustaceous, dull white when mature, reticulated, i mm. 
in diameter, glabrous; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes apprcssed to the base o{ the 
achene. In moist meadows, E. Mass. to Fla., west to Mo. Also in Cuba, luly- 
Sept. 



l88 FLORA, 

Scleria reticularis pub^scens Britton. Reticulations on the achene pubescent; 
lateral clusters usually longer stalked. N. J. to Fla. and Cuba. 

Scleria reticularis obsciira Britton. Reticulations very obscure, the top of the 
achene almost smooth. R. I. to N. Car. 

4. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey's Nut-rush. (I. F. f. 665.) Culms 
weak, spreading or diffuse, 3-angIed, nearly or quite smooth. 0.3-0.6 m. long. 
Leaves linear, nearly flat, glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm; spike- 
lets in a loose terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform-stalked axillary ones; bracts 
glabrous; achene globose, somewhat pointed, nearly 2 mm. in diameter, irregularly 
rugose with low ridges, the ridges usually pubescent, and connected by shorter 
longitudinal ones; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to the base of the 
achene. In moist soil, S. N. J. to Fla., Tex. and IMex. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 

5. Scleria paucifiora Muhl. Papillose Nut-rush. (I. F. f. 666.) Root- 
stocks hard, clustered ; culms slender, erect, usually tufted, 3 -angled. 2-5 dm. tall. 
Leaves narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. wide, tiie upper elongated and often 
overtopping the culm, their sheaths often densely puberulent ; spikelets in a small 
terminal cluster and sometimes also in I or 2 axillary ones ; achene oblong or 
globular, i mm. in diameter or rather more, crustaceous. papillose, the lower 
papillae elongated and reflexed; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border 
supporting 6 small tubercles. Li dry soil, N. H. to Ohio, Mo., Fla. and Tex. 
Also in Cuba. June-Sept. 

6. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low Nut-rush. (I. F. f. 667.) Roots fibrous ; 
culms very slender or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall. 
Leaves very narrowly linear, o. 5-1 mm. wide, erect, shorter than the culm ; spike- 
lets in several separated clusters ; bracts bristle-like ; scales glabrous ; achene 
globose, I mm. in diameter, crustaceous, marked by sharp distinct transverse ridges, 
or somewhat reticulated ; hypogynium none. In moist meadows. E. Mass. to Ont. 
and Mich., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., and in the W. I. Plant, especially the 
roots, fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 

17. ELYNA Schrad. 

Low tufted arctic and mountain sedges, with erect slender mostly leafless 
culms, the narrowly linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 2-flowered spike- 
lets in a narrow terminal cylindric spike. Scales of the spikelet 3 or 4, distinct, 
usually only one of them flower-bearing ; the staminate flower of 3 stamens, the 
pistillate of a single pistil. Bristles or perianth wanting. Style slender, 3 -cleft, 
not jointed to the oblong ovary. Achene obtusely 3-angled. sessile. [Greek, sig- 
nifying coverifig, perhaps in allusion to the overlapping scales.] Four or five 
species of the arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. 

I. Elyna Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. (1. F. f. 668.) Culms very slender, 
1-4.5 ^°^- ^^^1' longer than the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths fibrillose, brown; 
margins of the leaves more or less revolute; spike subtented by a short bract, or 
bractless, densely flowered or sometimes interrupted below, 1.5-3 cm, long, 3-4 mm, 
in diameter; achenes rather less than 2 mm, long, i mm. thick, appressed. In 
arctic America from Greenl. to Bering Sea, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
Also in Europe and Asia, Summer, 

18. KOBRESIA Willd, 

Slender arctic and mountain sedges, with erect culms leafy below, and few-several- 
flowered spikelets clustered in a terminal spike. Scales of the spikelets I -flowered, 
the lower usually pistillate, and the upper staminate. Stamens 3. Perianth- 
bristles or perigynium wanting. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a short style; stigmas 
3, linear. Achene obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [In honor of Von Kobres, a 
naturalist of Augsburg,] Three or four species, widely distributed in arctic and 
mountainous regions. 

I, Kobresia bipartita (All,) Britton, (I. F, f, 669.) Culms solitary or tufted, 
smooth or very nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves about i mm. wide, infolded at 
least in drying, the old sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike 3 cm, long or less, com- 
posed of several or numerous linear appressed or ascending spikelets; scales som.e- 
what serrulate on the keel, rather more than i mm, long; mature achenes slightly 



C YPERA CEA E. 1 89 

longer than the scales. Greenland to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

19. UNCi'nIA Pers. 

Culms erect, leafy, or the leaves all basal. Spike simple, erect, terminal, the 
scales imbricated, I- flowered, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate. Scales 
ovate or oblong, concave, not keeled, obtuse or the lower acute. Stamens 3, rarely 
I or 2. Pistil enclosed in a utricle (perigynium), borne at the base of a slender 
axis, which is usually exserted beyond the orifice of the perigynium, at least in 
fruit, and sometimes hooked. Stigmas mostly 3. Achene 3-angled. [Latin, 
referring to the hooked axis of the southern species.] About 30 species, all but the 
following natives of the southern hemisphere. 

I. Uncinia microgldchin (Wahl.) Spreng. Northern Uncinia. (I. F. f. 
670.) Perennial by short stolons; culms very slender, weak, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves 
1-2 mm. wide, much shorter than the culm; spike 8-16 mm. long, usually pistil- 
late for more than one-half its length; scales oblong-lanceolate, i-nerved, decidu- 
ous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, less than i mm. thick, reflexed 
in fruit; achene oblong, obtusely 3-angled, much shorter than the perigynium; 
axis of the pistillate flower bristle-like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri- 
gynium. Greenland to James Bay and Br. Col. Also in the arctic and mountain- 
ous parts of Europe and Asia and at the Strait of Magellan. Summer. 

20. CAREX L. 

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 3- 
ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of 
flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of 
bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both 
staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Staminate flowers 
of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style 
and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or 
second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. 
Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. A vast genus, of more than 1000 
species, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate zones. Besides the 
following about an equal number occur in the western and southern parts of N. A. 
Specimens can only be satisfactorily determined when nearly or quite mature. 

I. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are some- 
times pistillate at the base or surnmit; or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers 
uppermost or basal, rarely dioecious ; stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-angled or 
swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or compressed in nos. 12-16: 49-59; 
67-72); pistillate spikes stalked or sessile, the lower commonly stalked. Nos 1-142. 
EUCAREX, 

A. Perigynia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usually 
as long as the body or longer (short-be-^ ked in Nos. 11-16, 34 and 35); pistillate spikes 
mostly large (small in nos. i, 13 and 14), globose, ovoid, oblong or cylindric. Nos. 
1-35. 

Perigynia membranous or papery. Nos. 1-31. 

Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia strongly reflexed, subulate. 

Pauciflorae. [p. 190.] I. C. paitci flora. 

Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost ; if solitary, staminate at the base. 
■(See no. 30.) Nos. 2-31, * 

Perigynia ovoid, conic with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering iiUo the 
beak. Nos. 2-28. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, not stiff Uvu- awned. 

Nos. 2-24. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. Nos. 2-10. Li'ru- 

LlNAE. [p. igi.] 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak short or almost wanting (long in No. 17) nos. 

Ti-24. Vesicariae. [p. 192.] 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff, setaceous or awned. Nos. J5-JS. 

PSKUDOCYPERAE. [p. TO.S-] 

Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted int(> the beak; spikes excecdint;ly 
dense. Nos. 29-31. Squarrosae. []\ 190, | 
Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. Nos. 32-35. Paludosak. [p. icxj.] 



190 FLORA. 

B. Perigynia, short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm. long, the 
beak commonly not more than one-half as long as the body (long-beaked in Nos. 43, 82, 
83, 96); spikes small and oblong or globose; or elongated, linear or narrowly cylindric. 
Nos. 36-142. 

Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. (No. 
140 may be looked for here.) Nos. 36-132. 
Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2.5 cm. long or more (or shorter in 
Nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65, 73, 75, 76, 85, 89-92), linear, narrowly cylindric 
or oblong. Nos. 36-92. 
Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in No. 43 ; nearly beakless in 
No. 36), firm or leathery in texture ; pistillate spikes erect (or nodding in No. 
37) ; stigmas 3. Nos. 36-43. [p. 197.] 
Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see No. 36), and with orifices nearly or 
quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene ; 
pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often brown or purple; stigmas often 2. 
Nos. 44-72. 
Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading (drooping when mature in No. 

45). Nos. 44-58. [p. 199.] 
Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender or filiform stalks (erect in Nos. 
66 and 71). Nos. 59^72: [p. 201.] 
Perigynia tapering to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in Nos. 73-77), 
membranous in texture (firm in No. 88), inflated or loosely investing the 
achene ; pistillate spikes mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Nos. 

73-92. 
Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above; beak of the perigynium 
short or none. Nos. 73-81. 

Spikes all erect or nearly so. Nos. 73-76. Virescentes. [p. 204.] 
Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in 
No. 78). Nos. 77-81. Gracillimae. [p. 205.] 
Terminal spike entirely staminate, or sometimes pistillate at the base. Nos. 
.82-92. [p. 206.] (See No. 140.) 
Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 mm. long (sometimes longer 
in Nos. 103, 104, 116). t^os. 93-132. (See also Nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-^5, 
68, 73, 75, 80, 84, 85 and 89-92.) 
Perigynia glabrous. Nos. 93-120. [p. 208.] (See No. 123.) 

Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usually dense. Nos. 93-99. 
Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. Nos. 100-120; 136-138. 
Perigynia more or less pubescent (becoming glabrous in No. 123). Nos. 121- 
132. [p. 213.] 
Spike solitary (except in No. 140), sometimes dioecious. Nos. 133-142. [p. 215.] 

II. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spiLes, or 
sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate: stigmas 
always 2; achene lenticular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. Nos. 143-205. 
VIGNEA. 

Staminate flowers at the summits of the spikes. Nos. 143-173. 

Spike solitary, termmal, mostly brown, plants often dioecious. Nos. 143-146. 

DiOlCAE. [p. 217.] 
Spikes several or many, clustered, separated or sometimes panicled. Nos. 147-15 1. 
Spikes densely aggregated into a globose or ovoid head, often appearing like a 

solitary terminal spike. Nos. 147-151 [p. 218.] 
Clusters of spikes looser, often compound or the spikes distinctly separated (more 
or less aggregated in Nos. 170-173). Nos. 152-173. 
Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, often in compound or panicled clus- 
ters. Nos. 152-163. [p. 218.] 
Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in simple 
clusters. Nos. 164-173. Muhlenbergianae. [p. 220.] 
Staminate flowers variously mingled with the pistillate in the spikes or occasionally 
forming whole spikes. (See Nos. 143-146.) 
Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed. 174. C. sterilis. 

Perigynia erect or appressed. 

Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 187. C. brontoides. 

Perigynia winged, the inner face concave. 190. C. siccata. 

Staminate flowers at the bases of the spikes. Nos. 174-205, 

Perigynia vi^ithout a marginal wing. Nos. 174-187. Elongatae. [p. 222.] 
Perigynia with a narrow or broad marginal wing. Nos. 188-205. O vales, [p. 225.] 

I. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered Sedge. (I. F. f. 671.) Glabrous- 
culms slender, 0.7-5 ^"^' ^^^g^^- Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm, spike 



CYPERACEAE, I9I 

androgynous, the staminate and pistillate flowers each 2-5; perigynium green, 
narrow, scarcely inflated, 6-8 mm. long, about i mm. in diameter, several-nerved, 
tapering into a slender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed and readily detach- 
able when mature, 2-3 times longer than the deciduous lanceolate or ovate scale; 
stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Penn., Mich, and Wash. June-Aug. 

Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, few-many-flowered. 

Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 2. C. Collinsii. 

Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed. 

Plants yellow or yellowish ; perigynia little inflated. 

Leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; staminate spikes sessile. 3. C. abacta. 

Leaves 4-12 mm. wide ; staminate spike mostly stalked. 4. C./olltculata, 
Plants green ; perigynia much inflated ; staminate spike stalked. 

Leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; heads loosely flowered. 5. C. intutnescens. 

Leaves 6-10 mm. wide ; heads globose, dense. 6. C. Asa-Grayi. 

Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. 
Pistillate spikes oblong ; achene longer than thick. 

Perigynia several-nerved, shining; leaves 2-4 mm. wide. 7. C. Louisianica. 

Perigynia many-nerved, dull ; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 8. C. lupulina. 

Pistillate spikes cylindric ; achene not longer than thick. 

Perigynia yellowish, tapering into a beak twice as long as the body. 

9. C. lupuliformis. 
Perigynia greenish-brown, abruptly narrowed into a beak 2-3 times as long as 
the body. 10. C, grandis, 

2. Carex Collinsii Nutt. Collins' Sedge. (LF. f. 672.) Glabrous; culms 
slender, erect or reclining, 1.5-5 ^"^^ ^o^g- Leaves narrow, the broadest about 5 mm. 
wide; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered; bracts 
similar to the leaves; perigynia light green, scarcely inflated, subulate, I-1.4 cm. 
long, tapering into an almost filiform beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed 
when mature, about 3 times as long as the lanceolate-acuminate persistent scale; 
stigmas 3. In bogs, R. I. to E. Penn. and Ga. June-Aug. 

3. Carex abacta Bailey. Yellowish Sedge. (I. F. f. 673.) Glabrous, 
yellowish; culm rather stifl", slender, 0.2-0.5 ^- ^^g^. Leaves narrow, the broadest 
about 4 mm. wide, the uppermost often exceeding the culm; staminate spike sessile; 
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, several-flowered, the upper sessile or very nearly so; bracts 
similar to the leaves ; perigynia slender, narrow, scarcely inflated, tapering into a 
subulate 2-toothed beak, 1-1.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, strongly many- 
nerved, about twice as long as the acute or acuminate scale. In bogs and wet 
meadows, N2wf. to N. H., N. Y. and Mich. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 

4. Carex folliculata L. Long Sedge. (I. F. f. 674.) Glabrous; light 
green or yellowish; culm erect or reclining, 0.4-1 m. long. Leaves elongated, 
often 12 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, usually distant, all except the uppermost 
slender-stalked, the lower often nodding; bracts commonly overtopping the spikes; 
perigynia ovoid, somewhat inflated, green, rather prominently many -veined, 12- 
16 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter near the base, tapering from below the 
middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer than the awned scarious-margined 
persistent scale; teeth of the perigynium nearly erect; stigmas 3. In swamps and 
wet woods, Newf. to Md., Mich, and W. Va. Probably extends further south, but 
there mostly represented by the var. australis Bailey. May-Sept. 

5. Carex intumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. (I. F. f. 675.) Gla- 
brous; culms slender, commonly tufted, 0.4-0.9 m. high. Leaves elongated, dark 
green, roughish, 3-6 mm. wide; bracts similar, overtopping the culm; staminate 
spike mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes I-3, sessile or short-stalked, globose or 
ovoid; perigynia I-30, spreading or the upper erect, 12—20 mm. long, much in- 
flated, about 6 mm. in diameter above the base, many-nerved, tapering into a 
subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading; scales narrowly lanceolate, 
acuminate or aristate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. In 
swamps, bogs and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. May-Oct. 

Carex intumescens FernAldi Bailey. Perigynia narrower, 1-5 in each spike, all 
erect or slightly spreading. Me. to N. Y. 

6. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Gray's Skix^k. (1. F. t. 070.) Glabrous; 
culms stout, 0.5-0.9 m. tall. Leaves elongated, dark green, o o niiu. wide; bracts 



192 FLORA. 

similar to the upper leaves, usually much overtopping the culm ; staminate spike 
mostly iong-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter; 
perigynia 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated, many-nerved, about 
8 mm. in diameter, tapering to a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or lanceolate, 
acuminate or cuspidate, scarious, about one-third as long as the perigynia; stig- 
mas 3. In swamps and wet meadows, Vt. to Mich., Ga. and Mo, June-Sept. 

7. Carex Louisianica Bailey. Louisiana Sedge. (I. F. f. 677.) Culms 
slender, smooth or nearly so, 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, roughish, 
the upper overtopping the spikes; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about 2.5 cm. long, 
1.5-2 cm. thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper nearly sessile; stami- 
nate spike long-stalked; perigynia ovoid, much inflated, smooth, strongly several- 
nerved, shining, 10-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter at the rounded base, 
tapering into the long 2.toothed beak, the small teeth slightly spreading; scales 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3, 
Swamps, Mo. to Tex, and Fla. June-Aug. 

8. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. (L F. f. 678.) Glabrous; culms stout, 
0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 5-12 mm. wide, the upper ones and 
the similar bracts much overtopping the culm; staminate spike solitary or rarely 
several; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many-flowered, oblong, 2.5 cm. long, often 
'iy-^ cm. m diameter; perigynia often short-stalked, much inflated, many-nerved, 
12-15 rnii'i' loi^gi about 3 mm. in diameter above the base, tapering from below the 
middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene longer than thick; scales acuminate 
or aristate, one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. In swamps and ditches, 
Hudson Bay to W. Ont., Iowa, Fla, and Tex. June-Aug. 

Carex lupulina Bella-villa (Dewey) Bailey. Culm slender; pistillate spikes remote, 
slender-stalked, sometimes staminate at the summit, the perigynia widely spreading, the 
staminate spike sometimes branched and with i or 2 perigynia at its base. E. N. Y. to 
S. Ont. 

A hybrid with C. retrorsa is described. 

9. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like Sedge. (I. F. f. 679.) Glabrous; 
culm stout, erect, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves and bracts similar to those of the preced- 
ing species; staminate spike stalked or nearly sessile, sometimes 10 cm, long; 
pistillate spikes 3-6, densely many-flowered, 5-8 cm. long. 1-2 cm. in diameter, 
often staminate at the top; perigynia yellowish, sessile, much inflated, several- 
nerved, I -1. 6 cm. long, about 4 mm, in diameter above the base, tapering from 
below the middle to a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene as long as thick, its angles 
mamillate; scales lanceolate, awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia. 
Swamps, Mass. to Del. and Minn. Jime-Aug. 

ic. Carex grandis Bailey. Large Sedge. (I. F. f. 680.) Glabrous; culms 
slender, 0.5-0.9 m. high. Leaves rather dark green, elongated, 8-12 mm. wide; 
bracts similar to the leaves, much overtopping the culm ; staminate spike some- 
times bearing perigynia at its base ; pistillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper 
sessile, cylindric, 2-7.5 cm. long; perigynia much swollen at the base, about 4 mm. 
in diameter, 10-12 mm. long, many-nerved, spreading at maturity, 3-4 times as 
long as the scarious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, abruptly contracted into 
a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the inflated portion; stigmas 3. In 
swamps, Del. to Ky. and Mo., Fla., La. and Tex. June-Aug. 

Spikes small, 2.5 cm. long or less, oblong or subglobose ; stigmas often 2. 
Spikes green, or greenish yellow. 

Leaves involute; perigynia ovoid; pistillate spikes few-several-flowered. 

11. C. oligosperma. 
Leaves flat; perigynia oblong-elliptic; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 

12. C. Mainensis. 
Spikes dark brown or purple; arctic species. 

Leaves flat. 

Perig}mia little inflated, papery. 

Beak of perigynium nearly or quite entire. 13. C. jniliaris. 

Beak of perigynium sharply and minutely 2-toothed. 

14. C. saxatilis. 

Perigynia much inflated, very fragile. 15. C. membranopacta. 

Leaves involute when dry. 16, C. ambtista. 



C YPERA CEA E. 193 

Spikes large, 2-15 cm. long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric; stigmas 3. 

Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightly roughened. 
Perigynia ascending or spreading, not reflexed. 

Spikes narrowly cylindric, 2-15 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick. 

Leaves 4-12 mm. wide; culm stout. 17. C. ntj-iculata. 

Leaves 2-5 mm. wide; culm slender. 18. C. nionile. 

Spikes cyhndric or oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm, long, 12 mm. thick. 

Scales smooth-awned. 19. C. 7'uckertnant. 

Scales acute, acuminate or the upper obtuse. 20. C, bullata. 
Perigynia, at least the lower ones, reflexed when mature. 

Spikes all clustered at the summit or the lower i or 2 separated; perigynia 

all reflexed when old. 21. C. retrorsa. 

Spikes scattered ; only the lower perigynia reflexed. 22. C. Hartii. 
Scales tapering into rough awns, or subulate and scabrous. 

Spikes cylindric, about 12 mm. thick ; perigynia tapering into the beak. 

23. C. lurida. 
Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick ; perigynia abruptly narrowed into the 
beak. 24. C. Baileyi. 

11. Carex oligosperma Michx, Few.seeded Sedge. (L F. f. 681.) Gla- 
brous; culms slender, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves about 3 mm. wide, involute when 
old: bracts similar, overtopping the culm ; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 
I or 2, 1-2 cm, long, sessile or the lovvrer short-stalked, the upper sometimes 
reduced to i or 2 perigynia and with a staminate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, 
inflated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, 4-5 mm, long, tapering into a 
minutely 2-toothed beak; scales acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia; 
stigmas 3. In bogs. Lab, to the N, W. Terr., Mass., Penn. and Mich. June-Sept. 

12. Carex Mainensis Porter. Maine Sedge. (L F. f. 682.) Culm stouter 
than that of C. niiliaris^ rough above, 0.4-0.9 m, tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, 
shorter than the culm, the lower bracts narrower, staminate spikes 1-4, slender- 
stalked; pistillate spikes '1-3, erect, cylindric or oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, sessile or 
the lower short-stalked; perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish green, few-nerved, 
acute, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
yellowish or brownish margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 
or 3. On lake and river shores. Me. to Lab. Summer. \C. Raeana of 111. Fl. 
not of Boott,) Perhaps a hybrid of the following with C. monile. 

13. Carex miliaris Michx. Northeastern Sedge. (I. F. f. 683.) Glabrous; 
culm slender, roughish above. 0.2-0.5 m, tall. Leaves, flat, about 2 mm, wide, 
elongated, nodulose; bracts similar to the leaves, often overtopping the culm; stami- 
nate spikes I or 2, stalked, narrowly linear; pistillate spikes I-3, oblong or linear- 
oblong, many-flowered, 8-25 mm. long, the upper sessile, the lowest, when three, 
stalked; perigynia ovoid, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, dark brown or brown- 
tipped, tapering into a short, nearly entire beak, slightly longer than the wholly or 
partly brown scale; stigmas 2. Borders of lakes and streams, Lab. to Me, Re- 
ported from N. Minn, Summer. 

The var. major Bailey is perhaps distinct, 

14. Carex saxatilis L, Russet Sedge, (I. F. f. 684.) Glabrous; culms 
slender, 7-25 cm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. broad; bracts short; staminate spike 
short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all stalked or the upper nearly or quite sessile, 
oblong, densely many-flowered; perigynia dark purple-brown, ovoid, nerveless or 
faintly few-nerved, tipped with a short minutely 2-toothed beak; scales oblong, 
subacute, greenish purple, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas usually 2. 
Greenland to James Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

15. Carex membranopacta Bailey. Fragile Sedge. (I. F. f. 6S5.) Similar 
to C. saxatilis but stouter and taller, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves flat, not exceeding 
the culm, 3 mm. wide; bracts short; staminate spikes 1-3, short-stalked; pistillate 
spikes commonly 2, sessile or the lower short-peduncled, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 
about 2,5 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter; perigynia spreading, brown-purple, 
ovoid, fragile, much inflated, about 3 mm. long, tipped with a short nearly entire 
beak, about as long as the ovate-oblong greenish-purple or white -margined scales. 
Greenland, through arctic America to Kamptchatka. Summer. 

16. Carex ambiista Boott. Blackened Skd(;e. (I. F. f. 6Sb.^ Similar to 
C. saxatilis; culms 2-4.5 ^^"^- tall. Leaves mostly less than 2 mm. wide, involute 



194 FLORA, 

in drying; bracts similar to the upper leaves; staminate spike stalked; pistillate 
spikes I or 2, erect, obtuse, 12-18 mm. long, about 7 mm. in diameter; perigynia 
oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, biconvex, smooth, firm, not inflated, dull, few-nerved 
at the base, green below, dark brown at the summit, tapering into a short minutely 
2-toothed beak; stigmas 2. Lab., Br. Col. to Alaska. Summer. 

17. Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle Sedge. (I. F. f. 687.) Glabrous; 
culms erect, 0.4-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 4-12 mm. wide; bracts 
overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 2—4, linear, stalked; pistillate spikes 
3 or 4, nearly erect, cylindric, usually densely many-flowered, 5-15 cm. 
long, the lower short-stalked, the tipper sessile; perigynia ovoid, light green, some- 
what inflated, few-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, narrowed into a sharp 2-toothed beak; 
scales lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly longer than the perigynia. Marshes, 
Anticosti to Br. Col., Del., Ohio, Minn., Nev. and Cal. June-Sept. 

18. Carex monile Tuckerm. Necklace Sedge. (I. F. f. 688.) Glabrous; 
culm slender, 0.3-I m. tall. Leaves elongated, rather light green, 3-5 mm. wide, 
little or not at all nodulose; stamjnate spikes 1-4, slender- stalked; pistillate spikes 
1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter, rather 
loose at maturity, the upper sessile, the lower one, when 3, slender-stalked; peri- 
gynia yellowish green, ovoid, inflated, about 5 mm. long, rather strongly 8-10- 
nerved, tapering into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, 
shorter than the perigynia. In marshes and wet meadows, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J., 
Mo., Colo, and Cal. June- Aug. 

19. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. Tuckerman's Sedge. (I. F. f. 689.) 
Glabrous: culm slender, usually roughish above, erector reclining, 0.5-1 m. long. 
Leaves and bracts much elongated, 3-5 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3; pis- 
tillate spikes cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. in diameter; the upper sessile 
or nearly so, the lower stalked; perigynia very much inflated, yellowish green, 
ovoid, few-nerved, abruptly contracted into a subulate 2 -toothed beak; scales lanceo- 
late, awned, about half as long as the perigynia. In bogs and meadows, N. B. to 
Ont., Minn., N. J. and Iowa. June- Aug. 

20. Carex bullata Schk. Button Sedge. (I. F. f. 690.) Glabrous; 
stoloniferous ; culms slender, 0.3-0.6 m. high, roughish. Leaves and bracts very 
narrow and elongated, rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough -margined; staminate 
spikes mostly 2, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, light green, oblong or oblong- 
cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. in diameter; perigynia much inflated, ovoid, 
5-6 mm. long, tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly 
nerved, 2-3 times longer than the scale. In swamps, N. H. to N. C. June-Aug. 

21. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge. (I. F. f. 691.) Glabrous; 
culm stout, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, thin, rough-margined, 5-7 mm. wide, 
the upper commonly exceeding the culm, the bracts similar; staminate spikes 1-3, 
short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-6, all close together at the summit and sessile or 
very nearly so or the lowest distant and stalked, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; perigynia 
ovoid, membranous, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, about 6 mm. long, 
reflexed at maturity, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
acute, one-third to one-half as long as the perigynia. In swamps and wet 
meadows, N. S. to Manitoba, Idaho, Wash., Mass., Penn., Mich, and Iowa. 
Aug. -Sept. 

22. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's Sedge. (I. F. f. 692.) Gla- 
brous; culms nearly smooth, 0.3-0.8 m. long. Leaves elongated, rough on the 
margins and mid vein, 4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes I or 2, the lower sometimes 
pistillate at the base, stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, rather loosely many- 
flowered, the upper sessile, the lower slender-stalked, 2-5 cm. long, all erect or 
ascending; perigynia inflated, ovoid-conic, spreading or the lower slightly reflexed, 
few-nerved, about 6 mm. long, gradually tapering into the long 2-toothed beak, 2-3 
times as long as the scale. In marshes, Ont. and N. Y. to Mich. June-Aug. 

23. Carex lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedge. (I. F. f. 693.) Glabrous ; culm 
slender, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, rough, rarely more than 4 mm. wide ; 
staminate spike short-stalked ; pistillate spikes, 1-4, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, the 
upper sessile, the lower peduncled; perigynia inflated, ovoid, tapering into a long 
subulate beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 8 mm. long, thin, yellowish green, 
rather conspicuously nerved, longer than the rough-awned scale. In swamps and 



C YPERA CEA E. 195 

wet meadows, N. S. to Minn., Neb,, Fla. and Tex. June -Oct. C. ieniaculata 
altior Boott is a hybrid with C. hipulina. 

Carex lurida flaccida Bailey. Pistillate spikes 1-2.5 cm. long, brown, all sessile or 
very nearly so, clustered at the summit, rather more loosely flowered. Northern N. Y. to 
N. Car. and Tenn. 

Carex lurida parvula (Paine) Bailey. Culm 1-3.5 dm. high; pistillate spikes only i 
or 2, scarcely more than i cm. long, globose or oblong, sessile or very nearly so; peri- 
gynia 6 mm. long. N. H. to Penn. and Iowa. 

Carex lurida exiindans Bailey. Culms long and spreading; pistillate spikes 3-6 cm. 
long, on very long stalks; scales subulate, the lower often much longer than the peri- 
gynia. Occasional with the typical form. 

24. Carex Baileyi Britten. Bailey's Sedge. (I. F. f. 694.) Glabrous; 
culms erect or reclining, slender, minutely scabrous above, 0.2-0.5 '^^ io^^g- Leaves 
roughish, elongated, 3-4 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled ; pistillate 
spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, very densely erect or ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
about 8 mm. in diameter; perigynia inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, ascending, ab- 
ruptly contracted into the subulate 2 -toothed beak, prominently several-nerved. 
Bogs, Vt. to Va. and Tenn. June-Aug. 

Spikes all erect or ascending. 25 C. Schweinttzii. 

Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-stalked and drooping. 

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1.2-5 cm. long ; perigynia ascending. 

26. C. hystricina. 
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 2.5-6 cm. long ; perigynia reflexed. 

Teeth of the beak erect or little spreading. 27. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 

Teeth of the beak recurved-spreading. 28. C. comosa. 

25. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Schweinitz's Sedge. (I. F. f. 695.) 
Glabrous; light green; culm roughish above, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
5-8 mm. wide, those of the culm mostly short; staminate spike solitary or some- 
times 2, often pistillate at the base or in the middle; pistillate spikes 3-5, ascend- 
ing, linear-cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, about 8 mm. thick, the upper usually sessile, 
the lower stalked; perigynia thin, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic or oblong, taper- 
ing into the subulate, 2-toothed beak, about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, 
ascending, few-nerved, equalling, or the upper lo.^ger than the lanceolate or linear 
scale; stigmas 3. In swamps and bogs, Mass. to Out., Mich., N. J. and Mo. 
June-Aug. 

26. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge. (I. F. f. 696.) Glabrous, 
light green; culms 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; staminate-spike slen- 
der-stalked; pistillate spikes, I-4, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-3 cm. long, about 9 
mm. in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and drooping; perigynia ascending, 
somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 5-6 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, tapering 
into the subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer than the narrow 
rough scales; stigmas 3. Li swamps and low meadows, N. S. to N. W. Terr., 
Ga. and Neb. June-Aug. Said to hybridize with C. co»iosa. 

Carex hystricina Diidleyi Bailey. Culms often reclining, 0.5-o.g m. long ; leaves 
5-8 mm. wide ; staminate spike long-stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-6 cm. long, i cm. in di- 
ameter, filiform-stalked. Me. to Conn., Penn. and Mich. 

27. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Cyperus-like Sedge. (I. F. f. 697.) 
Glabrous; culms stout, rough on the angles, at least above, 0.5-1 m. high. Leaves 
nodulose, 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, 
linear-cylindric, dense, slender-stalked, spreading or drooping, 2-7 cm. long, 6-8 
mm. \w diameter; perigynia light green, slightly inflated, conic, prominently 
many-ribbed, somewhat flattened, at length reflexed, tapering into a short 2-toothed 
beak, the short teeth slightly spreading; scales linear with a broad base, ciliate- 
scabrous, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. In bogs, N. S. to Man- 
itoba, Me., N. Y., and Mich. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

28. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sedge. (I. F. f. 60S.) Similar to the 
preceding species ; culms commonly stouter, the leaves sometimes 12 mm. wide. 
Staminate spike sometimes pistillate at the smnmit ; instillate spikes 2-6. all 
spreading or drooping, stouter and bristly, about 12 mm. in diameter ; perigynia 



196 FLORA. 

more slender, little inflated, strongly reflexed when mature, tapering into a slender 
prominently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading ; scales 
mostly shorter than the perigynia, very rough ; stigmas 3. , In swamps, N. S. to 
Ont. and Wash., south to Ga., La. and Cal. May-Oct. 

Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perig:ynia. 29. C. Frankii. 

Scales lanceolate, about one-half as long as the perigynia. 

Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below ; achene linear-oblong. 

30. C. squarrosa. 
Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends ; achene ovoid. 

31. C. typhinoides. 

29. Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank's Sedge, (I. F. f. 699.) Glabrous; tufted; 
culms stout, smooth, leafy, 0.3-0.7 m. tall. Leaves elongated, roughish, 5-8 mm. 
wide ; staminate spike stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, 
erect, 1-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the 
lower slender-stalked; perigynia green, slightly inflated, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
few-nerved, obovoid with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2- 
toothed beak ; scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia ; stigmas 3. In 
swamps and wet meadows, E. Penn. to Va. and Ga., Mo., La. and Tex. June- 
Sept. 

30. Carex squarrosa L. Squarrose Sedge. (I. F. f. 700.) Glabrous ; 
culms slender, rough above on the angles, 0.6-0.9 i^- tall. Leaves elongated, rarely 
more than 4 mm. wide, rough-margined ; spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or 
globose, exceedingly dense, rarely over 2.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the 
upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for one-half its length 
or more ; perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, the lowest reflexed, some- 
what inflated but firm, obovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, abruptly nar- 
rowed into the subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the lanceolate 
acuminate or awn-tipped scale; achene linear-oblong, tapering into the stout style; 
stigmas 3. In swamps and bogs, Conn, to Mich, and Neb., south to Ga., La. and 
Ark. June-Sept. 

31. Carex typhinoides Schwein. Cat-tail Sedge. (I. F. f. 701.) Similar 
to the preceding, but darker green; leaves often 8-10 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, cylin- 
dric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-14 mm. in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the 
terminal one commonly tapering to a conic summit; basal staminate flowers much 
less numerous; perigynia dull straw color, ascending or the lowest spreading or 
reflexed, inflated, abruptly contracted into the slender 2-toothed beak, which is 
often upwardly bent; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtusish; achene ovoid-elliptic, 
sharply 3-angIed, tipped with the subulate style. In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, 
Va., La. and Mo. July-Aug. 

Leaves bright green, not glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous. 

Scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; leaves glabrous. 32. C. trichocarpa. 

Scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned ; leaves often pubescent. 33. C. aristata. 
Leaves pale green, glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 

Pistillate spikes about 8 mm. thick, teeth of the perigynium-beak manifest. 

34. C. riparia. 
Pistillate spikes about 4 mm. thick, teeth of the perigynium-beak minute. 

35. C. acutiforviis. 

32. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruited Sedge. (I. F. f. 702.) 
Culm usually stout and tall, smooth below, very rough abov^. Leaves elongated, 
glabrous, rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-6, long-stalked; 
pistillate spikes cylindric, densely flowered except at the base, 2~io cm. long, 
I -1. 6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender- 
stalked; perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or glabrous, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. 
long, tapering into the stout conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat 
spreading ; scale hyaline, acute or acuminate. In marshes and wet meadows, Que- 
bec to Mich., Iowa, Ga. and Kans. June-Aug. 

33. Carex aristata R, Br. Awned Sedge. (I. F. f. 703.) Culms erect, 
smooth or roughish above, sharp-angled, 0.5-1.2 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
5-10 mm. wide, often pubescent beneath and on the sheaths; staminate spikes as 
in the preceding; pistillate spikes 3-5, remote, cylindric, sessile or the lower short- 



C YPERA CEA E. 1 9^ 

stalked; 2-IO cm. long, perigynia ascending, conic, glabrous, many-ribbed, 
8-12 mm. long, tapering into the conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; 
scales oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, one-half to two-thirds as long as the peri- 
gynia. In bogs, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Iowa, Utah and Ore. June-Aug. 

34. Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank Sedge. (I. F. f. 704.) Glabrous, 
pale green; culms smooth, or roughish above, 0.5-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
6-12 mm. wide, about equalling the culm; staminate spikes 1-5; pistillate spikes 
2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or 
nearly so, the lower stalked; perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, 
ascending, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales lanceo- 
late or oblanceolate, long-aristate or acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling 
or shorter than the perigynia. In swamps, Newf. to James' Bay and Manitoba, 
south to Fla., La., Tex. and Idaho. Also in Europe. May-Aug. 

35. Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Swamp Sedge. (I. F. f. 705.) Culms stout, 
sharp-angled, 0.5-0.9 m. tall, often rough above. Leaves 5-12 mm. wide, flat, pale 
green; lower bracts similar to the leaves, the upper short and narrow; staminate 
spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, linear-cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, 4-5 mm. 
thick, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the others slender- stalked, spread- 
ing or drooping; perigynia ovoid, 3 mm. long, not inflated, many-nerved, tapering 
into a short and minutely 2-toothed beak; scales awn-tipped, longer than the peri- 
gynia or the upper equalling them. In swamps and wet meadows, E. Mass. Nat- 
uralized from Europe. June-Aug. 

Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle. Shortianae. 

36. C. SJwrtiana. 
Upper one or more spikes entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the base. 

Perigynia papillose; beak very short, nearly or quite entire. Anomalae. 

37. C scabrata. 
Perigynia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. 39), the beak sharply 2-toothed. 

HiRTAE. 

Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 38. C. vestita. 

Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. 
Leaves glabrous; native species. 

Leaves flat or their margins slightly revolute. 

Scales only half as long as the perigynia; southern coast species. 

39. C. Walte7-iana. 
Scales equalling or but slightly shorter than the perigynia; northern 
species. 
Leaves 4-7 mm., wide; perigynia 3 mm. thick, the nerves 
prominent. 40. C. Honghtonii. 

Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; perigynia 2 mm. thick, the nerves ob- 
scured by the dense pubescence. 41. C. lanughiosa. 
Leaves strongly involute, 2 mm. wide or less. 42. C. filiformis. 
Leaves or their sheaths pubescent; introduced species; beak long. 

43. C. hirta. 

36. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's Sedge. (I. F. f. 706.) Glabrous; 
culms slender, rough above, 0.3-1 m. tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves. 
Leaves elongated, roughish, 4-5 mm. wide; bracts short, narrow, rarely much 
exceeding the spikes; spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 1-3 
cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, erect, the lower stalked; perigynia dark brown. 
compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovate, nerveless, abruptly minutely beaked, 
equalling or shorter than the scales, which are hyaline, scarious-margined, ovate 
or oblong-lanceolate, persistent; orifice of the perigynium entire or very nearly so; 
stigmas 3. In moist meadows and thickets, Penn. to Va. and Tenn., west to Iowa 
and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 

37. Carex scabrata Schwein. Rough Sedge. (I. F. f. 707.) Glabrous; 
culms rough above, leafy, 0.3-0.9 m. long. Leaves rough, much elongated, 5-7 mm. 
wide, the bracts similar but narrower ; staminate spike short-stalked ; pistillate 
spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or droop- 
ing, all linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 5-8 n\m. in diam'eter; 
perigynia greenish brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly nerved, papillose, 
tipped with a short minutely 2-toothed or entire beak ; scales lanceolate, acute or 



198 



FLORA, 



short-awned, prominentlv i -nerved, shorter than the perigynia. In moist woods 
and thickets. Me. to Ont.. Mich., S. Car. and Tenn. May-Aug. 

38. Carex vestita Willd. Velvet Sedge. (I. F f. 708.) Culms strict and 
slender, 0.4-0.8 m. tall, rough above. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, not overtopping the 
culm; bracts similar, but narrower, short, rough-ciliate ; staminate spike solitary, 
rarely 2, almost sessile ; pistillate spikes I-5, oblong, 1-2 cm. long. 6-8 mm. in 
diameter, erect, commonly staminate at the summit, sessile or the lower short- 
stalked; perig^Tiia ovoid, densely pubescent, less than 2 mm. in diameter, promi- 
nendy few-ribbed, tapering gradually into a short conic 2-toothed whitish beak, 
slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate acute membranous scales. In sandy 
woods. N. H. to Penn., south to Ga. June-July. 

39. Carex Walteriana Bailey. \Yalter's Sedge. (I. F. f. 709.) Culms 
slender, strict, usually rough above. 0.3-O.8 m. tall. Leaves narrow, elongated, 
2-4 mm. wide, nodulose, not overtopping the culm; lowest bract similar, the upper 
smaller, often almost filiform; staminate spikes 2-5. long-stalked; pistillate spikes 
I or 2, when 2 the lower remote from the upper, sessile or short-stalked, oblong; 
cylindric. erect. 2-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, rather loosely, many- 
flowered; perig}-nia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly inflated, glabrous, 
or pubescent, 3 mm. in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
acute, short-aristate or obtuse, membranous, one-half the length of the perigynia. 
In pine-barren bogs, southern N. J. to Fla. May-July. 

40. Carex Houghtonii Torr. Houghton's Sedge. (I. F. f. 710.) Culms 
rough above, erect, 0.3-0.8 m. tall, exceeding the leaves. I^eaves and lowest bract 
4-7 mm. wide, rough, their margins revolute; upper bracts much shorter; stami- 
nate spikes 1-3. stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 
oblong-cylindric. 1-4 cm. long. 6-8 mm. in diameter, erect, rather loosely flowered. 
the upper sessile, the lower stalked; perig}-nia broadly ovoid. 3 mm. in diameter, 
light green, densely pubescent, many -ribbed, narrowed into a short conspicuously 
2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate. short-a-«Tied. hyaline-margined, strongly i- 
nerved. somewhat shorter than the perigynia. In sandy or rocky soil. N. S. to the 
N. W. Terr., Me.. Mich, and Minn. June-Sept. 

41. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly Sedge. (I. F. f. 711.) CuLm slen- 
der, but usually rather stouter than that of C. Jiliformis, sharp-angled and rough 
above. Leaves and lower bracts elongated, not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes 
overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3. long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at 
the base; pistillate spikes 1-3. usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, 
cyHndric; 5-6 mm. in diameter; scales acuminate or aristate. In swamps and wet 
meadows, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. Jxme-Aug. 

Carex lanuginosa Kanskna Britten. Plant pale; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, very roug:h; 
perigynia i mm. in diameter, the ribs conspicuous. Mo. and Kans. 

42. Carex filiformis L. Slender Sedge. (L F. f. 712.) Ciilms very slen- 
der, erect or reclining, smooth, obtusely angled, 0.5-0.9 m. long. Leaves very 
narrow, involute, about 2 mm. wide, rough-margined, not overtopping the culm; 
lower bract similar, upper bracts filiform; staminate spikes 1-3. commonly 2, 
stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3. cylindric. 1.5-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, 
erect, sessile, or the lower distant and short-pedimcled ; perigynia green, ascending, 
oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, tapering into a 
short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate. membranous, acute or short-awned. shorter than 
or equalling the perig^mia. In wet meadows and swamps, Newf. to Br. Col.. N, J., 
Perm., Mich, and Iowa. Occasionally dioecious. Also in Europe. Jime-Aug. 

43. Carex hirta L. Hairy Sedge. (I. F. f. 713.) Rootstocks creeping; 
culms rather slender, nearly smooth. 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves flat, pubescent, 
especially on the sheaths. 3-5 mm. wide, the basal ones much elongated, the upper 
and the similar bracts shorter; staminate spikes 2 or 3. stalked; pistillate spikes 2 
or 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric. 2-3 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter; peri- 
gynia ovoid-oblong, green, densely pubescent. 2 mm. in diameter, 4 nnn. long, few- 
ribbed, tapering into a prominently 2-toothed beak; teeth often as long as the 
beak; scales lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, shorter than the perig}-nia. In fields 
and waste places, Mass. to E. N. Y. and Penn. Nat. or adv. from Europe. 
June-Sept. 



CYPERACEAE. 1 99 

Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above (rarely all staminate in No. 47) ; stigmas 
3. Atratae. 
Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia ; arctic and alpine species. 
Orifice of the perigynium minutely 2-toothed ; scales obtuse or acutish. 
Pistillate spikes 4-10 mm. long, erect. 44. C. alpina. 

Pistillate spikes 8-25 mm. long, drooping when old. 45. C. atratiformis. 
Orifice of the perigynium entire ; scales acute or awned. 

Perigynium ovate, the style usually protruding. 46. C. stylosa. 

Perigynium obovate, the style not protruding. 47. C Parryana. 

Scales manifestly longer than the perigynia ; bog species. 48. C.fusca. 

Terminal spike staminate throughout (occasionally pistillate at the top in No. 53); 
stigmas 2, rarely 3 in No. 55. RiGlDAE. 
Lower sheaths becoming very fibrillose ; tufted bog species. 49. C. stricta. 
Lower sheaths not at all fibrillose, or slightly so. 

Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia (or longer in No. 50). 
Culms 0.3-0.6 m. tall; scales acute or acuminate. 

Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric. 50. C. Hay dent. 

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric. 51. C. Nebraskensis. 

Culms 0.2-1. 1 m. tall ; scales obtuse or the lower acute. 
Scales green. 

Leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes 4-6 mm. thick ; perigynia 

nerveless. 52. C. aquatilis. 

Leaves 2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4 mm. thick; perigynia 
faintly few-nerved. 53. C. Ie7iticularis. 

Scales purple or brown. 

Scales shorter than the perigynia ; marsh and meadow species. 

54. C. Goodenovii. 
Scales equalling or longer than the perigynia; arctic and alpine 
species. 55. C. Bigelovii. 

Culms only 2-17 cm. tall; arctic species. 56. C. subspathacea. 

Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia ; northern salt marsh species. 
Basal leaves 2 mm. wide or less ; scales little longer than the perigynia. 

57. C. salina. 
Basal leaves 2-6 mm. wide ; scales much longer than the perigynia. 

58. C. cuspidata. 

44. Carex alpina Sw. Alpine Sedge. (I. F. f. 714.) Culms slender, 
rough above, leafy below the middle, 1.5-5 ^'^' tall. Leaves roughish, 1^3 mm. 
wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; spikes 2-4, clustered, the terminal I or 
2 staminate below, oblong or globose, 4-10 mm. long, sessile, or the lower pedun- 
cled; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovoid, light green, about 2 mm. long, tipped 
with a very short and minutely 2-toothed beak, nerveless or with a few faint 
nerves, equalling or slightly shorter than the ovate black or purple-brown scales. 
In rocky places, Quebec to James' Bay and Athabasca, western Ont. and Isle 
Royale, Lake Superior, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe. 
Summer. 

45. Carex atratiformis Britton. Black Sedge. (I. F. f. 715,) Glabrous; 
culms slender, sharp-angled, rough above, 2-5 dm. tall, usually leafy only below. 
Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, rarely over 1.5 dm. long, much shorter than the culm; spikes 
2-5, dense, oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter, the terminal 
one usually staminate at the base and sessile, or nearly so, the others slender- 
stalked; lower bracts 1-3.5 cm. long, very narrow, the upper subulate; perigynia 
flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puncticulate, about 2 mm. long, tipped with a 
short, 2-toothed beak; scales black or reddish-brown, oblong, slightly narrower 
than the perigynia and about equalling them. Newf. to the mountains of N. E., 
west to the N. W. Terr. Summer. 

46. Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer. Variegated Sedge. (I. F. f. 716.) 
Culms slender, 3-4 dm. tall, rough and leafless abt)ve. Leaves 3 mm. wide; 
staminate spike solitary, nearly sessile, often pistillate for ono-half its length or 
more; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, ol)long-cylindric, erect, 8-12 mm. long, about 3 mm. 
in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and subtended by a subulate bract; peri- 
gynia ovate, slightly inflated, brown, minutely granulate, less than 2 mm. long, 
nerveless, beakless, the orifice entire and closed by the usually protruding style; 
scales black with white veins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia. Lab. and 
Greenland to Alaska. Suu\mer. 



200 FLORA. 

47. Carex Parryana Dewey. Parry's Sedge. (T. F. f. 717.) Glabrous, 

culms very slender, smooth, stiff, 2-5 dm. tall, leafless above. Leaves about 2 mm. 
wide, much shorter than the culm, their margins somewhat involute; spikes i- 4, 
dense, erect, linear-cylindric, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the upper 
sessile, staminate below or throughout, the lower stalked and subtended by an 
almost filiform bract; perigynia plano-convex, obovate, pale, less than 2 mm. long, 
minutely papillose, faintly few-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales 
ovate, acute or mucronulate, dark brown with lighter margins, about as long as 
the perigynia. Hudson Bay to N. W. Terr., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 
Summer. 

48. Carex fusca All. Brown Sedge. (I. F. f. 718.) Glabrous; culms 
slender, • stiff", sharp-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves rough, erect, 2-4 
mm. wide; spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect, all sessile and close together, or 
the lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 8-37 mm. long, about 8 mm. in 
diameter, the terminal one staminate at the base or rarely throughout; perigynia 
elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 2 mm. long, light green, faintly few-nerved, 
beakless, the apex minutely 2 -toothed; scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark 
brown with a green midvein, longer than the perigynia. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, 
south to Ga., Ky., Kans., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe. May-July. 

49. Carex stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge. (I. F. f, 719.) Glabrous, rather 
dark green; culms slender, stiff", usually in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough 
above, 0.3-I.1 m. tall. Leaves rarely overtopping the culm, very rough margined, 
2-4 mm. wide, their sheaths becoming fibrillose ; lower bract similar ; staminate 
spikes solitary or sometimes 2. stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, 
often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 
about 4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked ; perigynia ovate-elliptic, acute, 
faintly few-nerved, 2 mm. long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly 
so ; scales brown-purple with green margins and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, 
appressed; stigmas 2. In swamps, Newf. to Ont., Neb., Ga. and Tex. Hybridizes 
with C. filiforynis. July-Sept. 

Carex stricta angustkta (Boott) Bailey. Pistillate spikes longer, 5-10 cm. long;, erect; 
scales lanceolate, acute, often longer than the perigynia. Range apparently nearly that 
of the type. 

Carex stricta xeroc^rpa (S. H. Wright, Britton). Pistillate spikes almost filiform, 
about 2 mm. in diameter, erect. N. Y. to 111. 

50. Carex Haydeni Dewey. Hayden's Sedge. (I. F. f. 720.) Glabrous, 
similar to C. stricta but smaller; culm slender, seldom over 0.5 m. high. Leaves 
2-3 mm. wide, their sheaths slightly fibrillose or not at all; lower bract foliaceous, 
about equalling the culm ; pistillate spikes I-3 cm. long, aljout 4 mm. in diameter, 
erect or somewhat spreading, sessile or nearly so ; perigynia orbicular, obtuse, 
about I mm. broad, faintly 2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales 
lanceolate, purplish, spreading, very acute, about twice as long as the perigj-nia ; 
stigmas 2. Swamps, N. B. to R. I., Iowa and Neb. 

51. Carex Nebraskensis Dewey. Nebraska Sedge. (I. F. f. 721.) 
Glabrous; culms stout, sharp-angled, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves pale green, 3-5 mm. 
wide, rough-margined, their sheaths more or less nodulose ; lower bract sometimes 
equalling the culm, the upper much shorter and narrower; staminate spikes com- 
monly 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4. dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, 2-3 cm, long, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, sessile or the lower short-stalked; perigynia elliptic or 
obovate, prominently several-ribbed, short-beaked, the beak 2-toothed ; scales 
ovate or lanceolate, acute or mucronate, brown with a green midvein or green all 
over, the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. Neb. to Ore. and N. Mex. 
May-Aug. 

52. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. (I. F. f. 722.) Glabrous, 
glaucous, pale green; culms sharp-angled above, smooth or nearly so, 0.5-1. i m. 
tall. Leaves elongated, 4-7 mm. wide, their sheaths nodulose; bracts similar, the 
lower much overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 
linear-cylindric, often staminate at the summit, 2-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 
sessile and dense, or the lower loosely flowered at the base and short-stalked ; peri- 
gynia e.liptic, green, nerveless, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales oblong, 



CYPERACEAE. 20I 

shorter than or equalling the perigynia and much narrower, stigmas 2. In swamps 
and along streams, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Penn., Ohio, Minn, and Br. Col. Also 
in Eiurope. Hybridizes with C j-/rzV^«. June-Aug. 

53. Carex lenticularis Michx. Lenticular Sedge. (I. F. f. 723.) Gla- 
brous, pale green; culms slender, sharp-angled, roughish above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. 
Leaves elongated, rarely over 2 mm. wide, slightly rough-margined, their sheaths 
not fibrillose; lower bracts similar, usually much overtopping the spikes; staminate 
spike solitary or rarely 2, sessile or short-stalked, often pistillate above; pistillate 
spikes 2-5, clustered or the lower distant, sessile or the lower short-stalked, erect, 
linear- cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter; perigynia ovate or elliptic, 
acute, minutely granulate, faintly few-nerved, tipped with a minute entire beak; 
scales green, appressed, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. On shores, Lab. 
to the N. W. Terr., Me., Vt., Ont. and Minn. June-Aug. 

54. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. Goodenough's Sedge. (I. F. f. 724.) 
Glabrous; culms stiff, sharp-angled, sometimes rough above, 0. 3-0.6 m. tall. 
Leaves elongated, smooth, glaucous, 2-4 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm, their 
sheaths. not fibrillose; lower bracts usually foliaceous; staminate spike sessile or 
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or nearly so, erect, many-flowered, narrowly 
cylindric, 4-5 mm. in diameter, 1-2.5 cm. long; perigynia flattened, broadly oval 
or ovate, faintly few-nerved, green, less than 2 mm. long, minutely beaked, the ori- 
fice nearly entire; scales purple-brown to black with a green midvein, very obtuse, 
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In wet grounds, Newf. to Mass. and Penn. 
June-Aug. 

55. Carex Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Sedge. (I. F. f. 725.) Glabrous 
and smooth throughout or nearly so; culms sharp-angled, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 
3-4 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm, the lower bracts similar, but shorter; 
sheaths slightly or not fibrillose; staminate spike stalked, sometimes pistillate at 
the base, pistillate spikes 2-4, linear-cylindric, loosely flowered at the base, dense 
above, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the upper sessile, the lower often slender- 
stalked; perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, faintly nerved, scarcely beaked, the 
orifice entire; scales purple-brown with a narrow green midvein, often with green 
margins, obtuse or the lower acute, equalling or a little exceeding the perigynia; 
stigmas 2, rarely 3. Greenland and Lab. to the mountains of New England and 
N. Y. Also in Europe. Summer. 

56. Carex subspathacea Wormsk. Hoppner's Sedge. (I. F. f. 726.) 
Glabrous; culm smooth, 2-13 cm. tall. Leaves rigid, smooth, about 2 mm. wide; 
lower bracts foliaceous; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile 
or very short- stalked, 6-12 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter; perigynia oval or 
ovoid, very short beaked, pale green, faintly few-nerved, about 2 mm. long; scales 
ovate or ovate-oblong, shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. Green- 
land to Hudson Bay. Summer. 

57. Carex salina Wahl. Salt-marsh Sedge. (I. F. f. 727.) Glabrous; 
culm smooth, 1.5-5 ^"^- ^"^^ Leaves narrowly linear, I-2 mm. wide, the lower 
bract similar; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked 
or the upper sessile, erect, loosely few-several-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long. 3-4 mm. 
thick; perigynia ovate-elliptic, pale, faintly few-nerved, ascending, 3 mm. long, 
tapering into a short entire beak; scales ovate, brown with a green midvein. acute 
or cuspidate, somewhat longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. . In salt marshes, 
Greenland to Hudson Bay. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. 

58. Carex cuspidata WahL Cuspidate Sedge. (I. F. f. 728.) Glabrous; 
culms erect, 3-7 dm. tall. Basal leaves often equalling the culm. 3-6 mm. wide, 
smooth; leaves of the culm similar to the lower bracts, which usually overtop the 
spikes; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate 
at the summit, erect, the lower stalked; perigynia elliptic, green. 2-4-ncrved. with a 
short entire beak ; scales lanceolate, pale, acuminate or contracted into a serrate 
awn, much longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In marshes. Lab. to Mass. 
Also in Europe. Summer. 

Culms slender; pistillate spikes 0.6-6.5 cm. long;; stigmas 3 (2 in No. 59V 
Pistillate spikes linear; scales shorter than the perigynia. Pk.-\sin.\f. 

Perigynia twisted toward the top; scales purple-brown. 50. ('. iort<.j. 
Perigynia straight; scales green. Oo. C /rjsina. 



202 FLORA. 

Pistillate spikes oblong, globose or cylindric; scales equalling the perigynia or 
longer. 
Bracts manifestly sheathing; arctic species. Ferrugineae. 6i. C. niisandra. 
Bracts sheathless; scales mostly dark. Pendulinae. 

Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric; southern coast species. 

62. C. littoralis. 
Pistillate spikes oblong or globose: northern species. 

Scales not longer than the perigynia. 

Pistillate spikes 6-12 mm. long, few-flowered; scales obtuse. 

63. C. 7-arifiora. 
Pistillate spikes 1-2 cm. long, several-flowered; scales acute. 

64. C. liniosa. 
Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia. 

Perigynia oval or suborbicular. 65. C. Magellanica. 

Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. 66. C. podocarpa. 

Culms tall, usually stout; pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long; scales 1-8 times as long as the 
perigynia; stigmas 2 (or 3 in Nos. 70 and 71). Cryptocarpae. 
Perigynia smooth. 

Scales purple-brown; arctic species. 67. C. cryptocarpa. 

Scales green ; plants not arctic. 

Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales. 

Perigynia nearly orbicular, biconvex. 68. C. maritima. 

Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 69. C. crinita. 

Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute. 70. C. gynandra. 

Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales. 

Spikes erect ; leaves very rough-margined. 71. C. rnacrokolea. 

Spikes drooping, filiform stalked. 71^2. C. vej-riicosa. 

Perigynia granular or papillose. 72. C. glauca. 

59. Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge, (I. F. f. 729.) Glabrous ; culm 
slender, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 0.4-1 m. long. Leaves about 4 mm. 
wide, those of the culm very short; sheaths not fibrillose; lower bract commonly 
foliaceous; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper 
spreading or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter; often 
loosely flowered toward the base ; perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerve- 
less, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 2-3 mm. long; scales ovate, purple- 
brown with a green midvein, shorter and mostly narrower than the perigynia; 
stigmas 2. In marshes and wet thickets. Me. and Vt. to N. Car. and Mo. 
June-July. 

60. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge. (I. F. f. 730.) Glabrous; 
rather light green; culm slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, 3-angled, 0.3- 
0.7 m. long. Leaves flaccid, roughish, 3-5 mm. wide; lower bract similar, com- 
monly overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short- stalked, often pistillate at the 
summit; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear-cylindric, drooping, the lower filiform- 
stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered ; perigynia 
light green, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, tapering into a slender minutely 2-toothed 
beak; scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short- awned, pale green, shorter than the 
perigynia; stigmas 3. In meadows and moist thickets, Me. to Ont, N. J. and 
Penn., south in the Alleghanies to Ga. May-July. 

61. Carex misandra R. Br. Short-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 731.) Gla- 
brous; culms 2-40 cm. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, clustered, seldom over 6 cm. 
long; bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, not overtopping the spikes; terminal spike 
slender- stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, filiform-stalked, 6-15 mm. long, about 
4 mm. thick, rather few-flowered, drooping; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, narrowed at the base, 3 mm. long, dark brown, denticulate above ; scales ob- 
tuse, purple-black with white margins, somewhat shorter than the perigynia ; stig- 
mas 2 or 3. Throughout arctic America, extending south in the Rocky Mts. to the 
higher summits of Colo. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

62. Carex littoralis Schwein. Barratt's Sedge. (I. F. f. 732.) Glabrous, 
pale green, somewhat glaucous; culms smooth, 0.2-0.5 m. tall, leafless above. 
Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth, the lower sheaths fibrillose; bracts not sheathing, 
the lower usually short and narrow; staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long- 
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, 
linear-cylindric, 1-5 cm. long, 6 mm. in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit; 



C YPERA CEA E. 203 

Derigynia oblong, green, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long-, tipped with a minute 
entire beak; scales brown-purple with lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter 
than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In pine-barren swamps, L. I. and N. J. to E. 
Penn. and N. Car. May-July. 

63. Carex rariflora J. E. Smith. Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge. (I. F. f. 
733.) Glabrous, culms very slender, rather stiff, erect, 1-3' dm. tall, smooth, or 
roughish above. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, the lower very short; bracts subulate, 
purple at the base; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked; pistillate spikes lor 2. 
narrowly oblong, few-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, nodding on fili- 
form stalks; perigynia pale, oblong, acute at each end, 3 mm. long, i mm. wide, 
minutely beaked, few-nerved, the orifice entire; scales oval, purple-brown with a 
greenish midvein, obtuse or mucronate, equalling or a little longer than the peri- 
gynia; stigmas 3. In wet places, Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay, south to Me. 
and to northern Minn. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

64. Carex limosa L. Mud Sedge. (I. F. f. 734.) Glabrous; culms rough 
above, 2.5-5 ^"^- ^'^' Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than the culm; bracts 
linear-filiform ; staminate spike long-stalked ; pistillate spikes I or 2, filiform- 
stalked, drooping, 1-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick; perigynia pale, oval, narrowed 
at both ends, 3 mm. long, with a minute entire beak, several-nerved, about as long 
as the oval cuspidate or acute scale; stigmas 3. In bogs, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Me., N. J., Iowa and Idaho. Also in Europe. Summer. 

65. Carex Magellanica Lam. Magellan Sedge. (I. F. f. 735.) Glabrous; 
culms smooth or nearly so, 1.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide, commonly 
shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar; staminate spike solitary, rarely 2; 
pistillate spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked, drooping, 8-16 mm. long, about 6 mm. in 
diameter; perigynia biconvex, oval, pale, granulate -papillose, few-nerved, 2-3 mm. 
long, with a very minute entire beak; scales long-acuminate or awned, dark green 
or purplish brown, longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to Mani- 
toba, Me., Penn. and Mich. Also in Utah, Europe, and in southern S. Am. 
Summer. 

66. Carex podocarpa R. Br. Long- awned Arctic Sedge. (I. F. f. 736. ) 
Glabrous ; culms slender, rough above, 2.5-5 dm. long. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, 
the lowest reduced to sheaths; lower bract similar to the upper leaves; staminate 
spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, dense, 1-3.5 cm. long, 6 mm. 
in diameter, the lower often nodding ; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, flat, about 
5 mm. long, acute, faintly nerved, the orifice entire ; scales purple-black, ovate, 
acuminate, longer than the perigynia, long-awned; stigmas 2 or 3. Arctic America. 
Summer. 

67. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer. Hidden-fruited Sedge. (I. F. f. 
737.) Glabrous; culm stout, 3-angled, rough above, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves smooth, 
4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate spike 2-5, filiform-stalked 
and drooping, 2-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter; perigynia oblong or oval, 
green, several-nerved, 3 mm. long, with a very short entire beak; scales purple- 
brown, lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 times longer than the perigynia ; siigmas 2. 
Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska. Summer. 

Carex cryptoci\rpa varieg^ta (Derjer) Britten. Seldom over 3 dm. tall ; pistillate 
spikes about 2, 1-2 cm. long ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, little lonjjer than the peri- 
gynia. Range of the species. 

68. Carex maritima Muller. Seaside Sedge. (I. F. f. 738.) Glabr<->us. 
light green; culms 3-angled, smooth, or roughish above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 
4-6 mm. wide, the lower bracts similar; staminate spikes I-3, slender-stalked: pis- 
tillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate at the siunmit, 2-8 cm. long. S-12 mm. 
thick, drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia oval to orbicular, pale, biconvex, less 
than 2 mm. long, nerveless or with a few faint nerves, witit a very short and 
nearly entire beak; scales green, linear-subulate, ciliate, scabrous. 3-8 times as long 
as the perigynia; stigmas 2. In salt meadows, Newf. and L.ib. to Mass. Also in 
Europe. June-Aug. 

69. Carex crinita Lam. Fringed Sedge. (I. F. f. 730.') Glabrous, 
culms 3-angled, 0.5-1,3 m. tall. Leaves rough-margined, 6-10 mm. wide, the 
lowest very short and sheathing; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 



204 FLORA. 

3-5, narrowly cylindric. 2-11 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping; 
perigynia obovoid. obtuse, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick.' nerveless, 
abruptly tipped by the short entire beak; scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, 
spreading, 2-6 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. In swamps and wet 
woods, N. S. and Ont. to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. A hybrid with C, torta is 
described. 

Carex crinita minor Boott. Culms slender, lower; leaves 3-5 mm. wide ; pistillate 

spikes 2-3 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, spreading; or slightly drooping ; perigj-nia little more 
than I mm. in diameter. Me. to S. N. Y. 

70. Carex gynandra Schwein. Xoddixg Sedge. (I. F. f. 740.) Similar to 
the preceding species. Leaves 6— 12 mm. wide, glabrous or their sheaths often 
finely pubescent; pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric; perigynia 
oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, compressed, slightly inflated, 
3-4 mm. long, and about one-half as broad, tapering to an acute entire orifice; 
scales subulate, rough, ascending, 2-4 times as long as the perigynia. In swamps, 
N. S. to northern N. Y., Fla. and La. June-Aug. 

Carex gynandra P6rteri (Olney) Britten. Smaller, bearing the same relation to the 
species that 77iinor does to C. crinita. Me. 

71. Carex macrokolea Steud. Southern Glaucous Sedge. (I. F. f. 741.) 
Glabrous, light green, glaucous; culms stout, 0.5-1.1 m. tall. Leaves rough. 3-6 
mm. wide, tapering to a very long narrow tip; lower bracts similar; staminate 
spikes I or 2, short- stalked; pistillate spikes 2-8, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, 
sessile or the lower stalked; perigynia dark brown, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, sev- 
eral-nerved, abruptly contracted into a short sharp beak; scales oblong, rough- 
awned, as long as the perig}Tiia or longer. In swamps, Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 
June-Aug. 

71a. Carex verrucosa Muhl. Warty Sedge. Glabrous and usually 
glaucous; culms slender, I m. tall or less. Leaves smooth or very nearly so, 2-6 
mm. wide, long-attenuate; staminate spike I. stalked; pistillate spikes 1--6. cylin- 
dric, 3-5 cm. long, filiform-stalked and nodding, or the upper erect; perigATiia 
3-angled. somewhat swollen, abruptly sharp-beaked, 3-4 mm. long, about as long as 
the ovate awned scales. In wet soil. S. E. Va. to Fla., Mo. and Miss. June-Aug. 

72. Carex glanca Scop. Glaucous Sedge. (I. F. f. 742.) Glabrous, pale 
green, glaucous; culms 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Leaves smooth or nearly so. about 4 mm- 
wide; lower bract similar, narrower; staminate spikes mostly 2, stalked; pistillate 
spikes 2 or 3, at length drooping, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric. 2-5 cm. long, 
6 mm. thick; perigynia brown, ellipsoid, few-nerved, or nerveless, granulate or 
papillose, nearly 2 mm. long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire: scales ovate or 
lanceolate, brown with a green midvein, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 
2. In meadows, N, S. and Ont. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

Perigynium densely pubescent. 

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, S-20 mm. long; perig}-nia oval or ovoid, few- 
nerved. 73. C. virescens. 
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 12-36 mm. long ; perigynia oblong, strongly 
several-nerved. 74. C. costellata. 
Perig}"nium nearly glabrous, at least when mature. 

Spikes 5-7 mm. thick ; perig}-nia imbricated, flattened : top of the achene not bent. 

75. C. triceps. 
Spikes 4 mm. thick ; perigvmia not imbricated, swollen : top of the achene bent, or 
tipped with a bent style. 76. C. Caroliniana. 

73. Carex virescens Muhl. Dowxy Green Sedge. (I. F. f. 743.) Culms 
slender, rough above, i . 5-5 dm. tall. Leaves light green, pubescent, especially on 
the sheaths; spikes 2-5, short- stalked, erect or nearly so, 8-20 mm, long, about 
3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below; perigynia 3 -sided, rather 
less than 2 mm, long, green, beakless, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, cus- 
pidate, slightly shorter than the perigynia. In dry woods and thickets. Me. and 
Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Mo. June-July. 

74. Carex costellata Britton. Ribbed Sedge. (I. F. f. 744.) Similar to 
the preceding, but taller and more spreading. Leaves pubescent; spikes 2—5, 



C YPERA CEA E. 20 5 

rather loose, 3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below, the lower one 
commonly filiform-stalked; perigynia narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, rather 
more than i mm. thick; scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, Me. 
and Ont. to N. Car. June-Aug. 

75. Carex triceps Michx. Hirsute Sedge. (I. F. f. 745.) Light green; 
culms rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, pubescent; spikes 
2-5, dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 6-16 mm. long, usually clustered, the 
terminal one staminate at the base; perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not in- 
flated, green or greenish-brown, few-nerved, usually pubescent when young, when 
mature 1-2 mm. long, the orifice minutely notched or entire; scales ovate, cuspi- 
date or short-awned; achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit not bent. In woods, fields 
and swamps, Mass. to southern Ont. and Mich., Fla. and Tex. April-Aug. 

76. Carex Caroliniana Schwein. Carolina Sedge. (I. F. f. 746.) Culms 
slender, rough above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, rather dark green, 
glabrous except on the sheaths; spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, 
8-12 mm. long; clustered; the upper one staminate at the base; perigynia subglo- 
bose or .obovoid, swollen, about i mm. in diameter, nerveless or faintly nerved, 
brown, beakless; scales brown, ovate, mucronate; achene pyriform, bent at the 
summit or tipped with the bent style. In meadows, N. J. and Penn. to N. Car. 
and Ark. May-July. 

Perigynia 2-4 mm. long, slightly swollen ; spikes linear or linear-cylindric. 

Plant glabrous ; perigynia obtuse. 77. C. gracillima. 

Sheaths pubescent ; perigynia pointed at both ends. 

Perigynia 2 mm. long ; spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 78. C. aestivalis. 
Perigynia 4 mm. long; spikes drooping, at least when old. 79. C. oxylepis. 
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen ; spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric. 

Perigynia faintly few -nerved ; scales ovate, acute or short-awned. 80. C.formosa. 
Perigynia strongly many-nerved; scales lanceolate, long-awned. 81. C. Davisii. 

77. Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge. (I. F. f. 747.) Glabrous; 
culms roughish above, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves dark green, 3-6 mm. wide, shorter 
than the culm; lower bract foliaceous; spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 4 mm. 
thick or sometimes much smaller, filiform-stalked and drooping, the upper one 
partly or wholly staminate; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, few-nerved, glabrous, 
2 mm. long; scales ovate-oblong, pale, one-half as long as the perigynia. In 
moist woods and meadows, N. S. to Manitoba, N. Car., Ohio and Mich. May- 
July. 

Professor Bailey has described a hybrid with C. hirsuta. Carex Sullivdntii Boott, is 
a hybrid of C gracillima with C. pubescetis. 

78. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. (I. F. f. 748. ) Culms 
slender or filiform, 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide, elongated, 
their sheaths usually pubescent; spikes 3-5, narrowly linear, erect or somewhat 
spreading, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, the terminal staminate at the base 
or also at the summit; perigynia oblong, 3-sided, few-nerved, 2 mm. long, beakless, 
the orifice entire; scales ovate-oblong, the lower cuspidate or short-awned. In 
mountain woods, Mass. and N. Y. to Ga. June-Aug. 

79. Carex ox;^lepis Torr. & Hook. Sharp-scaled Sedge. (I. F. f, 740.) 
Culms slender, smooth, 0.2-0.5 "^- tall. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, pubescent, espe- 
cially on the sheaths; spikes 4 or 5, linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. 
in diameter, filiform-stalked, the terminal one staminate at the base or sometimes 
wholly staminate; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, pointed at both ends, less than 2 
mm. thick, several-nerved, the orifice entire; scales ovate-lanceolate; short-awned, 
shorter than the perigynia. Mo. to Tenn., S. Car., Tex. and Fla. April-May. 

80. Carex formosa Dewey. Handsome Sedge. (I. F. f. 750.) Culms slender, 
smooth, 0.2-0.6 m, tall. Leaves pubescent, especially on the sheaths, the basal 
4-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-5, dense, I-3 cm. long, nearly 6 mm. in diameter, filiform- 
stalked, the upper one staminate at the base; perigynia ovoid, glabrous, swollen, 
4 mm. long, 2 mm, thick, with a short slightly notched beak; scales lanceolate or 
ovate, green, acute, or the lower short-awned. In dry woods and thickets. Mass. 
and Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. June-July. 



206 FLORA. 

8i. Carex Davisii Schwein. &Torr, Davis' Sedge. (I. F. f. 751.) Similar 
to the preceding, stouter- Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, pubescent; lower bract foli- 
aceous; spikes clustered, or the. lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, at length 
spreading or drooping,, the terminal one staminate at the base; perig}Tiia much 
swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, with a short but conspicuously 
2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate or oval, long-awned, equalling or longer than the 
perigynia. In moist thickets and meadows, Mass. to N. Y., Minn., Ga., Ky., 
Kans. and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 

Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless ; pistillate spikes drooping, at least 
when old. 

Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, 1-2 times as long as the body. Syl- 

VATICAE. 

Perigynia broadly oval, smooth, spreading. 82. C. longirostris. 

Perigynia narrowly conic, tuberculate-hispid, appressed. 83. C. Assiniboinensis. 
Beak of the perigynium not more than one-half as long as the body. 

Leaves pubescent. Flexiles. 84. C. castanea. 

Leaves glabrous. 

Pistillate spikes narrowly oblong, 4-12 mm. long ; perigynium 2 mm. 

long ; arctic and alpine species. Capillares. 85. C. captllar/s. 
Pistillate spikes linear, 2-8 cm. long ; perigynium 4-6 mm. long. Debiles. 
Perigynia membranous, few.nerved ; pistillate spikes slender. 

Leaves 5-10 mm. wide ; scales two-thirds as long as the perigynia. 

86. C. arctata. 
Leaves 2-5 mm. wide ; scales one-half as long as the perigynia. 

87. C. tenuis. 
Perigynia coriaceous, strongly many-nerved ; pistillate spikes thicker. 

88. C. oblita. 
Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely raany-striate ; spikes erect or nearly so. 

Griseae. 

Leaves slightly glaucous or not at all. 

Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales. 

Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered ; leaves 4-6 mm. wide, 

spreading, soft. 89. C. grisea. 
Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, mostly erect 

and rigid. 90. C. amphibola. 

Perigynia 2-3 times longer than the scales. 91. C. Jiaccosperma. 

Plant very glaucous all over. 92. C. glaucodea. 

82. Carex longirostris Torr. Long-beaked Sedge. (L F. f. 752.) Gla- 
brous, light green; culms slender, roughish above, 0.2-1 m. long. Leaves flat, 
2-3 mm. wide, usually not exceeding the culm, the bracts similar; staminate spikes 
1-3, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, loosely flowered, 1-5 
cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, all filiform-stalked and nodding or the upper one 
nearly sessile; perigynia slightly inflated, pale, strongly i -nerved on each side, 
the body about 2 mm. long, contracted into a very slender beak; scales lanceolate, 
spreading, acuminate, scarious-margined, 6-8 mm. long. On banks and in moist 
thickets, N. B. to Ont. and the N. W. Terr., Mass., Penn., Mich, and Neb. June- 
Sept. 

83. Carex Assiniboinensis W. Boott. Assiniboia Sedge. (I, F. f. 753.) 
Glabrous; culms filiform, reclining. 0.5-0.6 m. long, longer than the leaves. 
Leaves and bracts 2 mm. wide or less, the lower reduced to short purplish sheaths; 
staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, loosely few-flowered, 
1.5-3 cm. long, drooping on filiform stalks; the flowers alternate; perigynia ob- 
tusely 3-angled, subulate -beaked, above 6 mm. long and 2 mm. thick above the 
base; scales lanceolate, awned, about the length of the perigynia. In wet soil, 
northern Minn, and Manitoba. Summer. 

84. Carex castanea Wahl. Chestnut Sedge. (L F. f. 754.) Culms 
slender or filiform, rough above, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, shorter than 
the culm; bracts linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate 
spikes 1-4, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick, droop- 
ing on filiform stalks; perigynia glabrous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-angled, 
few-nerved, tapering into a 2-toothed beak one -half as long as the body, scales 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, rather shorter than the perigynia. In 
dry thickets and on banks, Newf. to Conn., Minn, and Kans. June-July. 



CYPERACEAE. lOJ 

85. Carex capillaris L. Hair-like Sedge. (I. F. f. 755.) Glabrous; 
culms slender or filiform, 5-35 cm. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, much shorter than 
the culm, roughish; lower bract similar, the upper much narrower; spikes filiform- 
stalked, the terminal one staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3, 4-12 mm. long, 2 mm. 
thick, nodding, 2-12-flowered; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, almost nerveless, about 

2 mm. long, the slender beak about one-third as long as the body; scales oval, 
scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia. Greenland to Alaska, Me., N. H., 
N. Y., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. 

86. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood Sedge. (I. F. f. 756,) Gla- 
brous, culms 3-6 dm. long. Leaves roughish-margined, much shorter than the 
culm, 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2—5, linear, 

3 mm. thick, many-flowered, ascending, or at length drooping and filiform-stalked; 
perigynia oblong, rather strongly few-nerved, about 4 mm. long, less than 2 mm. 
thick, 3-angled, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, cuspidate or 
short-awned, shorter than the perigynia. In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to 
Minn., Penn. and Mich. May- June. 

Carex arctita Fdxoni Bailey. Spikes nearly erect, 2-4 of them clustered near the 
summit, usually shorter, the staminate one very short; perigynia 4-5 mm. long. Quebec 
to N. H., Minn, and Mich. 

Carex Knieskerni Dewey is probably a hybrid of C. arctata with C. castanea or C. 
formosa, 

87. Carex tenuis Rudge. Slender-stalked Sedge. (I. F. f. 757.) Culms 
rough above, 1-9 dm. long. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; lower bracts similar; stami- 
nate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 3 mm. thick, filiform-stalked 
and spreading or drooping; perigynia spindle-shaped, glabrous or puberulent, 
faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 6 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, tapering 
into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or oblong, one- half as long as the peri- 
gynia. In woods, Newf. to Mich., N. Car. and Ky. May- Aug. A hybrid with 
C. virescens occurs at Revere, Mass. 

Carex tenuis interj^cta (Bailey) Britton. Pistillate spikes very slender, often com- 
pound at the base, erect or nearly so, filiform-stalked, loosely flowered, the perigynia 
alternate, only about 4 mm. long. N. Y. and Penn. 

Carex tenuis erectior Britton. Mostly taller and stouter than the type, and erect : 
leaves about 4 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes erect or but slightly spreading ; perigynia 
5 mm. long, one-third longer than the scales. White Mts. 

88. Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. (I. F. f. 758.) Glabrous; 
culms sharply 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves 4-5 mm. 
wide, shorter than the culm; lower bract similar; staminate spike solitary, filiform - 
stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, loosely flowered, 
slender-stalked, the lower distant, drooping; perigynia 3-angled, glabrous, 6 mm. 
long, less than 2 mm. thick, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales obtuse, 
about one-third the length of the perigynia. In bogs, central N. Y. and Penn. to 
N. J. and N. Car. June- Aug. 

89. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. (I. F. f. 759.) Glabrous; culms 
smooth or nearly so, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves light green, sometimes slightly glau- 
cous; bracts similar, much overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm, long, about 4 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked and 
distant; perigynia 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; beakless; scales cuspidate or awned. 
In woods and thickets, Me. to Ont. and Minn., N. Car. and Kans. May-July. 

90. Carex amphibola Steud. Narrow-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 760.) 
Glabrous; culms slender, 3-5 dm. long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; bracts similar, 
erect, not over 2 mm. wide, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short; pistil- 
late spikes 2-4, 1-2.5 ^"^^ io^g' 1^^^ than 4 mm. thick, loosely several -flowered, the 
lower on filiform stalks; perigynia oblong or obovoid, firm, pointed, beakless. 
3-angIed, 4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; scales awned, spreading. In dry soil, 
N. J. and Penn. to Iowa, Fla. and Tex. April -June. 

91. Carex flaccosperma Dewey. Thin-fruited Sedge. (1. F. f. 701. 1 
Similar to Carex grisca and C. glaucodea, slightly glaucous ; culms 3-6 dm. tall. 
Leaves thin, the basal ones 6-12 mm. wide, the bracts leafy; staminate spike ses- 
sile or nearly so ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked • 



208 FLORA. 

perigynia oblong, 3 -angled, 5 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, green, 2-3 times 
shorter than the perigynia. S. Mo. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. June- July. 

92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Glaucescent Sedge. (I. F. f. 762.) Sim- 
ilar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and very glaucous ; culms 1.5-5 ^^- ^o^g- 
Leaves 4-8 mm. wide; bracts foliaceous ; staminate spike sessile ; pistillate spikes 
3-5, erect, densely flowered, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, 3-4 mm. 
long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. In open fields and meadows, 
Mass. to Penn., 111., Va. and Ark. May-July. 

Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones close together and 
nearly sessile. Granulares. 

Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes ; perigynia strongly many-nerved. 
Basal leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; perigynia 2-3 mm. long. 93. C. g7-anularis. 

Basal leaves 5-16 mm. wide ; perigynia-1.5 mm. long. 93a. C Sh7'iveri. 

Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes ; perigynia obscurely few-nerved. 

94. C. Crazvei. 
Pistillate spikes close together and nearly sessile at the summit of the culm, or the lowest 

distant and stalked. 

Beak of the perigynium stout, 2-toothed ; plants glabrous. Extensae. 

Leaves strongly involute ; perigynia brown, the beak shorter than the body. 

95. C. ex tens a. 
Leaves fiat, 2-5 mm. wide ; perigynia yellow when mature, 4-6 mm. long, the 

beak about as long as the body. 916, C.flava. 

Leaves fiat, 2 mm. wide or less ; perigynia dark green, 2 mm. long, the beak 

one-half as long as the body. 97. C. viridula. 
Beak of the perigynium short, entire or none ; leaves, or their sheaths, more or less 
pubescent. Pallescentes. 

Perigynia faintly few-nerved, beakless. 98. C. pallescens. 

Perigynia strongly many-nerved, cylindric-beaked. 99. C. abbreviata. 

93. Carex granularis Muhl. Meadow Sedge. (I. F. f. 763.) Glabrous, 
slightly glaucous ; culms slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 
3-6 mm. wide, the basal shorter than the culm ; bracts similar ; staminate spike 
sessile or short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm. 
long, 4 mm. thick, many-flowered, stalked or the upper sessile perigynia ovoid, 
strongly many-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, with a short, bent or nearly straight beak; 
scales ovate, acute or cuspidate. In moist meadows, N. B, to Ont. , Manitoba, Fla. 
and La. May-July. 

93a. Carex Shriveri Britton. Basal leaves broader, 5-16 mm. wide, glau- 
cous; spikes smaller and narrower; perigynia 1-1.5 mm. long, narrower, the beak 
slightly bent. N. Y. and Penn. to Wis. and Va. {C. granularis Shriveri Britton, 
L F. I: 322.) 

94. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe's Sedge. (I. F. f. 764.) Glabrous; 
culms stifl", 7-40 cm. tall. Leaves rather stiff", 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the 
culm; the bracts similar; staminate spikes 1—3, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, 
cylindric, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the lowest often borne near the 
base; perigynia ovoid, usually resinous dotted, 2-3 mm. long, tapering into a short 
entire beak; scales obovate or oval, acute or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia. 
In meadows and on banks, Quebec to Man., Penn., Tenn. and Neb. May— July. 

95. Carex extensa Gooden. Long-bracted Sedge. (I. F.. f. 765.) Gla- 
brous; culms stiff", 2.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, involute, erect, shorter 
than the culm; lower bract similai-, much exceeding the spikes; staminate spike 
sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, oblong, densely many-flowered, 10-16 mm. 
long, about 6 mm. thick; perigynia ovoid or ovoid-oblong, brown, 3 mm. long, 
many-ribbed, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute, shorter 
than the perigynia. Borders of salt meadows, Coney Island, N. Y., and near 
Norfolk, Va. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 

96. Carex flava L. Yellow Sedge. (I. F, f. 766.) Glabrous, yellow- 
green; culms slender but stiff", smooth or nearly so, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2—5 mm. 
wide, flat; lower bract elongated, spreading or ascending; staminate spike ; pistil- 
late spikes 1-4, oblong, erect, densely flowered, 6- 12 mm. long, about 6 mm. thick; 
perigynia yellow, spreading or deflexed when mature, 4-6 mm. long, several- 
nerved, the subulate 2-toothed beak about as long as the body ; scales acute or sub- 
acute, shorter and narrower than the perigynia. In swamps and wet meadows, 



CYPERACEAE. 209 

Newf. to the N. W. Terr., R. I., N. J., Ohio and Mont. Also in Europe. July- 
Sept. 

97. Carex viridula Michx. Green Sedge. (I. F. f. 767.) Glabrous, 
bright green; culms slender, smooth, 1-4 dm. tall, often exceeded by the basal 
leaves. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, the similar bracts much overtopping the spikes; 
staminate spike sessile; pistillate spikes 2-5, oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 4 mm. in di- 
ameter or less; perigynia ovoid-oblong, 2 mm. long or less, few-nerved, narrowed at 
the base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the body; scales 
ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs and on wet rocks, Newf. to Hudson Bay 
and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., Penn., Minn., Utah and Wash. Summer. 

98. Carex pallescens L. Pale Sedge. (I. F. f. 768.) Light green; culms 
slender, rough above, 1-5 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2—3 mm. wide, pubescent at least 
on the sheaths; lower bract similar; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, 
oblong, slender-stalked or the upper one sessile, densely many -flowered, 8-18 mm. 
long, 4-5 mm. in diameter; perigynia short-oblong, pale, 2 mm. long, obtuse, few- 
nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned. In 
fields and meadows, N. S. to Ont., R. I., Penn., 111. and Wis. Also in Europe. 
May-July. 

99.. Carex abbreviata Prescott. Tokrey's Sedge. (I. F. f. 769.) Pale 
green; culms rather stiff, 2.5-5 d^- ^^.ll, finely ciliate -pubescent. Leaves about 
2 mm. wide, elongated, usually densely pubescent; lower bract spreading or as- 
cending; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1—3, short-oblong, 6-10 
mm. long, sessile or the lower one short-stalked, clustered ; perigynia broadly ob- 
long or obovoid, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, many-nerved, obtuse, abruptly tipped 
by a short cylindric beak; scales cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia. In dry 
soil, N. Y. to the N. W. Terr., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 

Scales of the spike normal, not elongated and leaf-like. Nos. 100-120, 
Leaves 2-36 mm. wide; bracts leafy, usually large. Nos. 100-119. 
Perig-inia green (yellow or purple in no. 116). Nos. 100-117. 
Perigynia finely many-striate. Oligocarpae. 
Sheaths glabrous. 

Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 100. C. conoidea. 
Perigynia with a short entire beak. lOi. C. oHgocarpa. 

Sheaths pubescent. 102. C. Hitchcockiana. 

Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. Laxiflorae. 
Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. 
Beak of the peregynium straight, slender. 

Culms slender, spreading; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, stalked, 

spreading. 103. C. altocaulis. 

Culms stout, erect ; pistillate spikes i or 2, erect. 

104. C. polymorpJia. 
Beak of the perigynium bent, short or none. 
Leaves mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide. 
Scales, at least the upper, obtuse. 

Bracts elongated; spikes loosely flowered; culms 

slender. 105. C. tetanica. 

Bracts short ; spikes densely flowered ; culms stout. 

106. C. Mead it. 
Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned. 

Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. 

Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 rnm. long. 

107. C. laxt'flora. 
Perigynia oblong, narrow, about 4 n\ni. long. 

108. C. stylojiexa. 
Perigynia shari)ly 3-angled. 

Spikes drooping or spreading; leaves 2-4 mm. 
wide, or wider in the variety. 

nX)« C. dii:,! talis. 
Spikes erect; leaves 6-12 mm. wide. 

no. C'. Careyana. 
Leaves broad, 12-36 mm. wide. 

Bracts leafy, the upper usually overtopping the spikes. 

in. (\ Albursiua. 
Bracts mostly reduced to purple leafless sheaths. 

112. C. p/antaginea. 



2XO FLO J? A. 

Plants distinctly glaucous. 

Pistillate spikes drooping on hair-like stalks. 

113. C. laxicultnis. 
Pistillate spikes erect. 

Basal leaves much longer than the culm. 

114. C. ptycJiocarpa. 
Basal leaves shorter than the culm or equalling it. 

Leaves 12-25 mm. wide. ii5- C. platyphylla. 

Leaves 2-4 mm. wide. 

Scales acute ; perigynia yellow, purple or mottled, 

116. C. panicea. 
Scales obtuse, or the lower acute ; perigynia pale green. 

117. C livida. 
Perigynia white, yellow or becoming brown. Bicolores. 

Perig}'nia beakless. 118. C. atirea. 

Perigynia with a short cylindric beak ; arctic species. 119. C. bicolor. 

Leaves and culms almost capillary ; bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths. Digitatae. 

120. C. setifolia. 
Scales of the spikes leaf-like, elongated. Phyllostachyae. 

Lower scales 2 mm. wide or less, not concealing the perigynia. 

Body of the perigynium oblong ; beak flattened. 136. C. Willdenovii. 

Body of the perigynium globose ; beak subulate. 137. C. Jamesii. 

Lower scales 2-4 mm. wide, concealing the perigynia. 138. C. durifolia. 

100. Carex conoidea Schk. Field Sedge. (L F. f. 770.) Glabrous; culms 
rather stiff, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; lower bracts similar; staminate 
spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 
mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, acute, 
beakless, 2-3 mm. long, about I mm. thick, the orifice entire; scales broadly ovate, 
contracted into a rough awn. the lower longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter 
than or equalling them. In meadows, N. S. to Ont., south to R. I., N. J., Ohio 
and Iowa. May-June. 

loi. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. (L F. 771.) Glabrous; 
culms very slender or almost filiform, roughish, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves about 2 
mm. wide, soft, the bracts similar: staminate spike long-stalked or nearly sessile; 
pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly go, distant, loosely few-flowered, 8-16 mm. 
long, less than 4 mm. thick, the lower filiform- stalked; perigynia oblong, pale, 2— 
2.5 mm. long, narrowed into a short entire beak; scales ovate, with a rough spread- 
ing awn. In dry woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to Mich., Iowa, N. J., W. Va. 
Mo., and Kans. May-July. 

102. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitchcock's Sedge. (I. F. f. 772.) 
Culms slender, 3-6 dm. tall ; leaves 3-6 mm. wide, the similar bracts overtopping 
the spikes, their sheaths pubescent, their blades somewhat so; pistillate spikes 2-4, 
loosely few-flowered, perigynia ovoid, obtusely 3-angled, 3 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. 
thick, with a short obliqvie entire beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rough- 
awned. In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to Mich., Iowa, N. J., W. Va. and 
Mo. May-July. 

103. Carex altocaulis (Dewey) Britton. Sheathed Sedge. (L F. f. 773.) 
Glabrous; culms slender, weak, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, shorter 
than the culm, the upper ones and the bracts usually very short; staminate spike 
long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, slender-stalked, less than 2.5 cm. 
long, loosely several-flowered, their stalks partly enclosed by the long sheaths; 
perig}Tiia oblong, 3-angled, few-nerved, 4 mm. long, with a beak about one-fourth 
the length of the body, the orifice 2-tooth, oblique; scales oval or ovate-lanceolate. 
In swamps. Quebec and Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and Minn. Summer. 

104. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Variable Sedge. (I. F. f. 774.) Gla- 
brous, rather dark green; culms stiff, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, nearly 
erect; bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike; staminate spikes i or 2, 
long-stalked; pistillate spikes commonly solitary, erect, short-stalked or sessile, 
2-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, fully 
4 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, the beak more than one-half as long as the 
body, the orifice oblique ; scales red-brown, somewhat shorter than the perig>Tiia. 
In swamps or wet meadows. Me. to N. J., Penn. and N. Car. June-Aug. 

105. Carex tetanica Schk. Wood's Sedge. (I. F. f. 775.) Light green 



C YPERA CEA E. 211 

and glabrous; culms slender, rough above, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; 
bracts narrow, elongated; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, 
distant, 2.5 cm. long or less, or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia 
oblong, many-nerved, about 3 mm. long, the summit curved outwardly and taper- 
ing to an entire orifice, beakless; scales ovate-oblong. In meadows and wet woods, 
Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, N. Car. and La. June-July. 

106. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's Sedge. (I. F. f. 776.) Similar to the 
preceding; culm stouter, very rough above, 3-4 dm. tall. Bracts short, not over- 
topping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong- 
cylindric, dense, I-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the 
upper one sessile; perigynia broadly oblong, many-nerved, 3 mm. long, tipped 
with a minute slightly bent beak; scales ovate, green with purple-brown margins. 
In swamps and wet meadows, R. I. to Penn. and Ga., west to Mich., Assiniboia, 
Neb. and Ind. Terr. The lowest spike is sometimes borne on a very long stalk 
arising from the axil of one of the basal leaves. May-July. 

107. Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. (I. F. f. 777.) Gla- 
brous; culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, soft; 
staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, Hnear-cylindric, 
3-4 mm. thick, all slender- stalked and spreading or drooping or the upper one 
erect and sessile; perigynia obovoid, mor e or less oblique, 2.5-3 "^n^- long? strongly 
many-nerved, tapering into a short outwardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with 
broad white scarious margins acute, cuspidate or awned. In meadows and thick- 
ets. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Ala. and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 

Carex laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott. Pistillate spikes cylindric, mostly densely 
flowered, the upper sessile or nearly so, erect, contiguous to the usually sessile staminate 
one, the lower slender-stalked. Range of the type. Perhaps specifically distinct. 

Carex laxiflbra varians Bailey. Stouter and taller tJhan the preceding : leaves 5- 
7 mm. wide ; pistillate spike sometimes 3 cm. long and 5 mm. thick, dense, often com- 
pound at the base, the upper sessile or short-stalked and contiguous to the sessile stami- 
nate one, the lower long-stalked. N. H. to N. Y., Mich., Mo. and Neb. 

Carex laxiflbra patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. Glaucous or pale green ; basal leaves 
5-9 mm. wide; staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spikes 2.5 cm. long or more, 
loosely flowered, scattered ; perigynia oblong or ellipsoid, the beak nearly straight. 
Halifax, N. S. (according to Macoun) ; Mass. to Mich., Ala. and Tenn. 

Carex laxiflora divarickta Bailey. Perigynia larger than in the other forms, con- 
tracted into a stipe one-half as long as the body. Washington, D. C. 

108. Carex styloflexa Buckley. Bent Sedge. (I. F. f. 778.) Glabrous; 
culms slender, smooth, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the 
culm; bracts short; staminate spike usually long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, 
distant, loosely flowered, less than 16 mm. long, the lower drooping on filiform 
stalks; perigynia oblong, triangular, many-nerved, about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 
somewhat oblique, slender-beaked; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspi- 
date or short-awned, shorter than the perigynia. In woods and thickets, N. Y. 
and Penn, to Fla., La. and Tex. May-July. 

109. Carex digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. (I. F. f. 779.) Gla- 
brous, bright green; culms slender or almost filiform, usually reclining, I-4.5 dm. 
long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear; 
loosely alternately flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower filiform-stalked, spreading 
or drooping; perigynia oblong, sharply triangular, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, more 
than I mm. thick, the short beak slightly oblique; scales acute, acinninate or 
short-awned. In woods and thickets. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. Mav- 

July. 

Carex digitalis copuh\ta Bailey. Larger in every war, culms sometimes 5 dm. long, 
reclining; leaves 5-8 mm. wide; pistillate spikes shorter and denser; perig)'nia larger. 
Mich., S. Ont. and Iowa. 

110. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's Sedge. (I. F. f. 7S0.) (rlabrous, 
bright green; culms 2-6 dm. tall. Basal leaves, 6-12 mm. wide, short; bracts linear- 
lanceolate with very long sheaths, the blades 2-7.5 cm. kmg; staminate spike 
usually large, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3. less than 2.5 cm.\')ng. the lower on a 
long filiform stalk; perigynia ovoid -oblong, sharply 3 -angled, many -nerved, fully 



212 FLORA, 

4 mm. long, the short beak slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with white hyaline 
margins, cuspidate or awned, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, N. E. (accord- 
ing to Bailey); N. Y. to Mich, and Va. May-June. 

111. Carex Albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. (I. F. f. 781). Gla- 
brous, rather deep green; culms flattened, usually spreading, 2-5 dm. long. Basal 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the culm, 1-3 cm. 
wide; bracts similar to the narrower culm leaves; stamina te spike sessile or nearly 
so; pistillate spikes 2-4, 1-2.5 cm. long, very loosely flowered; perigynia obovoid, 
obtusely 3-angled, many-nerved, 4 mm. long, 2 mm, thick, with a short bent entire 
beak; scales ovate-oblong, scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, 
Quebec to Mass., N. Y., Minn., Va. and Iowa. June- Aug. 

112. Carex plantaginea Lam. Plantain-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 782.) 
Glabrous, rather dark green; culms 1.5-5 ^^i. long. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, per- 
sistent through the winter; bracts short, usually with purplish clasping sheaths; 
staminate spike long-stalked, purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, slender-stalked, 2.5 
cm. long or less; perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many -nerved, 3 mm. long; 
scales ovate, cuspidate. In woods, N. B. and Ont. to Manitoba, Va. and Wis. May- 
July. 

113. Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Spreading Sedge. (I. F. f. 783.) Gla- 
brous; blue-green and glaucous; culms filiform, ascending or diffuse 1.5-6 dm. 
long. Basal leaves elongated, 6-iomm. wide; bracts usually short; staminate spike 
long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, 
drooping on long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked; perigynia ovoid- 
oblong, 3-angled, many-nerved, about 2 mm. long, scarcely beaked, longer than 
the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales. In woods and thickets, Me. and 
N. H. to Ont., Mich., R. I. and Va. May-June. 

114. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Thicket Sedge. (I. F. f. 784.) Glabrous; 
pale green and glaucous; culms very slender, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall ; basal leaves 
4-8 mm. wide ; bracts foliaceous ; staminate spike small, sessile ; pistillate 
spikes 2 or 3, the lower one often slender-stalked and nearly basal, all erect, 8-16 
mm. long; perigynia oblong, pale, 3-angled, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, pointed at 
both ends, minutely straight-beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate, obtuse, about 
one-half as long as the perigynia. In moist woods and thickets, Mass. and N. J. 
to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

115. Carex platyphylla Carey. Broad-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 785.) 
Glabrous, pale green and glaucous; culms spreading or reclining, 1-4 dm. long. 
Leaves flat, I— 2.5 cm. .'ide; bracts linear-lanceolate with clasping sheaths; stam- 
inate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, erect, slender-stalked or the upper 
one nearly sessile, several-flowered, I-2 cm. long; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 
many -nerved, slightly bent at the summit, 2-3 mm. long; scales acute, cuspidate 
or short-awned. In woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont to Mich. N H., Va. 
and 111. May-June. 

116. Carex panicea L. Grass-like Sedge. Carnation-grass. (I. F. f. 
786.) Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous; culms smooth, stiff, 2.5-6 dm. 
tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, the bracts much shorter and narrower; staminate 
spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, filiform-stalked or the upper 
nearly sessile, about 5 mm. thick; perigynia oval, about 3 mm. long, obscurely 
3-angled, yellow, purple, or mottled, faintly few-nerved, with a short entire some- 
what oblique beak; scales ovate, acute, purple or purple-margined. In fields and 
meadows, N. S. to Me. and R. I. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 

117. Carex livida(Wahl.) Willd. Livid Sedge. (L F. f. 787.) Glabrous, 
pale green and very glaucous; culms erect, smooth, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 
mm. wide, involute in drying; bracts narrow, usually short; staminate spike short- 
stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, clustered at the 
summit, cylindric, the third, when present, distant, stalked; perigynia oblong, 
very pale, nearly 4 mm. long, finely nerved, straight, beakless, narrowed to an 
entire orifice; scales ovate, obtuse or the lower subacute, rather shorter than the 
perigynia. In bogs, Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Conn., the pine 
barrens of N. J. , central N. Y. and Mich. Also in Europe. Summer. 

118. Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited Sedge. (L F. f. 788.) Glabrous, 
light green; culms erect or recUniag, 5-40 cm. long. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide* 



CYPERACEAE. ^AX 

bracts similar; terminal spike short-stalked, staminate or androgynous; pistillate 
spikes 2 -4, oblong, clustered near the summit or the lower one distant, filiform- 
stalked, few -flowered, 4-20 mm. long; perigynia obovoid or subglobose, becoming 
fleshy, yellow or brown and about 2 mm. in diameter when mature, many-nerved, 
beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate; stigmas mostly 2. In wet meadows, 
springs and on wet rocks, Newf. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Mass., 
Penn., Mich., Utah and Wash. Summer. 

119. C-rex bicolor All. Parti-colored Sedge. (I. F. f. 789.) Similar 
to the preceding, but with somewhat glaucous culms. Basal leaves 2-4 mm. wide; 
spikes 2-4, mostly clustered at the summit; perigynia oblong, white, compressed, 
few-nerved, less than 2 mm. long, not fleshy at maturity, abruptly tipped with a 
short entire nearly cylindric beak; scales brown-purple with white midvein and 
margins, oval, shorter than the peri^nia. Greenland and Lab. (according to 
Boott). Also in Europe. Summer. 

120. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. Bristle-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 
790.) Glabrous, pale green; culms filiform, smooth, weak, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves 
filiform, shorter than the culm, less than 0.5 mm. wide; bracts reduced to blade- 
1 ss sheaths; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-4, slender- 
s.alked, 4-8 mm. long, loosely few-flowered, the upper commonly overtopping the 
staminate; perigynia oblong, 3 -angled, 2 mm. long, polished and nearly olack when 
mature, faintly few-nerved, tapering into a short entire beak; scales ovate, hya- 
line, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In dry sandy or rocky soil, prefer- 
ring limestone, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Penn., Ky. and Neb. May-July. 

Culm-leaves present, often short ; bracts mainly reduced to bladetess purplish sheaths. 
Pedunculatae. 
Staminate spike short-stalked or sessile. 

Perigynia about twice as long as the scales. 121. C. coiicinna. 

Perigynia not longer than the scales. 122. C. Richardsoni. 

Staminate spike long-stalked, commonly with some pistillate flowers at its base. 

123. C. pedimculata. 
Leaves all basal ; bracts short or long, not sheathing. 

Neither the culm nor the leaves pubescent ; perigynia rounded. Montanae. 
Plant not stoloniferous. 124. C. pedicellata. 

Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. 
Culms, or some of them, longer than the leaves. 
Scales smooth or very nearly so. 

Staminate spike conspicuous, 6-18 mm. long. 
Staminate spike stout, 1-3 mm. thick. 

Plant dark green ; staminate spike very prominent ; peri- 
gynia broadly oval. 125. C. Pennsyhmiiica. 
Plant light green; staminate spike shorter ; perigynia ob- 
long. 126. C. varia. 
Staminate spike very slender, not over i mm. thick. 

127. C, Novae-Angliae. 
Staminate spike inconspicuous, rarely over 4 mm. long (longer in 
the variety). 128. C. deflexa. 

Scales, at least the lower, rough-awned. 129. C. pruecox. 

Culms, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves.* 

Scales light green with purple margins ; perigynia oblong. 

130. C. lugromarginata. 
Scales green with lighter scarious margins ; perigynia oval. 

131. C. iDubellata. 
Plant pubescent all over; perigynia sharply 3-angled. Triquetrae. 

132. C. pubescens. 

•i-2\. Carex concinna R. Br. Low Northern Sedge. (I. F. f. 701.) 

Culms filiform, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, pale green, much 
shorter than the culm; bracts reduced to green bladeless sheaths, or the lower one 
with an erect subulate blade 6-12 mm. long; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
spikes 1-3, erect, 4-8 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, compactly few-flowered; peri- 
gynia oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, pubescent, short-beaked, few-nerved, about twice as 
long as the ovate green or purplish scales. In rocky places, (^>ucbcc and Out. 
to Br. Col. Summer. 

122. Carex Richardsoni R. Br. Richardson's Sedge. (I. F. f. 792.) 
Culms slender, rough, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the culm 



214 FLORA. 

vei/ snort; bracts bladeless, sheathing, 6-25 mm. long, usually browr -purple with 
a white hyaline tip; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2. erect, 
short-stalked, 8-18 mm. long, compact, their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in 
the sheaths; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, minutely beaked; 
scales mostly longer than the perigynia, purple, conspicuously white-margined. 
In dry soil, Ont. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to western X. Y., 111., 
Iowa and S. Dak. Summer. 

123. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Long-stalked Sedge. (I. F. f. 793.) 
Densely matted; culms slender, roughish above, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves flat, 2- 

3 mm. wide; sheaths green, the upper almost bladeless; staminate spike long- 
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-6, 6-12 mm. long, few-flowered, filiform-stalked and 
spreading or drooping, some of them appearing basal; perigynia obovoid. 3-angled, 

4 mm. long, nerveless, narrowed into a stipe^ tipped with a minute and somewhat 
oblique entire beak; scales ovate, abruptly cuspidate or the lower subulate-awned. 
In dry woods, Anticostito Manitoba, Ya.. Penn. and Iowa. May- July. 

124. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fibrous-rooted Sedge. (I. F. f. 
794.) Light green, not stoloniferous ; culms slender, roughish above, 1. 5-5 dm. 
long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culms; lower bract 0.6-5 c™- lo^gi 
staminate spike short-stalked, 8-25 mm. long ; pistillate spikes 2-4, short-oblong, 
few-flowered; perigynia oval or oblong, rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubes- 
cent, with a subulate 2-toothed beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales 
green, ovate, acute. In dry soil, N. S. to ^linn. Ga., Ohio and Neb. May-July. 

Carex pedicellata Wheeleri (Bailey) Britton. Usually lower than the species and 
the leaves much shorter than the culm; staminate spike only 4-6 mm. long; pistillate 
spikes closer together. N. S. to Conn, and Mich. 

125. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge. (I. F. f. 795.) 
Dark or dull green, stoloniferous ; culms slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves I-3 mm. 
wide, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose ; lower bract rarely over I cm. long ; 
staminate spike sessile or vers' short-stalked, 1-2.5 cm. long ; pistillate spikes 1-3, 
short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile ; perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 
i-ribbed on each side, with a 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the 
body ; scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate. In dry soil. N. B. to Mani- 
toba and the N. W. Terr., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. May-June. 

126. Carex varia Muhl. Emmons' Sedge. (I. F. f. 796.) Stoloniferous; 
culms filiform, erect or somewhat spreading. 1. 5-5 dm. long. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. 
wide, nearly always shorter than the culms; lower bract scale-like or subulate, 
rarely 2 cm. long; staminate spike 4-8 mm. long, sessile, usually rather prominent; 
pistillate spikes 2-4, 4-6 mm. long; perigynia oblong, pubescent, about 2 mm. 
long, narrowed at the base, with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly 
one-half the length of the body; scales ovate, green or purplish -brown, acute. In 
dry soil, N. S. to Ont, Manitoba, Ga. and Tex. May-July. 

127. Carex Novae-Angliae Schwein. Xew England Sedge. (I. F. f. 
797.) Stoloniferous; culms filiform, erect or reclining. 1-2 dm. long. Leaves 
about I mm. wide, soft, elongated, often exceeding the culms; staminate spike 
short-stalked, very narrow, 6-16 mm. long; pistillate spikes I-4, distant, sub- 
globose; lower bract filiform, sometimes overtopping the spikes; perigynia 2 mm. 
long, pubescent, tipped by a subulate 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of 
the body; scales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 2 or 3. In 
wet shaded places. N. B. to Me., Mass. and X. N. Y. Summer. 

128. Carex deflexa Homem. X'^orthern Sedge. (I. F. f. 798.) Culms 
filiform, diff"use, 2-30 cm. long. Bracts I-5 cm. long; staminate spike sessile, 
2-6 mm. long, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, 4-8 mm. long, the upper 
sessile, the lower slender-stalked; commonly also I or 2 nearly basal filiform- 
stalked spikes from the lowest sheaths; perig}-nia oblong, pubescent, 2 mm. long 
or less, with a flat 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body; scales 
green, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 3 or 2. In open places, N. S. to Ont., Me., Yt. 
and Penn. Summer. 

Carex deflexa Farwellii Britton. Densely tufted: culms stiff, erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, 
commonly much longer than the leaves; staminate spike conspicuous, 6-to mm. long; 
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, scattered, the lower slender-stalked and subtended by a foli- 



CYPERACEAE. 21 5 

aceous bract which often overtops the culm; perigynia 2-3 mm. long-. N. Mich, to 
Br. Col. and Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 

128a. Carex albicans Willd. Whitish Sedge. Stoloniferous, pale green; 
culms 0.7-5 ^"^- ^^1^- Leaves usually shorter than the culm, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; 
bracts very short; staminate spike Icsl-. than 6 mm. long, sessile; pistillate spikes 2 
or 3, clustered, ovoid, about as long as the staminate; perigynia ellipsoid, 
3 -angled, pubescent, the short beak 2-toothed; scales acute or cuspidate, shorter 
than the perigynia. In dry soil, N. E. and N. Y. May-June. 

129. Carex praecox Jacq. Vernal Sedge. (I. F. f. 799.) Dark green, 
stoloniferous; culms slender, smooth, 7-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, 
almost always much shorter than the culm; lower bract 6-25 mm. long; staminate 
spike usually large and conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all close together, 
oblong, 6-12 mm. long; perigynia oblong or obovoid, sharply 3-angled, pubescent, 
brown, about 2 mm. long; tipped with a minute beak; scales ovate, purple-brown 
with a lighter midvein, acute, cuspidate or the lower rough-awned, about equalling 
the perigynia. E. Alass. to N. Y. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
May -June. 

130. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein. Black-edged Sedge. (I. F. f. 
800.) Bright green, stoloniferous; culms filiform, 5-20 cm. long. Leaves 2-4 
mm. wide, much longer than the culms, rather stiff; bracts short and subulate or 
wanting; staminate spike sessile, 4-6 mm. long; pistillate spikes I-3, sessile, about 
6 mm. long; perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into a short stipe, pubescent 
or nearly glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, with a cylindric-subulate 2-toothed beak one- 
third to one-half as long the body; scales acute or cuspidate, green with purple 
margins or variegated, rather longer than the perigynia. Dry soil, N. Y. to N. 
Car. May-July. 

131. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge. (I. F. f. 801.) Rather 
light green, tufted and matted, stoloniferous; culms filiform, 5-15 cm. long. 
Leaves I-3 mm. wide, usually much exceeding the culms, the old sheaths fibrillose; 
staminate spike commonly conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked from 
the basal sheaths or I or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the 
staminate, ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long; perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the 
body rather less than 2 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly 
its length ; scales acuminate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia. Dry 
soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., the Ind. Terr, and Ore. May-July. 

132. Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sedge. (L F. f. 802.) Pubescent 
all over, bright green, stoloniferous; culms 3-6 dm. long. Leaves flat, soft, elon- 
gated, 4-7 mm. wide ; lower bracts 2-8 cm. long; staminate spike sessile or nearly 
so ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, 8-20 mm. long, the upper sessile ; 
perigynia 3-angled, obovoid, narrowed to a stipe-like base, densely pubescent, and, 
including the subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, about 4 mm. long ; scales ovate, 
rough-awned or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, 
N. S. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Mo. June- Aug. 

Leaves 2-5 cm. wide, thick, spreading. Physocephalae. 133. C. F7-asert. 

Leaves 0.5-6 mm. wide. 

Staminate and pistillate spikes on different culms. Scirpinae. 

Leaves longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid; southern species. 

134. C. picta. 
Leaves shorter than the culm ; perigynia oval ; northern species. 

135. C. schpoiJea. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 

Scales of the spike leaf-like, elongated. Phyllostachyae. 

Lower scales 2 mm. wide or less, not enclosing the perigynia. 

Body of the perigynium oblong, its beak flattened. 136. C. WilldenoviL 
Body of the perigynium globose, its beak subulate. 137. C. Jamesii. 
Lower scales 2-5 mm. wide enclosing the perigynia. 13S. C. durifolia. 
Scales of the spike short, normal. 

Leaves 1-2 nmi. wide; arctic and western species. Rupestres. 
Spike solitary, androgynous; perigynium-beak stout, long. 

139. C. rupestris. 
Spikes 2-4, the staminate uppermost ; perigynium-bt\ik short. 

140. C. supina. 



2l6 FLORA. 

Leaves 0.5 mm. wide or less. 

Perig^mia obtuse, beakless ; sv.-amp species. LeptocephalaE. 

141. C. leptalea. 
Perigynia obovoid-oval, beaked : prairie species. Filifoliae. 

142. C. filifolia, 

133. Carex Fraseri Andr. Fraser's Sedge. (I. F. f. 803.) Glabrous; culms 
smooth, slender, reclining. 2.5-5 ^'^- long. Basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, flat, firm, 
spreading, finely many-nerved, their margins usually finely crumpled in dr}-ing; 
culm leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths ; spike solitary, bractless, terminal, 
androg}Tious. 1-2.5 cm. long, the pistillate portion dense, about 1.2 cm. in diam- 
eter in fruit ; perig^mia ovoid, pale green, faintly many-ner\^ed, fully 4 mm. long, 
with a short nearly trimcate beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the 
perigynia. In rich woods, Va.. W. Va., Tenn. and N. Car. Our largest-leaved 
species. May-July. 

134. Carex picta Steud. Boott's Sedge. (I. F. f. 804.) Dioecious; foliage 
glabrous, light green ; culm slender, smooth, 1.5-3 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. 
wide ; spike usually solitary, densely many-flowered, the staminate about 2.5 cm, 
long, the pistillate narrowed at the base. 2-6 cm. long, subtended by a short 
purple sheath ; perig\-nia strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward the 
obtuse summit, about 3 mm. long ; scales purple, shining, obovate, acute or 
cuspidate, longer and wider than the perigynia. In woods, Ind. to Ala. and La. 
Summer. 

135. Carex scirpoidea Michx. Scirpus-like Sedge. (I. F. f. 805.) 
Dioecious; foKage glabrous, rather bright green; culms erect, stiff", 1.5-4.5 dm. 
tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide; spike usually solitary, linear-cylLndric, 1.5-3 cm. 
long. 3-4 mm. in diameter, subtended by a short or subulate bract ; 
perigjmia few-nerved, densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, with a very short beak ; 
scales ovate-oval, dark purple, acute, about as long as the perig^mia. In rocky 
soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher mountains of X. Eng. and Lake 
Huron. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

136. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Willdenow's Sedge. (I. F. f. 806.) 
Glabrous and pale green; culms 2—10 cm. high. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, often 3 dm. 
long, much overtopping the spikes, the lowest reduced to sheaths ; spikes 1-5, 
androg}Tious, staminate above, pistillate below, or sometimes completely staminate, 
about 1.2 cm. long, appearing nearly basal, one of them or more on long filiform 
stalks; body of the perig}-nium oblong, smooth. 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into a 
2-edged rough beak of about its own length ; scales lanceolate, acute, acmninate or 
awned, finely several-nerved, the lower I or 2 commonly bract-like. In dry woods 
and thickets, Me. to Ohio, Mich., Manitoba. Fla.. Ky. and Tex. April-July. 

137. Carex Jamesii Schwein. James' Sedge. (I. F. f. 807.) Similar to 
the preceding species, but the leaves rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending. 
Spikes androg}-nous, the terminal staminate portion slender, the pistillate flowers 
only 1-4 and slightly separated • body of the perig}Tiium subglobose. 2 mm. 
in diameter, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length ; 
lower scales bract-like, foliaceous, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding 
the perigvnia. In drv woods and thickets, S. Ont. and N. Y. to Ind.. Iowa. D. C. 
W. Va. and Mo. April-May. 

138. Carex durifolia Bailey. Back's Sedge. (I. F. f. 808.) Glabrous; 
culms scarcely 2.5 cm. high. Leaves 1.5-3 ^™- long, 3-6 mm. wide, much over- 
topping the spikes ; spikes 1-3. nearly basal, androg^mous, i or 2 of them very 
slender-stalked, the staminate flowers few. terminal, the pistillate 2-6, subtended 
by leafy bract-like elongated scales which nearly enclose the inflorescence ; peri- 
gynia oval, smooth, tapering into a stout subulate beak nearly or quite as long as 
the body. In woods and thickets, Ont. to Manitoba.. Mass., N. Y., Ohio and Neb. 
Also in Colo, (according to Bailey).. May-Jtme. 

139. Carex rupfestris All. Rock Sedge. (I. F. f. 809.) Culms rather 
stout, obtusely 3-angled. erect, 2-15 cm. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, involute in 
drying, often curved; bract subulate, erect shorter than the terminal androg}-nous 
spike or wanting ; spike 1-2.5 cm. long, the pistillate flowers few. basal ; peri- 
gjmia smooth, obovoid or elliptic, firm, faintly few-nerved, about 4 mm. long, the 
beak stout, cylindric, about one-half as long as the body ; scales purple-brown. 



CYPERACEAE. . 21 7 

Lab. and Greenland to Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern 
Exirope and Asia. Summer. 

140. Carex supina Willd. Weak Arctic Sedge. (I. F. f. 810.) Glabrous, 
tufted ; culms nearly filiform, sharply 3-angled, I-2.5 dm. tall. Leaves about 
I mm. wide, rough-margined, flat, shorter than the culm ; lower bract short, subu- 
late ; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, 6-12 mm. long ; pistillate spikes I-3, 
sessile near the summit, subglobose or oblong, 4-6 mm. long ; perigynia ovoid, 
smooth, hard, nerveless, about 2 mm. long, 3-angled, with a very short beak ; 
scales ovate, brown-purple or lighter-margined. N. Minn, (according to Bailey) 
and Manitoba to arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern Europe and 
Asia. Summer. 

141. Carex leptaleaWahl. Bristle-stalked Sedge. (I. F. f. 811.) Light 
green and glabrous ; culms filiform, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves not over 
0.5 mm. wide; spike solitary, terminal, androgynous, linear, 4-14 mm. long; 
perigynia few, linear-oblcng, light green, many -nerved, obtuse and beakless, about 
3 mm. long; scales membranous, the lowest sometimes attenuated into a subulate 
awn nearly as longas the spike; stigmas 2 or 3. In bogs and swamps, Newf. to Br. 
Col., Fla., La., Tex., Colo, and Ore. June-Aug. 

142. Carex filifolia Nutt. Thread-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 812.) Densely 
tufted, pale green and glabrous; culms slender, smooth, erect, 0.7-3.5 ^™- ^''-^^• 
Leaves filiform, rather stiff, about 0.5 mm. wide, their sheaths ultimately fibrillose; 
spike erect, bractless, 0.6-3 cm. long, the pistillate part about 4 mm. in diameter; 
perigynia obovoid-oval, triangular, few-nerved or nearly nerveless, rough or some- 
what pubescent at the summit, 2 mm. long, abruptly tipped by a short cylindric 
entire beak; scales broadly oval, about as long as the perigynia but much broader. 
\xi dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans., Colo, and Cal. May-July. 

Perigynia nerveless, or faintly few-nerved. 

Perigynia with a short nearly entire beak. 143. C. capitata. 

Perigynia beakless, the orifice 2-toothed. 144. C. nardina. 

Perigynia strongly several- nerved on the outer face. 

Beak of the perigynium very short. 145. C. Redowskyana, 

Beak slender, rough, about half as long as the body of the perigynium. 

146. C. exilis. 

143. Carex capitata L. Capitate Sedge. (I. F. f. 813.) Culms very 
slender, stiff, 0.5-4.5 dm. tall, smooth or nearly so. Leaves filiform, involute, 
erect, shorter than the culm; spike ovoid, bractless, 4-8 mm. high; perigynia 
oblong-elliptic, 2 mm. long, I mm. thick, with a nearly entire dark brown beak 
about one-fourth as long as the body; scales broadly ovate, brown, shorter and 
rather broader than the perigynia. Greenland and Lab. to the N. W. Terr, and on 
the White Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 

144. Carex nardina Fries. Nard Sedge. (I. F. f. 814.) Culms filiform, 
smooth, 4-12 cm. tall, densely tufted. Leaves filiform, erect, about as long as the 
culms; spike terminal, ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, bractless; perigynia oblong- 
elliptic, yellowish brown, nerveless, nearly 4 mm. long, somewhat hispid above, 
beakless, the orifice 2-toothed; scales ovate, brown, rather longer than the per- 
igynia. Lab. and Hudson Bay to Br. Col. Summer. 

145. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. Redowsky's Sedge. (I. F. f. 
815.) Culms slender, stiff, 0.7-2 dm. tall. Leaves almost bristle-form, erect; 
spike oblong, 4-16 mm. long, the pistillate part 4-6 mm. thick, sometimes wholly 
staminate or pistillate; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, stipitate, 2-3 mm. long, spread- 
ing or reflexed when mature, strongly several-nerved, little compressed, rough above, 
narrowed into a very short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, 
shorter than or equalling the perigynia. La bogs. Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Me., 
Vt., Penn., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Summer. 

146. Carex exilis Dewey. Coast Sedge. (L F. f. S16.) Culms very 
slender, stiff, nearly or quite smooth, 2.5-5 ^'^^^- ^'^^^- T^t^aves involuto-filiform; 
spike bractless, 0.6-3.6 cm. long, occasionally quite dioecious; perigynia ovoid- 
ellipsoid, about 3 mm. long, rather strongly several-nerved on the outer face, 
faintly few-nerved on the inner, spreading ox reflexed at maturity, narrowed into a 
slender rough 2-toothed beak, about one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, 



2l8 ^ FLORA. 

acute. In bogs, Newf. and Lab. to S. K. J., mostly near the coast. Reported 
from Minn. May-July. 

Scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not a\vned= Foetidae. 

Perig^vnia strongly many-nerved. 147. C, chordorhiza. 

Perigynia faintly several-nerved. 

Culms and leaves usually curved ; scales shorter than the perigynia. 

148. C. ificuj-va. 
Culms mostly straight, erect ; scales equalling the perigjnia. 

149. C. ste7iophylla. 
Scales lanceolate, a^Tied, or long-acuminate. Arenariae. 

Scales 2-4 times longer than the perigynia ; western species. 150. C. Doiiglasii. 
Scales about equalling the perigj'nia ; introduced sea-coast species. 

151. C. arenaj-ia. 

147. Carex chordorhiza L. f. Creeping Sedge. (I. F. f. 817.) Rootstocks 
slender ; culms slender. 2-4.5 ^"^^ tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, shorter than the 
culm, somewhat involute in drv^ing, the lower ones reduced to sheaths ; spikes 2-4, 
aggregated into a head 8-12 mm. long ; perig\-nia ellipsoid, slightly more than 
2 mm. long, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer, strongly many-nerved, 
abruptly tipped by a short entire beak. In bogs and shallow water, Anticosti to 
Hudson Bay and the K. W. Terr., south to Me., N. Y., Penn., 111. and Iowa. Also 
in Europe. Summer. 

148. Carex incurva Lightf. Curved Sedge. (I. F. f. 818.) Densely 
tufted ; culms smooth, often curved, 2- 15 cm. long. Leaves less than 2 mm. wide, 
usually curved ; spikes 2-5, sessile and aggregated into a dense head 10-16 mm. 
in diameter ; staminate flowers few, borne at the tops of the spikes ; perigynia 
ovate, slightly swollen, compressed, 3 mm. long, narrowed above into a short conic 
entire beak, faintly several-many-nerved, scales ovate, brown or brow-nish, acute 
or subacute, shorter than the perigynia. Greenland and Hudson Bay to Br. Col., 
south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

149. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Involute-lea^t:d Sedge. (I. F. f. 819.) 
Densely tufted and strongly stoloniferous, pale green; culms smooth, stiff, 7-20 cm. 
high. Leaves involute, about I mm. wide; inflorescense much as in the preceding 
species; perigynia about 2 mm. long, faintly several-nerved, flat on the inner face, 
low convex on the outer, narrowed into a short entire beak: scales ovate, brownish, 
acute or acuminate, about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Man. to Br. Col., 
Iowa, Kans. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

150. Carex Douglasii Boott. Douglas' Sedge. (I. F. f. 820.) Light green ; 
rootstock extensively creeping ; culms smooth or nearly so. i— 3 dm. tall. Leaves 
2 mm. wide or less, somewhat involute in drying; spikes oblong, acute, 8-12 mm. 
long, in a dense oblong or ovoid cluster 2-5 cm. long ; staminate flowers terminal 
or variously distributed ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, faintly 
several-nerved, the slender beak more than one-half as long as the body ; scales 
pale greenish brown, lanceolate, scarious. smooth -a wned, 2-4 times longer than the 
perigynia. In dry soil. Manitoba to Neb., N. Mex.. Br. Col. and Cal. June-Aug. 

151. Carex arenaria L. Sand Sedge. Sand-star. (I. F. f. 821.) Root- 
stock extensively creeping; culms 1-4 dm. high. Leaves 2 mm., wide or less; lower 
bract subulate ; spikes oblong, 6-10 mm. long, in a terminal ovoid cluster 2-5 cm. 
long ; perigynia lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on both sides, the 
flat strongly 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body; scales lanceolate, long-acumi- 
nate or awned. about equalling the perigynia. On sea beaches near Norfolk. Va. 
Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Jmie-July. 

Perig}-nia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. Nos. 152-154. \'ul- 

PINAE. 

Beak of the perig\-niura shorter than the body. 152. C. conjuncta. 

Beak of the perigynium equalling or longer than the body. 

Spikes crowded in an oblong cluster ; beak 1-2 lengths of the body. 

153. C. stipata. 
Spikes in a large branching cluster ; beak 3-4 lengths of the body. 

154. C. C?-jis-Corvu 
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved. Nos. 155-163. Multiflorae, 

Spikes very numerous in a branched decompound cluster, small. 155. C. decomposita. 



CYPERACEAE. 219 

Spikes several or man}^ in an oblong or narrow, simple or somewhat compound 
cluster. 

Leaves 2 mm. wide or less. 

Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body ; western species. 

156. C. marcida. 
Beak as long as the body ; northern marsh species. 157. C. teretiuscula. 
Leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 

Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. 
Perigynia 3-5 mm. long. 

Perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the beak about as long as the 

body. 158. C. alopecoidea. 

Perigynia broadly ovate or obicular, the beak about one-third as 
long as the body. 159. C. gravida. 

Perigynia 3 mm. long or less. 

Leaves as long as the culm or longer. 160. C. vulpinoidea. 

Leaves shorter than the culm. 

Perigynia ovate-elliptic, the base narrowed. 

161. C. xanthocarpa. 
Perigynia lanceolate, the base' truncate. 162. C. setacea. 
Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 163. C. Sartwellii. 

152. Carex conjuncta Boott. Soft Fox Sedge. (I. F. f. 822.) Light 
green ; culms sharply 3-angled when fresh, soft, 4-9 dm. tall. Leaves soft, rough- 
margined, 5-7 mm. wide ; bracts small and bristle-like, or wanting ; spikes in a 
terminal elongated cluster, or the lower separated ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, 3 mm. long, tapering into a roughish 2-toothed beak ; scales oblong- 
lanceolate, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia. In moist 
meadows and thickets, N. J. (according to Bailey), Penn. to Ky., Iowa and Minn. 
June-Aug. 

153. Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited Sedge. (I. F. f. 823.) Culms 
smooth, sharply 3-angled, 2— 10 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 4-8 mm. wide; bracts bristle- 
form or wanting; spikes numerous, yellowish brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 
3-10 cm. long, the staminate flowers few, always terminal; perigynia lanceolate, 
4-5 mm. long, tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as 
the body; scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia. In 
swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Fla., Tenn., Mo., 
N. Mex. and Cal. May-July. 

154. Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw. Raven's-foot Sedge. (I. F. f. 824.) 
Pale green and glaucous; culms 3-angled, rough above, 0.5-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 
flat, 5-12 mm. wide, rough-margined; usually shorter; spikes yellowish brown, 
very numerous in a large compound branching cluster I-3 dm. long ; perigynia 
elongated -lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, with a short hard base and a subulate 
rough 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, much shorter than the peri- 
gynia. In swamps, Ind. to Minn., Fla.,. La. and Tex. May-July. 

155. Carex decomposita Muhl. Large-panicled Sedge. (I. F. f. 825.) 
Dark green; culms smooth, obtusely angled, or terete below, 4-9 dm. tall. Leaves 
4-8 mm. wide, rough, longer than the culm; spikes yellowish brown, very numer- 
ous in a decompound cluster 5-13 cm. long, the lower branches 2-5 cm. long; 
bracts subulate, ciliate, or wanting ; perigynia short-obovate, less than 2 mm. long, 
hard, abruptly tipped with a short slightly 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, alx)ut 
equalling the perigynia. In swamps, N. Y. to Ohio, Mich., Fla. and La. May- 
Aug. 

156. Carex marcida Boott. Clustered Field Sedge. (I. F. ±. 826.) 
Light green; culms 3-angled, rough, at least above, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. 
wide or less, much shorter than the culm; bracts short, subulate, or wanting; spikes 
several, staminate at the summit or some of them wholly staminate, in ai\ i^blong 
head about 3 cm. long; perigynia ovate, dark brown, alxjut 2 mm. long, faintly 
nerved, tapering into a flat serrate beak; scales brownish, acute or cuspidate, 
about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans., N. Mex. 
and Nev. June-Sept. 

157. Carex teretiviscula Gooden. Lesser Panicled Sedge. (1. F. f. 827.) 
Rather light green; culms veiy rough, at least alxwe, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves 
mostly less than 2 mm. wide; bracts small or none; spikes several or ivumerous, in 
a narrowly oblong cluster 2-5 cm. long; perigynia ovate-oval, smooth, dark brown. 



220 FLORA. 

hard, shining, the body slightly more than i mm. long, truncate or rounded at the 
head, short-stalked, tapering into a flat conic beak about its own length; scales thin, 
ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned, about equalling the perigynia. In swamps 
and wet meadows, N. S. to Hudson Bay, Br. Col., R. I., Penn. and Neb. Also in 
Europe. May-July. 

Carex teretiuscula pr^irea (Dewey) Britton. Cluster of spikes compound, branched, 
the top commonly nodding. Ont. to Br. Col., Mass., Tenn., Ky., Iowa and Ore. 

158. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Foxtail Sedge. (I. F. f. 828.) Light 
green; culms soft, sharply 3-angled, 5-9 dm. long, roughish above. Leaves flat, 
3-6 mm. wide; bracts almost filiform, commonly short; spikes several or numerous, 
in a cluster 2-5 cm. long; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stipitate, 3- 
4 mm. long, pale brown, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the 
body ; scales ovate or oval, light brown, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long 
as the perigynia. In meadows, Vt. to N. Y., Perm., Mich, and Manitoba. 

Carex alopecoidea sparsispic^ta Dewey. Spikes distinctly separated. S. E. Mich. 

159. Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy Sedge. (I. F. f. 829.) Light green; 
culms 4-9 dm. tall, 3-angled, rough above. Leaves flat, 3-6 mm. wide ; bracts 
usually very short ; spikes several, in a dense heavy head 2-3.5 cm. long, pale, 
subglobose ; perigynia flat, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, rounded 
at the base, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about one-third as long as the body, 
several-nerved on the outer face or nerveless ; scales, acute, cuspidate or short- 
awned, about as long as the perigynia. 111. to S. Dak., Neb. and Ind. Terr. 
May-July. 

160. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. (I. F. f. 830.) Culms stiff". 
3-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, often exceeding the 
culm ; bracts bristle-like; spikes ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a 
cluster 3-13 cm. long ; perigynia ovate, less than 2 mm. long, greenish brown, 
flat, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless or i -3 -nerved on the inner, tipped 
with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, 
acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower. In swamps 
and wet meadows, N. B. to Manitoba, Fla., La., Neb. and Tex. June-Aug. 

161. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Yellow-fruited Sedge. (I. F. f. 831.) 
Culms rather stout, rough above, 0.3-1.4 m. tall, much longer than the leaves. 
Leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; head usually dense; spikes numerous, ovoid, short ; bracts 
mostly short and inconspicuous ; perigynia bright yellow, plano-convex, ovate- 
elliptic, about 3 mm. long, with a narrowed or cuneate base, and a short minutely 
2-toothed beak, nerveless, or obscurely few-nerved on the outer face ; scales acumi- 
nate, short-awned. In fields, Mass. to N. Y. and Iowa. June-Aug. 

Carex xanthocarpa annectens Bicknell. Lower and slender ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; 
head not over 3.5 cm. long- ; bracts usually numerous and longer than the globose spikes; 
perigynia ovate or suborbicular. Abundant in the vicinity of N. Y. 

162. Carex setacea Dewey. Bristly-spiked Sedge. (I. F. f. 832.) 
Culms 0.4-1.2 m. tall, rough above. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, shorter 
than the culm; head narrowly oblong, 3-6 cm. long; bracts bristle-like; spikes 
ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 5-8 mm. long, usually close together; perigynia lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from a more or less truncate base to a narrow rough 
2-toothed beak, few-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long. N. Y. and Mass. June-Aug. 

163. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's Sedge. (I. F. f. 833.) Culms 
stiff", rough above, 3-angled, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; bracts se- 
taceous^ usually small; spikes ovoid or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually densely aggre- 
gated in a narrow cluster; perigynia lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, strongly 
several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
pale brown, about equalling the perigynia. In swamps, Ont. to Br. Col., N. Y., 
111., Mich., Ark. and Utah. May-July. 

Perigynia ellipsoid, nearly terete; spikes 1-5-flowered, widely separated, or the upper 
close together. 164. C. tenella. 

Perigynia lanceolate, ovate or roundish, compressed or plano-convex; spikes several- 
many-flowered. 



CYPERACEAE. 221 

Spikes separated or the upper close together; perigynia mostly radiating, or reflexed. 
Leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 

Beak of the perigynium one-fourth to one-half as long as the body; native 
woodland species. 

Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long. 

Perigynia stellately radiating. 165. C. rosea. 

Perigynia reflexed when mature. 166. C. retroflexa. 

Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. 167. C. Texensis. 
Beak of the perigynium more than half as long as the body; introduced 
field species. 168. C, muricata. 

Leaves 5-9 mm. wide. 169. C. sparganioides. 

Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated; perigynia spreading or ascending. 
Leaves thin, lax, 4-8 mm. wide; perigynia about 4 mm. long: 

170. C. cephaloidea. 
Leaves stififer, 1-4 mm. wide. 

Perigynia 2 mm. long or less, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. 

Leaves 2-4 mm, wide; perigynia ovate 171. C. cephalophora. 

Leaves 1-2 mm. wide; perigynia orbicular-ovate; southern. 

172. C. Leavenworthii. 
Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly-nerved (except in var. Xalapensis). 

173. C. Muhlenbergii. 

164. Carex tenella Schk. Soft-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 834.) Light 
green; rootstocks slender; culms almost filiform, rough, 1.5-5 *i"^- '^ong. Leaves 
soft, about I mm. wide, spreading; spikes only 1-5 -flowered; perigynia ovoid- 
ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, finely many -nerved, about 2 mm. long, with a 
very minute entire beak; scales ovate, hyaline, acute. In bogs, Newf. to Br. Col., 
N. J., Penn., Mich., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe. June-July. 

Carex Ele6charis Bailey. A very slender erect species, with 2 or 3 small brown 
1-3-fiowered spikes aggregated in a terminal head, 3-4 mm. long, ovoid, slightly swollen 
marginless plano-convex short-beaked perigynia. Collected by Prof. Macoun on the 
Saskatchewan Plains; probably occurs within the northwestern limits of our area. 

\t%. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. (I. F. f. 835.) Culms slender 
or filiform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves flat, soft, 2 mm. wide or less, 
shorter than the culm; lower bract 1-6 cm. long; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-6 mm. 
in diameter, 5-15-flowered; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flat, bright green, stellately 
diverging, nerveless, shining, 2-3 mm. long, tapering into a stout 2-toothed beak, 
about one-fourth the length of the body; scales ovate-oblong, white, half as long as 
the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Ont., Manitoba, N. Car., Mo. 
and Neb. May-July, 

Carex rbsea radi^ta Dewey. Culms filiform, spreading ; leaves about i mm. wide ; 
spikes only 2-6-fiowered, scattered ; perigynia ascending, lanceolate, about i mm. wide. 
Me. and Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Ky. 

166. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge. (I. F, f. 836,) Culms 
very slender, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves about I mm. in width, mostly shorter than the 
culm; lower bract bristle-form; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all 
close together; staminate flowers terminal or rarely variously intermixed with the 
pistillate; perigynia oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at 
maturity, about 3 mm. long, smooth, compressed, but not as flat as those of the 
preceding species, somewhat corky-thickened at the base, tapering upwardly into 
a 2-toothed beak about one-third the length of the body; scales ovate, about half 
as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Mass. to Ont., Mich.. Ark,. Fla, 
and Tex, May-July. 

167. Carex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey. Texas Sedge. (I. F. f. 837.) 
Similar to the preceding; culms very slender. Leaves soft, alxjut I mm. wide, 
shorter than the culm; lower bract commonly fililorni; spikes 4-7, 4-lO-flowered; 
all close together in a narrow head, or the lower separated; perigynia narrowly 
lanceolate, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely spreading, 3-4 mm, 
long, the tapering beak about one-half as long as the body; scales lanceolate or 
ovate, acute or acuminate, less than one-half as long as the perig)Tiia, S, III, 
(according to Bailey), Ala, to Tex. April-May. 



222 FLORA, 

1 68. Carex muricata L. Lesser Prickly Sedge. (I. F. f. 838.) Brighl: 
green ; culms slender, roughish, at least above, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves 2-3 mm. 
wide, shorter than the culm ; bract short, subulate ; spikes 5-10, 4-10-flowered, 
clustered into an oblong head, or the lower i or 2 distant ; perigynia ovate or 
ovate- lanceolate, 4 mm. long, smooth, shining, nerveless, spreading or radiating 
when mature, not reflexed, tapering into a rough-edged 2 -toothed beak as long as 
the body ; scales ovate or ovate -oblong, acute, shorter than the perigynia. In 
meadows and fields, Mass. to N. Y., Ohio and Va. Naturalized from Europe. 
June- Aug. 

169. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-reed Sedge. (I. F. f. 839.) 
Rather dark green with nearly white sheaths ; culms rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall. 
Leaves flat, 5-9 mm. wide, the lower very short ; spikes 6-12, oblong or subglo- 
bose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-4 commonly 
separated ; perigynia flat, ovate, 3 mm. long, spreading or radiating, pale, 
narrowly wing-margined, usually few-nerved on the outer face, the rough 2 -toothed 
beak one-fourth to one-third the length of the body ; scales ovate, acute or cuspi- 
date, about one-half as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Mass. to 
Ont., Mich., Va., Ky. , Iowa and Mo. June- Aug. 

170. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved Sedge. (I. F. f. 840.) 
Similar to the preceding ; culms rough above. Leaves flat, 4-8 mm. wide, thin 
and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm ; bracts usually short ; spikes 4-8, sub- 
globose, in an oblong cluster ; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, greenish 
brown, nearly 4 mm. long, ascending, nerveless or faintly few-nerved, tapering into 
a rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-third as long as the body ; scales ovate, 
white, short-cuspidate or awned, about one-half as long as the perigynia. In dry 
fields and on hills, Mass. to Penn., Ill, Mith. and Wyo. May-July. 

171. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed Sedge. (I. F. f. 841.) 
Pale green ; culms slender, rough above, 2.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; 
bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form; spikes few, subglobose, clustered in a short - 
oblong head 8-16 mm. long ; perigynia broadly ovate, 2 mm. long or less, pale, 
nerveless or very faintly few -nerved, tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one -fourth 
the length of the body ; scales ovate, rough-cuspidate or awned, equalling or a 
little shorter than the perigynia. In dry fields and on hills, Me. and Ont. to Man., 
Fla.. Mo. and Tex. May- July. 

172. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Leavenworth's Sedge. (I.F. f. 842.) 
Similar to the preceding, but smaller; culms almost filiform, roughish. 1.5-4 dm. 
tall. Leaves narrower, 1-3 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the culm ; bracts of the 
lower spikes bristle-form or wanting ; spikes 4-7. densely crowded ; perigynia 
orbicular-ovate, rather less than 2 mm. long and about as wide, tipped with a very 
short 2-toothed beak ; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and narrower than 
the perigynia. In meadows, Iowa to ]Miss., Ark. and Tex. May-June. 

173. Carex Muhlenbfergii Schk. Muhlenberg's Sedge. (I. F. f. 843.) 
Light green ; culms slender, erect, 3-angled, rough, at least above. 3-6 dm. tail. 
Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, usually shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in drying ; 
bracts bristle-form, usually short ; spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, close together 
in art oblong head ; perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, strongly nerved 
on both faces, ascending, with a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate-lanceolate, 
rough-cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and mostly longer than the perig^mia. 
In dry fields and on hills. Me. and N. H. to Ont.. Minn., Fla. and Tex. 
May-July. 

Carex Muhlenbergii Xalapdnsis (Kunth) Britton. Perigynia nearly or quite nerve- 
less ; leaves broader and longer. S. N. Y. to Mo., Tex. aud Mex. 

Perigynia radiately spreading, or reflexed when old. 

Perigynia distinctly nerved on both faces, the beak rough. 

Perigynia lanceolate ; beak more than half as long as the body. 

174. C. sterilis. 
Perigynia ovate; beak about one-third as long as the body, abrupt. 

175. C. Atla?itica. 
Perigynia faintly nerved on the outer face, nerveless or nearly so on the inner; beak 

smoothish. iy6. C. tnterw?-. 



C YPERA CEA E. 22$ 

Perig-ynia ascending, appressed or somewhat spreading- when old, not radiating. 
Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic. 

Bracts short, scale-like or none, the lowest occasionally longer than its spike. 
Spikes distinctly separated or the upper close together. 

Heads silvery green or nearly white. 177. C. canescens. 

Heads brown or brownish. 

Spikes few-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; perigynia less than 2 mm. long, 
the beak manifest. 178. C. brumtescens. 

Spikes dense, many-flowered ; perigynia about 2 mm. long, the 
beak very short. 179. C. Norvegica. 

Spikes densely clustered at the top of the culm, or the lower separated. 
Spikes green or greenish brovN^n. 

Spikes several in an ovoid cluster ; perigynia ovate, rough-beaked. 

180. C. a7-cta. 
Spikes only 2-4; perigynia elliptic, beakless. iSi. C. tenuiflora. 
Spikes dark brown; arctic species. 
Culms slender, stiff, erect. 

Leaves involute ; scales about equalling the perigynia. 

182 C. Heleonastes. 
Leaves flat ; scales shorter than the perigyni''. 

183. C. lagopina. 
Clilms weak, spreading or reclining. 184. C glareosa. 

Bracts bristle-form, much elongated, much exceeding the 2-4 oblong nerved 
perigynia. 185. C. trisperma. 

Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 

Perigynia nerveless ; spikes oblong or subglobose. 186. C. Dezveyana. 

Perigynia strongly several-nerved ; spikes narrowly oblong-cylindric. 

187. C. bromoides. 

i'j/\. Carex sterilis Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. (L F. f. 844.) Culms 
slender, 2-4.5 dm. tall, rough, at least above. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than 
the culm; spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, about 5 mm. thick; staminate 
flowers usually numerous at the bottom, of the upper spike, or whole spikes occa- 
sionally staminate, or plants rarely quite dioecious; perigynia pale, lanceolate, com- 
pressed, spreading or reflexed when old, 3 mm. long, I mm. wide, several-nerved 
on both faces, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than one- 
half as long as the body; scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In moist soil, 
Newf. to Br. Col., Fla., La., Colo, and Cal. Variable. May-July. 

Carex sterilis cephaldntha Bailey. Stouter, sometimes 5 dm. tall. Spikes 4-8, 
contiguous or separated; flowers more numerous; perigynia rather larger; spikes very 
bristly. Range nearly that of the species; perhaps merely a stout form. 

175. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Eastern Sedge. (LF. f. 845.) Similar to 
large forms of the preceding, but stouter; culms rovigh above, 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves 
2-3 mm. wide, stiff, flat, or in drying somewhat involute ; spikes 4-7, subglobose or 
short-cylindric, nearly 6 mm. in diameter; perigynia broadly ovate, flat, sharp- 
margined, 2-3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on 
the inner, spreading or reflexed at maturity, abruptly tipped with a stout rough 
2-toothed beak about one -third as long as the body; scales shorter than the peri- 
gynia. In swamps, Newf. to Fla. June-July. 

176. Carex interior Bailey. Inland Sedge. (I. F. f. 846.) Similar to 
C. sterilis ; culms slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves about I mm. wide, shorter 
than the culm; spikes 2-4, nearly globular, 4 mm. in diameter; perigj^nia ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly 
nerveless on the inner, thickened, spreading or reflexed when old. tapering into a 
nearly smooth 2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, 
shorter than the perigynia. Wet soil. Me. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. May-July. 

Carex interior capill^cea Bailey. Leaves about 0.5 mm. wide ; perigynia ovate, 
cordate, strongly nerved. Mass. to N. J. and Penn. 

177. Carex canescens L. Silvery Sedge. (I. F. f. 847.) Pale green and 
somewhat glaucous ; culms slender, 2.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves flat. 1-2 mm. wide, 
shorter tha'n the culm ; spikes 4-9, short-oblong or subglolxise, sessile. 5-10 mm. 
long ; perigynia oval or ovate-oval, silvery green or nearly white, faintly few- 
nerved, blunt-edged, rather less than 2 mm. long, rough alK>ve, with a minute 



224 FLORA, 

entire beak; scales ovate. In swamps and bogs, Newf. to Br. Col., Va.. Mich., 
Colo, and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 

178. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Brownish Sedge. (I. F. f. 848.) 
Rather dark green, not glaucous ; culms stiff, roughish .above, 2-4.5 d"^- '^'^^• 
Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than the culm ; spikes 4-8, subglobose or short- 
oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 5 mm. long; perigynia brown, smaller than those 
of the preceding, less than 2 mm. long, with a manifest beak about one-fourth as 
long as the body ; scales ovate, membranous, brownish. In wet places mostly at 
high altitudes, Lab. to Br. Col., N. Y. and N. E., on the southern Alleghenies, and 
the Rocky Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 

Carex brunnescens gracilior Britton. Culms nearly filiform, weak, often spreading: 
spikes 4-8-fiowered ; perig-ynia spreading, longer-beaked. Range of type, mostly at 
lower altitudes. 

179. Carex Norvegica Willd. Norway Sedge. (I. F. f. 849.) Bright 
green; culms slender but stift', 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter 
than the culm ; bracts very short or wanting ; spikes 3-6, brown, oblong or sub- 
globose, 6-12 mm. long; perig}"nia about 2 mm. long, elliptic, blunt-edged, nar- 
rowed at both ends, brownish, finely many-nerved, with a very short rough beak; 
scales ovate or oval, brown, obtuse, rather shorter than the perigynia. Along salt 
meadows. Me. to Anticosti. Reported from Minn. Also in Europe. Summer. 

180. Carex arcta Boott. Northern Clustered Sedge. (I. F. f. 850.) 
Rather light green, not glaucous ; culms slender, 3-7 cim. tall rough above; leaves 
flat, about 2 mm. wide. Spikes oblong, 6-8 mm. long, aggregated into a cluster 
about 2,5 cm. long ; perigynia pale, ovate, many -nerved, mostly spreading, taper- 
ing into a rough beak about one-half as long as the body ; scales pale brown, 
usually acute, shorter than the perigynia. In swamps and wet woods, Me. and 
N. B. to Manitoba., Minn, and Br. Col. June-July. 

181. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Sparse-flowered Sedge. (I. F. f. 851.) 
Light green ; culms very slender, rough above, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves I mm. wide 
or rather more, flat, usually much shorter than the culm ; spikes only 2-4, clustered, 
subglobose, few-flowered, about 5 mm. in diameter ; perigynia pale, elliptic, 
very obscurely few -nerved, narrowed at both ends, 2-2.5 ^d^- ^ong. beakless, 
spreading ; scales nearly white, about equalling the perigynia. In bogs, N. B. to 
Manitoba, south to Me., Vt. and Mich. Also in Europe. Summer. 

182. Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. Hudson Bay Sedge. (I. F. f. 852.) Culms 
slender, very rough above, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves rigid, erect, becoming 
involute, less than 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; bracts very short or none ; 
spikes 3-5, subglobose, brown, about 5 mm. in diameter, clustered ; perigynia 
broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edged, faintly several-nerved, about 2 mm. 
long, with a short sharp beak ; scales ovate, brown with broad hyaline margins, 
about as long as the perigynia. Hudson Bay to ^Manitoba and the Canadian 
Rocky Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 

183. Carex lagopina WahL Arctic Hare's-foot Sedge. (L F. f. 853.) 
Culms rough, stiff", 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than 
the culm ; bracts very short or wanting ; spikes 3-6, oblong, dark brown, narrowed 
at the base, 6-8 mm. long ; perigynia elliptic or obovate, rather less than 2 mm. 
long, firm, several-ner%'ed, narrowed at the base, rather abruptly tipped by the 
beak ; scales ovate, brown, hyaline-margined, acute, shorter than the perigynia. 
Lab. and Greenland to Alaska ; south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. Also in northern 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

184. Carex glareosa Wahl. Weak Clustered Sedge, d. F. f. 854.) 
Closely resembles the preceding, but has weak spreading or reclining culms 
0.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves narrower, flat, about I mm. w^ide. spikes 2 or 3, 
oblong or subglobose. several-flowered, 4-8 mm. long, brown, subtended by very 
small scale-like bracts ; perig}-iiia oblong-oval, strongly several-nerved, less than 
2 mm. long, short-beaked ; scales ovate, rich brown, about as long as the perigAmia. 
Greenland and Hudson Bay to Quebec, west through arctic America to Alaska. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

Carex glaredsa ursina (Dewey) Bailey. Lower ; densely tufted ; spikes smaller. 
Arctic America, 



C YPERA CEA E, 22 5 

185. Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge. (I. F. f. 855.) 
Bright green ; culms filiform, weak, usually reclining or spreading, 3-7 dm. long. 
Leaves flaccid, flat, about i mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2 or 3, 
only 2-4-flowered, widely separated, the lowest subtended by a bristle-form bract 
1-8 cm. long ; perigynia oblong, green, 3-4 mm. long, very finely many-nerved, 
narrowed at both ends and tipped with a very short nearly entire beak ; scales 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia. In swamps 
and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Md., Ohio, Mich, and Neb. June- Aug. 

186. Carex Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's Sedge. (I. F. f. 856.) Pale 
green ; culms slender, spreading, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, soft, 
shorter than the culm ; bracts bristle-form, the lower commonly elongated ; spikes 
3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered, about 5 mm. in diameter, sessile, separated 
or the upper contiguous ; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, nerveless, 
4-5 mm. long, the inner face flat, the tapering rough strongly 2 -toothed beak at 
least one-half as long as the body; scales nearly white, cuspidate or acute, equalling 
the perigynia, or shorter. In dry woods, N. S. to Manitoba, Ore., Conn., Penn., 
Iowa, N. Mex. and Utah. May-July. 

187. Carex bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge. (LF. f. 857.) Bright 
green ; culms slender, roughish above, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, 
flat, soft; bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest commonly elongated; spikes 3-7, 
narrowly oblong-cylindric, 8-16 mm. long, erect or ascending, mostly close 
together, the staminate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or forming whole 
spikes, the plant occasionally quite dioecious ; perigynia linear-lanceolate, pale, 
strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the inner face flat, the tapering rough 
2-toothed beak at least one-half as long as the body; scales oblong-lanceolate, green, 
acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs and swamps, N. S. to 
Ont., Mich., Fla. and La. June- Aug. 

Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. 

Top of the culm nodding ; arctic and northwestern species, 188. C. pratensts. 
Culms strictly erect, mostly stiff. 

Perigynia nerveless, broadly winged ; northwestern species. 

189. C. xerantica, 
Perigynia several-nerved on both faces. 

Perigynia broadly winged ; staminate flowers intermixed with the pistillate. 

190. C. sic cat a, 
Perigynia narrowly winged ; staminate flowers all basal. 

Spikes 1-2.5 cm. long; perigynia about 8 mm. long. 

191. C. Muskt?igmnensis. 
Spikes 0.4-1.6 cm. long; perigynia 4-6 mm. long. 

Spikes oblong or oval; perigynia ascending or erect. 

Spikes green-brown, blunt. 192. C. tribidoides. 

Spikes bright brown, pointed ; perigynia lanceolate. 

193. C. scoparta. 
Spikes rather dark brown, blunt ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate. 

194. C. Iepori?ta. 
Spikes subglobose; perigynia spreading, at least when old. 

195. C. cristatella. 
Perigynia ovate, not more than twice as long as wide (longer in some forms of no. 198). 

Perigynia narrowly winged above; heads greenish brown. 196. C. adust a. 
Perigynia broadly wing-margined. 

Perigynia spreading or ascending. 

Spikes silvery green. 197. C. focnea. 

Spikes yellowish brown or greenish. 198. C. stiaminea. 

Perigynia erect or appressed. 

Heads silvery green or nearly white; sea beach species. 

199. C. silicea. 
Heads brown-green; meadow or marsh species. 200. C. ten era. 
Perigynia orbicular, very broadly ovate or somewhat obovate, sometimes wider than lung. 
Heads green-brown. 

Perigynia spreading or ascending; achene sessile. 201. C. festttcacea. 

Perigynia erect, 4-5 mm. broad; achene short-stalked. 202. (\ a/ata. 
Heads silvery green, yellowish or whitish. 

Perigynium-wing firm; achene sessile. 203. C. a/do/Ntt'sct'/Js, 

Perigynium-wing membranous; achene stalked. 204. C^ I^i'cknel/ii. 

x'erigynia narrowly linear-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate beak 2-3 times as long as 
the body. Cyperoideae. 205. C. sychnocephala. 



226 FLORA. '-^. - 

. 1 88. Carex praticola Rydb. Northern Meadow Sedge. (I. F. f. 858.) 

Light green ; culms erect when young, the summit later nodding, nearly smooth, 
3-4 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; lower bracts 
bristle-form; spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, silvery-brown and shining, 6-10 mm. 
long, about 5 mm. in diameter ; perigynia lanceolate, pale, nerveless on the inner 
face, few-nerved on the outer, 5 mm. long, wing-margined, tapering into a beak 
nearly as long as the body ; scales membranous, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 
Lab. to Ont., Mich., Manitoba and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
Summer. {^C. pratcnsis Drej. not Hose.) 

189. Carex xerantica Bailey. White-scaled Sedge. (L F. f. 859.) 
Similar to the preceding, but the culms stout, stiff and strictly erect, even when 
mature. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, involute in drying, shorter than the culm; 
spikes about 5, oblong, close together, 8-12 mm. long; perigynia. lanceolate, pale, 
5 mm. long, nerveless, conspicuously wing-margined, the inner face concave, the 
rough tapering beak about as long as the body; scales silvery white, lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate. W. Manitoba and adjacent N. W. Terr. May-July. 

190. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry-spiked Sedge. Hillside Sedge. (I. F. 
,f. 860.) Rootstocks long and stout; culms slender, rough above, 2-6 dm. tall. 

Leaves erect, about 2 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, 5-8 mm. long, 
brownish or brown, the staminate flowers basal, or variously situated, or whole 
spikes staminate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, firm, about 5 mm. long, wing-mar- 
gined, strongly several-nerved on both sides, the inner face concave by the in- 
curved margins, the tapering rough beak nearly as long as the body; scales ovate- 
lanceolate, membranous, acute or acuminate. In dry fields and on hills, Ont. and 
Manitoba to Br. Col., R. I., N. Y., Mich., Ariz, and Cal. May-July. 

191. Carex Muskingumensis Schwein. Muskingum Sedge. (L F. f. 
861.) Culm stout, stiff, very rough above, 5-9 dm. tall. .Leaves flat, long- 
pointed, 3-5 mm. wide, shorter than the fertile culms, those of sterile culms 
crowded near the summit; bracts short and scale-like; spikes 6-12, oblong- 
cylindric, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, erect, close together, pale brown; perigynia narrowly 
lanceolate, about 8 mm. long and rather less than I mm. wide, strongly several- 
nerved, flat, narrowed to both ends, scarious-margined, rough-ciliate, the tapering 
2-toothed beak at least as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, one- 
third to one-half as long as the perigynia. In moist woods and thickets, Ohio to 
Mich., Manitoba and Mo. June-Aug. 

192. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. (L F. f. 862.) 
Bright green; culms erect, roughish above, 2-9 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-6 mm. 
wide; lower bract bristle-form; spikes 6-20, oblong or top-shaped, blunt, 6-12 mm. 
long; perigynia lanceolate, greenish brown, flat, 4-5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
several-nerved on each face, with a sharply 2-toothed, rough wing-margined beak; 
scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about half as long as the perigynia. In meadows, 
N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Ariz. July-Sept. 

Carex tribuloides Bebbii Bailey. More slender, spikes fewer, smaller, about 6 mm. 
long, commonly bractless, mostly clustered in a dense head; perigynia broader and 
shorter. Range of the type. 

Carex tribuloides monilif6rmis (Tuckerm.) Britton. Slender, the culm much ex- 
ceeding the leaves; spikes all or all but the uppermost separated, 5-8 mm. long, the 
rachis somewhat zigzag. Me. and N. B. to N. Y., Iowa and N. Dak. 

193. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge. (I. F. f. 863.) Culms 
slender, erect, roughish above, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves less than 3 mm. wide; 
spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright brown, 6-16 mm. long, 
usually aggregated into an ovoid head; perigynia lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, rather 
less than 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, 
tapering into the ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales thin, brown, acuminate or cuspi- 
date, shorter than the perigynia. In moist soil, N. S. to Manitoba, Fla. and Colo. 
July-Sept. 

194. Carex leporina L. Hare's-foot Sedge. (I. F. f. 864.) Culms 
slender, roughish above, 3-4 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, flat, shorter 
than the culm; bracts very short and scale-like or wanting; spikes 4-7, oblong, 
blunt, 8-12 mm. long, dark brown, shining, clustered in a terminal oblong head; 



C YPERA CEA E. 22 7 

perig}Tiia ascending or appressed. ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, rather narrowly 
wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, the rough tapering 2 -toothed beak 
nearly as long as the body; scales lanceolate, brown, acute, narrower and shorter 
than the perigynia. E. Mass. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

195. CarexcristatellaBritton. Crested Sedge. (I. F. f. 865.) Culms 3-7 dm. 
tall, stiff, roughish above, longer than the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide ; lower 
bracts bristle-form, 0.6-3 cm. long ; heads 6-15, globose or subglobose, 4-6 mm. 
in diameter, densely aggregated into an oblong head or the lower slightly 
separated ; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, squarrose when mature, green 
or greenish brown, 3-4 mm. long, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both 
faces, tapering into a ciliate 2-toothed beak ; scales lanceolate, nearly white, much 
shorter than the perigynia. In meadows and thickets, N. B. to Manitoba, Mass., 
Penn., 111. and Neb. July-Sept. 

196. Carex adiista Boott. Browned Sedge. (I. F. f. 866.) Culms stout, 
entirely smooth, 3-8 dm. tall, growing in dense tufts. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, 
shorter than the culm ; bracts subulate, tapering from a broad nerved base, 
the lower I or 2 often exceeding the spikes ; spikes 5-12, subglobose or short- 
oval, several-flowered, apparently confluent, or slightly separated, bright 
greenish brown ; perigynia broadly ovate, firm, very narrowly wing-margined or 
wingless, rough above, plano-convex, 4-5 mm. long, tapering into a 2-toothed beak, 
several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless on the inner; scales lanceolate, acute or 
cuspidate, about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. Y. and Mich. June-July. 

197. Carex foenea Willd. Hay Sedge. (I. F. f. 867.) Rather light green ; 
culm smooth, erect or the summit nodding, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves flat, soft, 
2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; bracts very short or wanting, or the lowest 
occasionally manifest ; spikes 4-10, subglobose or short-oblong, narrowed at the 
base, 5-6 mm. in diameter, silvery green, all separated on a sometimes zigzag 
rachis, or the upper contiguous ; perigynia ovate, about 3 mm. long, broadly wing- 
margined, strongly several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short rough 
2-toothed beak ; scales lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the perigynia. In 
dry woods, often on rocks, N. B. to Penn., Iowa, Minn, and Br. Col. June -July. 

Carex foenea perplexa Bailey. Culms stouter, spikes commonly aggregated and 
larger, less contracted at the base, the summit of the culm erect or nearly so ; perigynia 
thicker. Me. to Va., Iowa and Minn. 

198. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. (I. F. f. 868.) Culms 
slender, roughish above, 3-7.5 dm. long, the top commonly nodding. Leaves 2 mm. 
wide or less, long-pointed, shorter than the culm ; bracts short or the lower 
bristle-form and exceeding its spike ; spikes 3-8, subglobose or slightly obovoid, 
4-5 mm. thick, yellowish brown or greenish ; perigynia ovate, brown, about 3 mm. 
long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, fewer-nerved on the inner, wing- 
margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak about as long as the body ; scales 
lanceolate, acute, about equalling the perigynia, but narrower. In dry fields, 
N. B. to Manitoba, Penn., Mich, and Iowa. June-July. 

Carex straminea mirAbilis (Dewey) Tuckerm. Larger ; culm slender, 0.5-1.3 m. 
long; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; spikes larger, 6-8 mm. thick, rather greener; perigynia 
spreading, narrowed, longer than the scales. Range of the type, extending south to 
N. Car., Mo. and Neb. Perhaps better regarded as a distinct species. 

199. Carex silicea Olney. Sea-beach Sedge. (I. F. f. 869.) Culms slender, 
rather stiff, roughish above, 3-8 dm. tall, the summit recurved or niKlding. Leaves 
2 mm. wide or rather less, involute in drying, shorter than the culm ; bracts very 
short ; spikes 5-8, ovoid-cimic or ovoid-oblong, silvery-green, nearly white or 
becoming brownish, erect, conspicuously contracted at the base, 8-12 mni. long, 
about 5 mm. thick, separated or the uppermost close together ; perigynia ovate- 
oval, short-beaked, finely nerved on both faces, wing-margined, appressed, abtnit 
4 mm. long, longer and broader than the lanceolate scales. In sands i->f the sea 
coast. Nova Scotia to New Jersey. June-Aug. 

200. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Straw Skdgk. (I. F. f. 870.) Culm 
slender, erect or the summit nodding, roughish above, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves 



228 FLORA. 

shorter than the culm, usually less than 2 mm. wide, tapering to a very long tip ; 
spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, greenish brown, 8-10 mm. long, commonly much con- 
tracted at the base ; perigynia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly several-nerved 
on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering rough beak more than half as long as 
the body ; scales lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia, but much narrower. 
In wet soil, coipmon along brackish marshes. Me. and Ont. to Va. and La. 
Reported from Iowa. May-June. 

Carex t^nera invisa (W. Boott) Britton. Spikes smaller, subglobose or short-oblong, 
not more than 6 mm. thick, the lower one usually subtended by a filiform bract 1-8 cm. 
long. Me. to Del. 

201. Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue Sedge. (I. F. f. 871.) Culms nearly 
or quite smooth, erect, 0.3-1.2 m. tall. Leaves erect, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than 
the culm; spikes 3-8, green-brown, oblong or nearly globular, clustered, 4-8 mm. 
in diameter ; perigynia orbicular or very broadly ovate, broadly wing-margined, 
about 3 mm. in diameter, several-nerved on both faces, the roughish beak about 
one-third the length of the body; scales acute or obtusish. In dry or moist soil, 
N. B. to Assiniboia, Neb., Fla. and Kans. May-July. 

202. Carex alata Torr. Broad- winged Sedge. (I. F. f. 872.) Culms 
erect, roughish above, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the 
culm ; spikes oblong or oblong-conic, green-brown, 10-16 mm. long, 8-10 mm. 
thick, usually little separated, bractless, or the lower one subtended by a short 
bract ; perigynia orbicular or obovate-orbicular, very broadly winged, 4-5 mm. in 
diameter, faintly few -nerved or almost nerveless, the short beak not more than one- 
fourth as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over 0.5 mm. 
wide ; achene distinctly stipitate. In moist soil, N. H. to Penn. and Fla., mostly 
near the coast. Reported from Iowa. May-June. 

20?. Carex albolutescens Schwein. Greenish-white Sedge. (I. F. f. 
873.) Similar to the preceding; culms 0.3-0.5 m. tall, stout. Leaves 2-4 mm. 
wide, shorter than the culm; bracts filiform or wanting; spikes 3-8, oblong, usually 
narrowed at both ends, silvery green when young, becoming brownish, 8-12 mm. 
long, clustered; perigynia broadly ovate, not twice as long as wide, broadly winged, 
strongly nerved on both faces, about 4 mm. long, the roughish beak about one-third 
as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, acuminate ; achene nearly or quite sessile. 
In wet soil, abundant along salt meadows, N. B. to Penn. and Fla. May-July. 

204. Carex Bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's Sedge. (I.F. f. 874.) Culms 
0.5-1 m. high, rough above, much longer than the leaves. Leaves mostly nearly 
basal, 3-5 mm. wide ; bracts usually very short ; spikes 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or 
somewhat obovoid, 8-12 mm. long, silvery green or becoming yellowish; perigynia 
very broadly ovate, thin, several-nerved on the outer face, 4-6 mm. long, the broad 
membranous wing I mm. wide, the rough 2 -toothed beak one-fourth to one-half as 
long as the body; achene stalked. In dry soil, N. Y. to Minn., Mo. and Kans. 
June-July. 

205. Carex sychnocephala Carey. Dense Long-beaked Sedge. (I. F. f. 
875.) Culms quite smooth, 0.7-5 d™- ^ig^^- Leaves about 2 mm. wide ; lower 
bracts similar, much elongated, 0.7-3 d^^- ^o^g) nearly erect; spikes 4-10, oblong, 
densely many-flowered, aggregated and confluent into an oblong or ovoid head 
3 cm. long or less; perigynia linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, about I mm. wide at 
the base, tapering into a subulate rough 2 -toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the 
few-nerved body ; scales linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, shorter and rather 
narrower than the perigynia. In meadows and thickets, Ont. and N. Y. to Mani- 
toba, Iowa and Br. Col. July-Aug. 

Order 4, PRINCIPHS, including only the family Palmaceae, 
Palms, and Order 5, SYNANTHAE, including only the family 
Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory. 



ARACEAE. 229 

Order 6. ARALES. 

Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae 
a fleshy spadix, subtended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are 
minute floating thalloid plants, with few or solitary flowers on the 
margin or back of the thallus. 

Family i. ARACEAE Neck. 

Arum Family. 

Herbs mostly with basal long-petioled leaves, and spathaceous inflores- 
cence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous 
or a corm. Spadix densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the 
pistillate below, or the plants wholly dioecious, or with perfect flowers in 
some species. Perianth wanting, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 
4-10 in our species ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, commonly 
with a thick truncate connective, the sacs opening, by dorsal pores or 
slits. Ovary i -several-celled ; ovules i -several in each cavity ; style short 
or wanting ; stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a berry 
or utricle. Seeds various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none. About 
105 genera and 900 species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the tem- 
perate zones. 

Flowers without a perianth. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne at the base of the spadix. i. Ar^'saetna. 

Flowers mionoecious, covering the whole spadix. 2. Peltandra. 

Flowers perfect. 3. Calla. 
Flowers with a perianth. 

Spadix enclosed in a shell-like fleshy spathe. 4. Spathyej/ia, 

Spadix naked, terminating the scape. 5. Orotituan. 

Spadix naked, borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe. 6. Acorns. 

I. ARISAEMA Mart. 

Perennial herbs with acrid corms, simple scapes and i to 3 slender-petioled di- 
vided leaves unfolding with the flowers. Spadix bearing the flowers near its base. 
Spathe convolute, open or contracted at the throat. Flowers dioecious or monoe- 
cious, the staminate of 4 almost sessile 2-4-celied anthers, which open by confluent 
slits at the apex, the pistillate with a i -celled ovary containing I to many ortho- 
tropous ovules; style very short or none, tipped with a peltate-capitate stigma. 
Fruit a globose red berry, the clusters usually large and conspicuous when ripe. 
Seeds with copious endosperm and an axial embryo. [Greek, in reference to the 
red-blotched leaves of some species.] About 50 species, mostly natives of temperate 
and subtropical Asia. Besides the following another occurs in the S. U. S. 

Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix. 

Hood of spathe striped ; spadix stout, club-shaped. i. A. triphyllum. 

Hood of spathe deep brown to black ; spadix slender, cylindric. 2. A. pit sill lan. 

Spathe convolute ; summit of the spadix exserted. 3. A. Dracontium. 

1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Jack-in-the-pulptt. Indian Turnip. 
(I. F. f. 876.) Leaves nearly erect, 2.5-9 dm. high, usually exceeding the scape. 
3-foliolate, the segments ovate, sometimes lobed. 4-8 cm. wide, sessile or very 
short-stalked; flowers commonly dioecious, yellow; spadix 4-8 cm. long, its naked 
summit blunt, colored; spathe green, and purple-striped, curving in a broad striped 
flap over the top of the spadix, acuminate; ovules 5 or 6; berries shining, about 
I cm. in diameter, forming a dense ovoid head 2-8 cm. long. In moist wckhIs and 
thickets, N. S. toFla., Ont., Minn., Kans. and La. April-June. 

2. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. Similar to the preceding, but smaller 
and more slender, seldom over 3.5 dm. high. Leaf-segments narrowed at the base; 
spathe striped below, the hood deep brown or nearly black; spadix slender, 
cylindric. Li open sunny bogs, N. Y., flowering about a month later than A. 
triphyllum where the two grow in the same region. (.7. triphyllum pusillum 
Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51 ; 207)'. 



230 FLORA, 

3. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root. 
(I. F. f- 877.) Corms clustered. Leaves 2-1 1 dm. long, pedately divided into 5- 
17 segments, much longer than the scape; segments obovate or oblong, 2-10 cm. 
wide, abruptly acute at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or nearly sessile base, en- 
tire or the lateral ones somewhat lobed; spathe greenish or whitish, acuminate, 2- 
5 cm. long; spadix ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle-shaped ovules; berries reddish- 
orange in large ovoid heads. Mostly in wet woods and al»ng streams, Me. to Ont. 
and Minn., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-June. 

2. PELTANDRA Raf. 

Bog herbs, with sagittate or hastate leaves, the petioles sheathing the shorter 
scape. Spathe elongated, convolute, or expanded above. Flowers monoocious, 
covering the spadix. Perianth none. Staminate flowers uppermost, consisting at 
first of irregularly 4-sided oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which 
appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opening by apical pores, the shields shrivelling and 
leaving the anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4 or 5 
white fleshy scale-like staminodia, i-celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitropous ; 
st)de erect, thick, tipped with a small stigma. Fruit a green ox red berry, 1-3- 
seeded, when ripe forming large globose heads and enclosed in the persistent 
leathery base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded by a tenacious jelly; endosperm 
none. [Greek, referring to the shield-shaped staminate disks.] The genus con- 
sists of the two following species : 

Spathe narrow, convolute its whole length, green. i, P. Virginica. 

Spathe with a whitish dilated summit. 2. P. sagittaefolia. 

1. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. Green Arrow- arum. (I. F. f. 878.) 
Leaves bright green, somewhat hastate-sagittate, 1-8 dm. long, acute or acuminate, 
firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft of thick fibres; scape recurving and immersing 
the fruiting spadix at maturity; spathe green, 1-2 dm. long, long-conic, closely in- 
vesting the spadix throughout, the strongly involute margins undulate; spadix 
shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers covering about one-fourth of its 
length, the rest occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose-ovoid; style nearly 
2 mm. long; berries green when ripe. \\\ swamps or shallow water, Me. and Ont. 
to Mich., Fla. and La. May-June. 

2. Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong. White Arrow- arum. (I. F. 
f. 879.) Leaves sagittate, sometimes wider than those of the preceding, the basal 
lobes diverging; petioles 2-5 dm. long; spathe 7-10 cm. long, with a whitish ex- 
panded acuminate apex; spadix scarcely more than one-half as long as the spathe; 
ovaries ovoid; style scarcely any; stigma broad, depressed, lobed; ripe berries red. 
In marshes and springs, southern Va. (according to Gray) to Fla. May-July. 

3. CALLA L. 

A bog herb with slender acrid rootstocks, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular cor- 
date leaves, and a large white persistent spathe. Spathe ovate-lanceolate or 
elliptic, acuminate, open. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely 
covered with flowers. Flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate; perianth 
none. Stamens about 6; filaments linear; anther-sacs divaricate, opening by slits. 
Ovary ovoid, i-celled; style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, 
anatrapous. Berries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate 
toward the micropyle and pitted at the other end. Endosperm copious. [An 
ancient name, taken from Pliny.] A monotypic genus of the cooler portions of the 
north temperate zone. 

I, Calla paliistris L. \YaterArum. (L F. f. 880.) Petioles 1-2 dm. long. 
Blades thick, entire, 3-10 cm. wide, cuspidate or abruptly acute; scape as long as 
the petioles, sheathed at the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing scales and 
with fibrous roots at the nodes; spathe 2.5-6 cm. long and about 2-5 cm. wide; 
berries red, distinct, few-seeded, forming a large head when mature. In bogs, 
N. S. to Minn., Va., Wis. and Iowa. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. Fruit 
ripe July- Aug. 



LBMNACEAE. ^31 

4. SPATHYEMA Raf. 

A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a 
short erect partly underground scape. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, 
completely enclosing the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, covered 
by the perfect flowers. Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; 
anthers 2 -celled, short, extrorse, opening longtitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in 
the tissue of the spadix, i -celled with a solitary suspended anatropous ovule. Style 
pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute. Berries immersed in the 
spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnate to the succulent perianth in ripening, 
iji-seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, fleshy; endosperm 
none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.] A monotypic genus of E. North America 
and N. E. Asia, 

I. Spathyema foetida (Lo) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. (I. F. f. 881.) Leaves 
numerous, in large crowns, 3-9 dm. long, often 3 dm. wide, strongly nerved, 
abruptly acute at. the apex, thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Root- 
stock thick, terminating in whorls of fleshy fibers; spathe preceding the leaves, 
erect, 7-15 cm. high, 2-8 cm. in diameter at the base, convolute, firm, purple- 
brown to greenish yellow, often mottled; spadix about 2.5 cm. in diameter in 
flower, enlarging and sometimes 15 cm. in diameter in fruit. In swamps and wet 
soil, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Iowa. Feb. -April. 

5. ORONTIUM L. 

Aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks, oblong-elliptic nerved leaves without a dis- 
tinct midvein, and slender terete scapes terminated by a cylindric spadix. Spathe 
enclosing the spadix when very young, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing 
bract at its base, or falling away. Flowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the 
whole spadix. Sepals 4-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary ; stamens as many 
as the sepals; filaments linear; abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two 
diverging sacs opening by oblique slits. Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of the 
spadix, depressed, obtusely angled, I -celled; ovule solitary, half-anatropous; 
stigma sessile. Fruit a green utricle. Endosperm none; embryo long-stalked. 
[Ancient name of some water plant.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. America. 

I. Orontium aquaticum L. Golden-club. (I. F. f. 882.) Leaves deep 
dull green above, pale beneath, the blade 1-3 dm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, entire, 
acute or cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a petiole. Scape 1.5- 
6 dm. long, flattened near the spadix; spadix 2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 
much thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 5-10 cm. long, 2-keeled on the back, 
usually falling away early; utricle roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles. In 
swamps and ponds, Mass. to Penn., Fla. and La., mostly near the coast. April- 
May. 

6. ACORUS L. 

Erect herbs, with long branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and 3-angled 
scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric 
spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper ])art is 
morphologically a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering the spadix. Peri- 
anth of 6 membranous concave sepals. Stamens 6; filaments flattened; anthers 
reniform or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells confluent at maturity. Ovary oblting. 3-4- 
celled with 2-8 anatropous ovules in each cavity ; stigma sessile, depressed-capitate. 
Fruit a 2-3 -celled gelatinous berry, few-seeded. Endosperm copious. [Name 
ancient.] Two known species, the following widely distributed in the north tem- 
perate zone, the other Japanese. 

I. Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Flag. Calamiis-root. (I. F. f. 8S3.) 
Leaves linear, erect, 5-15 dm. tall and 2-5 cm. wide or less, sharp-pointed and 
sharp-edged, with a ridged midvein, 2 -ranked, closely sheathing each other and 
the scape. Spathe projecting 2-8 dm. beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like. 
5-9 cm. long, about i cm. in diameter; flowers minute, greenish-yclUn\ . In swamps 
and along streams, N. S. to Ont., Minn., La. and Kans. Also in Europe and 
Asia. May-July. 



^3^ FLORA. 

Family 2. LEMNACEAE Dumort. 

Duckweed Faiiiily. 

Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only- 
very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, elon- 
gated or irregular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl- 
lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is 
by lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by 
slender stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or 
more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on 
the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists 
of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is 
provided with tw^o to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely 
barbellate grains. The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like 
stigmatic apex, and produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is 
a 1-6 seeded utricle. The family comprises the smallest of the flowering 
plants and contains 4 genera and about 30 species of wide distribution. 

Thallus with one root or several. 

Roots several. I. Spirodela. 

Root solitary. 2. Lemna. 
Thallus rootless. 

Thallus thick, globose to subcylindric. 3. Wolffia. 

Thallus thin, ligulate. 4. Wolffiella. 

I. SPIRODELA Schleid. 

Thallus disk-shaped, 7— 12-nerved. The lateral branches subtended by a single 
bipartite basilar rudimentary leaf. The thinly capped rootlets as well as the nerves 
are provided with a single bundle of vascular tissue. Spathe sac-like. The ovary 
produces two anatropous ovules. Fruit unknown. [Greek, in allusion to the cluster 
of rootlets. Two species, the following, and S. oligorhiza, a native of the southern 
hemisphere. 

I. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. (I. F. f. 884.) 
Thallus 2-IO mm. long, thick, flat and dark green above, slightly convex and 
purple beneath, palmately 5-15-nerved, bearing a central cluster of from 4-16 
elongated roots. Rootcap pointed. In Stillwater, N. S. to Br. Col, S. Car., Tex., 
northern Mex. and Nev. Widely distributed in the Old World and in tropical 
America. 

2. LEMNA L. 

Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without 
two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which is devoid 
of vascular tissue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. 
The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Fruit ovoid, more or less ribbed. 
Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these small 
plants in swamps. ] About 10 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 

Thalli long-stipitate. i. L. trisulca. 

Thalli short-stipitate or sessile. 
Spathe open. 

Thalli i-nerved or nerveless. 

Thalli thin, without papules ; rootcap strongly curved, tapering. 

2. L. cyclostasa. 
Thalli thick with a row of papules along the nerve ; rootcap little curved, 
cylindric. 3. L. minhna. 

Thalli 3-nerved; rootcap cylindric. 4. L. perpusilla. 

Spathe sac-like. 

Thalli green or purplish beneath ; fruit not winged. 5. L. minor. 

Thalli pale beneath, usually strongly gibbous ; fruit winged. 6. L, gibba. 

I. Lemna trisialca L. I\^-leaved Duckweed. (I. F. f. 885.) Thallus 
lanceolate, submerged and devoid of stomata in the primary aquatic form, ovate to 
oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, floating and provided with stomata in the later 
flowering stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at the base to a 



LEMNACEAE. 233 

slender stipe, thin, denticulate, with or without rootlets, and slightly 3 -nerved; 
several individuals often remain connected, so as to form a chain-like series; root- 
cap pointed; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply 12-15 -ribbed. ^^ water, N. S. to 
N. J., N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. 
July-August. 

2. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Valdivia Duckweed. (I. F. f. 886.) 
Thallus oblong-elliptic, 2-4.5 "^™- lo^ig? thin, subfalcate and shortly stalked 
at the base, provided with numerous stomata, except on the borders, nerveless; 
rootcap blunt; spathe reniform; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical ; seed prom- 
inently 12-29-ribbed. In pools and rivers, Mass. to Fla., 111., Wyo. and Cal. 
Also in South America. June-July. (Z. Valdiviana Phil.) 

3. Lemna minima Philippi. Least Duckweed. (I. F. f. 886a.) Thallus 
oblong to elliptic, 2-4 mm. long, obscurely i -nerved, or nerveless, with a row of 
papules along the nerve, the lower surface flat, or slightly convex; the apex 
rounded, rootcap usually short, a little curved, rarely perfectly straight, cylindric, 
blimt; spathe open; pistil short-clavate; stigma concave; ovule solitary, obliquely 
orthotropous ; seed oblong, pointed, about i6-ribbed, with many transverse stri- 
ations. Ga. and Fla. to Kans., Wyo. and Cal. 

4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. (I. F. f. 887.) Thallus 
small, 2-3.5 ^ni' lorig) obovate, often purplish tinged beneath, unsymmetrical and 
abruptly narrowed to a very short stalk, provided throughout with numerous 
stomata, obscurely 3-nerved; rootcap straight, pointed; fruit ovoid; seed 12-20- 
ribbed. In ponds, rivers, springs and lakes, Mass. to N. Y., Fla., Minn., Neb. 
and Kan. June-July. 

Lemna perpusilla trinervis Aust. Thallus oblong to oblong-obvate, less unsym- 
metrical, thin, prominently 3-aerved. N. J. to Mo., La, and the Ind. Terr. 

5. Lenina minor L. Lesser Duckweed. (I. F. f. 888.) Thallus obovate 
or subcircular, 1.5-5 mm. long, thickish, rarely reddish or purplish tinged, short- 
stalked when young, provided throughout with stomata, nearly symmetrical, 
obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 4-5 -nerved. Rootcap obtuse or subtruncate; fruit 
symmetrical, subturbinate ; seed with a prominent protruding hilum, deeply and 
unequally 12-15-ribbed; ovule I. In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters, through- 
out N. Am., except the extreme north. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and 
Australia. Summer. 

6. Lemna gibba L. Gibbous Duckweed. (I. F. f. 889.) Thallus un- 
symmetrical, obovate or short-obovate, 2-6 mm. long, thickish or more or less 
strongly gibbous beneath, short-stalked when young, soon separating, provided 
with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurely 3-5 -nerved; rootcap mostly 
short-pointed, cylindric, rarely long-pointed or obtuse; fruit symmetrical; seed 
thick, deeply and unequally ribbed. In ponds and rivers, Neb. to Tex., Wyo., 
Ariz, and Cal. Also in Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-July. 

3. WOLFFIA Horkel. 

Thallus small, globose, ovoid-oblong, subcylindric or irregular, rootless, nerve- 
less and leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, 
the branch being mostly sessile and soon detached. The ovary contains one or- 
thotropous ovule. Fruit spherical or short ovate, smooth. Endosperm in a single 
layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matth. v. Wolff, 1 724-1784, Polish physician 
and naturalist.] A genus of about 12 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical 
regions. 

Thallus globose to ellipsoid, not punctate. i. W. Columbiana. 
Thallus flattened above, at least on the margin, brown-punctate. 

Apex of thallus acute. 2. W. punctata. 

A large conic papule on the upper surface. 3. W. papulifera. 

I. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Columbia Wolffta. (I. F. f. 890.) 
Thallus spherical or subellipsoidal, 0.5-1 mm. long, with a limited nun^l^er of sto- 
mata (I to 6), loosely cellular and clear green throughout, \\o\. punctate nor 
gibbous. Floating as minute alga-like grains just beneath the surface of the 
water in stagnant ponds, pools and shallow lakes, Mass. to Out.. N. J., S, Car., 
Minn., Mo. and La. Also in Mexico and South America. June-July. 



234 FLORA, 

2. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Punctate Wolffta. (L F. f. 891.) Thallus 
oblong, smaller than the last, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, flattish, densely cellular, with 
numerous stomata and dark green above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with 
fewer stomata and paler beneath; brown-dotted throughout with minute pigment 
cells. Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, Ont. to Mich, and Penn. June- 
July. ( W. Brasiliensis Engelm. , not Wedd. ) 

3. Wolffia papuhfera Thompson. Pointed Duckweed. (I. F. f. 891a.) 
Thallus slightly imsymmetrical, obliquely broadly ovate, about i mm. broad, the 
apex rounded, the upper surface flat at the margin, gradually ascending into a 
prominent conic papule on the median line, brown -punctate, the under surface 
strongly gibbous, less punctate; stomata numerous on the upper surface; flower 
and fruit unknown. Floating, with the entire upper surface exposed to the air. 
Kennett and Columbia, Mo. 

4. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm. 

Thallus thin, unsymmetrical, rootless, curved in the form of a segment of a "band, 
punctate on both surfaces with numerous brown pigment-cells. Pouch opening as 
a cleft in the basal margin of the thallus, a stipe attached to its margins. Flowers 
and fruit unknown. [Diminutive of JVo/Jia.] About 7 species, mostly of tropical 
regions. Besides the following, 2 others are known from western North America. 

I. Wolffiella Floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. Florida Wolffiella. 
(I. F. f. 889a.) Thallus solitary, or commonly coherent for several generations, 
forming densely interwoven masses, strap-shaped, scythe-shaped, or doubly curved, 
tapering from the rounded oblique base to a long-attenuate apex, 5-10 mm. long, 
14-21 times as long as wide; basal portion of the long stipe persistent, the pouch 
elongated-triangular, or the upper angle rounded. Ga, and Fla. to Mo., Ark. and 
Tex. 

Order 7. XYRIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually 
complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla regular or nearly 
so (except in Cotmnelind) . Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of 
the seed mealy. 

a. Ovary i-celled. 

Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam. i. Mayacaceae. 

Erect scapose rush-like herbs ; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. 

Fam. 2. Xyridaceae. 
Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes {Heteranthera in Ponte- 
deriaceae). 

b. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae). 

Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. 

Fam. 3. Eriocaulaceae. 
Flowers perfect. 

Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 4. BroTneliaceae. 

Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; leaves not scurfy. 

Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals 

colored. Fam. 5. Comrnelmaceae.) 

Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 6. Pontederiaceae, 

Family i. MAYACACEAE Walp. 

Mayaca Family. 

Slender branching aquatic moss-like herbs, with linear sessile i -nerved 
entire soft leaves, notched at the apex. Flowers solitary, peduncled, 
white, perfect, and regular, the peduncles bracted at the base. Perianth 
persistent, consisting of 3 lanceolate green herbaceous sepals and 3 obo- 
vate white spreading petals. Stamens 3, hypogynous, alternate with the 
petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2-celled. 
Ovary superior, sessile, i -celled with 3 parietal placentae ; ovules several 
or numerous, orthotropous ; style filiform ; stigmas terminal, entire or 
with 3 short lobes. Capsule i -celled, 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose, 



X YRIDA CEA E. 235 

the testa reticulated ; embryo at the apex of the mealy endosperm. The 
family consists of the following genus : 

I. MAYACA Aubl. 

Characters of the family. [Aboriginal name of these plants in Guiana.] About 
7 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Only the following occurs in the 
United States : 

I. Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Mayaca. (I. F. f. 892.) Stems tufted, 7-35 
cm. long, little branched. Leaves densely clothing the stem and widely spreading, 
linear-lanceolate, translucent, 4-6 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; peduncles 4-12 
mm. long, very slender, recurved in fruit ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, lateral, rarely 
more than one on each branch ; capsule oblong-oval, about as long as the sepals, 
tipped until dehiscence by the subulate style. In fresh water pools and streams, 
Va. to Fla. and Tex. May- July. 

Family 2. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. 

Yellow-eyed Grass Family. 

Tufted herbs, with basal narrow equitant commonly 2-ranked leaves, 

and erect simple leafless scapes. Flowers perfect, mostly yellow, nearly 
or quite regular, solitary and sessile in the axils of coriaceous imbricated 
bracts (scales), forming terminal heads. Sepals 3, the two lateral ones 
small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membranous (wanting in 
the South American genus Abolboda). Corolla inferior, with a narrow 
tube and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, inserted on the corolla, usually 
alternating with as many plumose or bearded staminodia. Ovary sessile, 
I -celled or incompletely 3-celled ; ovules on 3 parietal placentae, ortho- 
tropous ; style terminal (unappendaged in Xyris, in Abolboda appendaged 
at the base), 3-branched above ; stigmas apical. Fruit an oblong 3-valved 
capsule. Seed-coat longitudinally striate. Embryo apical. Endosperm 
mealy or somewhat fleshy. Two genera, comprising some 60 species, 
mostly of tropical distribution in both the Old World and the New. 

I. XYRIS L. 

Characters of the family as given above. [Greek name for some plant with 
2-edged leaves.] 

Besides the following- species there are some 9 others in the southern United States. 
Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs. i. X.Jlexuosa. 

Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate. 

Scapes not bulbous-thickened at the base ; leaves flat or but slightly twisted. 
Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, their keels lacerate. 

Head oblong, 3-6 mm. long ; northern. 2. X. montana. 

Head oval or ovoid, 6-16 mm. long ; southern. 

Keel of lateral sepals lacerate to below the middle. 3. X. macrocephala. 
Keel of lateral sepals lacerate only above the middle. 

4. X. Carolitiiana. 
Lateral sepals longer than the bracts, their keels long-fimbriate. 

5. X. firnbriata. 
Scapes conspicuously bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted. 

6. X. conocephala. 

1. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender Yellow-eyed Grass. (I. F. f. 803.) 
Scapes slender, straight or sometimes slightly twisted, 1-4.5 dm. tall, 2-edged 
above, bulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves flat or becoming twisted when old, 
2-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; head globose, or short-oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. 
high ; bracts broadly oval or slightly obovate, entire, or somewhat lacerate at the 
apex ; lateral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, curved, fringed with short 
hairs on the wingless keel ; flowers 6-^8 mm. broad. In bogs, Mo. lo Minn., Ga. 
and Tex. July-Sept. 

2. Xyris montana H. Ries. Northern VELLOW-EVKn (>k vss. (1. F. f. 
894.) Scapes very slender, straight or slightly twisted, 2-edged above, 5-30 cm. 



22,6 FLO/? A. 

tall, not bulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-15 cm. long, 
1-2 mm. wide, not twisted or but slightly so ; head oblong or ovoid, subacute, 
3-6 mm. long ; bracts rounded and finely lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, 
irregularly serrate-fimbriate on the winged keel above the middle, about as long 
as the bracts. In bogs, N. S. to Ont., Mich., Penn. and N. J. July- Aug. 

3. Xyris macrocephala Vahl. Southern Yellow-eyed Grass. (I. F. f. 
895.) Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2 -edged above, i -edged below, not thick- 
ened at the base, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 7-25 cm. 
long, 2-8 mm. wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt or subacute, 1-1.5 cm. long; 
scales ovate or oval, mostly entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged keel 
fimbriate from the apex to below the middle ; corolla-lobes obovate, 4-6 mm. long. 
In bogs, Tvld. to Fla. and La. Widely distributed in tropical America. June-Aug. 
[X. communis.) 

4. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass. (I. F. f. 
896.) Scapes mostly slender, straight or somewhat twisted, 2-edged above, 2-5 
dm. tall, not thickened at the base. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 1-4 
dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; head globose, ovoid or broadly oval, blmit, 8-16 mm. 
long; scales oval or slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate; lateral sepals 
linear, about as long as the bracts, the narrowly winged keel lacerate or incised- 
serrate only above the middle. In swamps and bogs, Mass. to Penn., Fla. and La., 
mostly near the coast. • June-Aug. 

5. Xyris fimbriata Ell. Fringed Yellow-eyed Grass. (I. F. f. 897.) 
Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or somewhat twisted, strongly 2-edged 
above, 0.5-1.2 m. high. Leaves flat, 6-12 mm. wide; head oblong-cylindric, or some- 
times globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; scales obovate, their margins entire or 
the apex lacerate; lateral sepals longer than the bracts, exserted, long-fringed on 
the winged keel above the middle. In wet pine barrens, S. N. J. to Fla. and 
Miss., mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 

6. Xyris conocephala Sauv. Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass. (I. F. f. 898.) 
Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, i -edged below, or 2-edged at the summit, 
smooth or nearly so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thickened and with the 
sheathing leaves sometimes 2.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves narrowly linear from a 
broad shining nearly black base, rigid, rather shorter than the scapes, spirally 
twisted; head oblong or oblong-cylindric, acute or subacute, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
bracts oblong-obovate, minuteh" lacerate-serrulate at the apex or entire; lateral 
sepals linear, exserted, the winged keel fringed with rather short processes above 
the middle. In dry pine barrens. S. N. J. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly near the 
coast, extending north to Ark. {X. torta Kunth, not J. E. Smith.) May- Aug. 

Family 3. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl.* 

Pipewort Faintly. 

Bog or aquatic herbs, perennial or perhaps sometimes annual, with 
fibrous mostly knotted or spongy roots, tufted grass-like basal leaves, 
and monoecious (androgynous) or occasionally dioecious very small 
flowers, in terminal solitary heads, on long slender scapes. Head of 
flowers involucrate by bracts, each flower borne in the axil of a scarious 
scale. Perianth of 2 series of segments or rarely of one series. Stamens 
in the staminate flowers as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovary 
2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, locu- 
licidally dehiscent. Seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; endosperm fari- 
naceous. Six genera and about 340 species, widely distributed in warm 
and tropical regions, a few extending into the temperate zones. 

Perianth of 2 series of segments; sepals and petals 2 or 3 ; stamens distinct; anthers 2- 
celled. 

Stamens twice as many as the inner perianth-segments (petals), i. Eriocatilon. 
Stamens as many as the inner perianth-segments. 2. Dupatya. 

Perianth simple, of 3 segments (sepals).; stamens 3, monadelphous below ; anthers 
i-ceiled. 3. Lachnocaulon. 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. 



ERIOCAULACEAE, 237 

1, ERIOCAULON L. 

Acaulescent or very short stemmed herbs, the scapes erect, or when immersed 
delicate, angular with a long sheathing bract at the base. Leaves mostly short, 
spreading, acuminate, parallel-nerved. Head of flowers woolly, white, lead- 
colored or nearly black. Staminate flowers: outer perianth-segments 2 or 3, dis- 
tinct or sometimes connate, the inner united below into a tube, alternate with the 
outer ones, each with a minute spot or gland near its middle or apex ; stamens 
mostly 4-6, one opposite each perianth-segment, the filaments of those opposite the 
inner segments the longer; pistil small, rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers: 
outer perianth-segments as in the staminate flowers, the inner indistinct, narrow; 
stamens wanting; ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or 
3, filiform. Fruit a thin- walled capsule. Seeds oval, covered with minute pro- 
cesses. [Greek, in allusion to the wool at the base of the scape in some species.] 
About no species, of very wide geographic distribution in tropical and warm 
regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern U. S. and 3 in 
Mexico. 

Leaf-blades as long as the sheaths, coarsely 3-8-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes 7-angled ; 

heads 4-6 mm. in diameter. i. E. septangulare. 

Leaf-blades shorter than the sheaths, finely 6-20-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes io-12-angled; 

heads 6-12 mm. in diameter. 2. E. compressum. 

Leaf-blades much longer than the sheaths, finely io-50-nerved ; scapes ic)-i4-angled ; 

heads 8-16 mm. in diameter. 3. E. decangidare. 

1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven-angled Pipewort. (I. F. f. 
899.) Stem a mere crown. Leaf-blades pellucid, 3-8-fenestrate-nerved, 1-8 cm. 
long; scapes weak, twisted, about 7-angled, smooth, 2-20 cm. tall, or when sub- 
mersed sometimes 1-3.5 ^"^- ^^^^^g; involucral bracts glabrous, or the innermost 
bearded at the apex, oblong, usually shorter than the flowers; marginal flowers 
usually staminate; scales of the receptacle spatulate or obovate, abruptly pointed, 
brown above; staminate flowers about 2.5 mm. high; pistillate flowers scarcely 
more than half as large ; perianth-segments of both kinds of flowers white-bearded. 
In still water or on shores, Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also in western 
Europe. July-Oct. 

2. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Flattened Pipewort. (I. F. f. 900.) 
Leaf-blades 6-20-fenestrate-nerved, tapering to a long sharp tip, rigid, or when 
submerged thin and pellucid. Stem a mere crown ; scapes 1.5-9 dm. tall ; smooth, 
flattened when dry, io-12-angled ; involucral bracts rounded, obtuse, scarious, 
shining, smooth, imbricated in 3 or 4 series ; heads frequently dioecious ; recep- 
tacle glabrous ; flowers 3-4 mm. high, otherwise similar to those of the preceding. 
In still shallow water, S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. At flowering 
time the styles and stigmas are much exserted, standing above the heads like pro- 
jecting threads. May-Oct. 

3. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten-angled Pipewort. (I. F. f. 901.) 
Stems short and thick, 2-5 cm. long. Leaf-blades finely many-nerved, tapering to 
a blunt tip, 1.5-5 d™- lo^g» 4-16 mm. wide ; scapes stout, rigid, glabnnis, 
io-14-angled, 0.3-1 m. tall; heads 8-16 mm. in diameter; involucral bracts 
ovate, often eroded, denticulate at the apex and pubescent below, imbricated in 
4 or 5 series ; receptacle pubescent with many-celled hairs ; flowers 4 mm. high, 
densely woolly at the base ; scales longer than the flowers, acute, white-bearded ; 
as are the spatulate perianth-segments. In swamps, S. N. J. and Penn. to Fla. 
and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Oct. 

2. DUPATYA Veil. 

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, our species with the habit of Eriocaulon. 
Stems very short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufteil. Scapes slender, several-.Migled. 
erect, twisted in growth, sheathed at the base by a long acute bract. Flowers 
androgynous, in globular or hemispheric heads, each in the axil of a scale, or the 
scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral bracts imbricated in 3 m- 4 series. 
Perianth of 2 series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the staminate flowers, the outer 
segments distinct, the inner connate : stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the iimer perianth 
and opposite its lobes. Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct, 



238 FLORA. 

the inner often connate above the 2-celled, 2-3-ovuled ovzxy ; style cleft into 
2 or 3 entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3 -seeded capsule, loculici- 
dally dehiscent. [Name in honor oiDupaty.'\ About 215 species, mostly natives of 
tropical America. Only the following is known in the U. S. : 

I. Dupatya flavidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Dupatya. (I. F. f. 902.) Leaves 
3-5 -nerved, 2-5 cm. long, awl-shaped, woolly at the base, glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent above. Scapes usually numerous, 5 -angled, pubescent, 1-3 dm. high ; 
sheaths longer than the leaves, slightly inflated above, pubescent ; involucral 
bracts straw-colored, glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubescent at the base; 
scales very thin, scarious- white, lineiir, slightly pubescent, about as long as the 
flowers ; flowers about 2.5 mm. high ; perianth 6-parted ; outer perianth of the 
staminate flowers stalked, woolly, the inner a campanulate tube with 3 stamens ; 
pistillate flowers wdth both sets of perianth-segments distinct, the inner much 
narrower than the outer ; style 3 -parted ; stigmas 3. In moist pine barrens, 
S. Va. to Fla. March-July. 

3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. 

Tufted herbs with the habit of Eriocaulon, the leaves linear. Scape several- 
angled, sheathed at the base by an entire bract about as long as the leaves ; heads 
globose. Receptacle pilose. Flowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. 
Staminate flowers with 3 stamens united below into a thickened tube which is coa- 
lescent with a body, variously regarded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, 
bearing at its apex 3 fimbriate or entire lobes alternate with the filaments ; 
anthers i-celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile 3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary 
surrounded by copious woolly hairs at the base ; styles united below, spreading 
above into 3 divisions which are 2-parted, there being thus 6 stigmas. [Greek, 
referring to the woolly scapes of some species.] Four known species, natives of 
the southern U. S. 

I. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Hairy Pipewort.' (I. F. f. 
903). Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2-8 cm. long, tapering to an 
obtuse callous tip. Scapes slender, 0.5-5 *i™- tall, 2-4-angled, clothed with long 
soft appressed upwardly pointed hairs ; sheaths equalling or shorter than the 
leaves ; heads globose, 2-6 mm. in diameter ; involucral bracts ovate or oblong, 
shorter than the flowers, usually brown ; flowers about 2 mm. high ; scales brown, 
spatulate, white-bearded at the apex ; perianth of the staminate flowers short- 
stalked, pubescent at the base, woolly and fimbriate at the summit ; segments of 
the pistillate perianth white, glabrous, obtuse ; ovary densely villous around the 
base ; seeds strongly ribbed. In most pine barrens, Va. to Fla. March- June. 

Family 4. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Pine-Apple Faniily. 

Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with 
elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, 
or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth 
of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or 
united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. 
Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity, 
anatropous ; style short or elongated ; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in 
our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small, 
situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 35 genera and 900 
species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America. 

I. TILLANDSIA L. 

Epiphytic plants with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple flowers. 
Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypo- 
gynous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; 
anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary superior ; style subulate ; stigmas short. 
Capsule seoticidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus 
which splits up into fine threads. [Dedicated to Elias Tillands, Swedish (?) botanist 



COMMELINACEAE. 239 

of the seventeenth century.] About 350 species, natives of warm and tropical 
America. Besides the following some 9 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Tillandsia usneoides L. Long Moss. Florida Moss. (I. F. f. 904.) 
Stems very slender, thread-like, flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the 
branches of trees, 1-8 m. long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery- 
scurfy all over. Leaves scattered, 2-8 cm. long, scarcely i mm. thick, their bases 
somewhat dilated ; flowers sessile and solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils of 
the leaves ; sepals about 6 mm. long, pale green ; petals yellow ; stamens about as 
long as the calyx ; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long, at length splitting into 3 linear 
valves. E. Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Very widely distributed in tropical 
America. 

Family 5. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. 

Spiderwort Family. 

Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and 
often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy 
bracts. Perianth of 2 series ; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a 
corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. 
Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 
or 3 of them different from the others and sterile ; filaments filiform or 
somewhat flattened ; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. 
Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so, 2-3-celled ; ovules i or several 
in each cell, anatropous or half anatropous ; style simple ; stigmas termi- 
nal, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitary or several in each cell 
of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo 
small. Endosperm copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly 
natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 

Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. i. Cottimelina. 

Perfect stamens 6, rarely 5 ; petals all alike ; bracts leaf-like. 2. Tradescafitia. 

I. commelIna l. 

Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-petioled or sessile leaves, and 
irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like bracts. 
Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals unequal, ?. of 
them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of them incurved 
and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their anthers 
various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3 -celled. Seeds i or 2 in each cavity, 
the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 
1667-173 1, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and 
temperate regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Spathes not united at the base. 

Spathes acuminate ; capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. i. C. nj<diflora. 

Spathes acute ; capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C commufu's. 

Spathes with united bases. 

All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules. 

Sheaths, at least the lower ones, g^labrous or nearly so; pubescence, if present, not 

hirsute. 3. C. crispa. 

Sheaths more or less hirsute. 

Capsules 2-valved, dorsal cavity indehiscent. 4. C. J'lrgim'ca. 

Capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent. 5. C. erecta. 

Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with t ovule. 

6. (^ hirit-lla. 

J. Commelina nudiflora L. Creeping Day-flower. (L F. f. 005.) Glabrous 
or very nearly so; stems procumbent or creeping. 3-8 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths 
sometimes ciliate ; spathe acuminate, 2-4 cm. long, peduncled, the 2 bracts not 
united by their margins ; flowers few in each spathe, O-12 mm. broad ; ventral 
cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled ; capsule Cininuonly 5 -seeded 



240 FLORA, 

(2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, i in the dorsal) ; seeds oblong, reticulated, 
about 2 mm. long. Along streams and in waste places, N. J. to Ind. and Mo., south 
to Fla., Tex. and through tropical America to Paraguay. Widely distributed in 
Asia and Africa. July-Oct. 

2. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Da y-flo\\'er. (I. F. f. 907.) Glabrous 
or nearly so ; stems ascending or decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes. 
3-9 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 4-1 2 cm. long, acuminate at 
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth ; sheath white-membranous 
with green veins, sometimes ciliate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spathes few. peduncled. their 
2 bracts acute, nearly 2.5 cm. long, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; 
flowers deep blue, 12 mm. broad or more ; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled. 
the dorsal i-ovuled ; capsule 2-celled, each cavity 2-seeded ; seeds dark brown, 
roughened. In waste places, S. N. Y. and E. Peim., south to Ga. and Ky. Ad- 
ventive or naturalized from Asia. July-Oct. 

3. Commelina crispa Wooton. CuRLEY-LEA^'ED Day-flower. Finely 
villous or glabrate below ; stems commonly branched at the base, the branches 
2-9 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 3-8 cm. long, acimiinate, 
crisped, slightly contracted at the base ; sheaths pale. 12-15 imn- long, ciliate ; 
spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubescent, united at the base ; sepals 
orbicular-elliptic ; petals various, the 2 upper light blue, with slender claws and 
broadly reniform blades 1-1.5 cm. broad, the third white, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. 
long ; capsules 4-5 mm. long. 3-celled, 2 cavities dehiscent, third cavitj^ indehis- 
cent ; seeds smooth. In sandy and rocky soil, Neb. to Tex. and X. Mex. Summer 
and fall. 

4. Commelina Virganica L. Virginia Day-flower. (I. F. f. 909.) 
Similar to the preceding species, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems diffusely 
branched. 4-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 6-12 cm. long, 
acuminate at the apex ; sheaths inflated, often pubescent, the orifice sometimes 
fringed ; spathes several, usually peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, 
15-25 mm. long, distinct ; corollas 2.5 cm. broad or less, showy ; capsule 
3-celled, each cavity i-seeded, the dorsal one indehiscent and roughened. In 
moist soil, S. N. Y. to 111. and Mich., south to Fla.. Xeb., Tex. and through 
tropical America to Paraguay. June-Sept. 

5. Commeiina erecta L. Slender Day-flower. (I. F. f. 90S.) Som.ewhat 
pubescent, or glabrous ; stems commonly tirtted, erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. tall, 
the roots thickened. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6—15 cm. long, acuminate at the 
apex, narrowed at the base ; sheaths 12-25 mm. long, often hirsute ; spathes 
peduncled or sessile, acute or acuminate, distinct. 2-4 cm. long ; corollas 12 mm. 
broad or more; ovarv- 3-celled. each cavit}' i-ovuled ; capsule papery, all its cavities 
dehiscent, each I -seeded ; seeds ash-colored, nearly or quite smooth, puberulent. 
In moist soil. S. Perm, (according to \Vatson). south to Fla.. Tex. and in tropical 
America. Aug. -Oct. 

6. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Day-flower. (L F. f. 906.) Stem 
stout, erect or ascending. 5-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 
10-18 cm. long, their sheaths 12-25 mm. long, fringed with rather stiff and long 
brownish hairs and sometimes pubescent ; spathes sessile or short-peduncled, often 
clustered at the summits of the stem and branches; bracts acute, united at the base, 
rather strongly cross-veined ; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other 
I-ovuled ; capsule 5 -seeded; seeds brown, somewhat more than 2 mm. long, smooth, 
minutely pubertilent. In moist soil, S. N. J. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. 
Aug. -Oct. 

2. TRADESCANTIA L. 

Somewhat mucilaginous herbs, with simple or branched stems, mostly narrow 
and elongated leaves, and showy regular flowers in terminal, or terminal and axil- 
lar}', umbel-like cymes subtended by leaf-like or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, dis- 
tinct, herbaceous. Petals 3. sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those 
opposite the petals shorter. Filaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled. the 
cavities usually 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-12-seeded. 
[In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I, died 1638.] About 35 species, 



COMMELINACEAE. 24I 

natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, some 8 others 
occur in the southern U. S. 

Umbel-like cymes peduncled, subtended by small bracts. i. T, rosea. 

Umbel-like cymes sessile, subtended by leaf-like bracts. 

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than broad. 

Stems I to rarely 8 cm. long; bracts longer than the leaves. 2. T. brevicaulis. 
Stems elongated, i-io dm. long ; bracts mostly shorter than the leaves. 

Foliage bright green ; pedicels, like the sepals, pilose or villous ; sepals be- 
coming membranous. 

Pedicels and sepals pilose with gland-tipped hairs. 

Stems 1-3 dm. tall ; bracts lanceolate, the bases sac-like, whitish, 

broader than the leaves. 3. T. bracteata. 

Stems 3-8 dm. tall ; bracts linear, the bases not sac-like, green, 
narrower than the leaves. 4. T. occidentalis. 

Pedicels and sepals villous with non-glandular hairs. 

5. T. Virginiana, 
Foliage glaucous ; pedicels glabrous ; sepals with a tuft of hairs at the apex, 

6. T, reflexa. 
Leaves lanceolate, 2-10 times longer than broad. 

Slender ; stems strict ; cymes solitary and terminal or on corymbed branches ; 

species Alieghenian. 7. T. montana. 

Stout ; stems zigzag ; cymes terminal and sessile in the upper axils; species cam- 

pestrian. 8. T. pilosa. 

1. Tradescantia rosea Vent. Roseate Spiderwort. (LF. f. 914.) Gla- 
brous; stem slender, erect, mostly tufted, 12-30 cm. tall. Leaves narrowly 
linear, grass-like, nearly erect, channeled, 10-18 cm. long, clasping at the base; 
bracts very short and scarious; cymes terminal, long -peduncled, few-flowered, sub- 
tended by small pointed bracts; pedicels slender; sepals lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. 
long, shorter than the petals; corolla rose-color, 12-16 mm. broad; filaments hairy; 
style slender, long-exserted. In dry woods, Md. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. 
April-Aug. 

2. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. Short-stemmed Spiderwort. (I. F. f. 
912.) Villous with long hairs; stems only 1-8 cm. high, the plant often appearing 
nearly stemless; leaves mostly basal, 1.5-3 dm. long, grass-like, linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate, ciliate, at least at the base, glabrous, or villous toward the apex ; bracts 
similar to the leaves, but usually more elongated; cymes 4-12-flowered; pedicels 
slender, 2.5-5 c"^- ^^ng, villous; sepals oblong; corolla about 2.5 cm. broad, blue or 
rose-purple. In dry soil, III., Ky. and Mo. April-May. 

3. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Long-bracted Spiderwort. (I. F. f. 
910a.) Deep green, glabrous to the inflorescence or nearly so; stems erect, 1-3 
dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. 
long, long-acuminate; sheaths paler than the leaf-blades, conspicuously ribbed, 
the upper often ciliate; bracts of the involucre 2, broader than the leaves, saccate 
at the base, ciliate, often villous on the back; cymes few-flowered; pedicels 1.2-2.5 
cm. long, glandular-pubescent like the sepals; sepals ovate-lanceolate or elliptic- 
lanceolate, involute; corcjlla blue or reddish, about 2.5 cm. broad. In sandy soil, 
Minn, to S. Dak., south to Kans. Spring and summer. 

4. Tradescantia occidentalis Britten. Western Spiderwort. Mostly 
glabrous to the inflorescence, bright green. Stems solitary, erect. 3-8 dm. tall, 
simple; leaves linear, 2-3 dm. long, involutely folded, curved; shcatlis I-4 cm. 
long, conspicuously ribbed, rarely with a few cilia; bracts of the involucre 2, linear, 
slightly unequal; pedicels rather slender, 1-2 cm. long; sepals oblong or elliptic, 
apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, glandular-pilose; 
petals blue or reddish, almost I cm. long, orbicular-ovate; capsules iibo void or ob- 
long, 5-6 mm. long, puberulent at the apex; seeds 3 mm. long, pitted and ridged. 
On sand-hills, Iowa to Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. Summer. (^ T. Virginiana 
occidtmtalis Britton.) 

5. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Spiderwort. (1. F. f. 010.) tUabrous 
or slightly pubescent, bright green; stems stout, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves nearly flat, 
linear or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, often more than 3 (\\\\. Umg; bracts loaf- 
like, commonly nearly as wide as the leaves; cymes solitary and terminal. (.>r rarely 



242 FLORA. 

2-4, loosely several-many-flowered: pedicels villous, slender; corolla blue or 
purplish, rarely white. 2-4 cm. broad, very showy ; sepals elliptic, ovate or ovate- 
"anceolaie. acute or obtuse, villous. 12-18 mm. long, much longer than the capsule. 
In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, S. N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak. , south to 
Va.. Ky. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in N. E. May-Aug. 

6 Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Reflexed Spidermort. (I. F. f. 91.1^.} 
Glabrous to the sepals, glaucous; stems erect. 3-9 dm. tall, mostly branched, rather 
strict; leaves linear, 2-5 dm. long, rather rigid, long-attenuate; sheaths large, i- 
3 cm. long; bracts of the involucres 2. unequal, reflexed; cymes usually densely 
fruited; pedicels slender. 2-3 cm. long, recurved; sepals oblong or elliptic, appar- 
ently lanceolate by the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, hooded with a tuft of hairs 
at the apex; corollas blue or red. 2-3 cm. broad; petals suborbicular ; capsule 
ovoid or oblong. 5-6 mm. long, glabrous. In sandy or loamy soil, Minn, to Fla. 
and Tex. Spring and summer. 

7. Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. Mountain Spiderwort. (I. F. f. 
911.) Dark green and glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, simple or sparingly 
branched. 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, 
mostly distant, their sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the leaves but shorter; 
cymes mostly solitary and terminal, sessile in the bracts, rather densely flowered; 
pedicels and calyx glabrous or pubescent; corolla less than 2.5 cm. broad: sepals 
apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, acute, hooded. 5-6 mm. long. In 
woods and thickets, mountains of southwestern Va. to Ky. and Ga. Jime- Aug. 

8. Tradescantia pilosa Lehm. Zigzag Spiderwort. (I. F. f. 913.) More 
or less puberulent or short-pilose; stem stout. 3-9 dm. high, commonly flexuous, 
often branched. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly nar- 
rowed at the base, 15-25 cm. long, dark green above, paler beneath ; bracts usually 
narrower and shorter than the leaves; C}Tnes 3—8. terminal and axillary or on short 
axillary branches, densely many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubescent and more 
or less glandular, rarely nearly glabrous ; corollas lilac-blue, 18-30 mm. broad. In 
thickets and on shaded hillsides, southern Pemi. to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. June- 
Aug. 

Family 6. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort.* 

Ftckerdl-ZL'ced Faviily. 

Perennial aquatic or bog plants, the leaves petioled. with thick blades, 
or long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitars" 
or spiked, subtended by leaf-like spathes. Perianth free from the 
ovar}', corolla-like, 6-parred. Stamens 3 or 6. inserted on the tube 
or the base of the perianth ; filaments filiform, dilated at the base or 
thickened at the middle ; anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong or rarely 
ovate. Ovan," 3-celled with axile placentae, or i -ceiled with 3 parietal 
placentae ; style filiform or columnar ; stigma terminal, entire or minutely 
toothed ; o\'ules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only i of them perfect- 
ing. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, or a i-celled. i-seeded utricle. 
Endosperm of the seed copious, mealy ; embrs'O central, cylindric. About 
5 genera and 25 species, inhabiting fresh water in the warm and temperate 
regions of America, Asia and Africa. 

Flowers 2-lipped, stamens 6 : fruit a i-seeded utricle. i. Pontederia. 

Flowers reg^ular ; stamens 3 ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. IIetera?it/iera. 

I. PONTEDERIA L. 

Leaves thick with many parallel veins, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from 
a horizontal rootstock. Stem erect, i-leaved. with several sheathing bract-like 
leaves at the base. Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike 
(or spadix) peduncled and subtended by a thin bract-like spathe. Perianth 
2-lipped the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle lobe longest, the lower lip of 
3 Imear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at unequal distances upon the 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. 



PONTEDERIA CEAE. 243 

perianth -tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opposite the upper lip ; 
anthers oblong, subversatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive and 
empty. Fruit enclosed in the thickened tuberculate-ribbed base of the perianth. 
[In honor of Giulio Pontedera, 1688-1757, professor of botany in Padua.] Seven 
or eight species, natives of America. 

I. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. (I. F. f. 915.) Stem rather 
stout, 0.3-1,1 m. tall. Leaves ovate, cordate-sagittate, 1-2 dm, long, 5-15 cm. 
wide at the base, the apex and basal lobes obtuse ; basal lobes often with long 
narrow appendages on the sheathing petiole ; spadix and inflorescence glandular- 
pubescent ; perianth about 8 mm. long, it and the filaments, anthers, and style 
bright blue, its tube curved, slightly longer than the lobes ; middle lobe of the upper 
lip with 2 yellow spots at the base within ; ovary oblong, tapering into the style ; 
stigma minutely 3-6 toothed. Borders of ponds and streams, N, S, to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. The flowers are trimorphous, June-Oct. 

Pontederia cordata lancifdlia (Muhl,) Morong. Leaves lanceolate, rounded or 
narrowed at the base, 5-25 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide. Ont. to N. J., Cuba and Tex. 

2. HETERANTHERA R.&P. 

Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, the leaves petioled, with 
cordate, ovate, oval or reniform blades, or grass-like. Spathes i -flowered or 
several-flowered. Flowers small, white, blue or yellow. Lobes of the perianth 
nearly- or quite equal, linear. Stamens 3, equal or unequal, inserted on the throat 
of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or incompletely 3-celled by the intrusion 
of the placentae ; ovules numerous ; stigmas 3-lobed. Fruit enclosed in the 
withered perianth tube. Seeds ovoid, many-ribbed. [Greek, referring to the 
unequal anthers of some species. ] About 9 species, 2 in tropical Africa, the others 
American ; only the following in the U, S, 

Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate-ovate. i. H. reniformis. 

Leaves ovate or oval, sometimes slightly cordate. 2. H. limosa. 

Leaves linear, grass-like, floating. 3. H. dubia. 

1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud-Plantain. (L F. f, 916.) 
Stems creeping in the mud, rooting at the nodes. Leaves cordate or reniform- 
rarely cordate-ovate and acute, the blades 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; peti, 
oles sheathing, 2-10 cm. long; spathe 2-5 -flowered; tube of the perianth slender, 
about 8 mm. long, its lobes shorter; flowers white or pale blue; anthers basifixed, 
the 2 upper oval, the other on a longer filament and linear. In mud or shallow 
water. Conn, to N. J., Neb. and Kans., south to La. Also in South and Central 
America. 

2. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Smaller Mud Plantain, (I. F. f. 
917.) Stems commonly much branched from the base, 1. 5-4 dm. long. Leaves 
obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2.5 cm. long or less; petioles 5-13 cm. 
long; spathes i-flowered, often on peduncles 2 cm. long or more; flowers white or 
blue, usually larger than those of the preceding; filaments equal or nearly so ; anthers 
linear, often sagittate. In mud or shallow water, Va, to Ky., Neb., Fla.. La.. 
Kans. and throughout tropical America. 

3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star-grass. (I. F. £918.) 
Aquatic; stem slender, forked, often rooting at the nodes, 6-10 dni. long. Leaves 
flat, elongated, acutish, their sheaths thin, with small acute stipule-like append- 
ages; flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow; stamens nearly equal ; 
tube of the perianth 2-3.5 C"^- ^'^^"^?.\ spathe i-2-flowered; filaments dilated beUnv ; 
anthers linear, 4 mm. long, sagittate; stigma scveral-lobed ; capsule i-celloil with 
3 parietal placentae, many-seeded. In still water, Ont. to Ore., Fla, and Mex. 
Also in Cuba. July-Oct, 



244 FLORA. 

Order 8. LILIAlES. 

Monocotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the 
flowers usually regular and complete, and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary 
superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny. 

Ovary superior (except in Aletris of the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus in the 
Melanthaceae). 
Perianth -segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like 

leaves and small flowers. Fam. i. Juncaceae. 

Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like. 

Fruit a capsule (except in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy and indehis- 
cent). 
Capsule mostly septicidal ; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 2. Melanthaceae, 
Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochorttis) ; plants mostly bulbous. 

Fam. 3. Liliaceae. 
Fruit a fleshy berry. 

Erect herbs ; tendrils none ; flowers perfect. Fam. 4. Convallariaceae. 

Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect ; flowers dioecious, in axillary 
umbels. Fam, 5, Smilaceae. 

Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. 

Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 6. Haemodoraceae. 

Stamens 6 in our species. 

Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 7. Amaryllidaceae. 

Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 8. Dioscoreaceae. 

Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 9. Iridaceae. 



Family 17. JUNCACEAE Vent.* 

Rush Family. 

Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, com- 
monly growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or 
decompound, paniculate, corymbose, cymose, or umbelloid, rarely re- 
duced to a single flower, bearing its flowers singly, or loosely clustered, 
or aggregated into spikes or heads. Flowers small, regular, with or with- 
out bractlets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous. 
Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, 
dehiscing by a slit. Pistil superior, tricarpous, i -celled or 3-celled, with 
3-many ascending anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a 
loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3-many, small, cylindric to subglobose, with 
loose or close seed-coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like append- 
ages.. Seven genera and about 200 species, widely distributed. 

Leaf-sheaths open ; capsule i- or 3-celled, many-seeded ; placentae parietal or axial. 

I. J uncus. 
Leaf-sheaths closed ; capsule i-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. Juncoides. 

I. JUNCUS L. 

Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous herbage; 
stems leaf-bearing or scapose, leaf- sheaths with free margins, and leaf blades terete, 
gladiate, grass-like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, often 
unilateral, sometimes congested, bearing its flowers either singly and with 2 bract- 
lets (prophylla), or in heads and without bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract ; 
bractlets almost always entire; stamens 6 to 3 ; ovary i-celled or by the intrusion 
of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae correspondingly parietal or axial; seeds 
several-many, usually distinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed. About 150 
species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. The species bloom in sum- 
mer. [Latin, fromjungo, to bind, in allusion to the use of these plants for withes. 



* Contributed by Mr. Frederick V. Coville, 



JUNCACEAE, 245 

A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, erects 
appearing: like a continuation of the stem, the inflorescence therefore appearing lat- 
eral ; stem leaves none. 

1. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. Genuini. 

Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored. 

Perianth-parts equalling or exceeding the capsule, all acute. 

Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. 
Capsule without a distinct apical papilla. i. J. effusus. 

Capsule with a distinct apical papilla. 2. J. conglomeratus. 

Stamens 6; leaf of inflorescence about equalling the stem, or longer. 

3. J. filiformis. 
Perianth-parts reaching only the middle of the capsule, inner obtuse. 

4. J. gytnnocarpus. 
Perianth-parts with a chestnut-brown stripe down either side of the midrib. 

5. J. Bait tens, 

2. Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. Tha- 

LASSICI. 
Perianth-parts pale brown ; seed tailless. 6. y. Roemerianus. 

Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored ; seed tailed. 7. J. viaritimus. 

B. Lowest leaf of the infloresence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, 
or if so, conspicuously channeled along: the upper side, the inflorescence usually ap- 
pearing terminal. 

1. Leaf-blade transversely flattened (inserted with its flat surface 
facing the stem), or terete and channeled, not provided with septa. 

* Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes 
clustered or congested, but never in true heads. Poiophylli. 
Annual ; inflorescence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one-third the height of the 

plant. 8. J. bufonius. 

Perennial ; inflorescence, excluding leaves, not one-third the height of the plant. 
Leaf-blade flat, but sometimes involute in drying. 

Inflorescence 1-3-flowered; leaves with fimbriate auricles. 

9. J. trifidus. 
Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several-many-flowered ; 
leaves with entire auricles. 

Cauline leaves i or 2, rarely wanting ; perianth-parts obtuse. 

TO. J. Gerardi. 
Cauline leaves none; perianth parts acute or acuminate. 

Inflorescence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf ; flowers 
seldom plainly secund ; perianth 3.5-5.5 mm. long, usually ex- 
ceeding the capsule ; capsule obovoid, broadly rounded at the 
apex, the placentae intruded half way to the axis. 

II. y. tenuis. 
Inflorescence rarely exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers plainly 
secund on the branches; perianth 2.5-4 mm. long, equalling the 
capsule ; capsule oblong, 3-sided, truncate at the apex ; placentae 
meeting at ihe axis. 12. J. secundus. 

Leaf-blade terete, channeled along the upper side. 

Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong 
to obovoid. 

Seed tailed. i3- ./• yi-Jscyi. 

Seed not tailed. 

Perianth 2.5-3 n^m- long, plainly exceeded by the capsule. 

14. /. Greenci. 
Perianth 3.5-4 mm. long, not exceeded by the capsule. 

15. /. dichotomus. 
Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the 

panicle; capsule globose-ovoid. 16. /. set ace us. 

** Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on branches of the ii\tlorescence. Gra- 

MINIFOLII. 

Stem erect; capsule oblong or obovoid, obtuse at the apex. 

Stamens 3, with red-brown anthers ; capsule not mucronato. 

17. /. marginaius. 

Stamens 6, with yellow anthers; capsule mucronate. »S, /. longistyiis. 
Stem creeping, floating, or ascending; capsule subulate. 19. J . repens. 



246 



FLORA. 



2. Leaf-blade not transversely flattened, commonly terete, hollow, 
provided with septa. 

* Leaf -blade usually channeled along the upper side ; septa usually imperfect, not exter- 
nally evident ; inflorescence of 1-4 heads ; plants of arctic or alpine range. Alpini. 
Body of the seed i mm. in length or more. 

Leaf-sheath not auriculate. 20. J. castaneus. 

Leaf-sheath auriculate. 21. /. stygius. 

Body of the seed less than i mm. in length. 

Lowest leaf of inflorescence foliose, erect ; capsule deeply retuse at apex. 

22. J. biglumts. 
Lowest leaf of inflorescence membranous, spreading ; capsule obtuse and mucro- 
nate at the apex. 23. J. triglumis. 

** Leaf-blade not channeled along the upper side (except iny. bulbostis), the septa per- 
fect (except ixxj. polycephalus), and usually externally evident; inflorescence, ex- 
cept in depauperate specimens, of several to many heads ; plants not of arctic- 
alpine range. Septati. 

+ Stamens 6, one opposite each perianth-part. 
Heads reduced to one, or rarely two flowers. 24. J. pelocarpus. 

Heads 2-many-flowered. 

Epidermis not roughened. 

Plants with two kinds of leaves, one normal, the other basal, submersed, and 
capillary. 

Plant low, less than 2.5 dm. high. 25. J. bulbosus. 

Plant tall, more than 2.5 dm. high. 26. J. tmlitaris. 

Plants without submerged capillary leaves. 

Capsule oblong, either abruptly acuminate or bluntly acute. 

Branches widely spreading ; capsule sharply acute, tapering into a con- 
spicuous tip. 27. J. articulatus. 
Branches usually strict ; capsule broadly acute, or obtuse, with a short 
tip. 28. J. Richa?-dsomanus. 
Capsule subulate. 

Leaf-blades erect; inner-perianth-parts longer than the outer. 

29. J. nodostis. 
Leaf-blades abruptly divergent from the stem; outer perianth-parts 
longer than the inner. 30. J. Torreyi. 

Epidermis of the leaves roughened with minute tubercles. 31. J. Caesariensis. 
1 1 Stamens 3, none opposite the inner perianth-parts. 
Capsule less than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 32. J. brachycarpus 

Capsule more than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 

Capsule tapering evenly into a prominent subulate beak. 

Leaf-blade vertically flattened and with incomplete septa, only rarely compressed 

and with complete septa. • -t,^. J . polycephalus. 

Leaf-blade terete or nearly so, the septa complete. 

Uppermost cauline leaf with a well-developed blade. 

34- J. scirpoides. 
Uppermost cauline leaf with a rudimentary blade rarely exceeding 3 dm. in 
length. 35. J. tnegacephalus. 

Capsule obtuse to acute at the apex, sometimes mucronate, but not prolonged into 
a beak. 

Seed 0.6-2 mm. long. 

Perianth about 2 mm. long, the fruiting head not more than 4 mm. high. 

36. J. brac/iycepkalus. 
Perianth 3-4 mm. long, or if shorter, the fruiting head 4 mm. high or more. 

37. J. Canadensis. 
Seed 0.4-0.5 mm. long. 

Perianth and mature capsule 2-4 mm. long. 

Perianth 2.5-4 nim. long, or if less the whole plant not 5 dm. high. 

38. J. acumitamis. 
Perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, the whole plant more than 5 dm. high. 

39. J. robustus. 
Perianth and mature capsules 4-6 mm. long. 40. J. diffiisissimus. 

1. Juncus effusus L. Common Rush. Bog Rush. Soft Rush. (I. F. f. 
919.) Plant 0.4-1.2 m. high, tufted, erect. Rootstock branching, proliferous; 
stem soft, merely striate beneath the inflorescence; basal leaf-blades reduced to 
filiform rudiments; inflorescence many-flowered, 2-10 cm. high, in one form con- 
gested; lowest bract of the inflorescence, 5-25 cm. long; perianth 2-3 mm. long, its 
parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule olx)- 
void, 3-celled, muticous, regularly dehiscent; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. in length, reticulate 



JUNCACEAE. 247 

in about 16 longitudinal rows. In swamps and moist places, nearly throughout 
N. A., except the arid and high northern portions. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Juncus conglomeratus L. Glomerate Rush. (I. F. f. 920.) Plant 
3-6 dm. high, tufted, erect. Rootstock stout, with proliferous branches ; stem 
distinctly ribbed just beneath the inflorescence ; leaf-blades wanting, or minute 
fililorm rudiments ; inflorescence congested, seldom more than 2 cm. high ; lowest 
bract of the inflorescence 5-15 cm. long ; perianth 2.5-4 mm. long, its parts 
green, lanceolate, acuminate ; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule obovoid, 
obtuse or retuse at apex, tipped with the base of the style ; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. in 
length, acute or abruptly apiculate at both ends, reticulate in about 16 longitudinal 
rows. In the sphagnum bogs of Newf. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 

3. Juncus filiformis L. Thread Rush. (I. F. f. 921.) Stems 1-6 dm. tall, 
erect, from a creeping rootstock ; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths ; 
inflorescence commonly with less than 8 flowers and less than 2 cm. high ; perianth 
2.5-3.5 mm. long, its parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the inner obtuse ; 
stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth ; style very short ; capsule obovoid, 
green, barely pointed, about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-celled ; seed 
about 0.5 mm. long, pointed at either end, with an irregularly wrinkled coat, seldom 
developing reticulations. Lab. to Br. Col., Penn., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 

4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rush. (I. F. f. 922.) 
Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, about 2 mm. thick, from a creeping proliferous root- 
stock ; basal leaves reduced to bladeless clasping sheaths ; panicle commonly 
1.5-3 cm. high, spreading, its subtending leaf usually I-2.5 dm. long ; perianth 
2 mm. in length or a little less, its parts with a green midrib, equal, lanceolate, the 
outer acute, the inner obtuse ; capsule almost twice as long as the perianth, 
broadly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, brown and shining, barely dehiscent, 
3-celled ; seed about 0.6 mm. long, none with perfect markings seen. In swamps, 
mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon counties, Penn. 

5. Juncus Balticus Willd. Baltic Rush. (I. F. f. 923.) Stems 2-9 dm. high, 
arising at intervals from a stout creeping rootstock ; basal leaves reduced to bladeless 
sheaths; panicle commonly 2-6 cm. high; perianth 3-4.5 mm, long, its parts nearly 
equal, brown with a green midrib and hyaline margins; style I-2 mm. long; stigmas 
a little shorter ; stamens 6, about two-thirds the length of the perianth ; anthers much 
longer than the filaments ; capsule about as long as the perianth, pale to dark 
brown, narrowly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, 3-celled ; seeds usually with 
a loose coat, nearly i mm. long, about 40-striate. On shores, Lab. to Alaska, 
S. N. Y., Ohio and Neb., and far south in the western mountains. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Variable. 

6. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. Roemer's Rush. (I. F. f. 924.) Stems 
0.5-1.2 m. tall, from a tough scaly rootstock 5-10 mm. thick ; inner sheaths bear- 
ing erect blades of about the same length as the stem ; inflorescence 1-2.5 cm. 
high, diffuse, its leaf 6-15 cm. long ; he;ids 2-6-flowered ; perianth pale brown, 
2-3.5 i^i^' long, the parts linear-oblong, the outer acuminate, the inner shorter and 
bluntly acute; flowers imperfectly dioecious; stamens 6, on fertile plants reduced 
to sterile staminodia ; capsule brown, about as long as the perianth, narrowly 
obovoid, obtuse or truncate, mucronate, 3-celled ; seed dark brown, abruptly 
apiculate, indistinctly reticulate or distinctly 20-26-ribbed and the intervening 
spaces imperfectly cross-lined. In brackish marshes, N. J. to Tex. 

7. Juncus maritimus Lam. Sea Rush. (I. F. f. 925.) Stems 0.5-1 m. 
high, from a stout horizontal rootstock. Outer basal leaves reduced to bladeless 
sheaths, the innermost foliose, with a long terete stout blade about equalling the 
stem ; leaf of the inflorescence erect, sometimes 3 dm. long; panicle 0.7-2 dm. high, 
its branches, stiff, erect ; heads 2-6-flowered ; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts 
green, lanceolate, with hyaline margins; flowers perfect ; stamens 6, two-thirds as 
long as the perianth ; filaments about as long as the anthers ; capsule 3-3.5 mm. 
long, narrowly ovoid, acute, mucronate, brown above, 3-celled; seed browi\, the 
body narrowly and oMicjiuely oblong, 20-30-ribbed, indistinctly reticulate, tailed at 
either end. Coney Island, N. Y. Common on the coasts of Europe. 

8. Juncus bufonius L. Ttvvi) Ri sii. (I. F. f. 020.) Pl.uu branching fixnn 
the base, annual, erect, seldom exceeding 2 dm. in height; leaf-blade flat, 0.5-1 mm. 



248 FLORA. 

wide, in low plants often much narrower; inflorescence with blade-bearing leaves 
at the lower nodes; flowers inserted singly on its branches; perianth-parts 4-7 mm, 
long, lanceolate, acuminate, equal; stamens usually 6, sometimes 3; anthers shorter 
than the filaments ; capsule about two-thirds as long as the perianth, narrowly ob- 
long, obtuse, mucronate, 3-celled; seed broadly oblong, with straight tips, minutely 
reticulate in 30-40 longitudinal rows. A cosmopolitan species, occurring through- 
out N. Am., except the extreme north. 

9. Juncus trifidus L. Highland Rush. (I. F. f. 927.) Tufted, 1-3 dm. 
high; stems about 0.5 mm. thick; basal leaves almost bladeless sheaths, the upper- 
most with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem leaf i, near the inflo- 
rescence, with a narrower blade; inflorescence a cluster of 1-3 flowers, the lowest 
subtending bract similar to the stem leaf; perianth dark brown, 2.5-3.5 ^"^- ^oi^gj 
stamens 6; capsule equalling the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid, mucro- 
nate-aristate ; seeds few, narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly angled, 
minutely striate both longitudinally and transversely. Greenland and Lab., south 
on the higher mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 

10. Juncus Gerardi Lois. Black-grass. (L F. f. 928.) Tufted, 2-7.5 dm. 
high, with creeping rootstocks. Basal leaves with rather loosely clasping auricu- 
late sheaths; cauline leaves usually I or 2, similar to the basal; inflorescence pan- 
iculate; perianth 2-2.5 "^^* ^^^g? i^s parts oblong, obtuse, with green midrib and 
dark brown margins, straw-colored in age; stamens 6, barely exceeded by the 
perianth; anthers much longer than the filaments; capsule longer than the perianth, 
obovoid, mucronate, shining, 3-celled ; seed dark brown, obovate, acute at base, 
obtuse and often depressed at the summit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the 
intervening spaces cross-lined. On salt meadows. Gulf of St. Lawrence toFla.; 
rare in W. N. Y. and the vicinity of the Great Lakes. Occurs also on the north- 
west coast, and in Europe. 

11. Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Yard Rush. (L F. f. 929.) 
Tufted, 2-7.5 d™- ^ighj basal leaves with blades 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, sometimes 
involute in drying; stem leaves none; inflorescence usually much exceeded by its 
lowest leaf, i dm. high or less; perianth 3.5-5 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acu- 
minate, widely divergent, touching the capsule for about half their length; stamens 
6, about half as long as the perianth; capsule oblong to obovoid, rounded at the 
top, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. long, narrowly oblong to obovoid, with 
oblique ends, reticulated in about 16 rows. Li dry or moist soil, almost through- 
out N. Am., now migrating to all parts of the world. Variable. 

12. Juncus seciindus Beauv. Secund Rush. (I. F. f. 930.) Tufted, 1.5- 
4 dm. high; leaves usually less than one -third the height of the plant; inflores- 
cence 2-10 cm. high, the flowers secund on the branches; perianth -parts 2.5- 
3.5 mm. long, equalling or barely exceeding the capsule and appressed to it for 
about two-thirds their length ; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the perianth ; 
capsule narrowly ovoid, 3 -sided above the middle with straight sides and a trun- 
cate apex, completely 3-celled, the placentae meeting in the axis; seed 0.3-0.4 mm. 
long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely tipped, with 12-16 longitudinal rows of 
areolae. In dry soil, Me. (according to Femald), N. J., Penn. to N. Car., and 
occasional in the middle Miss. Valley. 

13. Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. Vasey's Rush. (I. F. f. 931.) Tufted, 3- 
6 dm. high ; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths, the uppermost bearing 
a terete channeled blade; stem leaves none; inflorescence 4 cm. in height or less, 
4-40-flowered; perianth 3-4 mm. long, the parts subulate-lanceolate, with hyaline 
margins; stamens 6; anthers shorter than the filaments; style almost wanting; 
stigmas short; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse or 
truncate, with a short tip, 3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-oblong oblique 
body about 0.5 mm. long, 20-24-ribbed. Me. and Ont. to Mich., 111. and Iowa. 

14. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Greene's Rush. (I. F. f. 932.) 
Tufted, 2-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with terete channeled blades one-half to two- 
thirds the length of the stem; panicle 2-4 cm. high, rather compact, much exceeded 
by its lowest bract; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, its parts stiff, lanceolate, sharply 
acute, with brownish red stripes and apex, the inner shorter ; stamens 6 ; anthers 
about as long as the filaments; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer than the peri- 
anth, ovate-lanceolate, truncate, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, 



JUNCA CEAE. 249 

slightly reticulated in about 20-24 rows, the areolae nearly square. N. B. to N. J., 
near the coast; Mich., Wis., Minn, and Ont. 

15. Juncus dichotomus Ell. Forked Rush. (I. F. f. 933.) Tufted, 3-10 
dm. high; leaves all basal except those of the inflorescence; blades terete, channeled 
along the upper side, about one-half the height of the stem ; inflorescence panicu- 
late, subsecund ; perianth about 4 mm, long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, straw- 
colored when old ; stamens 6 ; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, oblong, 
obtuse, mucronate, i-celled; seed oblong, dark brown, obliquely apiculate, less than 
0.5 mm. long, reticulate in about 14 longitudinal rows, the smooth areolae about as 
long as broad. In dry soil, Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. 

16. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Awl-leaved Rush. (I. F. i. 934.) Densely 
tufted. Stems terete, spreading, 4-10 dm. long ; leaves all basal except those of 
the inflorescence, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long terete blade similar 
to the stem, but channeled; the other sheaths with filiform blades; involucral leaf 
appearing like a continuation of the stem, 1-3 dm. long; inflorescence appearing 
lateral, 5 cm. long or less ; perianth 2-5 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acuminate, 
rigid, widely divergent in fruit ; stamens 6 ; capsule globose, shining, mucronate, 
i-celled, barely dehiscent; seed subglobose, 0.5-0.6 mm. long, reticulate in about 
12 longitudinal rows. In marshes, Del. to Fla, and Tex., near the coast, extending 
north in the Miss. Valley to Mo. 

17. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rush. (I. F. f. 935.) 
Tufted, 1.5-7.5 dm. high from branching rootstocks. Leaf-sheaths auriculate ; 
blades 1-3 mm. broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the midrib ; inflores- 
cence I dm. high or less, the panicle composed of 2-20 turbinate to subspherical 
5-10-flowered heads; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the outer parts ovate, acute, the 
inner slightly longer, obtuse, with hyaline margins ; stamens 3 ; anthers ovate, much 
shorter than the filaments ; capsule equalling the perianth, obovoid, truncate or 
retuse, almost 3-celled, the placentae deeply intruded; seed oblong, 0.4-O.5 mm, 
long, pointed at either end, i2-i6-ribbed. Grassy places, Me. to Ont,, Fla. and 
Neb. 

Juncus marginktus aristulktus (Michx.) Coville. Taller, sometimes i.i m, high ; leaf- 
blades 2-5 mm. broad ; heads usually 20-100, mostly 2-5-flowered. N.Y. to Fla. and Max., 
mostly near the coast ; Miss. Valley to Kans. and Mich. 

Juncus margin^tus set6sus Coville. Inner perianth-parts ovate or lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate; seeds smaller. Kans. to Mex. 

18. Juncus longistylis Torr. Long-styled Rush. (I. F. f. 936.) Stems 
erect, loosely tufted, 2-7.5 ^"i- high, slender, compressed, 1-3 -leaved. Leaf- blades 
1.5-3 mm. wide, the midrib well defined; inflorescence 5 cm. high or less, usually 
of 2-10 irregular 3-8-flowered heads, or reduced to a single larger one ; perianth 
5-6 mm. long, the parts equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6, the yellow 
linear anthers longer than the filaments; style about i mm. long; stigmas ~-3 mm. 
long; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, angled above, obtuse or 
depressed at the summit, mucronate, 3-celled; seed oblong, white-tipped, about 0.5 
mm. long, 14-20-ribbed. Neb. and the Rocky Mountain region. 

19. Juncus repens Michx. Creeping Rush. (I. F. f. 937.) Perennial In- 
prostrate rooting branches ; stems compressed, ascending, floating or prostrate, o. 5-5 
dm. long. Leaves with compressed sheaths, auriculate, the bhides 2-8 cm. long. 
1-2 mm. broad, filiform-acuminate; inflorescence of I-S heads, one or more heads 
often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-10-flowered; flowers 6-10 mm. 
long; perianth-parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer keeled, about one-third shorter 
than the inner; stamens 3 ; filaments longer than the yellow anthers ; capsule subu- 
late, beakless, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled; seed oblong, acute 
at either end, finely reticulate. In swamps ami streams, Del. to Fla., Cuba and 
Tex., and in Lower Cal. 

20. Juncus castaneus Smith. Chestnut Ritsu. (T. F. f. 03S.) Stems 
erect, I-5 dm. high, terete, leafless, or with a single leaf, arising singly from a 
slender rootstock. Basal leaves 3-5, the outer sheaths short, loose, the inner clasp- 
ing, their blades tapering to a slender channeled acutish apex; inflorescence strict, 
usually exceeded b)' its lowest bract; heads 1-3, 3-i2-floNvered; pedicels I-2.5 nun. 
long; perianth brown or black, 4-7 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acute; anthei-s 



250 FLURA. 

about I mm. long; capsule brown, \\-i times as long as the perianth, narrowly 
oblong, tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 2.5-4 mm. long, 
contracted into long slender tails. Newf. to Alaska, south along the Rocky Mts. 
to Colo. In Europe and Asia. 

21. Juncus sti^gius L. Moor Rush. (I. F. f. 939.) Rootstock none; stems 
0.7-3 ^™- high, single, or few together, erect, 1-3-leaved below; leaf-sheaths 
1-2 cm. long, clasping, auriculate; blades 2-10 cm. long, slightly compressed, 
channeled on the upper side, tapering to a blunt point; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; 
heads 1-4-flowered; perianth 3-5 mm. long, pale, its parts lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
equal; anthers oblong, shorter than the iilaments; capsule 6-8 mm. long, pale 
brown, spindle-shaped, mucronate, 3-celled below, few-seeded; seed spindle-shaped, 
2.5-3 mm. long, with a loose coat, narrowed into thick tails. Newf. to Me., N. 
N. Y., Mich, and Minn.; also in Br. Col. and Europe. 

22. J uncus biglumis L. Two-flowered Rush. (I. F. f. 940.) Stems 
0.2-2 dm. high, loosely tvifted on a branched rootstock, nearly terete. Leaves 1-5, 
all basal, the outermost sheath usually 8 mm. long or less, the innermost sometimes 
much longer, the blades nearly terete; inflorescence a capitate cluster of 1-4 
flowers, its lowest bract erect, foliose; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, dark brown, its 
parts oblong, obtuse, nearly equal; anthers linear-oblong; capsule longer than the 
perianth, cylindric-oblong, 3-sided, retuse at the summit; purplish black, or with 
purple-margined valves, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 0.5-0.6 mm. long, fusiform, 
narrowed into short stout tails. Baffin Bay to Alaska and Br. Col. Also in Europe 
and Asia. 

23. Juncus triglumis L. Three-flowered Rush. (I. F. f. 941.) Stems 
7-17 cm. high, loosely tufted on the branched rootstock, erect, terete. Leaves I-5, 
all basal, with sheaths clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades subterete, 
blunt; inflorescence a capitate cluster of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers; the lowest 2 or 3 
bracts usually brown, obtuse and membranous; perianth 3-4 mm. long, its parts 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; anthers linear, short; capsule about equalling the peri- 
anth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate. 3 -angled, imperfectly 3-celled; seed about 2 mm. 
long, oblong, abruptly contracted into slender tails. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, 
south in the Rocky Moxmtains to Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 

24. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Brownish-fruited Rush. (L F. f. 942.) 
Rootstock slender; stems 0.7-5 ^"^- ^ig^! 1-5-leaved; basal leaves 2-4, mostly with 
slender terete blades seldom exceeding 12 cm. in length; inflorescence i cm. in 
height or less ; panicle loose, with distant heads of I or sometimes 2 flowers ; peri- 
anth 1.5-3 mm. long, the parts linear-oblong, obtuse or the inner sometimes acute; 
stamens 6; anthers slightly exceeding the filaments; style commonly I mm. long; 
capsule subulate-linear, i -celled, its slender beak exceeding the perianth; seed 
oblong to obovoid, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, reticulate in about 24 rows, Newf. to N. J. 
and Minn. 

Juncus pelocarpus subtilis (E. Meyer) Engelm. Much smaller, depressed, i-few- 
flowered. N. Me. and adjacent Can. 

25. Juncus bulbosus L. Bulbous Rush. (L F. £. 943.) Tufted, 5-20 cm. 
high ; usually bulbous. Leaves of two kinds, the basal mostly submersed, filiform, 
the cauline stouter, all with auriculate sheaths, panicle of i— 10 heads; heads 4-15- 
flowered, some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of small leaves ; perianth 
2.5-3 mm. long, its parts nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a 
green midrib; stamens 3; capsule narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, slightly 
exceeding the perianth, brown above, i -celled; seed narrowly oblong, about 0.5 mm. 
long, acute at base, obtuse and apiculate above, 25-30-ribbed. Lab. and Newf. 
Common in Europe. 

26. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rush. (I. F. f. 944.) Stems 0.5- 
1.2 m. high, erect, stout, 3-6 mm. thick below, arising from a stout rootstock. 
Leaves of two kinds, the submersed borne in fascicles on the rootstock and develop- 
ing filiform blades sometimes 5 dm. long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless 
sheaths; stem leaves I or 2, the lower with a long stout terete blade, the upper, 
when present, reduced to a bladeless sheath ; inflorescence 7-15 cm. high ; heads 
6-i2-flowered; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts narrowly linear-subulate, the 
inner longer than the outer; stamens 6; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, i -celled, 



JUNCACEAE. 251 

few-seeded, about equalling the perianth ; seed obovoid, about o. 5 mm. long, retic- 
ulated in about 24 rows. Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams, N. .S. to 
N. N. Y. and Md. 

27. Juncus articulatus L. Jointed Rush. (I. F. f. 945.) Rootstock branch- 
ing; stems erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4- 
leaved, basal blade-bearing leaves I or 2, usually dying early; stem k-aves with 
conspicuously septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceeding I dm. in height, its 
branches spreading; heads 6-12-flowered; perianth 2-3 mm. long, the parts nearly 
equal, lanceolate, acuminate, reddish brown with a green midrib or green through- 
out; stamens 6; capsule longer than the perianth, brown, 3-angled, tapering into a 
conspiciuous tip, I -celled; seed oblong-obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, reticulate in 
about 16-20 rows. Lab. to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
Asia. 

28. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. Richardson's Rush. (I. F. f. 946.) 
Stems erect, 1.5-5 dm. high in loose tufts, from creeping rootstocks, 1-2-leaved; 
panicle 6-20 cm. high, sparse, its branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-12- 
flowered; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, the inner parts shorter than the outer, obtuse, 
the outer paler; stamens 6; anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid- 
oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, with a short tip; seed about 0.5 mm. in 
length, narrowly obovoid to oblong, apiculate, acute or acuminate at the base, 
lightly reticulate in about 20 rows. N. S. to Br. Col. , ■ Penn. , Neb. and Wash. 

29. Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. (I. F. f. 947.) Stems 1.5-6 dm. 
high, erect, arising singly from thickenings of a slender rootstock ; stem leaves 2-4, 
and like the basal ones with long erect blades; panicle seldom exceeding 6 cm., 
bearing I-30 heads; heads several-many-flowered, 7-12 mm. in diameter; perianth 
2.4-3.5 i^ni' long, its parts lanceolate-subulate, the inner longer than the outer; 
stamens 6; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, i-celled, exceeding the perianth; 
seed oblong, acute below, apiculate above, rarely more than 0.4 mm. long, reticu- 
late in 20-30 rows. N. S. to Va., Neb. and Br. Col. Also \\\ Nev. 

30. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. (I. F. f. 948.) Stems 2-10 
dm. high; rootstock slender, with tuberiform thickenings; leaf-blades stout, terete, 
abruptly divergent from the stem; inflorescence congested, consisting of 1-20 heads; 
heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; perianth 4-5 mm. long, its parts subulate, the outer 
longer than the inner; stamens 6; capsule subulate, 3 -sided, I -celled, beaked; seed 
0.4-0.5 mm. in length, oblong, acute at both ends, reticulate in about 20 longitudi- 
nal rows. W. N. Y. to Tex. and the Pacific coast. 

31. Juncus Caesariensis Coville. New Jersey Rush. (I. F. f. 949.) Stems 
0.5-1 m. high, stout, erect, slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the uppermost, 
like the cauline, with long erect terete roughened blades; inflorescence 2-10 cm. 
high, with spreading branches, its lowest bract with a small blade; heads 2-5-flow- 
ered; perianth 4-5 mm. long, the parts lanceolate-acuminate, stiff, green, striate, 
the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6; capsule lanceolate-oblong, 3-sided, 
mucronate-acuminate, incompletely 3-celled; seed tailed at both ends, altogether 
about 2 mm. long. Sandy swamps of S. N. J. 

32. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. Short-fruited Rush. (I. F. f. 050.) 
Stems erect, 2-9 dm. high, terete, 1-4-leaved; blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less; 
inflorescence sometimes I dm. high and with 20 spherical heads; perianth 3-4 mm. 
long, its parts subulate, the inner about three-fourths as long as the outer; stamens 
3; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, oblong, mucronate. i-celled; 
seed oblong, acute at both ends, about 0.4 mm. long, reticulate in about 18 longitu- 
dinal rows. S. Ont., through the Miss. Valley to Okla., Tex. and Miss. ; also from 
N. Car. to Md. 

33. Juncus polycephalus Michx. Many-iieaded Rush. (I. F. f. 951.) Stems" 
stout, about I m. high, compressed, 2-4-leaved. Leaves 0.5 m. in length or less. 
the upper shorter; blades vertically flattened, 3-8 mm. broad; inflorescence 1-3.5 
dm. high; heads globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter; perianth 3-4 n\m. long, its parts 
subulate; stamens 3 ; capsule subuhite, i-celled, exceeding the perianth; seed nar- 
rowly oblong, about 0.5 mm. long, acute at each end, with nearly straight tips, 
reticulate in about 12 rows. In swamps, Va. (?) to Fla. and Tex. 

34. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Scirpus-T-ike Rush. \\. F. f. 052.) Stems 
2-9 dm. high, erect, terete, in clusters. Stem leaves I -3; bhules teixMe, 2 mm. 



252 FLORA, 

thick or less, usually less than i dm. long, the septa perfect; basal leaves similar, 
but with longer blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading, sometimes 1.5 dm. 
in length; heads 2-30, globose, 6-12 mm. in diameter; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 
its parts subulate, the inner somewhat shorter; capsule subulate, i -celled, its long 
beak exceeding the perianth ; seed oblong, abruptly apiculate at either end, reticu- 
late in 14-20 longitudinal rows. Me, (according to Femald), N. Y. to Fla. and La. 

35. Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis. Carolina Rush. (I. F. f. 953.) 
Stems 3-9 dm. high, tufted from a branching rootstock, stout, 2-3 -leaved. Leaves 
with auricled sheaths, the blades of the basal 2 dm. long or less; the uppermost 
rarely 2 cm. in length; inflorescence 1.5 cm. high or less, its low^est leaf almost 
bladeless, the others scarious; panicle of 1-40 heads; heads spherical, 8-12 mm. 
in diameter; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts subulate, the outer longer than 
the inner; stamens 3; capsule subulate, beaked, equalling the perianth, 3-sided, 
i-celled; seed oblong, acute at either end, reticulate in 12-14 rows. Va. (?), N. Car. 
to Fla. 

36. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. Small -headed Rush. 
(L F. f. 954.) Stems 3-6 dm. high, tufted, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well 
developed blades, the lower commonly I-2 dm. long; inflorescence commonly 6-15 
cm. high, with spreading branches; heads top-shaped, 2-5 -flowered; perianth 
2-2.5 ^^- ^oi^&> i^^ parts lanceolate, the outer shorter tlian the inner; stamens 3; 
capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the perianth, ovoid-oblong, 
tipped, 3-sided, I -celled; seed with narrowly oblong body, short-tailed at either 
end, 20-30-ribbed. N. Y. to Penn., 111. and Wis. 

37. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. (L F. f. 955.) Stems 
0,3-1.2 m. high, erect, stout, 2-4-leaved, few in a tuft. Basal leaves usually 
decayed at flowering-time; stem leaves with large loose auriculate sheaths, and a 
stout erect blade usually I-2.5 dm. long; panicle 0.7-2,5 dm. in height; heads 
usually crowded, 5-40-flowered; perianth 3-4 mm. long, the parts narrowly 
lanceolate, acute, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 3 ; capsule lanceolate, 
acute, mucronate, 3 -sided. I -celled, reddish brown, exceeding the perianth; seed 
1-2 mm, long, tailed at either end. the body with a smooth shining coat, about 
40-striate. N. B. to JSIinn., Ga. and La. 

Juncus Canadensis subcaudktus Eng-elm. Stems 4-7.5 dm. high, slender, frequently 
weak and reclining; heads few, scattered; seed ^v^th very short tails. R. L to Penn. 
and Ga. 

Juncus Canadensis brevicaudktus Engelm. Stems erect, 2-7,5 dm. tall, slender, 
closely tufted ; panicle contracted ; heads 2-6-flowered ; seed long-tailed N. S. to Minn, 
and N. J. 

38. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. (L F. f. 956.) 

Plant 2.5-9 dm. high; rootstock short. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect, 
1-3-leaved; blades of the lower leaves I-2 dm. long; inflorescence 0.5-1.5 dm. 
high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger, or reduced even to a single head, its 
branches usually spreading; heads 3-20-flowered; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, its 
parts lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal; stamens 3; capsule ovate-lanceolate, 
broadly acute, mucronate, i -celled, equalling the perianth, light brown; seed 
oblong, about 0.5 mm. in length, tipped at either end, reticulate in 16-20 longitudinal 
rows. Me. to S. Ont,, Minn., Ga. and Mex. Also on the northwest coast. Heads 
often proliferous. 

Juncus acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. Smaller, densely tufted, 2.5-5 dm. 
high, the stems often weak and procumbent; perianth shorter, 2-2.5 rnm, long; capsule 
linear-oblong, obtuse, about one-third longer than the perianth, short-tipped, N. J. to 
*S. Car. 

39. Juncus robiastus (Engelm.) Coville. Stout Rush. (I. F. f. 957.) Plant 
about 9 dm. high. Stems single or few in a tuft, stout, nearly terete, i-2-leaved; 
blades erect, terete, conspicuously many-septate, 2-6 dm. long, usually reaching 
or exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence I-2.5 dm. high, with innumerable 
(commonly 300-500) heads; heads 2-io-flowered; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, its 
parts nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate; stamens 3; capsule equalling or one-third 
exceeding the perianth, straw-colored, oblong, obtuse with a short tip, 3 -sided 



JUNCACEAE. 253 

when dry, i -celled; seed nearly as in J. acuminatus. S. 111. to Kans., Okla., La. 
and Tex. 

40. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Diffuse Rush. (I. F. f. 958.) Plant 
3-6 dm. high. Stems few in a tuft, erect, slender, terete or slightly compressed, 
2-4-leaved; blades I-2 dm. long; inflorescence diffusely branched, 1-2 dm. high 
and broad; heads 3- 1 2 -flowered; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, its parts subulate, 
equal; capsule linear-lanceolate in outline, 4-5.5 mm. long, with a short tip, 3- 
sided, light brown, i-celled; seed oblong to obovoid, acute at the base, abruptly 
tipped, reticulate in about 16 rows. S. Kans. to Miss, and Tex. 

2. JUNCOIDES Adans. 

Perennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or sparingly webbed, stems leaf- 
bearing, leaf-sheaths with united margins, and leaf-blades grass-like. Inflorescence 
umbelloid, paniculate, or corymbose, often congested; flowers always bracteolate, 
the bractlets usually lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovary 
i-celled, its 3 ovules with basal insertion; seeds 3, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes 
carunculate, not distinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning like Juncus. '\ About 40 
species, widely distributed, mostly flowering in spring. 

Inflorescence umbelloid, i or 2 flowers on each of its branches. i. J. pilosum. 

Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in spike-like clusters. 
Outer perianth-parts shorter than the inner : introduced species. 2. J. nemo?-osum. 
Perianth-parts equal or nearly so ; native species. 

Flowers 1-3 together, on the branches of an open panicle. 3. J. parviflorum. 
Flowers crowded into one or more thick spikes or spike-like clusters. 

Inflorescence nodding. 4. J. spicatum. 

Inflorescence erect or spreading, or its individual branches rarely nodding. 
Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like or capitate flower-clusters, or the leaf- 
blades sharp-pointed. 
Inflorescence crowded into a single cluster ; leaves flat, usually with 

a blunt apex. 5. J. nivale. 

Inflorescence in 1-4 clusters ; leaves narrowed above, involute- 
channeled, apex very sharp. 6. J hyperboreum. 
Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters ; leaf-blades with 
blunt points. 7. J. campestre. 

1. Juncoides pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Hairy Wood-rush. (I. F. f. 959.) 
Tufted, often stoloniferous. Stems erect, 2-4-leaved, 1.5-3 d"^- high; leaf-blades 
3-8 mm. wide, flat, slightly webbed, acuminate into a blunt tip ; inflorescence an 
umbelloid flower-cluster, the filiform pedicels equal or nearly so, I -flowered or 
sometimes 2-flowered; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, its parts triangular-ovate, acumi- 
nate, brown with hyaline margins, about twice as long as the toothed bractli^ts; 
capsule about one-fourth exceeding the perianth, its valves ovate, acuminate; seed 
provided at the summit with a conspicuous hooked caruncle. N. B. to Alaska, 
N. Y., Mich, and Ore., and in the AUeghanies to N. Car. Also in Europe 
and Asia. 

2. Juncoides nemorosum (Poll.) Kuntze. Forest Wood-rush. (I. F. f. 
960.) Loosely tufted or somewhat stoloniferous. Stems slender, 3-7 dm. high, 
i-6-leaved; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, ciliate, flat; inflorescence diff'usely panicu- 
late or corymbose, the few lower bracts foliose; flowers in clusters of 3-8, the 
bractlets ovate, entire or sparingly denticulate above; perianth about 2.5 mm. in 
length, its parts ovate-lanceolate, acute, the outer about one-fifth shorter than the 
inner; capsule ovoid, acuminate, barely equalling the perianth; seed obliquely 
ovoid, about 1.2 mm. long. A European species, naturalized at Rivcnlalc. N. V. 

3. Juncoides parvifl6rum(Ehrh.) Coville. Small-flowkrf.d Wood-rush. 
(I. F. f. 961.) Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, 2.5-7.5 dm. high, 2-5- 
leaved; leaves glabrous, their blades 3-10 mm. wide; inflorescence a nodding 
decompound panicle, its lowest bract foliose; flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2 
or 3 together, on slender pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or rarely somewhat 
lacerate; perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. in length, its parts ovate, acuminate, slightly ex- 
ceeded by the ovoid capsule; seed narrowly oblong, I-1.5 mm. in length. I^ab. 
to Br. Col., N. H., N. Y, and Minn.; in the mountains to Ariz, and Cal. Also in 
Europe and Asia. 



254 FLORA, 

4. Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Spiked Wood-rush. (I. F. f. 962.) 

Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Steins erect, 1-4 dm. high, distantly 1-3- 
leaved; leaf- blades 1-3 mm. broad, often involute, especially above, sparingly webby, 
especially at the base; inflorescence a nodding, spike-like, often interrupted panicle, 
commonty 1-2.5 cm. \Vl length; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparing}}- 
lacerate; perianth brown, 2-3 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, aristate-acuminate ; 
capsule broadly ovoid, bluntly acute, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; 
seed narrowly and obliquely obovoid, about 3 mm. long. Lab. to Alaska, moun- 
tains of N. Eng., N. N. Y., Colo, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 

5. Juncoides nivale (Laest.) Coville. Arctic Wood-rush. (I. F. f. 963.) 
Stems tufted, 5-10 cm. high, i- or 2-leaved. Leaves with sheaths glabrous at the 
mouth, their blades 2-4 mm. broad, flat and tapering to a usually blunt and cal- 
lous tip; inflorescence an erect oblong to ovate, spike-like cluster, 1.3 cm. in height 
or less; bractlet and perianth dark purple, the former ovate and sparingly lacerate 
at the hyaline apex; perianth-parts 1.5-2 mm. in length, narrowly oblong; capsule 
subspheric, exceeding the perianth; seed narrowly oblong, about I mm. long. 
Bafiin Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 

6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon. Northern Wood-rush. 
(I. F. f. 964.) Stems tufted, commonly 1-2 dm. high, erect, i-2-leaved. Leaves 
with sheaths sparingly ciliate at the mouth, the blades erect, 1-3 mm. wide at the 
base, usually involute in age; tapering into a very sharp tip; inflorescence erect, 
consisting of a single oblong cluster, or its one or two lower divisions on peduncles 
1-3 cm. long; bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; perianth-parts brown, 
paler above, about 2.5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or slightly 
lacerate at the apex; capsule about three-fourths as long as the perianth, ovoid, 
obtuse; seed rather narrowly oblong. Arctic America, Lab. and the higher moun- 
tains of N. Eng. Also in Europe and Asia. 

7. Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. (I. F. f. 965.) 
Stems tufted, 1-5 dm. high, 2-4-leaved. Leaf-blades flat, 2-7 mm. broad, taper- 
ing to a bliHit tip, sparingly webbed when young ; inflorescence umbelloid ; lower 
bracts foliose; floral bracts ovate, acuminate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbri- 
ate at the apex; perianth 2-3 mm. long, brown, its parts lanceolate-ovate, acumi- 
nate; capsule obovoid or broadly oblong; seed with an oblong body about i mm. 
in length, supported on a narrower white, loosely cellular, strophiole-like base about 
one-half as long. In woodlands, almost throughout the U. S. and Br. Am. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Variable. One of our earliest flowering plants. 



Family 2. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. 

Bunch-fiower Family. 

Leafy-stemmed herbs (some exotic genera scapose), with rootstocks or 
rarely with bulbs, the leaves parallel-veined. Flowers regular, racemose, 
panicled or solitar}^ Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate, usually 
persistent segments. Stamens 6, borne on the bases of the perianth- 
segments. Anthers small, 2-celled, or confluently i -celled and cordate or 
reniform, mostly versatile and extrorsely dehiscent (introrse in Tofieldia 
and A dama). Ovary 3-ceIled, superior or rarely partly inferior; ovules 
anatropous or amphitropous. Styles 3, distinct, or more or less united. 
Fruit a capsule with septicidal dehiscence (loculicidal in Abama and 
Uvular ia). Seeds commonly tailed or appendaged. Embryo small, in 
usually copious endosperm. About 36 genera and 140 species, widely 
distributed. 

Flowers numerous in terminal erect racemes or panicles. 
Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. 
Anthers introrsely dehiscent. 

Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets. i. Tofieldia. 

Capsule loculicidal I flowers not involucrate. 2, Abama. 



MELANTHACEAE. 2^^ 

Anthers extrorsely dehiscent. 
Flowers perfect. 

Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. 3. Xerophyllum, 

Leaves basal, oblanceolate; seeds numerous. 4. Helonias. 

Flowers dioecious; stem leafy. 5. Chamaelirium. 

Anthers cordate or reniform, confiuently i-celled. 
Plants glabrous. 

Perianth -segments not gland-bearing. 

Flowers perfect; perianth-segments obtuse. 6. ChrospermOo 

Flowers polygamous; perianth-segments acuminate. 7. Stenanthium. 
Perianth-segments bearing i or 2 glands, or a spot. 8. Zygadenus . 

Stem and inflorescence pubescent. 

Perianth-segments clawed, free from the ovary. g. Melanthiutn, 

Perianth-segments not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovary. 

10. Veratrum. 
Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, drooping. 11. Uvularia. 

I. TOFIELDIA Huds. 
Perennial herbs, with short erect or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, slender 
erect stems leafless above or nearly so, linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 
perfect white or green flowers in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at the base, 
solitary or clustered. Flowers usually involucrate by 3 scarious somewhat united 
bractlets. Perianth-segments oblong or obovate, subequal, persistent, glandless. 
Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary 
sessile, 3-lobed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Capsule 3-lobed, 3- 
beaked, septicidally dehiscent to the base, many-seeded. Seeds tailed or append- 
aged in most species. [Dedicated to Tofield, an English correspondent of Hud- 
son.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, I or 2 in the Andes 
of South America. Besides the following another occurs in the southeastern States 
and two in northwestern America. 

Stem glabrous; seeds unappendaged. i. T. palustris. 
Stem viscid-pubescent; seeds appendaged. 

Capsule oblong, 6 mm. high; perianth-segments thin. 2. T, glutinosa. 

Capsule ovoid, 3-4 mm. high; perianth-segments rigid in fruit. 3. T. racemosa. 

1. Tofieldia palustris Huds. Scottish Asphodel. (I. F. f. 966.) Stems 
slender, leafless or bearing a few leaves near the base, 5-25 cm. tall. Leaves 
1-4 mm. wide; raceme oblong or subglobose in flower, dense, elongating to an inch 
or less in fruit, the lower flowers first expanding; pedicels usually solitary, minutely 
involucrate, 1-2 mm. long in fruit; flowers greenish white, 2 mm. broad; perianth- 
segments obovate, obtuse, much shorter than the oblong -globose minutely beaked 
capsule. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, Lake Superior, and the Canadian 
Rocky Mts. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous Tofieldia. (I. F. f. 967.) 
Stem viscid-pubescent with black glands, 1.5-5 d^^- tall, bearing 2-4 leaves near 
the base. Basal leaves 2-6 mm. wide; raceme oblong and 1-3 cm. long in flower, 
longer in fruit, the upper flowers first expanding; pedicels commonly clustered in 
3's (i's-4's), becoming 4-12 mm. long in fruit; involucral bracts minute, united 
nearly or quite to their apices, flowers 6-8 mm. broad; perianth-segments oblong, 
mostly obtuse; capsule oblong, about 6 mm. high, twice as long as the perianth; 
seeds tailed at each end. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Me., Ohio, Mich., Wyo. and 
Ore., and in the southern Alleghenies. May-June. 

:<. Tofieldia racemosa (Walt.) B. S. P. Viscid Tofieldia. (L F. f. 008.) 
Similar to the preceding but rather stouter and taller; the glutinous pubescence 
rougher. Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; raceme 2-10 cm. long in 
flower, often loose, the uppermost flowers first expanding; pedicels mostly clustered 
in 3's, ascending; involucral bractlets about i mm. long, united to above the 
middle; perianth-segments narrowly obovate, obtuse, rigitl; capsule ovoid, 3 nim. 
long, little longer than the calyx; seeds tailed at each end. In swamps, S. N. J. 
to Fla. and Ala. June-Sept. 

2. ABAMA Adans. 
Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous nx^ts, oivct 
simple stems and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant- 



256 FLORA. 

Flowers small, greenish-yellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels 

bracted at base and usually bearing a small bractlet. Perianth- segments persistent, 
linear or linear-lanceolate, obscurely 3-5 -nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments 
subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect, introrse. Ovary sessile; style very 
short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, 
many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [Greek, signifying without step, 
the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.] Four known species, natives of 
the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern 
America. 

I. Abama Americana (Ker) Morong. American Bog- asphodel. (I. F. f. 
969.) Glabrous; stems wiry, stiff, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall. Basal leaves 2 mm. wide or 
less; lower stem leaves 1-5 cm. long; raceme 2-5 cm. long, dense; perianth.- 
segments 4-6 mm. long, slightly exceeding the stamens; pedicels ascending, 6-8 
mm. long in fruit; capsule about I cm. long, tapering to a subulate beak. In pine 
barren swamps, S. N. J. June-Sept. 

3. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. 

Tall herbs, with thick short woody rootstocks, simple erect leafy stems, the 
leaves narrowly linear, rough-margined. Flowers very numerous, white, in a large 
dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth withering- 
persistent, its segments oblong or ovate, 5-7-nerved, spreading, glandless. Stamens 
6, rather shorter than the perianth-segments; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers 
oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-grooved; styles 3, filiform, reflexed or recurved; ovules 
only 2-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-grooved, loculicidally and sometimes also 
septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, oblong, not at all appendaged, or only minutely 
so. [Greek, signifying a dry leaf.] Three species, the following of the southeastern 
U. S. , the others of western America. 

I. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L. ) Nutt. Turkey-beard. (I. F. f. 970.) 
Stem 0.6-1.4 ^^' tall, densely leafy below, sparsely leafy above. Leaves slightly 
dilated at the base, the lower 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, except at the 
broader base; flowering raceme 5-8 cm. in diameter, its summit conic; flowering 
pedicels spreading, filiform, 1.8-3.5 cm. long, in fruit erect; perianth-segments 
obtuse, about 6 mm. long; capsule ellipsoid, obtuse, 4 mm. long. In dry pine 
barrens, S. N. J. to E. Tenn. and Ga. May-July. 

4. HELONIAS L. 

A perennial glabrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal 

oblanceolate persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, racemed at 
the summit of an erect hollow bracted scape. Perianth-segments spreading, 
spatulate, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; 
filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved. 3-celled, slightly 
3-lobed, many-ovuled;^ styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side, deciduous. Capsule 
obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, ventrally dehiscent above. Seeds 
numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the Greek, in 
allusion to its growth in swamps. ] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Helonias bullata L. Swamp Pink. (I. F. f. 971.) Leaves dark green, 
thin, clustered, 1.5-4 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. Scape stout, its bracts lanceo- 
late, acute or acuminate; raceme dense, becoming 1-2 dm. long in fruit; perianth- 
segments about 6 mm. long; capsules about 6 mm. long, the valves papery; seeds 
3-4 mm. long. In bogs, N. N. J., S. N. Y., and E. Penn. (?) to Va. Local. 
April-May. 

5. CHAMAELi'rIUM Willd. 

Glabrous, slightly fleshy herbs with bitter tuberous rootstocks. Basal leaves 
spatulate. Flowers small, white, dioecious, in a long bractless spike-like raceme. 
Perianth of 6 I -nerved segments. Staminate flowers with 6 stamens, the anthers 
subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate flowers with a 3-celled oblong ovars', 3 short styles, 
stigmatic along the inner side, and usually with 6 staminodia. Capsule oblong, 
slightly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6- 12 in each cavity, broadly winged 
at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. [Greek, signifying a low liiyj Only 
the following species, natives of eastern N. Am. 



MELANTHACEAK 25/ 

Capsule oblong-, pedicels slender, barely club-shaped. ^ i. C luteum. 

Capsule obovoid, pedicels stout, club-shaped. 2, C. obovale, 

1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray. Blazing-star. (I. F. f. 972.) 
Staminate plant 3-7 dm. tall, the pistillate often taller and more leafy. Basal 
leaves 5--20 cm. long, tapering into a long petiole; stem leaves lanceolate, the linear 
acute or acuminate; staminate raceme finally erect, 7-22 cm. long, the pedicels 
spreading; pistillate raceme erect; flovjrers nearly 6 mm. broad; capsules oblong, 
7-10 mm. long. In moist meadows and thickets, Mass. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and 
Ark. Spring. 

2. Chamaelirium obovale Small. Similar to the preceding. Pistillate 
flovi^ers slightly larger; capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 ™rn- long, the 
stout club-shaped pedicels about the same length. In open woods, N. Y. to W. Va. 
and N. C. Spring. 

6. CHROSPERMA Raf. 

An erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long 
blunt basal leaves, a few short ones on the stem. Flowers perfect, white, in a dense 
terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth of 6 distinct glandless 
persistent obtuse segments. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; anthers 
small, reniform. Ovary ovoid, 3-lobed, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent 
above the middle, the cavities 1-2-seeded, its 3 divergent lobes tipped with the 
subulate styles. ' Seeds ovoid, reddish brown. [Greek, referring to the colored 
seeds.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly-poison. (I. F. f. 
973.) Bulb nearly 2.5 cm. in diameter. Stem 4-12 dm. tall. Basal leaves shorter 
than the stem, the upper bract-like; raceme becoming cylindric, 5-13 cm. long; 
pedicels ascending, 8-20 mm. long; bractlets ovate; sepals obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; 
filaments filiform; capsule 4-6 mm. in diameter, scarcely as long. In dry sandy 
woods, L. I. to E. Penn., Fla., Tenn. and Ark. May-July. 

7. STENANTHIUM Kunth. 

Erect glabrous bulbous herbs, with small white or greenish, polygamous 
flowers in an ample terminal panicle. Leaves linear, keeled. Perianth-segments 
lanceolate, acuminate, glandless, spreading, persistent, adnate to the bat^e of the 
ovary. Stamens shorter than the perianth-segments ; anthers cordate or reniform. 
Ovary ovoid. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 3-lobed, finally dehiscent to the base, the 
lobes with short beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, oblong. [Greek, in allusion 
to the narrow perianth-segments.] The genus comprises only the two following 
species: 

Leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; capsule reflexed. i. ^. gramineutn. 

Leaves 6-20 mm. wide ; capsule erect. 2. vS. robustum. 

1. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker)Morong. Grass-leaved Stenanthium. 
(I. F. f. 974.) Stem 9-12 dm. tall. Leaves grass-like, often 3 dm. long; the upper 
reduced to small linear-lanceolate bracts; panicle open, simple or somewhat com- 
pound, 3-6 dm. long, its branches nearly filiform, spreading or drooping; flowers 
8-12 mm. broad; capsule ovoid-oblong, with a top-shaped base, 6-8 mm. long. 
In dry soil, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Stenanthium robiistum S. Wats. Stout Stenanthium. (I. F. f. 675.) 
Stem stout, 9-15 dm. tall, usually leafy. Leaves often 3 dm. long or more; pan- 
icle denser than that of the preceding, commonly longer, usually compound, its 
branches spreading or ascending; flowers greenish or white, 12-16 mn). broad ; 
capsule ovoid-oblong, 8-12 mm. long, erect, the very short beaks recurved-spread- 
ing. In moist soil, S. Penn. and Ohio to S. Car. and Tenn. July-Sept. 

8. ZYGADENUS Michx. 
Glabrous erect perennial herbs, from bulbs or rootstocks, with leafy stems. 
Leaves linear. Flowers greenish, yellowish or white, in a terminal panicle or 
raceme. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments separate or united below, 
bearing i or 2 glands or a spot just above the narrowed base. Stamens free from 
the perianth segments ; anthers cordate or reniform. Capsule 3-lobed, 3 -celled, 



258 



FLORA, 



the cavities not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds oblong or linear, angled. 
[Greek, referring to the nvo glands of some species.] About lo species, natives of 
North America and Mexico, I in Siberia. 

Plant with a thick rootstock ; glands of the perianth-segments 2, orbicular. 

I. Z. glaberrimus. 
Plants bulbous ; gland onlv i, sometimes faint or a mere spot. 

Gland distinctly obcordate: perianth-segments S-io mm. long, 2. Z. elegans. 
Gland not obcordate : perianth-segments 4-S mm. long. 

Gland with a poorlv defined or irregular margin ; perianth free from the ovaxy : 
western species. 

Leaves 6-16 mm. wide ; flowers mostly perfect. 3. Z. Xuttallii. 

Leaves 4-6 mm. wide : flowers polygamous. 4. Z. venenosus. 

Gland a mere yellow spot ; perianth ad'nate to the ovary ; eastern coast species. 

5. Z. leinianthoides. 

1. Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. Large-flo\vered Zygadexus. (I. F. 
f. 976.) Slightly glaucous; stem stout. 6-12 dm, tall. Leaves 6-12 mm. wide, 
chaimeled. often 3 dm. long or more, the upper appressed. passing into the bracts 
of the panicle ; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches ascending ; pedicels longer 
than the bractlets ; flowers white, mostly perfect. 2.5-3.5 *^^- broad; perianth-seg- 
ments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a short claw ; styles subulate ; 
capsule shorter than the perianth. In swamps, Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 

2. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Glaucous Zygadenus. (L F. f. 977. 1 
Very glaucous ; bulb about 2.5 cm. long. Stem slender. 1.5-9 dm. tall ; leaves 
4-14 mm. wide, keeled, the lower 1-3 dm. long ; bracts green or ptirplish ; inflo- 
rescence sometimes 3 dm. long. open, its branches ascending ; flowers greenish, 1.6- 
2 cm. broad ; perianth-segments oval or obovate. obtuse, united below and adnate 
to the base of the ovary ; capsule oblong, exceeding the perianth. In moist places. 
X. B. to Alaska. Vt.. 5s. Y.. Mo., and in the Rocky Mts. to X. Mex. Jime-Aug. 

3. Zygadenus Nuttallii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Nuttall"s Zygadenus. (I. F. 
f. 978. j Light green, scarcely glaucous ; stem },-6 dm. high. Leaves 6-16 mm. 
wide, shorter than the stem, strongly conduplicate; inflorescence racemose or panic- 
ulate ; bracts shorter than the slender pedicels ; flowers mostly perfect, about 12 
mm. broad ; perianth- segments oval or ovate, obtuse, free from the ovary-, thin, 
short-clawed ; capsule 8-12 mm. long. On prairies. Kans. and Colo, to Tex. 
May-Jtme. 

4- Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats. Poisonous Zygadenus. (L F. f. 979.) 
Pale green ; stem slender, 1.5-6 dm. tall, from a small coated bulb. Leaves con- 
duplicate, roughish, 4-6 mm. wide, shorter than the stem ; inflorescence a raceme. 
5-10 cm. long in flower, elongating in fruit, the pedicels longer than the bracts ; 
flowers yellow or yellowish, polygamous, about 8 mm. wide ; perianth-segments 
ovate or elliptic, short- clawed, free from the ovar}-. bearing a roundish gland with 
an irregular margin ; fruiting pedicels erect ; capsule longer than the perianth. 
S. Dak. and Mont, to Br. Col.. Neb.. Utah and Cal. Mav-June. 

5. Zygadenus leinianthoides (A. Gray) S. Wats. Pine-barren Zygade- 
nus. il. F. f. 980. I Stem slender. 3-12 dm. high, from a fibrous-coated bulb. 
Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, green on both sides, bltmt. or the upper acuminate: panicle 
1-3 dm. long, its branches densely many-flowered, spreadmg or ascending; bract- 
lets much shorter than the pedicels ; flowers mostly perfect, white or greenish, about 
8 mm. broad; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, not clawed, adnate to the base of 
the ovar\'. bearing a basal yellowish spot; capsule ovoid, much longer than the 
perianth. In swamps or wet soil, S. X. J. to Ga. July-Aug. 

q. MELANTHIUM L. 

Tall leafy herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks. the stem, at least its upper part, 
pubescent. Leaves oval, oblanceolate or linear. Flowers greenish, white or 
cream-colored, darker in withering, monoecious or polygamous, in a large terminal 
panicle. Perianth of 6 separate persistent clawed segments, free from the ovary. 
Stamens shorter than the segments and adnate to them; anthers cordate or renifom^.. 
their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; st\-les 3. subulate. Capsule 3 -lobed. 3 -celled, th 
cavities several-seeded. Seeds flat and winged, several in each cavit}'. [Greek, signi- 
fying black flower. ] The genus comprises the following species and one in Florida : 



MELA NTH A CEA E, 259 

Perianth-segments with 2 glands at the base of the blade. 

Blade of the perianth-segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. i. M, Virginicum. 

Blade of the perianth-segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate. 

2. M. latifolimn. 
Perianth-segments oblanceolate, glandless; leaves oval. 3. M. pai-vijlorum, 

I. Melanthium Virginicum L. Bunch-flower. (I. F. f. 981.) Stems 
7-15 dm. high. Leaves linear, often 3 dm. long, 8-- 5 mm. wide, the lower sheath- 
ing, the upper smaller, sessile; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, its branches ascending; 
pedicels much longer than the bracts; flowers 1.2-2 cm. broad, greenish yellow, turn- 
ing brown; perianth-segments obtuse, the blade oblong, flat, entire, sometimes ob- 
cordate, twice as long as the claw; capsule 1-1.5 cm. long, the persistent styles 
erect; seeds 8-10 in each cavity. In meadows, wet woods and marshes, R. I. to 
N. Y., Minn., Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 

2 Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped Bunch-flower. (I. F. f. 982.) 
Stem 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, 2.5 cm. wide, the lower clasping; 
panicle usually 3 dm, long or more, its branches ascending or spreading; pedicels 
6- 16 mm. long; flowers 12-16 mm. broad; greenish white, turning darker; blade 
of the perianth -segments orbicular or ovate, undulate and crisped, bearing 2 glands 
at the base; capsule 12-16 mm. long, its cavities 4-8-seeded; flowers fragrant. 
In dry woods and on hills. Conn, to Penn. and S. Car. July- Aug. 

Melanthium latifolium longipedicell^tum A. Brown. Lower leaves 1-2 cm. wide, 
and upper pedicels 2.5 cm. long. W. Va. 

3. Melanthium parviflorum (Michx.) S. Wats. Small-flowered Melan- 
THIUM. (I. F. f. 983.) Stem slender, 3-15 dm. tall. Lower leaves broadly oval 
or oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, with narrow sheathing 
bases, the upper narrowly linear-lanceolate; panicle 3-6 dm. long, open, its slender 
branches divergent or ascending; pedicels filiform, much longer than the bracts, 
somewhat longer than the perianth-segments; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, greenish ; 
perianth-segments oblanceolate, glandless, short-clawed or sessile; capsule lO- 
12 mm. long. In dry woods, motmtains of Va. to S. Car. June-Aug. 

10. VERATRUM L. 

Tall perennial herbs, with short poisonous rootstocks, the leaves mostly broad, 
clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flow- 
ers greenish, yellowish or purple, polygamous or monoecious, on short pedicels in 
large terminal panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so, not clawed, 
adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free 
from them, short, mostly curved. Anthers cordate, their sacs confluent. Ovary 
ovoid; styles 3, persistent. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded. 
Seeds flat, broadly winged. [Ancient name of the Hellebore.] About 10 species, 
natives of north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the 
southern U. S. and two on the Pacific coast. 

Flowers yellowish green; perianth-segments pubescent, ciliate, i. V. viride. 

Flowers purple; perianth-segments glabrous or nearly so. 2. V. IVoodii, 

1. Veratrum viride Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. 
(I. F. f. 984.) Rootstock erect, 5-8 cm. long, 2-5 cm. thick. Stem stout, o.(^~ 
2.8 m. tall, very leafy; leaves acute, the lower broadly oval or elliptic, 1.5-3 dm. 
long, 0.7-1.5 dm. wide, short-petioled or sessile, sheathing, the upper successively 
narrower; panicle 2-6 dm. long, densely many-flowered, its lower branches spreiad- 
i:ig or drooping; pedicels mostly shorter than the bracts; flowers 1.5-2 5 cm. 
broad; perianth-segments oblong or oblanceolate, twice as long as the stamens; 
ovary glabrous; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long. In swamps and wet woods, (^hiebec to 
Alaska, Ga., Tenn., Minn, and Br. Col. May-July. 

2. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Wood's False Hellebore. (L 1". f. 9S5.) 
Rootstock short, erect. Stem slender, 0.6-1.5 "^- ^'^\ leaves mostly bas.il, oblong 
or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. wide, narrowed into sheathing petioles; upper loaves 
small and linear-lanceolate, panicle open, 3-6 dm. long, its branches ascending; 
pedicels shorter than the perianth; flowers 12-16 nwn. broad, purple: perianth- 
segments oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, little longer than the stamene; ovary pubes- 



260 FLORA, 

cent when young; capsule 12-16 mm. long. In dry woods and on hills, S. Ind. to 
Mo- June-July. 

II. UVULARIA L. 

Erect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing 
below, the leaves alternate, sessile or perfoliate. Flowers large, solitary at the 
ends of the branches or rarely 2 together, peduncled, drooping. Perianth bell- 
shaped or narrower; segments distinct, deciduous, each bearing a nectary at the 
base. Stamens 6, free, or adnate to the very bases of the perianth-segments ; fila- 
ments filiform; anthers linear, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-lobed, 
3-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles vmited to about the middle, stigmatic along 
the inner side above; ovules several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or obovoid, 
3-angled or 3 -winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, 1-3 in each cavity. 
[Name Latin, from uvula, a palate, in allusion to the hanging flowers.] Five or six 
species, natives of eastern N. Am. 

Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded ; leaves perfoliate. 

Glabrous, glaucous ; perianth-segments papillose within. i. U. perfoHata. 

Leaves pubescent beneath ; perianth-segments smooth. 2. U, grandijlora. 

Capsule acutely 3-angled or 3-winged, acute at each end; leaves sessile. 

Leaves thin, slightly rough-margined, narrowed at both ends. 3. U. sessilifolia. 

Leaves firm, manifestly rough-margined, sometimes subcordate. 4. U. puberula. 

1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate Bellwort. (L F. f. 986.) Gla- 
brous and glaucous or pale green. Stems 1. 5-5 dm. high, slender, usually with 
1-3 leaves below the fork; leaves oval, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the 
apex, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, smooth-margined, 5-10 cm. long 
when mature; flowers 2-2.6 cm. long, pale yellow; perianth-segments granular- 
papillose within; stamens shorter than the styles or equalling them, the connective 
sharp-tipped; capsule obovoid, truncate, thicker than long, 8-10 mm. long, ob- 
tusely 3-angled, with concave sides and grooved angles. In moist woods and 
thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Fla. and Miss. Flowers fragrant. May-June. 

2. Uvularia grandiflbra J. E. Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. (I. F. f. 
987.) Stems rather stouter than that of the preceding, naked or with i or 2 leaves 
below the fork. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent beneath, at 
least when young; flowers lemon-yellow, 2.5-3.4 cm. long; perianth-segments 
smooth on both sides or slightly granular within; stamens exceeding the styles, the 
connective blunt; capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate. In rich woods, Quebec to 
Minn., Ga., Tenn. and Iowa. April-June. 

3. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. (I. F. f. 988.) 
Glabrous; stem slerider, naked or bearing i or 2 leaves below the fork. Leaves 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long when mature, thin, sessile, acute at each 
end, roughish-margined, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, 1.6- 
3 cm. long; perianth-segments smooth; styles exceeding stamens; anthers blvmt; 
capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both ends, short-stipitate, about 2.5 cm. 
long. In moist woods and thickets, N. B. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. 
May-June. 

Uvularia sessilifblia ni'tida (Britton) Morong. Leaves smaller, bright green on both 
sides; flowers light yellow; capsule scarcely stipitate. Pine barrens of N. J. 

4. Uvularia puberula Michx. Mountain Bellwort. (I. F. f. 989.) Stem 
sparingly rough -pubescent with short hairs. Leav^es oblong, oval or ovate, rough- 
margined, firm, sessile, acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate or sometimes nar- 
rowed at the base, shining, green on both sides, the midvein sometimes pubescent; 
uowers light yellow, about 2.5 cm. long; styles exceeding the stamens; capsule 
sharply 3-angled, acute at both ends, sessile or very nearly so on the short pedun- 
cle. In mountain woods, Va. and W. Va. to S. Car. May-June. 

Family 3. LILlACEAE Adans. 

Lily Family. 

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corms, or rarely with 
rootstocks or a woody caudex ( Yucca), the leaves various. Flowers soli- 



LILIACEAE. 261 

tary or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct 
or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube in- 
ferior or partly superior {Aieiri's). Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the 
perianth or at the bases of its segments ; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse, 
sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few or numerous in each 
cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; styles united ; stigma 3-lobed or 
capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (septicidal in Calochortus), or in 
Yucca sometimes fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds various, winged or wing- 
less. Embryo in copious endosperm. About 125 genera and 1300 species, 
widely distributed. 

* Plants bulbous, or with rootstocks, or fibrous-fleshy roots. 
Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth. 

Roots fibrous-fleshy ; scape tall ; flowers orange or yellow. i. Hemerocallis. 

Low fleshy herb with a short rootstock ; flowers white. 2. Leucocj-inum. 

Plants with bulbs or corrx.:^. 
Flowers umbelled. 

Perianth 6-parted. 

Odor characteristically onion-like ; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. 

3. Allium. 
Odor not onion-like ; ovules several in each cavity. 4. A^othoscordum. 
Perianth funnelform, the tube about as long as the lobes. 5. Androstephium. 
Flowers solitary, racemed, corymbed or panicled. 
Anthers not introrse. 

Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so ; capsule loculicidal. 
Anthers versatile ; tall herbs. 6; Lilium. 

Anthers not versatile ; low herbs. 

Stem leafy ; flowers leafy-bracted. 7. Fritillaria. 

Leaves only 2, appearing basal ; flowers bractless. 

8. Eryfhrom'um. 
Outer segments narrower than the inner ; capsule septicidal. 

9. Calochortus, 
Anthers introrse. 

Perianth of 6 separate segments. 

Filaments filiform. . 10. Quamasia. 

Filaments flattened. 11. Ornithogalum. 

Perianth globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 12. Muscart. 

Ovary half inferior ; roots fibrous; flowers racemed. 13. Aletris. 

** Stem a woody caudex ; leaves rigid, mostly bearing marginal fibres. 

14. Yucca, 

I. HEMEROCALLIS L. 

Tall glabrous herbs, with fibrous fleshy roots, basal linear leaves and large 
flowers clustered at the ends of leafless scapes. Perianth funnelform, its lobes ob- 
long or spatulate, much longer than the cylindric tube. Stamens 6, inserted at the 
summit of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes, declined ; filaments filiform ; 
anthers linear-oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovules 
numerous in each cavity; style slender, declined, tipped with a small capitate 
stigma. Capsule oblong or ovoid, thick- walled, 3 -angled, transversely wrinkled, 
loculicidally 3-valved. [Greek, signifying beautiful for a day.] About 5 species, 
natives of Europe and Asia. 

1. Hemerocallis ffilva L. Day Lily. (L F. f. 990.) Scapes 9-18 dm. 
high, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves 8-72 mm. wide, channeled; flcnvers 
6-15, short-pedicelled, tawny orange, 1-1.2 dm. long, opening for a da}-; tube of 
the perianth 2.5-4 cm. long, the lobes oblong, netted-veined. In meadows and 
along streams, N, B. and Ont. to Va. and Tenn. Escaped from cultivation. 
Native of Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

Hemerocallis fl^va L., the Yellow Day Lily, with bright yellow flowers, their lobes 
parallel- veined, is occasionally found near old gardens. 

2. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. 
A low acaulescent herb, from a short rootstock, the roots thick, fibrous, tauter 
leaves membranous, acute, short; inner leaves linear, elongated, tne innermost 
reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, umbellate from the subterranean ;ixiis. 



262 FLORA, 

Pedicels filiform. Perianth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, 
persistent, the 6 linear-oblong lobes spreading, nerved, shorter than the tube. 
Stamens borne near the top of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes; filaments 
filiform; anthers linear, their sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; 
style filiform; stigma small. Capsule oval or obovoid, 3 -angled, sessile, obtuse, 
loculicidal. Seeds several in each cavity, angled. [Greek, meaning white lily.] 
A monotypic genus of northwestern N. Am. 

I. Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. Leucocrinum. (I. F. f. 991.) Inner 
leaves 5-25 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; flovi^ers 3-8; perianth-limb about 1.2 cm. 
broad, the lobes acute; perianth-tube 2-5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. in diameter; 
anthers coiled, at least when dry; capsule 6-8 mm. long, erect, leathery. In 
sandy soil, S. Dak. and western Neb. to CaL April • Jime. 

G. ALLIUM L 

Bulbous herbs, characteristically odorous (alliaceous), the bulbs solitary, or 
clustered on short rootstocks. Leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or 
oblong, sheathing, basal, or sometimes also on the stem. Stem (usually a scape) 
simple, erect. Flowers white, purple, pink or green, in a terminal simple umbel, 
subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or united bracts. Pedicels slender, not 
jointed. Perianth persistent, the 6 segments separate, or united by their very 
bases. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filiments filiform 
or dilated, sometimes toothed; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile or 
nearly so, completely or incompletely 3-celled; style filiform, jointed, usually 
deciduous; stigmas small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loculicidal. [Latin 
for garlic] About 275 species of wide distribution* Besides the following, some 
40 others occur in the western U. S. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, absent at flowering time. r. A. tricocctim. 

Leaves linear, present at flowering time. 

Bulb-coats membranous, not fibrous-reticulated. 

Umbel capitate ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. 2. A. Sibiricum. 

Umbel loose ; pedicels much longer than the flowers. 
Flowering umbel nodding. 

Perianth campanulate, white or pink ; outer segments acute. 

3. A. cernuum. 
Perianth urn-shaped, purple ; outer segments obtuse or notched. 

^ ^. A. Allegheniense. 

Flowering umbel erect. 

Leaves flat or channeled, all nearly basal. 5. A. stellatum. 

Leaves terete, hollow, several on the stem ; flowers often replaced by 
bulblets. 6. A. vineale 

Bulb-coats fibrous-reticulated. 
Capsule not crested. 

Flowers mostly replaced by bulblets ; scape 3-6 dm. tall. 7. A. Canadense. 
Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets. 

Scape 3-6 dm. tall ; pedicels 16-24 mm. long ; perianth segments thin. 

8. A. 77iutabile. 
Scape 1-2 dm. tall ; pedicels 8-12 mm. long ; perianth-segments rigid 
in fruit. 9. A. Ntittallii. 

Capsule-valves with 2 short crests. 10. A. reticulatum. 

1. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. (I. F. f. 992.) Bulbs ovoid, clus- 
tered, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, appear- 
ing early in the spring, but withering before flowering time, 1.5-3 dm. long, 
2-5 cm. wide, tapering into a long petiole; scape 1-4 dm. tall; bracts of the umbel 
usually 2, membranous, acuminate, deciduous; umbel many-flowered, erect; pedi- 
cels 1-2 cm. long; flowers white; perianth-segments obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; ovule 
I in each cavity of the ovary; capsule deeply 3-lobed, about 6 mm. broad; seeds 
globose, black, smooth. In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. 
June-July. 

2. Allium Sibiricum L. (I. F. f. 993.) Bulbs narrowly ovoid, their coats 
not fibrous-reticulated. Scape 3-7 dm. high, bearing i or 2 elongated terete hollow 
leaves-, basal leaf i; bracts of the umbel 2, ovate; umbel many-flowered, capitate, 



LILIACEAE. 263 

the pedicels 2-6 mm. long; flowers rose-color, longer than the pedicels; perianth 
narrowly campanulate, its segments 8-12 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 
much shorter than the perianth; ovules 2 in each cavity; capsule obtusely 3-lobed. 
In moist soil, N. B. to Alaska, Me., N. N. Y., Mich., Wyo. and Wash. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June-July. {A. Schoenoprasum 111. Fl., not L.) 

A. Schoenoprasum, the Chives of the gardens, a smaller plant, with several narrow 
basal leaves and openly campanulate perianth, occasionally escapes from cultivation, 

3. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion, (I. F. f. 994.) Bulbs 
narrowly ovoid, with a long neck. Scape slightly ridged, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 
2-4 mm. wide; umbel many-flowered, nodding in flower; pedicels filiform, 1.5-3 
dm. long; flowers white, rose or purple; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
long; stamens longer than the perianth; ovules 2 in each cavity; capsule 3-lobed, 
rather shorter than the perianth, each valve bearing 2 short processes near the 
summit. On banks and hillsides, N. Y. to Minn, and Br. Col., W. Va., Ky., S, 
Dak,, and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Variable. July-Aug. 

4. Allium Allegheniense Small. Allegheny Onion. Bulbs ovoid. Leaves 
few, with narrowly linear blades 2-3 dm, long; scapes 3-5 dm. tall, 2 -edged at 
least at maturity; umbel nodding, 12-40-flowered ; pedicels 15-26 mm. long, 
filiform, becoming thicker in age; perianth purple, mostly urn-shaped, 4-5 mm. 
high, the segments oval, the outer obtuse or notched, shorter than the inner; 
capsule 4-5 mm. high, with 2 large processes on each valve. On cliffs or in rocky 
soil, Va. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. Summer and fall. 

5. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild Onion. (I. F. f. 995.) Bulbs 
narrowly ovoid, 2-5 cm. long. Scape slender, 2-4.5 ^"^- ^'^\ leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. 
wide, nearly flat; umbel erect, subtended by 2 lanceolateor ovate bracts; pedicels 
filiform, 1-2 cm. long; flowers rose-color; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, acute, 
4-6 mm. long; filaments slightly widened at the base; capsule shorter than the 
perianth, 3-lobed, about 6-seeded, each valve bearing 2 erect processes below the 
apex. On rocky banks, 111. and Minn, to Mo. and Kans. July-Aug. 

6. Allium vineale L. Wild Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic. 
(I. F. f. 996.) Bulb ovoid, 2.5 cm. high or less. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, bearing 2-4 
terete hollow leaves below the middle at flowering time, the early basal leaves 
similar; bracts 2, lanceolate, deciduous; umbel erect, the flowers often wholly or in 
part replaced by small bulblets which are tipped with a long capillary appendage; 
pedicels 6-25 mm. long, filiform; flowers green or purple, about 4 mm. long; 
filaments flattened, broad, the 3 interior ones bearing a tooth on each side just 
below the anther; capsule 3-lobed. In fields and meadows, Conn, to Ohio, Mo. 
and Va. Naturalized from Europe. June -July. 

7. Allium Canadense L. Meadow Garlic. (I. F. f. 997.) Bulb ovoid, 
the outer coats fibrous-reticulated. Scape terete, 2-6 dm. tall; leaves basal or 
nearly so, narrowly linear, slightly convex beneath. 2-3 mm. wide; bracts white, 
ovate, acuminate; flowers often replaced by ovoid bulblets; flowers pink or white, 
the perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute. In meadows and thickets. Me. to 
Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. May-June. 

8. Allium mutabile Michx. Wild Onion. (I. F. f. 998.) Bulbs ovoid, their 
coats prominently fibrous-reticulated. Scape tei-ete, 3-6 dm. tall; leaves basal, 
channeled, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts long-acuminate; umbel rarely bulblet-bearing; 
pedicels 16-24 mm. long; flowers pink, rose or white, 5-8 mm. long; perianth- 
segments thin, longer than the stamens; capsule rather shorter than the perianth. 
In moist soil, N, Car. to Neb., Fla. and Tex, April- June. 

9. Allium Nuttallii S.Wats. Nuttall's Wild Onion. (I. F, f. 000. ) Bulbs 
ovoid, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Culm slender, 1-2 dm. tall; leaves basal, 
1-2 mm. wide; bracts 3 or 2, acute or acuminate; pedicels slender. S-12 mm. 
long; flowers rose or white, about 6 mm. long; perianth-segments acute or acumi- 
nate, becoming rigid in fruit; capsule shorter than the perianth. On prairies, 
Neb. and Col. to Tex, and Ariz, April-June, 

10. Allium reticulatum Don. Eraser's Wild Onion. (1. F. f. 1000.) 
Similar to the preceding, the bulb rather larger. Scape slender; leaves usually 
less than 2 mm. wide; bracts mostly 2, acuminate; pedicels slender, o 12 nun. 



264 FLORA. 

long; flowers white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; perianth-segments thin; capsule shorter 
than the perianth, each of its valves bearing 2 short crests just below the summit. 
Assiniboia and S. Dak. to N. ]Mex. and Ariz. May-July. 

4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth. 

Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but without alliaceous odor, with mem- 
branous-coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or yellowish 
green flowers in an erect 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted. withering-persistent, 
its segments i-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; 
anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3 -celled; ovules several in each 
cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but commonly persistent; stigma small, 
capitate. Capsule 3-lobed. loculicidal. Seeds angled or flatfish, black. [Greek, 
signifying false garlic] About 10 species, the following in the southern U. S. and 
Mex., 8 or 9 in tropical and S. Am., i Chinese. 

I. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. Yellow False Garlic. (I. F. £ 
looi.) Bulb globose. Leaves 1-5 mm. wide, flat; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
persistent; umbel 6-12-flowered; pedicels filiform, 2-5 cm. long in fruit; flowers 
10-12 mm. long; perianth-segments thin, oblong-lanceolate, longer than the sta- 
mens; capsule obovoid or somewhat depressed. 4-6 mm. high, the stvde as long or 
slightly longer. In sandy soil, Va. to Tenn. and Xeb., Fla., Tex. and Mex. 
March-July. 

5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. 

Scapose herbs from a small membranous -coated corm. Leaves basal, narrowly 
linear. Flowers rather large, blue, in a terminal several-bracted umbel. Perianth 
funnelform, withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the 6 oblong lobes. 
Stamens 6, inserted on the throat of the perianth; filaments dilated, united to the 
middle or above into an erect crown-like tube with toothed lobes alternating with 
the linear-oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-ceiled; ovules several in each cavir>-; 
style filiform; stigma 3-grooved. Capsule membranous, 3-ar:gled. loculicidaL 
Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Greek, referring to the cro\\Ti.] Two species, 
natives of the southwestern U. S. 

I. Androstephiumcoeruleum (Scheele) Greene. Androstephium. (L F. f. 
1002.) Corm subglobose. Scape 0.5-2 dm. tall; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, half 
terete; bracts 2-4, scarious, acuminate, persistent; umbel 2-7-flowered; pedicels 
0.6-3 cm. long; perianth 2-3 cm. long, the lobes about as long as the tube; 
filament-tube about I cm. long; style about as long; capsule 8-12 mm. high; 
seeds thin, narrowly winged. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. March-April. 

6. Li'lium L. 

Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping 
showy flowers. Perianth funnelform or campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate 
spreading or recurved segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base 
within. Stamens 6. hj-pogynous; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers linear, 
versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3 -celled; o^iiles numerous; 
style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in each cavit}^ 
[Latin, from the Greek name of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic //, white.] 
About 45 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 
8 others occur in western N, Am. 

Flower or flowers erect ; perianth-segments narrowed into long claws. 
Perianth-segments merely acute. 

Leaves lanceolate, nearly all verticillate. i. L. Philadelphicum. 

Leaves narrowly linear, nearly all alternate, 2. L. umbellatum. 

Perianth- segments long-acuminate ; leaves aU alternate, appressed. 

3. L. Catesbaei. 
Flowers drooping or spreading ; perianth-segments not clawed. 

Leaves or most of them vertici'.late, their axils not bulbiferous ; native species. 
Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath. 

Perianth-segments recur^-ed or spreading. 4. L. Canadense. 

Perianth-segments not recurved ; mountain species. 5. L. Grayi. 



LILIACEAE. 265 

Leaves perfectly smooth ; perianth-segments recurved. 

Leaves lanceolate ; stem 0.9-3.2 m. tall ; flowers 1-40. 

6. L. superbum. 
Leaves oblanceolate ; stem 6-9 dm. tall ; flowers 1-3. 

7. Z-. Carolinianum. 
Leaves all alternate, crowded, the upper axils bulb-bearing ; escaped from gardens. 

8. L. tigrinum. 

1. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red Lily. Wood Lily. Philadelphia 
Lily. (I. F, f. 1003.) Bulb composed of jointed fleshy scales. Stem 3-9 dm. 
tall, leafy abov,e; leaves acute at both ends or the lower sometimes obtuse, 2-10 
cm, long, 6-14 mm. wide; thin, the margins finely roughened; flowers I-5, erect, 
6-10 cm. high; perianth reddish orange, its segments spatulate, somewhat spreading, 
purple spotted below; capsule obovoid-oval, 4-5 cm. high. In dry woods and 
thickets, Me. to Ont., N. Car. and W. Va. June-July. 

2. Lilium umbellatum Pursh. Western Red Lily. (I. F. f. 1004.) Simi- 
lar to the preceding species ; stem usually more slender. Leaves linear, blunt, or 
the upper acute, ascending, or sometimes appressed, 2-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, 
all alternate or the uppermost verticillate; flowers 1-3, erect, 5-8 cm. high; peri- 
ianth-segments red, orange or yellow, spotted below, the claw shorter than the 
blade; capsule oblong, 7-10 cm. long. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn, and the N. W. 
Terr., Mo., Ark. and Colo. June-July. 

3. Lilium Catesbaei Walt. Southern Red Lily. (I. F. f. 1005.) Bulb 
composed of leaf-bearing scales, their leaves linear, 5-10 cm. long, often falling 
away before the plant flowers. Stem leaves alternate, acute or acuminate, erect or 
appressed, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; flower erect; perianth-segment scarlet 
with a yellow purple-spotted base and a slender claw, spreading or somewhat re- 
curved, 7-13 cm. long, long-acuminate, wavy-margined; capsule 2.5 cm. high. In 
pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and Ala. Reported from Ky. and Mo. July-Aug. 

4. Lilium Canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily. Canada Lily. (I. F. f. 
1006.) Bulbs subglobose, composed of numerous thick white scales. Stem 
6-15 dm. tall; leaves lanceolate, verticillate in 4's-io's or some of them alternate, 
acuminate, 5—15 cm. long, roughened on the margins and on the veins beneath; 
flowers I-16, nodding on long peduncles; perianth-segments 5-8 cm. long, yellow 
or red, spotted below, recurved or spreading; capsule erect. In swamps, mead- 
ows and fields, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Mo. Red-flowered forms with 
slightly spreading perianth-segments resemble the following species, and forms with 
strongly recurved segments, L. superbum. June-July. 

5. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. Asa Gray's Lily. (I. F. f. 1007.) Rootstock 
bearing small bulbs with thick scales. Stem slender, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, verticillate in 
3's-8's or the lowest commonly smaller and scattered, all roughened on the veins 
beneath; flowers 1-3, long-peduncled, spreading or slightly drooping, 5-8 cm. long, 
red or tinged with yellow at the base; perianth-segments oblong-spatulate, not 
clawed, acute, spotted; capsule fig-shaped. Peaks of Otter, Va., and on the 
higher mountain summits in N. Car. July-Aug. 

6. Lilium superbum L. Turk's-Cap Lily. (I. F. f. 1008.) Bulbs globose 
on short rootstocks, their scales white, ovate. Stem 0.9-2.5 m. high; leaves lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, smooth, acuminate at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, verticil- 
late in 3's-8's or the upper alternate; flowers orange, orange-yellow or rarely red, 
3-40, nodding, long-peduncled, forming, when numerous, a large panicle; peri-, 
anth-segments 6-10 cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, purple-spotted, at length 
usually strongly recurved from below the middle; capsule obovoid. In meadows 
and marshes. Me. to Ont., Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. July-Aug. 

7. Lilium Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Lilv. (I. F. f. 1000.) Bulbs 
borne on short rootstocks, globose, composed of fleshy scales. Stem 6-9 dm. high; 
leaves oblanceolate or obovate, smooth, verticillate, or the upper and lower alter- 
nate, narrowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anastomosing; flowers I-3, 
orange-red, 7-10 cm. long, long-peduncled, nodding; perianth-segments lanceo- 
late, acuminate, purple- spotted below, strongly arched backward with their tips 
sometimes connivent. In dry woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Aug. 

8. Lilium tigrinum Andr. Tiger Lily. (I. F. f. 10 10.) Bulb gloU^so, 



266 FLORA, 

composed of numerous scales. Stem stout, purple, or nearly black, white-pubes- 
cent above, 6-15 dm. tall; leaves lanceolate, all alternate, 1-1.5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. 
wide, the upper bearing blackish bulblets in their axils; flowers 5-25, orange-red, 
nodding, 7-11 cm. long; perianth-segments lanceolate, papillose, recurved, purple- 
spotted. Escaped from gardens. Me. and Mass. Native of China and Japan. 
Summer. 

7. FRITILLARIA L. 

Bulbous herbs with simple stems, and nodding, leafy-bracted flowers. Perianth 
mostly campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly equal segments, each with 
a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; anthers linear or oblong. 
Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slen- 
der or filiform, 3-lobed or 3 -cleft ; capsule obovoid or globose, 6-angled, loculici- 
dally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, margined or winged. [Latin, from yVzVzV/^j, 
a dice-box or chess-board, in allusion to the form or to the checkered markings of 
the perianth in some species.] About 50 species, natives of the north temperate 
zone. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in western N. Am. 

I. Fritillaria atropurpnrea Nutt. Purple Fritillaria. (I. F. f. loii.) 
Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, slender, leafless below; leaves linear, alternate, sessile, 
3-10 cm. long; flowers 1-6, purple or purplish green and mottled; perianth-seg- 
ments narrowly oblong, obtusish, 1.2-2 cm. long; stamens shorter than the peri- 
anth; style 3-cleft; capsule erect, acutely angled, 10-12 mm. high. N. Dak. to 
Neb. , Wyo. and Cal. June-July. 

8. ERYTHRONIUM L. 

Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms, sometimes propagated by off- 
shoots, the stem simple, bearing a pair of unequal leaves, usually below the middle, 
the leaves thus appearing basal. Flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary, or 
several in some western species. Perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or 
oblanceolate, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short pro- 
cesses at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth ; anthers not 
versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or 
oblong, somewhat 3-angled, loculicidal. [Greek, in allusion to the red flowers of 
some species.] About 12 species, all but one North American. The species are 
erroneously called Dog' s-iooth Violet. 

Stem with no offshoot; flowers 2-5 cm. long. 

Offshoots produced at the base of the corm ; perianth-segments recurved. 

Flowers yellow; stigmas very short. i. E. Amertcanum, 

Flowers white, blue or purple ; stigmas 2-3 mm. long, recurved. 

2. E. albidum. 
No offshoots, propagating by basal corms ; perianth-segments not recurved. 

3. E, mesachoreum. 
Stem with a fleshy offshoot below the leaves ; flowers rose, about 1.2 cm. long. 

4. E, propullans. 

1. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow Adder's-tongue. (I. F. f. 
1012.) Corm ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, producing offshoots from its base. Stem 
1.5-3 dm. long; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, flat, usually 
mottled with brown, narrowed into clasping petioles ; peduncle about as long as the 
leaves; flower yellow, or rarely purplish tinged; perianth-segments oblong, 2-5 cm, 
long, recurved, dotted within, the 3 inner auricled at the base; style club-shaped; 
capsule obovoid; seeds curved, pointed at both ends. In moist woods and thickets, 
N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and Ark. March-May. 

2. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Adder's-tongue. (I. F. f. 1013.) 
Similar to the preceding, the leaves sometimes rather narrower. Flower white, 
blue or purple; perianth-segments oblong, recurved, none of them auricled at the 
base; style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas linear, finally recurving, 2-3 mm. 
long; capsule obovoid or oblong. In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to Minn., 
Ga., Tenn. and Tex. March-May. 

3. Erythronium mesachoreum Knerr. Midland Adder's-tongue. (L F. f. 
1014.) Corm ovoid, not developing offshoots; new corms formed at or within the 



LILIACEAE. 267 

base of the old one. Leaves narrowly oblong, not mottled, 1-2.5 cm. long, some- 
what folded; flower lavender tinted, 2-5 cm. long; perianth -segments not recurved; 
style slender; stigmas recurved; capsule obovoid, I -3 cm. high. On prairies, 
Iowa to Mo., Neb. and Kans. 

4. Erythronium propiillans A. Gray. Minnesota Adder's-tongue. 
(I. F. f. 1015.) Corm ovoid, not developing offshoots. Stem 1.5-2 dm. long, bear- 
ing a fleshy curved offshoot 2-5 cm. long from a slit near the base of the petiole- 
sheath; leaves oblong, acute, 0.5-1 dm. long, slightly mottled or green; flower 
rose or pink, about 1.2 cm. long, on a filiform peduncle shorter than the leaves; 
perianth-segments with a yellow base, apparently not recurved, none of them auri- 
cled; stigmas mere ridges. In rich woods, Minn. Also in S. Ont. (according to 
Macoun) and reported from New York. May. 

9. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. 

Herbs, with coated corms, linear leaves and large peduncled flowers. Perianth- 
segments spreading or connivent, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the 3 
outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3 inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted 
within. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; 
ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigmas 3, recurved. Capsule 3-angled, 
mostly septicidai, the valves sometimes 2 -cleft. Seeds flat. [Greek, signifying 
beautiful herb.] About 35 species, natives of western N. Am. and Mex. 

Anthers obtuse; gland of inner perianth-segments orbicular or oval. i. C. Niittallii. 
Anthers acute; gland transverse, curved or reniform. 2. C, Gunnisoni. 

1. Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. Nuttall's Mariposa Lily. (I. F. f. 
1016.) Corm 1-2 cm. .high. Stem few-leaved, 0.7-4 dm. tall; leaves 2-8 cm. 
long, 2-5 mm. wide, the lowest commonly bearing a bulb in its axil; outer perianth- 
segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, shorter than the inner; 
inner perianth-segments obovate-cuneate, I-2.5 cm. wide, white, lilac or yellowish, 
with a yellow base and a purple or purplish spot, the gland orbicular or oval; fila- 
ments 6-8 mm. long; about equalling the oblong sagittate anthers ; capsule 6-8 mm. 
thick, acuminate. S. Dak. to Neb. and Cal. June-July. 

2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. Gunnison's Mariposa Lily. (L F. f. 
1017.) Stem 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide, involute, at 
least when dry ; outer perianth-segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarious- 
margined, acuminate; inner perianth-segments similar to those of the preceding, 
lilac, yellowish below the middle, purple-lined and banded, the gland transverse, 
oblong, curved or reniform, pubescent; anthers acute; capsule narrowly oblong, 
narrowed at both ends. S. Dak, and Neb. to Ariz, and N. Mex. June-July. 

10. QUAMASIA Raf. 

Scapose herbs, with membranous -coated edible bulbs, linear basal leaves, and 
rather large, blue, purple or white bracted flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth 
of 6 separate equal persistent 3-7 -nerved segments. Pedicels jointed at the base 
of the flower. Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments 
filiform; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, ses- 
sile; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform, its base persistent; stigma 
3-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black, shining. [From 
quamash, the Indian name.] About 4 species, natives of N. Am. 

I Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. Wild Hyacinth. (I. F. f. 
1018.) Bulb ovoid, its outer coat usually nearly black. Scape slender, 3-6 dm. 
tall; basal leaves acuminate, shorter than the scape, 3-8 mm. wide; raceme open; 
flowers several or many; pedicels filiform, about as long as the bracts and the peri- 
anth; bracts long-acuminate; perianth-segments narrowly obU>ng, 3 -5 -nerved, blue 
or nearly white, longer than the stamens; capsule about 8 mn\, high, the valves 
transversely veined. In meadows and along sti-eams, Pcnn. to Minn., Ala. and 
Tex. April-May. 

II. ORNITHOGALUM L. 

Scapose herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal flesliy leaves, and large white 
or yellow flowers in a terminal bracted corymb or raceme. lVrianth-segn\enis 



268 FLORA. 

equal or nearly so, separate, white, or sometimes green without, persistent. Stamens 
hypogynous; filaments flattened, often broad; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 
3-celled, sessile; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; stigma capitate, 
3-lobed or 3 -ridged. Capsule subglobose, 3 -sided or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds 
black. [Greek, signifying bird's milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white color 
of the flowers in some species.] About 75 species, natives of Europe, Asia and 
Africa. 

Flowers corymbose, erect; pedicels long, slender. i. O. umbellatum. 

Flowers racemose, drooping ; pedicels very short, stout. 2. O. nutans. 

1. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star-of-Bethlehem. (I. F. f. 1019.) 

Tufted; bulbs ovoid. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, dark 
green with a light midvein, blunt; flowers corymbose, opening in sunshine; bracts 
linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels erect or ascending ; 
perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above, green with white margins 
beneath, I-2 cm. long, about twice as long as the stamens ; filaments not toothed. 
In fields and meadows, N. H. to Penn. and Va. Naturalized from Europe. May- 
June. 

2. Ornithogalum nutans L. Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem. (I. F. f, 
1020.) Bulb ovoid, 2-5 cm. long. Scape stout, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves blunt, 
4-8 mm. wide; flowers racemose, nodding; raceme loose; pedicels stout, 4- 1 2 mm. 
long; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, much longer than the pedicels; perianth- 
segments oblong-lanceolate, about 2.5 cm. long, nearly twice as long as the stamens; 
filaments 2-toothed at the apex. Escaped from gardens, Penn. to D. C. Native of 
Europe. April-May. 

12. MUSCARI Mill. 

Low bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear fleshy leaves, and nodding bracted 
racemose flowers, deep blue (rarely white) in the following species. Perianth glo- 
bose, urn-shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on 
the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 
sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-sided or 
3-winged, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the musk-like odor of the 
flowers of some species.] About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Perianth globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter ; leaves erect. i. M. botryoides. 

Perianth oblong, urn-shaped, 4-6 mm. long ; leaves recurved. 2. M. racemosum. 

1. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape-Hyacinth. (I. F. f. 1021.) 
Scape 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves about as long as the scape, 2-8 mm. wide, chan- 
nelled; raceme oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, dense, or becoming longer and 
looser in fruit; pedicels shorter than the faintly odorous flowers; valves of the cap- 
sule obovate. In meadows and thickets and along roadsides, escaped from gar- 
dens, N. H. to Ohio and Va. Naturalized or adventive from southern Europe. 
Native also of Asia. April-June. 

2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch Grape-Hyacinth. (I. F. f. 
1022.) Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, recurved or spreading, channelled above; raceme 
oblong or ovoid, many -flowered, dense; pedicels shorter than the starchy-scented 
flowers or sometimes equalling them, slender; perianth constricted at the throat, 
with 6 deltoid recurved white teeth ; capsule-valves suborbicular, retuse. Escaped 
from gardens S. N. Y. to Penn. and Md. Native of southern Europe. April- 
May. 

13. ALETRIS L. 

Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal lanceolate leaves, and 
small, white or yellow, bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. 
Perianth oblong or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate 
to the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, in- 
cluded ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous ; style 
3-cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persist- 
ent perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo 
small. Endosperm fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind com, apparently in allu- 



CONVALLARIACEAE, 269 

sion to the rough, mealy flowers. ] About 8 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and 

Asia. 

Perianth white, oblong or cylindric. i. A./arinosa. 

Perianth yellow, bell-shaped or ovoid-globose. 2. A. aurea. 

1. Aletris farinosa L. Star-grass. Colic-root. (I. F. f. 1023.) Roots 
tough; scape 4-9 dm. tall, slender, terete, striate. Basal leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, spreading, pale, yellowish 
green, 5-15 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide; raceme 1-3 dm. long in flower, or longer in 
fruit, dense, erect ; pedicels 2 mm. long or less ; bracts subulate ; perianth white, or 
the oblong lobes yellowish, 6-8 mm. long; style subulate, capsule ovoid, about 
4 mm. long, loculicidal above. In dry, mostly sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., 
Fla. and Tenn. May-July. 

2. Aletris aurea Walt. Yellow Colic-root. (I. F. f. 1024.) Basal leaves 
shorter than those of the preceding, acuminate, narrowed into short petioles. 
Scape 3-8 dm. tall; raceme 2-6 dm. long, usually loose; pedicels 2 mm. long 
or less, shorter than the bracts; perianth bell-shaped or ovoid-globose, 4-6 mm. long, 
its lobes oval ; style short; capsule ovoid, about as long as the perianth. S. N. J. 
(according to Gray and to Rusby) ; Va. to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 

14. YUCCA L. 

Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody and 
leafy stem, or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp- 
pointed, bearing long marginal thread-like fibres in our species. Flowers large, 
nodding in a terminal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globu- 
lar, white in our species, of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate united segments. Stamens 
hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; filaments thickened above; anthers small, 
versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled; ovules numerous; style 
columnar, short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule, or fleshy, or spongy and 
indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, horizontal. [The Haytien name.] About 
16 species, natives of North and Central America. 

Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, drooping. i. Y. baccata. 

Fruit an erect capsule. 

Leaves 4-10 mm. wide; scape short, bearing a long raceme. 2. Y. glauca. 

Leaves 2-5 cm, wide; scape 0.6-3 "''• high, bearing a large panicle. 

3 . Y. fila m en tosa . 

1. Yucca baccata Torr. Spanish Bayonet. (I. F. f. 1025.) Caudex very 
short, or sometimes 2.5 m. tall, covered with the reflexed dead leaves. Leaves 
4-9 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, with a much wider base, and a stout brown tip, 
concave, the marginal fibres 5-12 cm. long; panicle peduncled; pedicels stout; 
flowers I-1.2 dm. broad; perianth-segments 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; style slender; fruit 
oval, dark purple, indehiscent, edible, drooping 5-8 cm. long, with a 6-grooved 
beak. W. Kans.. (?), S. Colo, to Tex., Cal. and Mex. April-June. 

2. Yucca glauca Nutt. Bear-grass. (L F. f. 1026.) Caudex very short; ' 
leaves basal, narrowly linear, smooth, very stiff", sharp-pointed. 4-10 mm. wide, 
with a broader base, concave, at least when dry, the marginal fibres filiform; scape 
short; flowers 3-7 cm. broad, racemose; perianth-segments ovate, 2.5-4 cm. long; 
style short; pedicels stout, erect ; capsule oblong, about 2.5 cm. thick, 6-sided. In 
dry soil, Iowa to S. Dak., Wyo., Mo., Tex. and Ariz. May-June. 

3. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's Needle. (T. F. f. 1027.) Caudex short. 
Leaves lanceolate, narrowed above the broad base, acuminate and sharp-pointed, 
flat, roughish, 3-8 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; scape 0,6-3 ""^' high; panicle large, 
its branches divergent or ascending; flowers numerous; perianth-segments 3-6 cm. 
long, ovate; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. thick. In sand}- soil, Md. to Fla., Tenn. 
and La. Escaped from gardens in Penn. May-July. 

Family 4. CONVALLARIACEAE. Link. 
Lily-of-the- Valhy Fa)iiily. 

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rouistocks. 
Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular and perfect. 



270 FLORA, 

Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets, in 
Asparagus and its allies reduced to scales bearing filiform or flattened 
branchlets in their axils. Perianth inferior, 4-6-parted with separate 
segments, or oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed or 6-toothed. 
Stamens 6, rarely 4. hypogynous or borne on the perianth ; anthers in- 
trorsely- extrorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2 3-celled, superior ; 
ovules anatropous or amphitropous ; style slender or short ; stigma 
mostly 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embn'o 
small. Endosperm copious. About 23 genera and 215 species, widely 
distributed. 

Leaves reduced to scales ; leaf-like branchlets filiform. i. Asparagus. 

Leaves broad; stems simple or somewhat branched. 
Leaves alternate or basal. 

Leaves basal; flowers umbelled or solitary. 2. Clintonia. 

Leaves alternate (solitary in fiowerless plants of no. 4). 
Perianth-segments separate. 

Flowers racemed, umbelled, panicled or solitary, terminal. 
Flowers racemed or panicled. 

Perianth-segments 6. 3. Vagnera. 

Perianth-segments 4. 4. Unifolium. 

Flowers umbelled or solitary. 5. Disporuvi. 

Flowers solitary or two together, axillary. 6. Streptopus, 

Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 7. Salomonia. 

Leaves nearly basal ; flowers racemed; perianth 6-toothed. 8. Convallaria. 
Leaves in i or 2 whorls below the flower or flowers. 

Leaves in 2 whorls; flowers umbelled. 9. Medeola. 

Leaves in i whorl; flowers solitary. 10. Trillium. 

I. ASPARAGUS L. 

Stem at first simple, fleshy, scaly, at length much branched; the branchlets fili- 
form and mostly clustered in the axils of the scales in the following species, flattened 
and linear. Flowers small, solitary, umbelled or racemed. Perianth-segments 
alike, separate, or slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the bases of 
the perianth-segments; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each 
cavity; style short; stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry globose. Seeds few, rounded. 
[Ancient Greek name.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. (I. F. f. 1028.) Rootstock much 
branched. Young stems edible, stout, later branching, and becoming 1-2 m. tall, 
the filiform branchlets 6-18 mm. long. Flowers mostly solitary at the nodes, green, 
drooping on filiform jointed peduncles; perianth campanula te, about 6 mm. long, 
the segments linear ; stamens shorter than the perianth ; berry red, about 8 mm. 
in diameter. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially along salt 
marshes, N. B. to Va. and locally in waste places in the interior. Native of 
Europe. May-June. 

2. CLINTONIA Raf. 

Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple scapes, 
and few broad petioled sheathing basal leaves, the bractless flowers umbelled at the 
summit of the scape in our species. Perianth-segments equal or nearly so. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform ; anthers 
laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2-several in each cavity; stigma 
obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globose or oval. [Name in honor of De Witt Clinton, 
1769-1828, American naturalist, Governor of the State of New York. ] Six species, 
the following of eastern North America, two Asiatic. 

Flowers greenish yellow, drooping, 1.6-2 cm. long ; berry blue. i C. borealis. 

Flowers white, not drooping, 8-10 mm. long; berry black. 2. C. mubellulata, 

I. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia. {I. F. f. 1029.) 
Scape T.5-4 dm. high. Leaves 2-5, oval, oblong or obovate, thin, ciliate, short- 
acuminate or cuspidate ; umbel 3-6-flowered ; pedicels 6-30 mm. long, slender, 
erect or ascending in fruit; stamens about as long as the perianth ; ovary 2-celled; 



CONVA LLAEIACEAE, 2/1 

ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender, somewhat thickened 
above ; berry oval, several-seeded, about 8 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and 
thickets Newf. to Ont. and Minn., N. Car. and Wis. May-June. 

2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. White Clintonia. (I. F. f. 1030.) 
Scape 2-4.5 ^""^- ^igh- Leaves 2-5, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, acute or cus- 
pidate, ciliate, umbel several-many-flowered; pedicels ascending or erect, slender, 
pubescent, becoming 1-3 cm. long in fruit ; flowers white, odorous, often purplish 
dotted; perianth-segments obtusish; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
slender; berry globose, few-seeded. In woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. and Tenn. 
May-June. 

3/VAGNERA Adans. 

Stem scaly below, leafy above, the leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile. 
Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle. Flowers white or greenish white, small. 
Perianth of 6 spreading equal segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the 
perianth - segments ; filaments filiform or slightly flattened; anthers introrse. Ovary 
3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style columnar; stigma 3-grooved or 3- 
lobed. Berry globular. Seeds usually i or 2, subglobose. [Named in honor of 
Wagner.] About 25 species, natives of North America, Central America, and 
Asia. Besides the following, one or two others occur in the western U. S. 

Flowers numerous, panicled. i. V. racemosa. 
Flowers few-several, racemose. 

Plant 2.5-4.5 dm. high : leaves numerous. 2. T. stellata. 

Plant 0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves 2-4. 3. /'. trifolia. 

1. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild Spikenard. (I. F. f. 1031.) 
Rootstock fleshy. Stem somewhat angled, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly 
glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower 
short-petioled, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, acuminate, finely pubescent beneath, their margins 
minutely ciliate; panicle densely many-flowered, 2-10 cm. long, peduncled; flow- 
ers about 4 mm. broad; perianth-segments oblong; berry red, aromatic, speckled 
with purple, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., 
Ga., Mo. and Ariz. May-July. 

2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. (I. F. 
f. 1032.) Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. tall, leafy. Leaves 
oblong lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile and somewhat clasping, minutely pubescent 
beneath, 5-13 cm. long, flator somewhat concave ; raceme 2-5 long cm. long, several- 
flowered; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse; style about as 
long as the ovary; berry green with 6 black stripes, or black. 6-10 mm. in diameter. 
In moist soil, Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Ky., Kans. and Cal. Also in northern 
Europe. May-June. 

3. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. (I. F. 
f. 1033.) Glabrous; rootstock slender. Stem slender, 0.5-4 dm. high, 2-4-leaved 
(usually 3-leaved); leaves oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sheathing. 5-13 
cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; raceme few-flow- 
ered, peduncled ; perianth- segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally 
somewhat reflexed; berry dark red, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In bogs and wot woods, 
Newf. to Br. Col., N. J., Penn. and Mich. Also in northern Asia. May-June. 

4. UNIFOLIUM Adans, 

Low herbs, with slender rootstocks, simple few-leaved stems, and small white 
fllowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 2-3 together. Perianth i-'f 4 
separate spreading segments. Stamens 4, inserted at the bases of the segments; 
filaments filiform; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 2-collcd; ovules 2 in each cav- 
ity; style about as long as the ovary, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Berry globular, i i- 
seeded. [Many plants bear only a solitary long-petioled leaf, arising from the 
rootstock, whence the Latin name.] Two known species, the following of east- 
ern N. Am., the other of Europe, Asia and N. W. America. 

I. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. False Lii.y-of-the-valley. Two- 
leaved Solomon's Seal. (I. F. f. 1034.) Stem slender, 1-3-leaved (usually 2- 



2'J2 FLORA, 

leaved), 5-18 cm. high; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, cordate, with 
a narrow or closed sinus, sessile, short-petioled ; solitary leaves of the stemless 
plants on petioles 2-10 cm. long; raceme many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long; perianth- 
segments becoming reflexed, about 2 mm. long; berry pale red, speckled, about 
4 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. 
Car,, Iowa and S. Dak. May-July. 

5. DISPORUM Salisb. 

Herbs with slender rootstocks, branching stems, leafy above, and alternate ses- 
sile or clasping leaves, the flowers terminal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, 
solitary or in simple umbels. Perianths of 6 narrow deciduous segments. Stamens 
6, hypogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers extrorse. Ovary 
3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stigma 3-cleft 
or entire. Berry ovoid or oval. [Greek, referring to the 2 ovules in each cavity 
of the ovary, in most species.J About 15 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. 
Besides the following, some 5 others occur in western N. Am. 

Stamens shorter than the perianth; fruit smooth, 2-6-seeded. i. D. lanuginosum. 

Stamens as long as the periantn; fruit roughened, 4-18-seeded. 2. D, trachycarpum. 

1. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nicholson. Hairy Disporum. (I. F. f. 
1035.) Finely and rather densely pubescent, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-11 cm, long, long -acuminate at the apex, rounded at 
the base, 7-15-nerved; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, greenish, 12-18 mm. 
long; pedicels filiform; perianth narrowly campanulate, its segments linear-lance- 
olate, acuminate, glabrous; ovary oblong; style slender, 3-cleft; berry oval, red, 
10-14 nini- long. In woods, Ont. to W. N. Y. and Term. May -June. 

2. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H. Rough-fruited Dis- 
porum. (I. F. f. 1036.) Puberulent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-9 dm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcor- 
date at the base, 5-11-nerved; flowers yellowish white, 8-14 mm. long; perianth 
narrowly campanulate, its segments acute, little spreading; style slender, 3-lobed; 
berry depressed-globose or somewhat obovoid, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 4-r8-seeded. 
Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Wash, and Ariz. May-Aug. 

6, STREPTOPUS. Michx. 

Branching herbs, with thin sessile or clasping alternate leaves. Flowers solitary 
or 2 together, extra-axillary, slender-peduncled, greenish, rose or purplish, small, 
nodding. Peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle. Perianth campanulate, 
its 6 segments recurved or spreading, deciduous, the outer flat, the inner keeled. 
Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, flattened; anthers sagittate, extrorse. 
Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender. Berry 
globose or oval, red, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted stalk, in reference to the bent 
or twisted peduncles.] About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Be- 
sides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 

Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish-white. i. ,5". amplexifolius. 

Leaves green on both sides, sessile; iiowers purple or rose. 2. S. roseus. 

1. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved Twisted-stalk. 
(I. F. f. 1037.) Rootstock short, stout. Plant 4-9 dm. high; stem usually branch- 
ing below the middle; leaves 5- 13 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasp- 
ing at the base, glabrous; peduncles i-2-flowered; flowers 8-12 mm. long; peri- 
anth-segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; anthers subulate-pointed; stigma 
simple, obtuse or truncate; berry oval, 10-16 mm. long. In moist woods, Lab. to 
Alaska, N. Car., Ohio, Mich, and N. Mex. May-July. 

2. Streptopus roseus Michx. Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk. (I. F. f. 
1038.) Plant 3-8 dm. high. Branches sparingly pubescent ; leaves 5-1 1 cm. 
long, acuminate at the apex, sessile, rounded, or slightly clasping at the base, their 
margins finely ciliate ; peduncles usually pubescent ; flowers purple or rose, 8-12 
mm. long ; perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate ; anthers 2 -homed ; style 
3-cleft, the spreading branches stigmatic along the inner side; berry globose or 



CONVALLARIACEAE, 273 

ova?, io-i2 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Mich, and 
Ore. May-July. 

7. SALOMONIA Heist. 

Herbs, with thick jointed and scarred rootstocks, simple stems, scaly below, 
leafy above, the leaves sessile and alternate in our species. Flowers greenish or 
pinkish, axillary, drooping, peduncled, solitary or 2-10 in an umbel, the pedicels 
jointed at the base of the flower. Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 6, included ; fila- 
ments adnate to the perianth for half their length or more ; anthers sagittate, in- 
trorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2-6 in each cavity ; style slender ; stigma small, 
capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Berry globular, dark blue or nearly black, with a 
bloom, in our species. [Named in honor of Salomon.] About 20 species, natives 
of the north temperate zone. {Polygonatum Adans.) 

Leaves pubescent beneath ; filaments filiform, roughened. i. P. biflorum. 

Plant glabrous throughout ; filaments smooth, somewhat flattened. 2. P. commutatum. 

1. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon's Seal. (I. F. f. 
1039.) Stem slender, glabrous, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves 4-10 cm. long, 1.2-5 cm. 
wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, sometimes obtuse at the base, pubescent 
especially on the veins and pale beneath, glabrous above; peduncles 1-4-flowered 
(often 2-flowered); perianth 8-12 mm. long; filaments filiform, adnate to the peri- 
anth for about three-fourths its length, papillose-roughened ; berry 6-8 mm. in 
diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and W. Va. April- 
July. {P. biflorum Ell.) 

2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Smooth Solomon's Seal. 
(1. F. f. 1040.) Glabrous throughout ; stem 0.3-2.5 m. high. Leaves 3-15 cm. 
long, 7-10 cm. wide, narrowed, rounded or somewhat clasping at the base ; pe- 
duncles i-8-flowered, glabrous ; perianth 12-20 mm. long ; filaments somewhat 
flattened, smooth, adnate to the perianth for half its length or more; berry 8-12 
mm. in diameter. In moist woods and along streams, rarely in dry soil, R, I. to 
Ont., Manitoba, Ga., La., Utah and N. Mex. May-July. {P. commutatum Dietr.) 

8. CONVALLARIA L. 

A low glabrous herb, with horizontal rootstocks and 2 or sometimes 3 erect 
leaves, narrowed into sheathing petioles, the lower part of the stem bearing sheath- 
ing scales. Flowers white (rarely pink), fragrant, nodding. Raceme i-sided. Peri- 
anth globose-campanulate, 6-lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved. Stamens 
6, included ; filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth ; anthers in- 
trorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style slender, 3 -grooved; 
stigma small, capitate, slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose. [Latin from convallis, 
valley, and the Greek for lily.] A monotypic genus of Europe, Asia and the 
higher Alleghenies. 

I. Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-the-valley. (I. F. f. 1041.) Stem 
1-2.3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, or oval, appearing nearly basal, acute at both 
ends, 1.2-3 d^fi- long, 2-6 cm.^wide; basal scales large, one of them subtending an 
erect angled scape shorter than the leaves; raceme 2-10 cm. long, loosely several 
flowered; pedicels filiform, recurved, 6-12 mm. long; perianth 6-8 mm. long; fila- 
ments shorter than the anthers ; berry about 6 mm. in diameter. On the higher 
mountains of Va., N. Car. and S. Car. Common in cultivation. May-June. 

9. MEDEOLA L. 

A slender erect unbranched herb, loosely provided with deciduous wool. R(X)t- 
stock thick, white, tuber-like, with somewhat the odor and taste of cucuml-)ers. 
Leaves of flowering plants in 2 (rarely 3) whorls; lower whorl of 4-10 oblong- 
lanceolate or obovate leaves; vipper whorl of 3-5 ovate or oval leaves, subtending 
the sessile umbel of small greenisli yellow declined flowers. Perianth of 6 separate 
equal recurved segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments slender, longer than 
the oblong extrorse anthers. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 
3, recurved. Berry globose. [Name from Jl/rdi-a, a sorceress, referring to the 
supposed healing properties.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. An\, 



274 FLORA. 

I. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. (I. F. f. 1042.) Root- 
stock 2-8 cm. long. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, bearing the lower whorl oi leaves above 
the middle, or in flowerless plants at the summit; leaves of the lower whorl sessile, 
5-13 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 3-5 -nerved and reticulate- veined; 
leaves of the upper whorl 2-5 cm. long; umbel 2-9-flowered; pedicels filiform, 2-5 
cm. long or less, declined in flower, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth-segments 
6-10 mm. long, obtuse; berry dark purple, 8- 15 mm. in diameter. In moist woods 
and thickets, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tenn. May-June. 

10. TRILLIUM L. 

Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short scarred rootstocks, and 3 leaves 
whorled at the summi*- of the stem, subtending the bractless flower. Solitary long- 
petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the rootstock. Perianth of 2 series of seg- 
ments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, persistent, the inner 3 (petals) white, pink, purple 
or sometimes greenish, d'eciduous or withering. Stamens 6, hvpogynous; fila- 
ments short; anthers linear ; ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3 -celled; ovules 
several or numerous in each cavity; styles 3. Berry many-seeded. Seeds hori- 
zontal. [Latin, in allusion to the 3-parted flowers and the 3 leaves.] About 20 
species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in 
the southern and western parts of N. Am. Phyllody, i. e., the reversion of petals 
or sepals to leaves, is occasional in the genus, and the floral parts are sometimes in 
4's instead of 3's. 

Flower sessile. 

Leaves sessile ; sepals not reflexed. 

Flowers purple; petal-blades lanceolate. I. T. sessile. 

Flowers green ; petal-blades linear. 2. T. viride. 

Leaves petioled ; sepals reflexed. 3. T. recurvatum. 

Flower peduncled. 

Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, 2-5 cm. long. 4. T. nivale. 

Leaves broadly ovate_or rhombic, acuminate, 5-17 cm. long. 
Leave? sessile, or narrowed at the base and short-petioled. 

Petals obovate or oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long. 5. T. grandijioruyn. 

Petals ovate or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long. 

Peduncle 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined ; petals spreading. 

6. T. erectunt. 
Peduncle 3 cm. long or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals re- 
curved. 7. T. cej-nutim. 
Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 8. 7\ undulatum. 

1. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-flowered Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1043.) 
Stem 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or oval, cuspidate at the apex, 4-15 cm. long, 
often blotched; sepals lanceolate, spreading, I-5 cm. long; petals lanceolate, some^ 
what longer than the sepals, erect-spreading, piu-ple; anthers longer than the fila- 
ments, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs; berry globose, 6-angled, about 
1.2 cm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Penn. to Ohio, Minn., Fla. and 
Ark. April-May. 

2. Trillium viride Beck. Green Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1043a.) Light 
green. Stems i-4dm. tall, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous in age; leaves 
oblong to ovate, 5-10 cm. long, usually blotched, more or less pubescent on the 
nerves beneath; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, bright green; petals clawed, the 
blades linear or nearly so, surpassing the sepals, light green or purplish green; 
filaments flattened. In woods and glades. Mo. and Tenn. to Miss, and Ark. 

3. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1044.) 
Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, acute, 
narrowed into petioles, sometimes blotched ; flower erect; sepals lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, 1.2-3 cm. long, reflexed; petals spatulate or oblong, nearly erect, clawed, 
acute or acuminate, equalling the sepals or somewhat longer; anthers 8-14 mm. 
long, much longer than the filaments, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs ; 
berry ovoid, 6-winged above, about 1.8 cm. long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to 
Minn., Miss, and Ark. April-June. 

4. Trillium nivale Riddell. Farly Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1045.) Stem 
5-12 cm. high. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, obtuse; petioles 4-12 mm. long; peduncle 



SMILACEAE. 2/5 

erect, bent, or recurved; sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; 
petals white, oblong or oval, obtuse, longer than the sepals, erect-spreading; an- 
thers about as long as the filaments, the connective not prolonged beyond the sacs; 
styles slender; berry globose, 3-lobed. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Ohio, 
Minn., Ky. and Neb. March-May. 

5. Trillium grandiiidrum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Wake-robin. 
(I. F. f. 1046.) Stems usually stout, 2-4.5 ^J^- liigl^- Leaves rhombic-ovate or 
rhombic-oval, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed to the sessile or nearly sessile 
base"; peduncle 3-8 cm. long; sepals acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, spreading; petals 
erect-spreading, obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined, white or pink, thin, longer 
than the sepals ; anthers longer than the filaments; styles slender, berry globose, 
black, slightly 6-lobed, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter. In woods, Quebec to Ont., Minn., 
Fla. and Mo. May-June. 

6. Trillium erectum L. Ill-scented Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1047.) Stem 
stout, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves broadly rhombic, 7-18 cm. long, often as wide 
or wider, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base ; peduncle erect inclined or 
declined beneath the leaves ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spreading; petals acute 
or acutish, spreading, equalling the sepals or a little longer, dark purple, pink, 
greenish or white ; anthers longer than the filaments ; styles short ; berry ovoid, 
somewhat 6-lobed, reddish, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In woods, N. S. to James Bay, 
Manitoba, N. Car., Tenn. and Mo. Flowers unpleasantly scented. April- June. 

7. Trillium cernuum L. Nodding Wake-robin. (I. F. f. 1048.) Stem 
2-5 dm. high. Leaves broadly rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, sessile, or with the petioles 2-4 mm. long; peduncle recurved beneath the 
leaves, the flower drooping; sepals acuminate; petals white or pink, rplled back- 
ward, wavy-margined, equalling the sepals, or a little longer; anthers about as long 
as the filaments; berry ovoid, red -purple. In rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., 
Ga. and Mo. April-June. 

8. Trillium undulatumWilld. Painted Wake-robin. (L F. f. 1049.) Stem 
2-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 0.7-2 dm. long, petioled, long-acuminate, at the 
apex, obtuse or rounded at the base; flower peduncled, erect or somewhat 
inclined, 2-6 cm. long; sepals acuminate, 1.8-3 cm. long; petals ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate or acute, white, with purple veins or stripes, thin, longer 
than the sepals, wavy-margined; styles slender; berry ovoid, obtuse, bluntly 
3-angled, bright red, shining, 1.2-2 cm. in diameter. In woods, N. S. to Ont. and 
Wis., Ga, and Mo. May-June. 



Family 5. SMILACEAE Vent. 

Sniilax Family. 

Mostly vines with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves 
alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, 
bearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade 
falling away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels, 
Perianth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate ; 
anthers basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities opposite 
the inner perianth-segments; ovules i or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous ; 
style very short or none ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 
1-6 brownish seeds. Endosperm horny, copious ; embryo small, oblong, 
remote from the hilum. Genera 3, only the following in N. A.; species 
about 200, in warm and temperate regions. 

I. SMILAX L. 

Rootstocks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing by 
means of the coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales. 
Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels Ix^rne on a 
globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among minute bract- 



276 



FLORA. 



lets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate flowers 
without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the staminate, usually 
with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple rarely white), with 3 
strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected 
at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. 
[Ancient Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.] About 195 
species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Besides 
the following, about five others occur in the southern U. S., and one in Cal. and Ore. 

Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed. 

Petioles tendril-bearing ; stems climbing. 
Leaves usually ovate, thin. 

Leaves glabrous. i. S, herbacea. 

Leaves pubescent beneath. 2. S, pulverulenta. 

Leaves usually hastate, coriaceous. 3. S. tamnifolia. 

Petioles without tendrils or nearly so ; stems erect. 4. ^S". ecirrhata. 

Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles. 
Berries black or bluish-black. 

Fruit ripening the first year. 

Leaves glaucous, 5. S. glauca. 

Leaves green on both sides. 

Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved. 6. S. rotundtfolia. 

Leaves ovate, 7-nerved. 7. S. hisptda. 

Leaves round-ovate, often narrowed at the middle, 7-9-nerved. 

. 8, S. Pseudo-China. 
Leaves deltoid or deltoid-hastate, 5-7-nerved, often with i or 2 additional 
nerves on each side. 9. S. Bona-nox. 

Fruit ripening the second year; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, evergreen. 

10. S, laurifolia. 
Berries red. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded ; berries bright red. 

11. 6". Walteri. 
Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base ; berries dull red. 12. S. lanceolata. 

1. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower. (I. F. £ 1050.) Tubers short, ' 
thick, numerous. Stem herbaceous, glabrous, unarmed. Leaves ovate, rounded, 
or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the 
base, thin, 7-9-nerved, 3-13 cm. long; peduncles usually 6-10 times as long as the 
petioles, flattened; umbels 15-80-flowered; pedicels 6-16 mm. long; flowers 
carrion-scented; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; berries bluish black, 
2-4-seeded, 6-8 mm, in diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., Dak., 
Fla,, La, and Neb, April-June. 

2. Smilax pulverulenta Michx, Hairy Carrion-flower, Similar to the 
preceding; stems elongated, climbing; leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, 
short- acuminate, usually 9-nerved, pubescent beneath, cordate at the base; petioles 
often as long as the blades; peduncles as long as the petioles or longer: pedicels 
5-12 mm, long; berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In alluvial soil, Ont. 
to Wis., N. Car. and Mo. Spring. 

3. Smilax tamnilolia Michx. Halberd-leaved Smilax, (I, F. f, 1051.) 
Glabrous, herbaceous; stem and branches unarmed. Leaves coriaceous, mostly 
ovate-hastate, with broad obtuse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about the 
middle, truncate or subcordate at the base, green on both sides, 2,5-8 cm, long, 
5-7-nerved; peduncles 1-3 from the same axil, 2-10 cm. long, usually much longer 
than the leave§; umbels io-30-flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; filaments 1-2 
times as long as the anthers; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 1-3 -seeded. In 
dry soil, S, N, J, and Penn, to S, Car, and Tenn. May-July, 

4. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm,) S, Wats. Upright Smilax. (I. F, f, 1052.) 
Stem herbaceous, glabrous, simple, erect, 1.5-6 dm, tall. Leaves often whorled at 
the summit of the stem, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, thin, 5-9-nerved, 
more or less pubescent beneath and erose-denticulate on the margins; petioles 2-3.6 
cm. long; peduncles long, often pubescent; pedicels 4- 10 mm. long. In dry soil, 
Va. to Minn, and Fla. May-June. 

5. Smilax glauca Walt, Glaucous-leaved Greenbrier. (I. F, f. 1053.) 
Rootstock deep, knotted and tuberous. Stem terete; branches and twigs angled, 



SMILACEAE, 2']'] 

armed with rather stout prickles, or sometimes unarmed; petioles 6-12 mm. long, 
tendril-bearing; leaves ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes cordate at 
the base, entire, mostly 5 -nerved, 3-15 cm. long; peduncles flattened; umbels 
6-i2-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; berries bluish black, about 6 mm. in 
diameter, 2-3 -seeded. In dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
May-June. 

6. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Horsebrier. 
(I. F. f. 1054.) Rootstocks long, sparingly tuberous. Stem woody, terete, the 
branches often 4-angled, glabrous; prickles scattered, sometimes none; petioles 
6-12 mm. long; leaves thick and shining when mature, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, obtuse or cordate at the base, entire or the margins erose-denticulate, 
5 -nerved, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles flattened; umbels 6-25 -flowered; pedicels 2-8 
mm. long; perianth-segments pubescent at the tip; filaments 2-3 times as long as 
the anthers; berries black, 1-3-seeded, about 6 mm. in diameter. In woods and 
thickets, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 

7. Smilax hispida MuhL Hispid Greenbrier. (I. F. f. 1055.) Glabrous; 
stem commonly thickly hispid with numerous slender prickles, the branches more 
or less angled; petioles 8-18 mm. long, tendril-bearing; leaves thin, ovate, abruptly 
acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 7-nerved, 5-13 
cm. long; peduncles flattened; umbels io-26-flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; 
filaments a little longer than the anthers; berries bluish black. In thickets, Ont. 
to Minn., Neb., Va. and Tex. May-July. 

8. Smilax Pseudo-Chma L. Long-stalked Greenbrier. (I. F. f. 1056.) 
Glabrous; rootstock often bearing large tubers; stem terete, the branches angled. 
L .wer part of the stem beset with straight prickles, ^the branches mostly unarmed ; 
peticjles 6-25 mm. long; leaves firm, ovate, often marrowed at about the middle or 
lobed at base, acute or cuspidate at the apex, 7-9-nerved, 6-13 cm. long; pedun- 
cles flattened, 2-8 cm. long, umbels 1 2-40-flowered ; pedicels 6-8 mm. long ; sta- 
mens 6-10; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In dry or sandy thickets, Md. to 
Neb., Fla. and Tex. March- Aug. 

9. Smilax Bona-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. (I. F. f. 1057.) Root- 
stocks bearing large tubers ; stem terete or slightly angled, the branches often 
4-angled. Prickles often wanting on the branches; petioles 6-12 mm. long; leaves 
thick, ovate or commonly deltoid-hastate, glabrous, green on both sides, often spiny 
on the margins and the veins beneath, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, 
obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-9-nerved, 3-1 1 cm. long ; pedmicles 
slender, flattened, 1.4-3 cm. long; umbels 15 -45 -flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; 
stigmas 1-3; berries 4-6 mm. in diameter, mostly I -seeded. In thickets, Mass. to 
Kans., Fla. and Tex. April-July. 

10. Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. (I. F. f. 1058.) 
Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 1.5 dm. thick; stem high-climbing, terete, 
armed with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, mostly unarmed. Petioles 
stout, 6-16 mm. long; leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, 3 -nerved, or 
sometimes with an additional pair of nerves near the margins, 5-11 cm. long; pe- 
duncles stout, angled, 4-20 mm. long; umbels 6-30-flowered ; pedicels 4-6 mm. 
long; anthers usually about one-third shorter than the filaments; stigma i, some- 
times 2 ; berries black, ovoid, 4-6 mm. thick. In moist woods and thickets, S. N. J. 
to Fla. and Tex., north in the Miss. Valley to Ark. March-Sept. 

11. Lmilax Walteri Pursh. Walter's Greenbrier. (I. F. f. 1050.) 
Glabrous; stem angled, prickly below; branches commonly unarmetl. Petioles 4-12 
mm. long, angled; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely lobed at the base, cor- 
date or subcordate, entire, 5-7-nerved, 5-13 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide; peduncles 
4-10 mm. long, flattened; umbels 6-1 5- flowered ; pedicels very slender, 4-6 mm. 
long; berries globose, coral-red (rarely white), 6-8 mm. in diameter, 2-3 -seeded. 
In wet soil, pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., Tenn. and La. April-June. 

12. Smilax lanceolata L. Lance-leaved CJreenhrikr. (I. F. f. 1060.) 
Glabrous, stem terete, usually prickly, the branches slender, long, mostly unarmed. 
Petioles 2-4 mm. long ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, narrowed at the base, entire, shining above, 5-7-iierved. 5 -10 cm. long; pe- 
duncles thick, angled, 6-16 mm. liM\g; uuibels 8-40-tl()wereil; pedicels 4-14 mm. 



2']% FLORA. 

long ; filaments longer than the anthers ; berries dark red, globose, 4-6 mm. in 
diameter, usually 2 -seeded. In thickets, Va. to Ark., Fla. and Tex. March- Aug. 



Family 6. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. 

Bloodwort Faintly. 

Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly linear leaves, and regular 
or somewhat irregular small perfect flowers in terminal cymose panicles. 
Perianth 6-parted or 6;lobed, adnate to the ovary, persistent. Stamens 
3, opposite the 3 inner perianth-segments. Ovary wholly or partly in- 
ferior, 3-celled or rarely i -celled ; ovules usually few in each cavity, half- 
anatropous ; style mostly slender ; stigma small, entire or 3-grooved. 
Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds few or rarely numerous ; 
embryo small, in fleshy endosperm. About 9 genera and 35 species, 
mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical America ; 
only the following genus in the north temperate zone. 

1. GYROTHECA Salisb. 

A rather stout herb, with a short rootstock, red fibrous roots and equitant leaves, 
the basal ones longer than those of the stem. Flowers numerous, yellowish, small, 
in a dense woolly cymose panicle. Perianth 6-parted to the summit of the ovary, 
the outer segments smaller than the inner. Filaments filiform, longer than the 
perianth ; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3 -celled ; ovules few in each 
cavity, borne on fleshy placentae ; style very slender, declined. Capsule enclosed 
by the withering-persistent perianth, nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about 6 in 
each cavity, flattened, nearly orbicular, peltate. (Greek, referring to the round 
fruit.) A monotypic genus of southeastern N. Am. and the W. I. 

I. Gyrotheca tinctoria (Walt.) Salisb. Red-root. (I. F. f. 1061.) Stem 
4-8 dm. tall, glabrous below, pubescent or woolly above. Leaves 4—10 mm. wide, 
acuminate, the basal ones shorter than the stem, the upper reduced to bracts; 
panicle 5-13 cm. broad, almost capitate when young, white-woolly; flowers 
8-10 mm. broad, bracteolate, the perianth yellow and glabrous within; style about 
as long as the stamens; pedicels stout, about as long as the capsule; capsule about 
6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, E. Mass. to N. J. and Fla., mostly in pine barrens 
near the coast. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. [Gyrotheca capita fa Morong. ) 



Family 7. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindh 

Amaryllis Family, 

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), 
with bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually 
narrow and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 
6-parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into 
a tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the 
lower part of the ovary in Lophiola). Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted 
on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth 
opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-celled, the sacs 
usually longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 
3-celled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the 
summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only i or 2 in each cavity of 
the ovary, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, 
the embryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 
800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the 
temperate zones. 



AMAR YLLIDA CEAE. 2^9 

Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes. ' 

Flower solitary (in our species); perianth with a crown. i. Narcissus. 

Flower solitary; perianth without a crown. 

Anthers versatile ; tube of the perianth not greatly elongated. 

2. Atamosco. 
Anthers erect ; tube o' the perianth several times the length of its lobes. 

3. Cooperia. 
Flowers clustered ; perianth with a membranous crown connecting the lower parts of 

the filaments. 4. Hymenocallis. 

Bulbless herbs, with rootstocks or corms. 

Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary ; leaves mostly basal. 
Tall, fleshy-leaved; anthers versatile. 5. Agave. 

Low, linear-leaved ; anthers not versatile. 6. Hypoxis. 

Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy ; flowers woolly. 

7. Lophiola. 

I. NARCISSUS L. 

Bulbous herbs, the flowers solitary or several on leafless scapes, the leaves linear, 
basal. Flowers subtended by a deciduous spathe; perianth 6-parted, bearing a 
cup-like funnelform or cylindric crown in the throat. Stamens inserted on the 
tube of the perianth; ovary 3-celled. About 20 species, natives of the Old "World. 

I. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. Daffodil. Scape about 3 dm. high, 
2-edged. Leaves narrowly linear, about as long as the scape; flower bright 
yellow, 5-8 cm. broad; crown crenate, rather longer than the perianth-tube. 
Escaped from cultivation, Penn, and N. J. April-May. Flowers often double. 

2. ATAMOSCO Adans. 

Glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, narrow leaves, and erect scapes, the flower 
large, erect, pink, white or purple. Perianth funnelform, naked in the throat, 
with 6 membranous equal erect-spreading lobes united below into a tube, subtended 
by an entire or 2-cleft bract. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth, equal 
or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform, 3-cleft at the summit; ovules 
numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or depressed, 3-lobed, 
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds mostly flattened, black or nearly so. [Greek, signify- 
ing wind-flower.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 
4 others occur in the southern U. S. {Zephyranthes Herb. ) 

I. Atamosco Atamasco (L.) Greene. Atamasco Lily. (L F. f. 1062.) 
Bulb ovoid, about 2.5 cm. long. Leaves fleshy, shining, 1.5-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. 
wide, blunt, usually shorter than the scape; scape terete, erect; bract 2-cleft into 
acuminate lobes, longer than the ovary; flowers 5-9 cm. high, white with a pur- 
plish tinge or sometimes light purple; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
shorter than the tube; stamens shorter than the tube; style longer than the stamens; 
capsule depressed, about 1.2 cm. high. In moist places, S. Penn. (?), E. Va. to 
Fla. and Ala. Perianth rarely 8-lobed. March-June. {Zephyranthes Atamasco 
Herb.) 

4. COOPERIA Herb. 

Low herbs with coated biilbs, grass-like leaves and i -flowered scapes, the flower 
large, long, erect, subtended by a spathe-like bract. Perianth salverform, with 6 
spreading lobes. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth ; filaments short; 
anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 3-lobed; ovules 
numerous, in 2 rows of each cavity of the ovary. Capsule depressed, 3-lobod. 
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal, black. [In honor of Daniel 
Cooper, i8i7?-i842, Curator, Botanical Society of London.] Two known species, 
natives of the soutkwestern U. S. and Mex. 

I. Cooperia Drummondii Herb. Drummond's Cooperia. (1. F. f. 1063.) 
Bulb globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves 1.5-3 ^^^^"^- ^^^'^R- \ '^ ww^^. wide, 
erect; scape slender, hollow, about as long as the leaves; spathe-like bract 2-5 cm. 
long, 2-cleft above into acuminate lobes; flower 7-13 cm. high, white or pinkish; 
tube of the pf^rianth very slender, about 3 mm. in diameter. sli;^lit!y expanded just 
below the limb; segments oblong, nearly 2.5 cm. long; ovary sessile; capsule st>me- 
what obovoid, about i cm. in diameter, deeply lobed. 0\\ prairies, Kans. to L;i., 
Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. April-July. 



28o FLORA, 

4. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. 

Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and 
large white umbelled flowers on solid scapes, each flower subtended by 2 mem- 
branous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved narrow equal elongated lobes, 
united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens inserted in the top of the perianth- 
tube, the lower parts of the long filaments connected by a membranous crown; anthers 
linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules only i or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, 
long-exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule rather fleshy. Seeds 
usually only I or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautifvd membrane, referring 
to the crown.] About 30 species, all American. Besides the following, 10 others 
occur in the Southern States. 

I. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Hymenocallis. (I. F. f. 
1064. ) Bulb large. Leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, fleshy, glaucous, 
3-6 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide ; scape equalling or longer than the leaves ; bracts 
linear-lanceolate ; umbel several-flowered ; perianth-tube 3-4 mm. in diameter, 
7-13 cm. long, the linear lobes nearly as long; crown funnelform, narrowed below, 
2.5-3 cm. long, its margins entire, erose or 2-toothed between the filaments ; free 
part of the filaments about 2.5 cm. long, white ; anthers I mm. wide, yellow; style 
extending for 5-8 cm. beyond the crown, green ; fruit 1. 2-2 cm, in diameter. In 
moist soil, Ga. to S. 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 

5. AGAVE L. 

Fleshy herbs, some tropical species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect 
rootstock (caudex) and tall bracted scapes, the leaves large, thick, sometim.es spiny- 
toothed, basal, or clustered at the top of the caudex, and large bracted flowers in 
terminal spikes or compound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, withering- 
persistent, of 6 equal of nearly equal lobes, imited below into a tube. Stamens in- 
serted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, exserted. Ovary 3-celled ; style 
slender, exserted, 3-lobed ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. 
Capsule 3 -lobed, thick-walled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, somewhat cuneate, 
black. [Greek, signifjang noble.] About 140 species, all American. Besides 
the following, some 12 others occur in the southwestern States. 

I. Agave Virginica L. False Aloe. (I. F. f. 1065.) Glabrous through- 
out ; rootstock a short crown. Scape 6-12 dm. tall, sometimes nearly 1.2 cm. in 
diameter at the base, its bracts distant, long-acuminate ; leaves narrowly oblong, 
1.5-6 dm. long, acuminate, their margins entire or denticulate ; spike 3-6 dm. 
long, loose ; flowers greenish yellow, odorous, solitary in the axils of short bracts; 
perianth slightly expanded above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the tube about twice as long 
as the erect lobes ; capsule 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, abruptly contracted into a short 
stalk. In dry soil, Md. to Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Simamer. 

6. HYPO'XIS L. 

Low, mostly villous herbs, with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves and 
slender few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-partef', its 
segments equal or nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, withering- 
persistent, the 3 outer ones greenish on the lower side in our species. Stamens in- 
serted on the bases of the perianth-segments ; filaments short ; anthers erect, sagit- 
tate or entire. Ovary 3-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3, erect ; ovules numerous, 
in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds 
globular, black, laterally short-beaked by their stalks. [Greek, originally given 
to some plant with sour leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides 
the following, two others occur in the southern States. 

I. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.)Coville. Stargrass. (I. F. f. 1066.) Corm 6-12 mm. 
in diameter. Leaves basal, narrowly linear, 2-5 mm. wide, more or less villous, 
mostly longer than the scapes ; scapes slender, erect, villous above, 5-15 cm. high; 
flowers 1-6, umbellate ; bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels ; perianth- 
segments narrowly oblong, spreading, mostly obtuse, bright yellow within, villous 
without, 6-10 mm. long; stamens somewhat unequal; style 3 -angled, the stigmas 
decurrent on the angles ; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter. In dry soil, Me. and 
Ont. to Assiniboia, Fla. and Tex. May-Oct. 



DIOSCOREACEAE—IKIDACEAE, 2%\ 

7. LOPHIOLA Ker. 

An erect perennial herb with slender rootstocks, erect sparingly leafy stems, 
the leaves narrowly linear and mostly basal, and numerous small yellowish flowers 
in a terminal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth campanulate, persistent, of 6 nearly 
equal woolly segments, slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted on the bases 
of the perianth-segments ; filaments filiform, short ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 
3 -celled ; style subulate, at length 3 -cleft ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each 
cavity. Capsule ovoid, finally loculicidally 3-valved at the summit. Seeds oblong, 
numerous, ribbed. [Greek, referring to the tufts of wool on the perianth.] A 
monotypic genus of southeastern N. A. 

I. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) A.Wood. Lophiola. (I. F. f. 1067. ) Stem 
stiff, terete, glabrous below, white-woolly above, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves equitant, 
glabrous, much shorter than the stem, the upper ones reduced to scales ; panicle 
densely white- woolly, composed of numerous few-several- flowered cymes ; pedicels 
short, rather stout ; perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, longer 
than the stamens and with a tuft of wool at the base within ; capsule about as long 
as the persistent style. Pine barren bogs, N. J. to Fla. June-Aug. 

Family 8. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. 

Yam Family. 

Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody 
rootstocks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and 
reticalate-veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoe- 
cious (in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes or 
panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. 
Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary 
ovary. Pistillate flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 
terminal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 
(rarely i) in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphit- 
ropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule in the following genus. 
Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing the small 
embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a 
few in the Old World. 

I. DIOSCOREA L. 

Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek nat- 
turalist Dioscorides.] About 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions, a few 
in the temperate zones. 

I. DioscoreavillosaL. Wild Yam-root. (I. F. f. 1068.) Rootstock knotted- 
horizontal, woody, i.5»-3 dm. thick. Stem 2-5 m. long, glabrous; leaves ovate, en- 
tire, slender-petioled, alternate or the lower opposite or in 4's, acuminate, cordate at 
the base, 5-15 cm. long, 9-13-nerved, thin, pale and more or less pubescent beneath; 
flowers greenwish yellow, nearly sessile, the staminate 2-3 mm. broad in drooping 
panicles, the pistillate about 6 mm. long in drooping spicate racemes; capsules 
membranous, 1. 5-2. 5 cm. long, strongly 3-winged. In moist thickets, R. I. to 
Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept., persistent on the vines 
into the winter. 

Family 9. IRIDACEAE Lindl. 

Iris Family. 

Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect, 
mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments 
or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in twci 
series, convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3. insortod 
on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes ; tilaments 



282 FLORA. 

filiform, distinct or united ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, 

mostly 3-celled ; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous ; style 
3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 
dehiscent, 3-angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. En- 
dosperm fleshy or horny ; embr}"0 straight, small. About 57 genera and 
1000 species, of wide distribution. 

Style-branches opposite the anthers, verj' broad, petal-Hke. 1. Iris. 
Style-branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform. 

Style-branches, 2-cleft ; plants bulbous. 2. Neynastylis. 
Style-branches undivided; plants not bulbous. 

Filaments all distinct ; seeds fleshy. 3. Gemmingia. 

Filaments united ; seeds dry. 4. Sisyrinchtum. 

^ I. "iris l. 

Herbs, with creeping or horizontal, often woody rootstocks. erect stems, erector 
ascending equitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes panicled flowers. 
Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the three outer dilated. 
spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner narrower, smaller, usually erect, or in some 
species about as large as the outer. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer peri- 
anth-segments; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style 
petal-like, arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under their 
mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 
3-6-angled or lobed. Seeds numerous, vertically compressed, in i or 2 rows in 
each cavitj,'. [Greek, rainbow, referring to the variegated flowers.] About 100 
species, mostly in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others 
occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

Stems tall, usually several-flowered, leafy; outer perianth-segpments larg^er than the inner. 
Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or g-reen (rarely all white 1. 
None of the perianth-segments crested; native species. 
Leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide. 

Leaves somewhat glaucous. i. /. versicolor. 

Leaves bright green, not glaucous. 

Outer perianth-segments 7-10 cm. long; flowers sessile. 

2. /. Jiexagona. 
Outer perianth-segments 6-7 cm. long; flowers pedicelled. 

Leaves much narrower, 4-8 mm. wide. 
Capsule obtusely angled, 3-6-lobed. 
Capsule 3-lobed; northern. 
Capsule 6-lobed; wesieru. 
Capsule sharply 3-angled. 
Outer perianth-segments strongly crested; introduced. 
Flowers reddish or red-brown. 
Flowers bright yellow; introduced species. 
Stems low, seldom over 1.5 dm. tall, 1-3-flowered ; outer and inner perianth-segments 
nearly equal. 
Outer perianth-segments crested ; leaves lanceolate. 

Perianth-tube very slender, exceeding the bracts. to. /. cristata. 

Perianth-tube expanded above, not exceeding the bracts. 11. /. lacustris 
Outer perianth-segments crested, claws slightly pubescent: leaves linear. 

12. /. vertia. 

1. Iris vesricolor L. Larger Blue Flag. (L F. f. 1069.) Rootstock 
fleshy. Stem terete or nearly so, 6-10 dm. tall, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than 
the stem, somewhat glaucous, 12-25 i^^^i. wide; bracts commonly longer than the ped- 
icels; flcnvers violet-blue, variegated with yellow, green and white; perianth-seg- 
ments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones spatulate, 5-8 cm. long, longer and wider 
than the inner; perianth-tube shorter than the ovary; capsule oblong, obscurely 
3-lobed. about 3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter; seeds 4-6 mm. broad, in 2 
rows in each ca^dty. In marshes, thickets, and wet meadows, Newf. to Manitoba, 
Fla. and Ark. May-July. 

2. Iris hexagona Walt. Southern Blue Flag. (I. F. f. 1070.) Root- 
stock stout, thick. Stems terete, usually simple, leafy, 3-9 dm. tall; leaves 1-3 



3- 


/. Caroliniana. 


4- 
5. 
6. 

7- 

8. 

9- 


I. Hookeri. 

I. Missoiniensis. 

I. prismaiica. 

I. Gerrnanica. 

I.fulva. 

I. Pseiidacorus. 



IRIDACEAE. 283 

cm. wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often 6-9 dm. long; flowers solitary in 
the upper axils, sessile, similar to those of/, versicolor^ but larger, the broader outer 
crestless perianth segments often I dm. long and over 2.5 cm. wide, much wider 
than the erect inner ones; perianth-tube rather longer than the ovary; capsule 
oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, about 5 cm. long; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. In 
swamps, S. Car. and Fia. to Ky., Mo. and Tex. April-May. 

3. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. Carolina Blue Flag. (I. F. f. 1071.) 
Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem 6-10 dm. tall ; leaves bright green, 1.5-3 ^m. wide; 
flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, lilac, variegated with yellow, purple and brown, 
pedicelled ; outer perianth-segments broadly spatulate, 6-8 cm. long, with narrow 
claws, the inner narrower and nearly erect ; perianth-tube about 1.2 cm. long 
above the ovary ; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled, 3-5 cm. long ; seeds in I row 
in each cavity, 8-10 mm. broad. In swamps, S. Va. and E. N. Car. May-June. 

4. Iris Hookeri Penny. Hooker's Bliie Flag. (I. F. f. 1072.) Rootstock 
rather slender. Stems slender, terete, 2.5-5 ^^^- '^'^^- Leaves mostly basal, nar- 
rowly linear, bright green, 4-8 mm. wide ; flowers solitary or 2 together, pedi- 
celled, the pedicels shorter than the bracts ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, 
the inner ones oblanceolate, much shorter and smaller than the outer ; capsule 
short-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, thin- walled, transversely veined, obtusely 3-lobed ; 
seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, about 3 mm. broad. On river shores, Newf. to 
Quebec and Me. Summer. 

5. Iris Missouriensis Nutt. Western Blue Flag. (I. F. f. 1073.) Root- 
stock stout. Stem rather slender, terete, 1.5-6 dm. tall, i-2-flowered ; leaves 
mostly basal, green, sometimes purplish below, 4-8 mm. wide ; flowers pale blue 
and variegated, 'pedicelled ; pedicels slender, 1-5 cm. long, usually shorter than 
the scarious bracts ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 5-6 cm. 
long, the inner somewhat shorter, the tube 6-8 mm. long above the ovary; capsule 
oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined. In wet soil, S. Dak. to 
Mont., Nev., Colo, and Ariz. May-July. 

6. Iris prismatica Pursh. Slender Blue Flag. (I. F. f. 1074.) Root- 
stock rather slender, tuberous -thickened. Stems slender, often flexuous, 3-9 dm. 
tall, usually simple, bearing 2 or 3 leaves ; leaves almost grass-like, 3—5 mm. wide ; 
flowers solitary or 2 together, blue, veined with yellow, slender-pedicelled; pedicels 
commonly longer than the bracts ; outer perianth-segments 3-5 cm. long, glabrous 
and crestless, the inner smaller and narrower, the tube 4-6 mm. long above the 
ovary ;, capsule narrowly oblong, acute at each end, sharply 3-angled, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
long, 6-8 mm. thick ; seeds about 2 mm. broad, thick, borne in I row in each 
cavity. In wet grounds, N. B. to Penn. and N. Car. May-June. 

7. Iris Germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. (I. F. f. 1075.) Rootstock thick. 
Stems stout, usually branched and several-flowered, 4-9 dm. tall, bearing several 
leaves. Leaves glaucous, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, the basal ones mostly shorter than 
the stem ; bracts scarious ; flowers nearly sessile, large and showy, deep violet- 
blue veined with yellow and brown or sometimes white ; outer perianth-segments 
broadly obovate, 7- 10 cm. long, their claws strongly crested ; inner perianth- 
segments narrower, arching. Escaped from gardens to roadsides in Va. Native 
of Europe. May-June. 

8. Iris fulva Ker. Red-brown Flag. (I. F. f. 1076.) Rootstock stout, 
fleshy. Stems slender, 69 dm. tall, several-flowered and bearing 2-4 loaves; 
leaves pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6- 16 mm. wide ; pedicels I-2.5 cm. 
long, shorter than the bracts ; flowers reddish brown, variegated with blue and 
green ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 3-5 cm. long, the 
inner smaller, spreading ; style-branches 4-6 mm. wide. In swamps, S. 111. to Ga., 
La., Mo., Ark. and Tex. May-June. 

9. Iris Pseudacorus L. Yellow Flag. (1. F. f. 1077.) Rootstock thick. 
Stems 3-9 dm. high, usually several-flowered ; leaves pale green and glaucous, 
stiff, 8-16 mm, wide ; flowers bright yellow, shi)rt-podicellod; perianth-segn\eiUs 
glabrous and crestless, the outer broadly obovate, 5-6 cm. U>ng. the inner oblong, 
nearly erect, scarcely longer than the claws of the outer ones; capsule oblong. 5-8 
cm. long. In marshes. Mass, to N. V. (Ohio?) and N.J. Nat. or adv. from Europe. 
May-July. 

10. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Dwarf Iris. (I. F. f. 1078.) Rootstock 



284 FLORA. 

slender, branched, creeping, tuberous-thickened. Stems only 2-8 cm. high, 1-2- 
flowered; leaves lanceolate, bright green. I-2 dm. long. 6-18 mm. wide, much ex- 
ceeding the stems ; stem flattened; flowers blue, pedicelled ; perianth-segments 
obovate, 2.5-3.3 cm. long, the outer crested, little longer than the naked inner ones, 
the tube very slender, 3-6 cm. long above the ovary, longer than the bracts; cap- 
sule oval, sharply triangular, narrowed at each end, 1.2-2 cm. high. On hillsides 
and along streams, ]Md. to S. Ohio. Ind., Ga., Tenn. and Mo. April-May. 

ir. Iris laciistris Nutt. Dwarf Lake Iris. (I. F. f. 1079.) Similar to 
the preceding in size and foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, sometimes wavy- 
margined. Flowers blue ; perianth-tube only 1-2.5 cm. long, shorter than the 
bracts and the sometimes yellowish perianth-segments, somewhat expanded up- 
ward; capsule ovoid, about 1.5 cm. high, borne on a pedicel of about its own 
■ length. Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Local. ^Nlay. 

12. Iris verna L. Dwarf Iris. (I. F. f. 1080.) Rootstock slender. Stems 
2-8 cm. high, usually i -flowered. Leaves narrowly linear. 0.7-2 dm. high, 4-10 
mm. wide; flowers violet-blue or rarely white, pedicelled; perianth-segments crest- 
less, the outer about 3 cm. long, obovate, narrowed intc- slightly pubescent slender 
yellow claws, the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous; capsule obtusely triangular, 
short. On shaded hillsides and in woods, S. Perm., Va,, Kv. and Ga. April- 
May. 

2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. 

Bulbous herbs, with erect slender terete usually branched stems, and elongated 
linear folded leaves. Flowers rather large, in our species blue or purple, solitary 
or several together, fugacious, subtended by 2 herbaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 
spreading nearly equal obovate segments, distinct nearly or quite fo the summit of 
the ovary. Filaments more or less united; anthers short; style short its branches 
slenderly 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule loculicidaUy dehiscent at the 
summit. [Greek, referring to the thread-like style-branches.] About 10 species, 
natives of America. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern 
U. S. 

I. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. Northern Xemastylis. (I. F. f. 
1081.) Bulb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, 2.5 cm. long or less. Stem 3-6 dm. 
tall, bearing 3 or 4 leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, each 
pair subtending i or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or purple. 2-5 cm. broad, slender- 
pedicelled; pedicels rather shorter than the bracts ; perianth-segments obtuse; style- 
branches exserted between the free parts of the filaments, their filiform divisions 
4-6 mm. long ; capsule obovoid. 10-12 mm. high. On prairies, Tenn. to Kans., 
Ark., La. and Tex. April-June. 

3. GEMMi'nGIA Fabr. 

An erect perennial herb, with stout rootstocks and /r?>-like leaves. Flowers in 
terminal bracted clusters, rather large, crimson and ptirple-mottled. Perianth of 6 
oblong spreading nearly -equal withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly 
to the summit of the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments : anthers 
linear-oblong. Style very slender, enlarged above, the 3 slender undivided branches 
alternate with the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid. thin-walled, loculicidaUy 
3-valved. the valves recurving, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black 
fleshy seeds, borne on a central axis. A monotypic genus of eastern Asia. 

i. Gemraingia Chinensis (L.) Ktmtze. Blackberry Lily. (I. F. f. 1082.) 
Stem stout 0.4-1.2 m. tall, leafy. Leaves equitant. 2-2.5 dm. long, 1.6-2.5 cm. 
wide, the two sides united above the middle; upper bracts scarious; flowers several 
or numerous. 3-5 cm. broad; perianth-segments obtuse, mottled with crimson and 
purple, persistent; capsule about 2.5 cm. high, the persistent mass of globose 
black seeds resembling a blackberry. On hills and along roadsides, S. N. Y. to 
Ga., Ind. and ]\Io. Nat from Asia. Jime-July. 

4. SISYRfNCHIUM L.* 
Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted root- 
stocks, simple or branched 2-winged or 2-edged stems, and linear grass-Kke leaves. 

* Contributed by Mr. E. P. Bickxell. 



IRIDACEAE. 2^^' 

Flowers from terminal spathes copsistiiig of mostly one pair of opposite condupli- 
cate herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth blue, violet, or white 
with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or obovate segments spreading and 
aristulate; filaments monadelphous ; anthers linear or oblong, the sacs distinct at 
base; style threadform, the branches filiform or obsolete; ovary 3-celled; capsule 
globose, oval or obovoid, usually trigonous, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds globose to 
obovoid, often angled, pitted or smooth. Flowers fugacious, opening successively 
in sunlight, each usually lasting but a day. Probably not less than 125 species, 
nearly all American. Besides the following many others occur in the Southern 
and Western States. 

Filaments free above, anthers over 3.5 mm. long ; Spathes twin, sessile, terminating the 

subterete wingless stem. i. S, hastile. 

Filaments monadelphous to the top; anthers under 2.5 mm. long. 

Spathes twin, sessile, terminating the winged stem, 2. S. albidum. 

Spathes single. 

Flowers yellow ; primary bract long and foliaceous, stem simple. 

4. S. Jlaviflorum. 
Flowers blue, violet or white. 

Stems mostly simple with a sessile terminal spathe. 

Capsules 4-6 mm. high, leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 6. S. angustifolium. 

Bracts glabrous, the outer one united-clasping below, flowers deep 
violet blue, rarely xvhite. 5. S. mucronatum. 

Capsules 2-4 mm. high, leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide. 

Bracts scabrous, puberulent, sometimes glabrous, the outer one not 
united-clasping at base or scarcely so ; flowers pale blue or white. 

3. S. campesire. 
Stems both simple and branched, broadly winged; spathes mostly purplish. 

7. S. intermedium. 
Stems mostly branched above, bearing two or more pedunculate spathes. 

Tufts fibrose-coated at base. 

Plant turning dark when dry ; capsules dark and thick-walled ; pe- 
duncles mostly over i mm. wide ; coastwise. 

8. S. arenicola. 
Plant not turning dark when dry ; capsules pale and thin-walled ; 

peduncles mostly under 0.5 mm. wide. 9. S. Fafwellii. 

Tufts not fibrose-coated at base. 

Plant usually turning dark in drying ; stem broadly winged ; 

pedicels spreading or recurved. 10. S. graminoides. 

Plant not turning dark when dry; pedicels not recurved; spreading. 
Capsules dark and thick-walled. 

Spathes 13-20 mm. long; capsules longer than broad, not 

apiculate; inner bract obtuse. 11. S. Atlajiticinn. 

Spathes 10-13 mm. long; capsules broader than long. 
apiculate. 12. S. apiculatiim. 

Capsules pale and thin-walled; peduncles closely erect: inner 
bract acute. 13. ^S'. strictuiii. 

1. Sisyrinchium hastile Bicknell. Spear-like Sisyrinchium. Very slen- 
der and stiffly erect, dull green, 3-4 dm. high. Stems I mm. wide tr less, 
compressed- subterete and bluntly two-edged, not at all winged, closely striate, 
minutely granulose -roughened ; leaves similar to the stems, usually shorter, thick- 
edged, obtusely slender-pointed, the conduplicate broadened base smooth, and 
membranous ; spathes usually two in a close pair at the top of the stem, each 
usually 4-bracted, the bracts lanceolate-attenuate, the inner ones r-2.5 cm, long; 
primary bract slenderly much prolonged ; interior scales ample, sometimes slightly 
exserted ; flowers few, on pedicels not longer than the inner bracts. Fruit and 
color of flower unknown, Sandy shores of Belle Isle in the Detroit River, Mich. 
Early June. 

2. Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. White Blue-eyed Grass. Green and glau- 
cescent, the spathes often purplish, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves half the height of 
the stems or longer, 1-3.5 mm. wide, very acute, mostly smooth-edged ; stems 
usually broadly winged, 1-3 mm, wide, the edges serrulate to smooth ; spathes 
sessile in a close terminal pair, the prominent outer bract 2.5-7 cm. long, its edges 
free to the base; inner bracts acuminate, often ciliolate on the keel, mostly 15-20 
mm. long ; flowers white to pale blue; perianth S-12 mm. long; capsules pale, 
depressed-subglobose, 2-3 mm. hign, on erect-spreading pedicels usually shorter 



286 FLORA. 

than the inner bracts; seeds globose, I mm. or less in diameter, umbilicatC; dis- 
tinctly pitted. Mo. to Mich., La., Ala. and N. Car. April-June. 

3. Sisyrinchium campestre Bicknell. Prairie Blue-eyed Grass. Similar 
to S. miurofiatum Michx., but often stiffer and more glaucous, with always smooth- 
edged stems and leaves, usually broader, more gibbous spathes, and pale blue or 
frequently white flowers. Stem usually less than I mm. wide, the leaves rather 
broader; spathes green to dull pink-purple, the bracts commonly scabrous-puberu- 
lent all over, but sometimes glabrous, the outer one usually less slenderly prolonged 
than in S. miicronaturn^ and not united-clasping at base, or but slightly so, 2.5-4.5 
cm. long, rarely more than twice longer than the inner bract, which emerges more 
abruptly from the base of the spathe than in S. mncronatimi, and has more broadly 
hyaline edges ; capsules pale, trigonous-subglobose, 2-4 mm. high. Wis. to N. 
Dak., La. and N. Mex., mostly on prairies. May-June. 

Sisyrinchium campestre Kansanum Bicknell. Becoming stouter and broader-leaved 
than the type with larger, longer-bracted spathes and coarser roots ; pale green and 
glaucous, usually without any purplish tinge, the flowers apparently always white. Stems 
rather broadly winged, 1-2 mm. wide, the stiff often falcate leaves becoming 2.5 mm. 
wide; bracts mostly smooth, sometimes obscurely roughened, the margins conspicuously 
white-hyaline, the outer one slenderly prolonged often for more than twice the length of 
the inner one, sometimes 6.5 cm. long; capsules apparently not larger than in the type, 
Kans. and Oklohoma. 

4. Sisyrinchium flaviflorum Bicknell. Yellow-flowered Sisyrinchium. 
About 2.5 dm. high, dull green, glaucescent. Leaves sometimes equalling the stems, 
smooth-edged or nearly so, acute, the larger ones broadened upward, 1-2.5 mm. 
wide ; stems rather prominently winged, 1-3 mm. wide, broader at the base of the 
spathe, smooth-edged ; bracts of the spathe membranous, smooth, the outer one 
much prolonged and foliaceous, mostly about 6 cm. long and surpassing the inner 
bract 3-4 cm., the narrowly hyaline margins free to the base ; flowers lemon- 
yellow, on pedicels 10-15 mm. long, sometimes only half the length of the inner 
bract; perianth about 12 mm. long. Fruit not known. Missouri. June. 

5. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Michaux's Blue-eyed Grass. 
More caespitose than S. angiisti folium and decidedly more slender and delicate, 
with smaller spathes and capsules, sometimes scarcely glaucescent and the spathes 
often bright red-purple. Stem and leaves from capillaceous to 1.5 mm. wide, 
raely wider, the edges very smooth to denticulate-scabrous, the stems narrowly 
winged or merely margined, sometimes not longer than the leaves; spathes often 
slightly bent, the bracts thin, glabrous, hyaline-margined, the outer one slenderly 
prolonged, 1.5-6 cm. long, united-clasping for 1-6 mm. at base; inner bract scarious, 
obtuse to attenuate, 10-20 mm. long, gradually emerging from the outer one, 
flowers deep violet blue, rarely white; perianth 6-14 mm. long ; capsules pale 
and thin-walled, subglobose to obovate-oblong, trigonous, 2-4 mm. high, on slender 
subspreading exserted pedicels. In meadows and fields, southeastern Mich, to N. J. 
and Va. May-June. 

6. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. Northern Blue-eyed Grass. (I. F. 
f. 1085.) Stiff and erect, pale and glaucous, 8-55 cm. high. Leaves half the height 
of the stem or longer, I-3.5 mm. wide, acute, the edges minutely serrulate ; stem 
simple or rarely branched, 1-3 mm. wide, winged, the edges minutely serrulate; 
spathes green or slightly purplish, the outer bract rarely less than twice the length 
of the inner one, 2-6.5 cm. long, obscurely hyaline-margined, united-clasping for 
2-6 mm. at base; inner bract attenuate, 15-30 mm. long ; flowers deep violet- 
blue ; the perianth 10-12 mm. long ; capsules broadly oval to globose, 4-6 mm. 
high, pale, often purplish-tinged, on erect pedicels usually shorter than the inner 
bract. Fields and hillsides, Newf. to N. J. and on the mountains to Va., west 
to Saskatchewan and Colo. May-June. 

7. Sisyrinchium intermedium Bicknell. Intermediate Blue-eyed Grass. 
Dull green and glaucescent. drying dark, the spathes usually purp^.e. Tufts not 
fibrose at base, IO-40 cm. high ; stems either simple or branched above into two 
peduncles ; leaves very thin and weak-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, often smooth- 
edged ; stems erect but frail, mostly 1 . 5 mm. wide, very flat, the thin wings serru- 
late ; peduncles usually shorter than the subtending leaf, 5-8 cm. long, the outer or,6 



IRIDACEAE. 287 

divergent; bracts of the spathe thin, cuspidate-acute; the outer one attenuately 
prolonged, 2-6 cm. long, on simple stems sometimes three times the length of the 
inner one; flowers few, 3-6, pale blue; perianth 8-12 mm. long; capsules dark, 
subglobose, about 4 mm. high, on slenderly exserted finally spreading pedicels. 
S. N. J. to N. Car. May-June. Intermediate in appearance between S. angusti- 
folium, or S. mucronatum, and S. graminoides. 

8. Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell. Sand Blue-eyed Grass. Deep green 
or glaucescent, often purplish-tinged, the base of the tufts coarsely fibrous. Leaves 
stiff, attenuate, cuspidate-acute, 1-3 mm. wide, closely striate; usually serrulate; 
stem erect, often, curved, 20-40 cm. high, 1.5-3 mm. wide, stiff, the firm wings 
striate, mostly serrulate ; node commonly only one, its erect leaf conspicuous, 
attenuate -acute, the compressed broadened base strongly striate; peduncles 2-4, 
curved, subequal and approximate, 3-12 cm. long, mostly I mm. wide or more; 
spathes erect, the acute bracts firm and strongly striate, slightly unequal; flowers 
sometimes as many as 12, deep violet-blue; perianth 8-10 mm. long; capsules dark 
and thick- walled on erect slightly exserted pedicels, broadly oval or obovoid, 3-5 mm. 
high. L. I., Staten I. and N. J., in sandy soil on or near the coast. June-July. 

9. Sisyrinchium Farwellii Bicknell. Farwell's Blue-eyed Grass. Dull 
green and glaucescent, not turning dark when dry, the thin tufts fibrous-coated at 
base. Leaves much shorter than the stems, 1-3 mm. wide, firm, membranous, at- 
tenuate-acute, the edges serrulate to smooth. Stems flexuous-erect, 20-30 cm. 
high, 1-2 mm. wide, winged, the edges usually serrulate; nodes one or two, their 
leaves shorter than the two or three peduncles, slenderly attenuate ; peduncles very 
slender, 4-11 cm. long, mostly less than 0.5 mm. wide; spathes pale, narrow, 17-20 
mm. long, the bracts subequal, papery, sometimes only obscurely nerved, slender- 
pointed or subaristulate. Flowers very small, pale blue. Capsules pale and thin- 
walled, subglobose, 2-3 mm. high on slender, flexuously erect, much exserted pedi- 
cels. Southeastern Mich. 

10. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Common Blue-eyed Grass. 
(L F. f. 1083.) Sometimes not at all tufted, bright green, often glaucescent, drying 
dark. Stem and leaves thin and grass-like, 2-6 mm. wide, the edges minutely 
serrulate ; leaves usually half the height of the stem ; stem broadly winged, 
forking into two winged peduncles 5-20 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous 
erect acuminate leaf ; nodes sometimes two ; spathes mostly green, erect, the 
bracts subequal or sometimes the outer one foliaceously prolonged, the inner 
one acute or attenuate, 15-20 mm. long; flowers 3-6, blue, the perianth 8-10 mm. 
long ; capsules dark and thin-walled, subglobose, 4-5 mm. high, on slender 
exserted flexuously spreading or finally recurved pedicels. Mass. and N. H. to 
Minn., Fla. and Tex. May-June. 

11. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass. 
(I. F. f. 1084.) Very pale and glaucous, not drying dark, the narrow stems and 
leaves firm and very smooth, mostly 1-2 mm. wide, rarely 3 mm. Leaves attenu- 
ate, commonly about half the height of the stem ; stem margined or narrowly 
winged, often somewhat geniculate at the one or two nodes; peduncles I-3, slender, 
usually 'short ; spathes often bent sideways, usually slightly purplish, the thin 
bracts subequal, the outer one usually acute, the inr.er one scarious-obtuse, mostly 
12-15 "^™- ^ong ; flowers 3-10, violet-blue; perianth 6-12 mm. long ; capsules 
dark and thick- walled, more or less oblong, 2-4.5 ^''^""'- high, contiguous on erect 
little-exserted pedicels. Mass. and Vt., along and near the coast to Fla.. usually 
in or near brackish marshes. May-June. 

12. Sisyrinchium apiculatum Bicknell. Apiciri.ATE Blik-f.ykd Grass. 
Pale green and glaucescent, keeping its color when dry, about 40 cm. high, not 
fibrous at base. Leaves about half the height of the stems, becoming over 2 mm. 
wide, acute, firm, withering-persistent, the edges very smo(Uh ; stem 1-2 mii\ 
wide, narrowly winged, the edges smooth; notles mostly two, supporting 1-3 slen- 
der peduncles 3-8 cm. long; leaf of upper node very short; spathes green, often 
deflected, short and rather broad, 10-13 "^'^^- ^^"'"t^' ^'^^ subequal bracts ctnivex. 
strongly striate, acute or the inner one obtuse, the margins rather broadly white- 
hyaline ; flowers small, violet-blue ; capsules dark, broatUy subglobose, distinctly 
apiculate, 2.5-3.5 mm. high, sparsely puberulent, on h>osel\ erect well-exscrted 
margined pedicels. Muskegon Co., Mich. June. 



288 FLORA. 

13. Sisyrinchium strictum Bicknell. Strict Blue-eyed Grass. About 
30 cm. high in erect tufts not fibrose at base, pale light green and glaucous, not 
changing color when dry. Stems and leaves 1-2 mm. wide, mostly serrulate, the 
leaves thin, tapering-acute, over half the height of the stems; node only one, its 
erect leaf closely united -clasping below, subequal with the two short approximate 
peduncles, 4-7 cm. long; spathes sometimes much tinged with red-purple, erect, 
narrow, 16-20 mm. long, the bracts subequal, sharp-pointed, the outer one rather 
abruptly narrowed above ; flowers rather small, deep violet-blue ; capsules pale 
and thin-walled, somewhat obovoid, about 4 mm. high, on suberect, slightly 
exserted margined pedicels. In sandy soil, Montcalm Co., Mich. June. 

Order 9. SCITAMINALES. 

Large monocotyledonous herbs with very irregular flowers. Ovary 
inferior, composed of several united carpels. Seeds with endosperm. 

Family i. MARANTACEAE Lindl. 
Arrowr'oot Family. 

Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, 
with scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing 
leaves, often swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. 
Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamous, in panicles, racemes or spikes. 
Perianth superior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary, or 
united into a tube, normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually dif- 
ferent from the inner (petals). Perfect stamen i ; anthers 1-2-celled. 
Staminodia mostly 5, often petal-like, very irregular. Ovary 1-3-celled, 
inferior; ovule i in each cavity, anatropous ; style slender, curved, ter- 
minal ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular or berry-like. Seed solitary in each 
cavity. Embryo central, in copious endosperm. About 12 genera and 
160 species, mostly tropical. 

1. THALIA L. 

Annual (or perennial?) herbs, with long-petioled basal leaves, erect scapes and 
terminal panicled spikes of bracted flowers. Sepals 3, membranous, separate, 
equal. Petals 3, separate or somewhat coherent at the base. Staminodia slightly 
united below, one of them (labellum) broad, crested. Anther i -celled. Ovary 
I -celled or with 2 additional small empty cavities. Base of the style adnate to the 
base of the stamen-tube. Stigma 2-lipped, dorsally appendaged. Capsule glo- 
bose or ovoid. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo strongly curved. [In honor of Jo- 
hann Thalius, German naturalist of the sixteenth century.] About 7 species, all 
American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 

I. Thalia dealbata Roscoe. Powdery Thalia. (I. F. f. 1086.) Plant 
white-powdery nearly all over. Scapes terete, 9-18 dm. tall ; petioles 3-8 dm. 
long ; leaves ovate-lanceoiate, acute or acuminate, 1.5-3 'i^- ^o^R! panicle 2-4.5 
dm. long, its spikes numerous; bracts narrow, deciduous, not longer than the 
spikes; bractlets ovate, unequal, coriaceous, about 12 mm. long; flowers purple, 
longer than the bractlets; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. in diameter. In ponds and 
swamps, S. Car. to La., Mo. and Tex. 

Order lo. ORCHIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers 
very irregular, or in Burmanniaceae regular, mostly complete and per- 
fect, their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very 
nv.merous and minute, without endosperm. 

Flowers regular ; stem leaves j-educed to scales. Earn. i. Burniaitniaceae 

Flowers very irregular. Fam. 2, Orchidacea^. 



ORCHIDACEAE. 289 

Family i. BURMANNIACEAE Blume. 

Burmannia Family. 

Low annual herbs, with filiform stems and fibrous roots. Leaves basal 
or reduced to cauline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the peri- 
anth with 6 small thick lobes, its tube ad n ate to the ovary. Stamens 3 
or 6, included, inserted on the tube of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, 
the sacs transversely dehiscent. Style slender ; stigmas 3, dilated ; 
ovary inferior, with 3 central or parietel placentae. Ovules numerous. 
Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong; endosperm none. Ten 
genera and about 60 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. The 
family is represented in N. Am. by the following genus and Apierta of 
the Gulf States. 

I. BURMANNIA L. 

Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like or bract-like 
leaves. Tube of the perianth strongly 3 -angled or 3 -winged, the 3 outer lobes 
longer than the inner. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-lobes. Filaments 
very short; connective of the anthers prolonged beyond the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. 
Ovary 3-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central placentas; stigmas globose or 2-lobed. 
Capsule crowned by the persistent perianth, opening by irregular lateral ruptures. 
[In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 
20 species, natives of warm regions. Besides the following another occurs in the 
southeastern States. 

I, Burmannia bifiora L. Northern Burmannia. (I. F. f. 1087.) Stems 
very slender, 5-15 cm. high, simple or forked above. Flowers i or several, 
terminal; angles of the perianth-tube conspicuously winged, the outer lobes ovate, 
acute, the inner linear and incurved ; seeds very numerous, oblong-linear, spar- 
ingly striate. In swamps and bogs, Va. to Fla. and La. Sept. -Nov. 

Family 2. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl.* 

Orchid Family. 

Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire 
leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, 
solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 
outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, 
alike ; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually 
larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or ped- 
icel. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical 
column ; anther i or in Cypripediuin 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, 
usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses 
waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style 
often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or be- 
tween its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostel- 
lum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, 
usually long and twisted, 3-angled, i-celled ; ovules numerous, anatro- 
pous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, 
minute, mostly spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated ; endo- 
sperm none ; embryo fleshy. About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide 
distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of those of warm regions 
epiphytes. 

Anthers 2 ; lip a large inflated sac. i. Cyf'ripedium. 

Anther solitary. 

Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland. 
Glands enclosed in a pouch. 

Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. 2. Orchis. 

Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. 3. Gahorchis. 

* Revised by Dr. P. A. Rvdbekg. 



290 FLORA, 

Glands not enclosed in a pouch. 

Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. 

Stem leafy ; anther-sacs mostly parallel. 

Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the glands below. 

4. Perularia. 
Valves not dilated at the base. 

Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. 5. Cceloglossum. 
Glands naked. 

Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. 

6. Gymnandeniopsis . 
Beak of the stigma not appendaged. 7. Limnorchis. 
Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2 basal ; anther-sacs divergent. 
Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. 8. Lysias. ' 

Basal leaf i ; ovary arcuate. 9. Lysiella. 

Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. 10. Blephariglottis. 

Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 23). 
Pollinia granulosa or powdery. 

Flowers comparatively large, solitary or few ; anthers incumbent on a long 
column. 
Leaves not grass-like ; lip free. 
Flowers terminal; lip crested. 

Leaves alternate. 11. Pogonia. 

Stem-leaves whorled. 12. Isotria. 

Flowers axillary; lip not crested. 13. Triphora. 

Leaves grass-like. 

Flowers solitary, terminal ; lip adherent to the base of the column. ■ 

14. Arethusa. 
Flowers racemose ; lip free. 15. Limodorum. 

Flowers small, numerous, in spikes or racemes ; anthers erect, jointed to a 
short column. 
Anther operculate ; leaves broad, alternate. 16. Epipactis. 

Anther not operculate. 

Leaves green, borne on the stem. 

Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 17, Gyrostachys. 
Leaves 2, opposite ; spike not twisted. 18. Listera. 
Leaves white-reticulated, basal. 19. Peramium. 

Pollinia smooth and waxy. 

Plants with corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots ; leaves basal 
or cauline. 
Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. 

Leaf cauhne ; lip ovate, or auricled at the base. 

20. Achroanthes, 
Leaf or leaves basal. 

Leaves 2; lip fiat ; flowers racemed. 21. Leptorchis. 
Leaf I ; lip saccate ; iiower solitary. 22. Calypso. 
Leaf I, basal, unfolding after the flowering time. 

Flowers long-spurred ; lip 3-lobed. 23. Tipularia. 

Flowers not spurred ; lip 3-ridged. 24. Aplect7-u7n. 

Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless ; the leaves reduced to scales. 
Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs ; flowers gibbous or spurred. 

25. Corallorhiza. 
Pollinia 8, united ; flowers not gibbous nor spurred. 

26. Hexalectris. 
I. CYPRIPEDIUM L. 

Glandular-pubescent herbs, with leafy stems or scapes, and tufted roots of thick 
fibres. Leaves large, broad, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or several, drooping 
large, showy. Sepals spreading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. Lip 
a large inflated sac. Column declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each 
side and a dilated petaloid sterile stamen above, which covers the summit of the 
style. Pollinia granular, without a caudicle or glands. Stigma terminal, broad, 
obscurely 3-lobed. [Name Greek, Venus' sock or buskin.] About 40 species, 
natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 5 others 
occur in western North America. 

Sepals separate ; stem leafy, i-flowered. i. C. arietinum. 

Lateral sepals more or less united. 

Plant 2-leaved ; scape i-flowered. 2. C. acaiile. 

Stem leafy to the top, i-several-flowered. 

Sepals and petals not longer than the lip, 3- C. reginae. 



OR CHID A CEA E. 29 1 

Sepals and petals longer than the lip. 

Sterile stamen lanceolate ; lip white. ' 4. C. candidutn. 

Sterile stamen triangular ; lip yellow. 

Lip 3-5 cm. long, vertically flattened, pale yellow. 5. C. hirsutum. 
Lip 1.5-3 <^ni- loi^&i laterally flattened, bright yellow, 6. C. parviflorum. 

1. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Ram's-head Ladies' Slipper. (I. F. f. 
1088.) Stem 2-3 dm. high, i-flowered. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate, 5-10 
cm. long, 1-7 cm. wide; sepals separate, lanceolate, longer than the lip; petals linear, 
greenish brown, about as long as the sepals ; lip 14-16 mm. long, red and white, 
veiny, prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, somewhat distorted at the upper 
end which resembles a ram's head. In cold and damp woods, Quebec to Ont,, 
N. Y. and Minn, May-Aug. 

2. Cypripedium acauie Ait. Moccasin Flower. Noah's Ark. Stem- 
LESS Ladies' Slipper, (L F, f. 1089,) Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, i-flowered. Leaves 
2, basal, elliptic, 15-20 cm. long, thick ; occasionally a smaller leaf is borne on 
the scape ; sepals greenish purple, spreading, 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate ; petals 
narrower and somewhat longer than the sepals ; lip often over 5 cm. long, pink 
with darker veins or sometimes white, the upper part of its interior surface crested 
with long white hairs; sterile stamen triangular, acuminate, keeled inside. In 
sandy or rocky woods, Newf. to Ont,, N. Car., Ky. and Minn. Flower fragrant. 
May-June. 

3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Ladies' Slipper. (I. F. f. 1090.) 
Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves elliptic, acute, 7-18 cm. long; 
flowers 1-3; sepals round-ovate, white, not longer than the lip, the lateral ones 
united for their whole length; petals somewhat narrower than the sepals, white; 
lip much inflated, over 2,5 cm, long, variegated with purple and white stripes; 
stamen cordate-ovate. In swamps and woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
Ga. June-Sept. 

4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small White Ladies' Slipper. (I. F, f. 
109 1.) Stem 1.5-3 ^"^' high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate, 7-12 cm. long; bracts 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate; flower solitary ; sepals 
lanceolate, longer than the lip, greenish, purple-spotted; petals somewhat longer 
and narrower than the sepals, wavy, twisted, greenish; lip white, striped with 
purple inside, about 2 cm. long; sterile stamen lanceolate. In bogs and meadows, 
N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. May-July. 

5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper. (I. F. f. 
1092.) Stems leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oval or elliptic, 7-12 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer than the lip, yellowish or 
greenish, striped with purple; petals narrower, usually twisted; lip much inflated, 
2-5 cm. long, pale yellow with purple lines; sterile stamen triangular. In woods 
and thickets, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ala. and Neb. May-July. 

6. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
(I. F, f, 1093.) Stems 3-6 dm, high, slender, leafy. Leaves oval, elliptic or 
lanceolate, 5-15 crn, long; sepals and petals longer than the lip; petals usually 
twisted; lip 14-30 mm, long, bright yellow, more or less marked with purple 
stripes, spots or blotches ; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple spotted like 
the lip. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Br. Col., W^ash., Ga. and Mo. ^Llv- 

2. ORCHIS L. 

Plants with biennial fleshy tubers, or in our species with a rootstock and numer- 
ous fleshy roots; stem in our species scape-like, i-leaved at the ixise. Flowers in 
short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subequal, spreading. Petals similar to the 
sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, 3-lobed. produced below into a 
spur. Column sjiort, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 
2-celled, the sacs contiguous and slightly divergent ; pollinia granulose. i large 
mass in each sac, produced into a slender caudicle, the end of which is attached to 
a small gland. Stigma a hollowed surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellum a 
knob-like projection under the anther. (> lands enclosed in a pouch. Capsule i^b- 
long, erect, without a beak, [Name ancient.] AKnit So species, natives of the 
north temperate zone. ovXy two known in N. Am. In habit the following dilTcrs 
somewhat from the topical Old World species. 



292 FLORA. 

I. Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-leaved Orchis. (I. F. f. 
1095.) Stem 2-2.5 <^^^- ^^ig^^' Leaf varying from nearly orbicular to oval, 3-7 cm. 
long, with I or 2 sheathing scales below it; spike 2-6-flowered ; flowers 12-16 min. 
long, subtended by small bracts ; sepals and petals oval, rose-color ; lip white, pur- 
ple spotted, longer than the petals, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed 
or notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the lip. In damp woods, Green- 
land to the Rocky Mts., Me., N. Y. and Minn. June-July. 

3. GALEORCHIS Rydb. 

Rootstock very short ; root of numerous fleshy fibres. Stem scape-like, with 2 
large rounded leaves at the base. Flowers vn a short loose spike with large leaf- 
like bracts surpassing them. Sepals united above, forming a kind of galea, or 
hood. Petals connivent, somewhat adnate to the sepals. Lip entire, wavy, pro- 
duced below into a spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the 
lip. Anthers 2 -celled, the sacs divergent ; pollinia granulose, I large mass in each 
sac, produced into a slender caudicle. Glands enclosed in a pouch. [Compound 
word of which the first part refers to the hood-like united sepals.] 

A monotypic genus, native of North America. It was established by Rafinesque 
in 1836, under the name Galearis, which is antedated by Galearia Presl, of 1830. 

I. Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Showy Orchis. (I. F. f. 1094.) 
Stem 2-3 dm. high, thick, fleshy, 5 -angled. Leaves with I or 2 scales below 
them, obovate, sometimes 2 dm. long and I ,dm. wide, but usually smaller, clammy 
to the touch ; spike 3-6 flowered ; flowers about 2-5 cm. long, violet-purple mixed 
with lighter purple and white; bracts foliaceous, sheathing the ovaries; lip whitish, 
divergent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur obtuse, about 1.6 cm. long ; 
column violet on the back ; capsule about 2-5 cm. long, strongly angled. In rich 
woods, N. B. to 6nt. and Minn., south to Ga., Ky. and Neb. April-June. \Orchis 
spectabilis L.] 

4. PERULARIA Lindl. 

Leafy-stemmed plants, from a cluster of thick fibrous roots. Flowers small, 
greenish, in a long open spike with long bracts. Sepals and petals broad, spread- 
ing. Lip lanceolate, with a tooth on each side at the base, and a central tubercle 
at the middle of the base. Spur slender, straight, longer than the lip, but shorter 
than the ovary. Valves of the anthers horizontal, opening upward, dilated at the 
base so as to form an oblong cavity, enclosing the orbicular incurved gland. Pol- 
inia granulose, produced at the base into a caudicle. A genus of 2 or 3 boreal, 
nearly related species, often included in Habenaria. [Latin, a little wallet.] 

I. Perularia flava (L.) Rydb. Tubercled Orchis. Small Pale-green 
Orchis. (I. F. f. 1105.) Stem rather stour, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves lanceo- 
late or elliptic, acute or obtuse, 1-3 dm. long ; bracts acuminate, longer than the 
ovaries ; petals greenish ; sepals and petals ovate or roundish, about 6 mm. long ; 
sepals greenish yellow ; lip a little longer than the petals ; capsule about 8 mm. 
long. In moist soil, N. H. to Minn., south to Fla., La. and Mo. June-July. 
\Habenaria Jlava (L.) Gray.] 

5. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. 

Leafy plants, with biennial 2-cleft tubers. Flowers greenish in a long leafy- 
bracted spike. Sepals free, somewhat arcuate, bent together and forming a hood. 
Petals narrow. Lip oblong, obtuse, 2-3-toothed at the apex. Spur much shorter 
than the lip, blunt, sac- like. Column short. Pollinia v/ith long caudicles. 
Glands small, scarcely wider than the caudicle, surrounded by a thin membrane. 
A boreal genus of 2 or 3 species, often included in Habenaria or Platanthera. 
[Name Latin, compound, heaven-tongue.] 

I. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Pari. Long-bracted Orchis. 
(I. F. f, 1 103.) Stem leafy, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oval, or 
the lowest sometimes obovate, 5-12 cm. long, the upper much smaller ; bracts 
longer than the ovaries, the lower ones 2 or 3 times as long ; spike 7-12 cm. long, 
loosely flowered ; flowers green or greenish ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated or 
somewhat gibbous at the base, about 6 mm. long ; petals very narrow, sometimes 
thread-like ; lip 6-8 mm. long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex, 



ORCHIDACEAE. 293 

more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur; anther-sacs divergent at the 
base. In woods and meadows, N. B. to Br. Col., south to N. Car. and Neb. 
Also in Europe. May-Sept. \Habe7iaria bracteata (Willd. ) R. Br.] 

6. GYMNANDENIOPSIS Rydb. 

Leafy plants, with fleshy fibrous or somewhat tuberous roots, and a short spike 
of small flowers. Sepals free and spreading. Lip entire or 3 -toothed at the apex, 
much exceeded by the long filiform or clavate spur. Beak of the stigma with 
2-3 oblong or clavate appendages. Anther-sacs parallel and approximate, their 
glands naked and contiguous. Pollinia granular, with short caudicles. A North 
American genus, litherto included in Habenaria. It is closely related to the 
European genus Gy77inandenia, from which it differs in the appendages of the 
stigma; hence the name. 

Spur filiform ; lip entire; stem leafy. 

Ovary not twisted; spur longer than the ovary; flowers white. i. G. nivea. 

Ovary twisted; spur shorter than the ovary, flowers orange. 2. G. Integra. 

Spur clavate; hp3-toothed; stem 1-2-leaved. 3. G. clavellata, 

1. Gymnandeniopsis nivea (Nutt.) Rydb. Southern Small White 
Orchis. (I. F. f. 1099.) Stem slender, angled, 3-3.5 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, the upper much shorter and passing into the 
bracts of the spike; spike 5-10 cm. long, loosely many-flowered; flowers small, 
white; lateral sepals broadly oblong, dilated or slightly eared at the base, spread- 
ing, about 6 mm. long; petals and upper sepal smaller; stigma appendaged by 2 
small horns affixed to the back of the anther ; ovary straight. In pine barren bogs, 
Del. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. \^Habenaria nivea (Nutt.) Sprang.] 

2. Gymnandeniopsis Integra (Nutt.) Rydb. Small Southern Yellow 
Orchis. (I. F. f. 1102.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, angled, with 1-3 linear-lanceolate 
leaves below, and numerous bract-like ones above. Lower leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
acute; spike 2-7 cm. long, densely flowered; flowers orange-yellow; upper sepal 
and petals connivent; lateral sepals longer, oval or obovate, spreading; lip ob- 
long, mostly crenulate or erose, sometimes entire; stigma with 2 lateral fleshy 
appendages and a narrow beak. In wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. 
The upper surface of the leaves is often reticulated with hexagonal cells. July. 
\_Hahe71ar la Integra (Nutt.) Sprang.] 

3. Gymnandeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. Small Green Wood 
Orchis. (I. F. f. 1104.) Stem 2-5 dm. high, angled, i -leaved near the base, 
often with several small bract-like leaves above, or one of these larger. Basal leaf 
oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; spike 1-2.5 cm. long, 
loosely flowered; flowers small, greenish or whitish; sepals and petals ovate; lip 
dilated and 3-toothed at the apex; the teeth often small and inconspicuous; spur 
longer than the ovary, incurved, clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages; 
capsule ovoid, nearly erect. In wet or moist woods, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. 
and La. July- Aug. \_Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.] 

7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb, 

Leafy plants with thick fleshy roots and small greenish or whitish flowers in a 
long spike. Sepals and petals free and spreading. Lip entire. Beak of the stigma 
without appendages. Anther-sacs nearly parallel, wholly adnate. Glands naked. 
Pollinia granular. A North American genus of about a dozen species, diftoring 
from Lysias in the general habit and the almost parallel anther-sacs. [Creek. 
Marsh -orchis.] 

Lip lanceolate, slightly if at all dilated at the base ; flowers greenish or purplish. 

Spur shorter than the lip, much thickened at the end, obtuse. i. L. hyperborea. 

Spur slightly exceeding the lip, slightly if at all thickened at the end. 
Plant stout ; flowers comparatively large ; sepals 4-6 mm. lot\g. 

2. /.. media. 
Plant slender; flowers smaller; sepals 2.5-4 mm. long. 3. /.. lltironeHsis. 

Lip decidedly rhomboid-dilated at the base ; flowers white. 

Flowers not very fragrant ; sepals 2-3 mm. wide, not strongly striate. 

4. /.. dihitata. 
Flowers very fragrant ; sepals 1.5-2 mm. wide, strongly striate. 5. L. fragrans. 



294 FLORA, 

1. Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb. Tall Leafy Green Orchis. (I. F. 
f. ii(X).) Stem rather stout, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, 5-30 
cm. long; spike narrow, 7-20 cm. long; flowers small, divaricate, greenish or green- 
ish yellow; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; upper sepal crenulate 
at the apex; lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 7 mm. long; spur seldom equal- 
ling the lip, blunt, slightly incurved, decidedly clavate ; glands small; ovary more 
or less twisted ; pod I cm. long, 5 mm. wide. In bogs and wet woods, N. S. to 
Alaska, south to N. J. May-Aug. \Habenaria hyperborea (L. ) R. Br.] 

2. Limnorchis media Rydb. n. sp. Intermediate Bog Orchis. Stem stout, 
4-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long ; spike long, densely 
flowered ; bracts rather large and with scabrous margins ; flowers divaricate, 
greenish or purplish; sepals ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long; petals lanceolate, obtuse; 
lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, slightly dilated at the base, 5-7 mm. long ; spur 
slightly exceeding the lip, curved, obtuse, scarcely at all thickened at the apex ; 
ovary somewhat twisted ; pod about I cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter. It has 
been confused with L. hyperborea and L. dilatata. In bogs, Can. and N. Y., west 
to Minn. Type specimen from Quebec. June-Aug. 

3. Limnorchis Huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb. Huron Orchis. Stem slen- 
der, 2-3 dm. high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse; upper lanceolate and acute; 
spike long, rather lax; bracts lanceolate, the lower often twice as long as the flowers; 
flowers almost erect, light green ; sepals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long ; lip linear-lan- 
ceolate, entire; spur generally exceeding the lip, scarcely clavate, curved, often 
acutish ; pod about i cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. It resembles a slender Z. 
hyperborea^ differing in the smaller erect flowers, longer and narrower spur and pod. 
In swamps, Can. to N. Y. ; apparently also in the Black Hills of S. Dak. June- 
July. \_Orchis Huronensis Nutt.] 

4. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Tall White Bog Orchis. (I. F. 
f. iioi.) Stem slender, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 
obtuse or acute; spike 5-25 cm. long; bracts acute, the lower longer than the ovary, 
the upper shorter; flowers small, white ; sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 6 mm. long 
and 2-3 mm. wide; lip entire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse at the 
apex, shorter than the blunt incurved slightly clavate spur; glands close together, 
strap-shaped, nearly as long as the pollinia and caudicle; stigma with a trowel- 
shaped beak between the bases of the anther-sacs. In bogs and wet woods, N. S. 
to Sask., south to Me., N. Y. and Neb. June-Sept. \_Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) 
Hook.] 

5. Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. n. sp. Fragrant Orchis. Stem very slender, 
leafy above, 2-3 dm. high. Leaves linear, about I dm, long and 8-10 mm. wide, 
acute; spike slender and lax ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower longer than 
the flowers ; flowers small, pure white, very fragrant ; sepals lanceolate, often 
acutish, 1.5-2 mm. wide and strongly striate ; lip about 5 mm. long, narrowly 
linear, dilated at the base, obtuse, shorter than the curved filiform spur ; otherwise 
as the preceding. In bogs, Willoughby Motmtains, Vt. July. 

8. LYSIAS Salisb. 

Plants with tubers or fleshy roots; stem scapose. Leaves 2, basal. Flowers 
greenish or white ; sepals free, large and spreading ; petals small and narrow ; 
lip entire, linear or nearly so ; spur long and slender, generally longer than the 
elongated, straight ovary. Beak of the stigma without appendages. Anther-sacs 
widely diverging, their narrow beak-like bases projecting forward ; stalk of the 
pollen-mass laterally afiixed to the back of the orbicular gland, whose face is 
turned inward. Pod cylindric-clavate, distinctly stipitate. A circumboreal genus 
of about half a dozen' species, separated independently by Salisbury in 1812 as 
Lysias and by Richard in 1818 under the name Platanthera. 

Scape bracted. i. Z. orbiculata. 

Scape naked. 2. L. Hookeriana. 

I. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Large Round-leaved Orchis. (I. F. 
f. 1096.) Scape stout, bracted, 3-6 dm. high, occasionally bearing a small leaf. 
Leaves orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining green above, silvery be- 



OR CHID A CEA E. 295 

neath, 10-17 cm. in diameter; raceme loosely many -flowered; pedicels about i cm. 
long, the fruiting ones erect ; flowers greenish white ; lateral sepals falcate-ovate, 
obtuse, 8-10 mm. long; lip about 12 mm. long ; spur much longer than the ovary, 
often 3.5 cm. long ; anther-sacs prominent, converging above ; glands small, orbic- 
ular, nearly 5 mm. apart, their faces turned toward the axis. In rich woods, Newf. 
to Br. Col., N. Car. and Minn. July- Aug. \Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.] 
2. Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. Hooker's Orchis. (I. F. f. 1097.) 
Scape 2-4 dm. high, not bracted. Leaves fleshy, shining, spreading or ascending, 
oval, orbicular or obovate, 0.7-1.4 dm. long; raceme rather loosely many -flowered, 
1-2 dm. long ; bracts acute, about as long as the yellowish green flowers ; lateral 
sepals greenish, lanceolate, acute, spreading, about 8 mm. long ; petals narrowly 
linear or awl-shaped; lip linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-lOmm. long; anther-sacs widely 
diverging below ; glands small, their faces turned inward ; spur slender, acute, 16 
mm. long or more, as long as the ovary or considerably longer. In woods, N. S. 
to Minn., N. J., Penn. and Iowa. June-Sept. [Habenaria Hookeriana, A. Gray.] 

9. LYSIELLA Rydb. 

Small plant with a short rootstock and thick root-fibers. Stem scapose, naked, 
with a single obovate leaf at the base ; flowers greenish yellow. Upper sepal 
round-ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column ; lateral sepals reflexed, 
spreading ; petals lanceolate smaller ; lip entire linear-lanceolate, deflexed ; 
spur slightly curved, shorter than the arcuate ovary. Beak of stigma not appen- 
daged. Anther-sacs widely diverging, wholly adnate, arcuate; glands small, their 
faces turned inward. Pod obovoid. A monotypic genus, mostly of North America. 
[Name diminutive oi Lysias.'] 

I. Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog Orchis. (I. 
F. f. 1098.) Scape slender, naked, 8-20 cm. high, 4-angled. Leaf solitary, basal, 
obovate, 4-10 cm. long, 10-24 mm. wide ; spike 2-5 cm. long, loose ; flowers 
greenish yellow, about 6 mm. long; upper sepal erect, round-ovate, green with 
whitish margins ; lateral sepals spreading-reflexed, oblong, obtuse or acute ; petals 
shorter, dilated or obtusely 2-lobed at the base, connate with the base of the column; 
lip entire, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, deflexed, about 6 mm. long; spur about as long 
as the lip, slender, curved, blunt. In bogs, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Me., N. Y. 
and Colo. Also in northern Norway. July-Sept. \Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) 
Richards.] 

9. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Raf. 

Plants with tall and leafy stems and fleshy or tuberous roots. Flowers 
several or numerous in an open spike with foliaceous bracts ; corolla white, 
yellow or purplish ; sepals broad and spreading or reflexed ; lip variously 
fringed or 3-parted and cut-toothed ; spur longer than the lip. Anther-sacs 
widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases supported by 
the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward and upward ; gland naked ; 
pollinia granular. A North American genus of perhaps a dozen species. [Name 
Greek, meaning fringed throat.] 

Lip not 3-parted, pectinately fringed. 

Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. i. B. cristata. 

Spur longer than the ovary. 

Flowers bright yellow. 2. R. ctliaris. 

Flowers white. 3. />'. blephari^lottis. 

Lip 3-parted. 

Segments of the lip deeply fringed. 

Segments narrow; fringe of a few threads. 4. B. lacera. 

Segments broadly fan-shaped; fringe copious. 

Segments fringed to the middle or deeper; flowers white. 

5. B. le'uco/'baea. 
Segments not fringed beyond the middle; flowers lilac, rarely white. 

Raceme 4-5 cm. tliick ; lip 1-2 cm. broad. 0. B. iiriifiJi/iora. 

Raceme 1-3 cm. thick; lip 8-12 mm. broad. 7. B. />s\\ih/c's. 

Segments of the lip cut-toothed ; flowers violet-purple. 8. B. pt'rj»iot'>uj. 

I. Blephariglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf. Crested Yellow Orchis. (I. 
F. f. 1 106.) Stem slender, angled, 2-6 dm. high. Leaver narrowly lanceolate, 
5-20 cm. long, the upper m\ich smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as long as the 



296 



FLORA, 



flowers; spike 5-I0 cm. long, dense; flowers orange ; sepals roundish ovate, about 
3 mm. long; petals narrower, pectinate-fringed; lip slightly longer than the sepals, 
deeply fringed to the middle or beyond ; spur 4-6 mm. long, about half as long as 
the ovary. In bogs, N. J. to Fla. and La. July-Aug, \Habenaria cristata 
(Michx.) R. Br.] 

2. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. Yellow-fringed Orchis. (I. F. f. 
1107.) Stem slender, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, the 
upper smaller; spike closely many-flowered, 7-15 cm. long, sometimes 7 cm. thick; 
flowers orange or yellow, large, showy; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique 
at the base, 4-8 mm. long ; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually toothed ; 
lip oblong, 10-14 "^ni- long, copiously fringed more than half-way to the middle ; 
spur 25-35 ^^^- lo^g' "^^O' slender. In meadows, Vt. (?) and Ont. to Mich., south 
to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. [Habenaria ciliaris (L. ) R. Br. ] 

3. Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. White-fringed Orchis. 
(I. F. f. 1 108.) Stems and leaves similar to those of the preceding species. Spikes 
densely or rather loosely many-flowered ; flowers pure white, usually a little smaller 
than those oi H. ciliaris; lip narrower, oblong; petals toothed or somewhat fringed 
at the apex; fringe of the lip copious or sparse. In bogs and swamps, Newf. to 
Minn, and N. J. Intermediate forms [B. bicolor Raf.] between this and the pre- 
ceding species, with light yellow flowers, are probably hybrids. Blooms a few 
days earlier than ciliaris where the two grow together. July-Aug. \H. blephari- 
glottis (Willd) Torr.] 

Blephariglottis blephariglottis holopdtala (Lindl.) Rydb. One or both of the 
petals entire ; lip often sparingly fringed. With the type. Probably a mere form. 

4. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Rydb. Ragged Orchis. (I. F. f. 1109.) 
Stem rather slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, 12-20 cm. long, the 
upper gradually smaller; spike 5-15 cm. long, loose; flowers greenish yellow; sepals 
ovate, obtuse, about 6 mm. long, the upper one a little broader than the others; 
petals linear, entire, obtuse, about as long as the sepals; segments of the lip narrow, 
deeply fringed, the fi-inge of a few threads, about I cm. long ; spur 14-16 mm. 
long, curved, shorter than the ovary, clavate at the apex ; glands oblong-linear, 
hyaline, as long as the caudicle. In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., south 
to Ga. and Mo. June-July. \H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br.] 

5. Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Rydb. Prairie White-fringed 
Orchis. (I. F. f. mo.) Stem stout, angled, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
1-2 dm. long ; spike 7-12 cm. long, very thick, loosely flowered ; flowers large, 
white, fragrant, sometimes tinged with green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, 
minutely cut-toothed, about 6 mm. long; lip 12-14 mm. long, the segments broadly 
wedge-shaped and copiously fringed ; spur 25-35 mm. long, longer than the ovary; 
caudicles long and slender ; glands transversely oval ; ovary often recurved. On 
moist prairies, western N. Y. to Minn., Ky., Ark. and Neb. July. \H. leucophaea 
(Nutt.) Gray.] 

6. Blephariglottis grandiflbra (Bigel.) Rydb. Large Purple-fringed 
Orchis. (I. F. f. mi.) Stem 3-15 dm. high. Leaves oval or lanceolate, 1-2.5 
dm. long, obtuse, or the upper smaller and acute; raceme 7-35 cm. long, sometimes 
6 cm. thick, densely flowered ; flowers lilac or purplish, sometimes whitish, fra- 
grant; upper sepal and petals erect, connivent; petals oblong or oblanceolate, more 
or less toothed, I cm. long ; lip 1-2. 5 cm. broad, about I cm. long, the segments 
broadly fan-shaped, copiously fringed nearly to the middle; glands orbicular, turned 
inward; spur filiform, clavate, 25-35 mm. long. In rich woods and meadows. N. B. 
to Ont. and Mich., south to N. Car. June-Aug. \H. grandijlora (Bigel.) Torr.] 

7. Blephariglottis psycodes (L.)Rydb. Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis. 
(I. F. f. 1112.) Stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, elliptic or lan- 
ceolate, 5-25 cm. long, the upper smaller ; raceme 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, 
loosely or densely several- many-flowered; flowers lilac, rarely white, fragrant; lower 
sepals ovate, obtuse, about 8 mm. long, the upper one a little narrower ; petals 
oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin; lip 8-12 mm. broad, the seg- 
ments fan-shaped and copiously fringed ; spur somewhat clavate at the apex, about 
16 mm. long, longer than the ovary. In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newf. 
to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ind. July-Aug. \H. psycodes (L.) A. Gray.] 



ORCHIDACEAB, 297 

8. Blephariglottis peramoena (A. Gray) Rydb. Fringeless Purple 
Orchis. (I. F. f. 11 13.) Stem 3-7 dm. high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, 1-2 
dm. long, the upper gradually smaller ; spike 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. thick, 
densely or rather loosely many-flowered; flowers large, showy, violet-purple; lateral 
sepals round-ovate, 6-8 mm. long, the upper one smaller ; petals smaller, round- 
obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose ; lip 14-20 mm. long, the segments fan- 
shaped, cut-toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed ; spur about as long as the 
ovary, curved, clavate; glands orbicular, oblique. In moist meadows, N. J. to 111., 
Va. and Ky. July- Aug. \H, peramoena Gray.] 

II. POGONIA Juss. 

Mostly low herbs with slender rootstocks and fibrous roots, the flowers terminal, 
solitary, the leaves alternate. Sepals and petals separate, erect or ascending. Lip 
erect from the base of the column, spurless, crested. Column elongated, club-shaped 
at the summit. Anther terminal, stalked, attached to the back of the column, its 
sacs parallel ; pollinia 2, I in each sac, powdery- granular, without a caudicle. 
Stigma, a flattened disk below the anther. Capsule oblong or ovoid, erect. [Greek, 
bearded, from the bearded lip of the type species.] Only the following North 
American species are known : 

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike; lip bearded. i. P. ophioglossoides. 

Sepals longer and narrower than the petals; lip not bearded. 2, P. divaricata. 

1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Snake-mouth. 
(I. F. f. 1 114.) Stem 2-3.8 dm. high, 1-3-leaved, not rarely with a long-petioled 
basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves 1-4 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly 
acute ; flowers fragrant, pale rose-color, slightly nodding, large, solitary or occa- 
sionally in pairs, subtended by a foliaceous bract ; sepals and petals about equal, 
elliptic or oval, 12-20 mm. long ; lip spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the 
column below, fringed. Propagates by running rootstocks. In meadows and 
swamps, Newf. to Ont., Fla. and Kans. June-July. 

2. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. Spreading Pogonia. (I. F. f. 1116.) 
Stem 2-6 dm. high, bearing a leaf near the middle, and a foliaceous bract near the 
flower. Leaf lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, clasping, 5-10 cm. long ; 
flower terminal, solitary; sepals linear, longer and narrower than the petals, diverg- 
ing, dark-colored; petals flesh-color, lanceolate, narrowed at the apex ; lip as long 
as the petals, 3-lobed, crenulate or wavy- margined, greenish, veined with purple, 
not bearded, the upper lobe long. In swamps, southern N. J. to Fla. and Ala. 
Reported from Wisconsin. July. 

12. ISOTRIA Raf. 

Low herbs with a rootstock and fibrous roots. Flowers terminal. Leaves 5 in 
whorl near the top of the plant. Sepals and petals separate, ascending, the former 
generally longer than the latter. Lip erect from the base of the column, crested, 
spurless, sessile. Anthers and pollinia as in /'i^^cw/^. Capsule oblong, erect. [Greek, 
in equal threes.] Only the following species are known : 

Lip crested along a narrow line down the face ; peduncle as long as the capsule or longer. 

1. /. verticillata. 
Lip crested over the whole face and lobes ; peduncle shorter than the capsule. 

2. /. ajfinis. 

1. Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. Whorled Pogonia. (LF. f. 1117.) 
Stem 2.5-3 ^"^' ^"^ig^^' from long fleshy roots. Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at 
the apex, sessile, 2-4 cm. long; flower solitary, erect or declined; peduncle 12 -id 
mm. long, in fruit usually equalling or exceeding the capsule; sepals linear. 3-5 
cm. long, spreading, dark purple; petals linear, erect, obtuse, greenish yellow, 
about 20 mm. lonij^; lip 3-lobed, crested along a narrow band, the upper part ex- 
panded, undulate; capsule erect, 2.5 cm. long or more. In nmist woods, E. Mass. 
to Ont., Wis., Ind. and Fla. May-June. {Poi^onia zuTtid/lafa (Willd.) Nutt.] 

2. Isotria affinis (Austin) Rydb. Smaller Whori.kd 1\h;oxia. (I. F. f. 
Ill 8.) Smaller than the preceding species, stem 2-2.5 dm. high. Leaves 2-5 
cm. long; flowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow; peduncle 5-10 cm. kmg, much 

\ 



298 FLORA. 

shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals equalling the petals, or but little longer, 
somewhat narrowed at the base; lip crested over nearly the whole face and lobes; 
capsule erect, about 2 cm. long. In moist woods, Conn, to S. N. Y.. Penn., andN. J. 
Rare and local. June. \_Pogonia affinis Austin.] 

13. TRIPHORA Nutt. 

Low herbs with fleshy tubers and axillary flowers. Sepals and petals separate, 
ascending, subequal. Lip erect, slightly clawed, and more or less 3-lobed, not 
crested, spurless. Column elongated, club-shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, 
stalked, attached to the back of the column, its sacs parallel; pollinia 2, i in each 
sac, powdery-granular, without caudicles. Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. 
Capsule oval, drooping. [Greek, bearing three, in allusion to the usual 3 flowers.] 
A genus of 8 species of North and tropical America, only the following found in 
the United States. 

I. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Nodding Pogonia. (L F. f. 1115.) 
Stems glabrous, 7-20 cm. high, from a tuberous root, often clustered. Leaves 2-8, 
alternate, ovate, 6-18 mm. long, clasping; flowers I-7, axillary, peduncled, pale 
purple, at first nearly erect, soon drooping; perianth 12-16 mm. long; sepals and 
petals about equal, connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, somewhat 3-lobed, 
roughish or crisped above, about as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping, 
about 12 mm. long. In rich woods, Can. ( ? ), Vt. to Fla., Wis. and Kans. Aug.- 
Sept. S^Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) B. S. P.] 

14. ARETHUSA L. 

Low herbs, with small bulbs and mostly solitary flowers on slender scapes, the 
solitary leaf linear, hidden at first in the upper scale, protruding after flowering. 
Sepals and petals about equal, connivent and hooded above, coherent below. Lip 
dilated and recurved-spreading at the apex, crested on the face with straight some- 
what fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the base. Column adherent to the lip below, 
linear, narrowly winged and dilated at the summit. Anther operculate, of 2 ap- 
proximate sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4. 2 in each sac, powdery- 
granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph 
Arethusa.] Two known species, the following occurring in North America, the 
other in Japan. 

I. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. (I. F. f. 1119.) Scape glabrous, 12- 
25 cm. high, bearing I-3 loose sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, many- nerved, becom- 
ing IO-15 cm. long; flower solitary (rarely 2), arising from between a pair of small 
unequal scales, rose-purple, 2-5 cm. high; sepals and petals linear to elliptic, 
obtuse, arched over the column; lip usually drooping beneath the sepals and petals, 
the apex broad, rounded, variegated with purplish blotches; capsule ellipsoid, 
strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing. In bogs, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
N. Car. and Ind. May-June. 

15. LIMODORUM L. 

Scapose herbs, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous 
year, a leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the following year by the scape. 
Flowers several in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly 
alike, separate, spreading. Column elongated, 2 -winged above. Anther terminal, 
operculate, sessile; pollinia solitary, 1 in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spread- 
ing, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at the apex, bearded on the upper side with 
long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.] 

I. Limodorum tuberosum L. Grass-pink. Calopogon. (L F. f. 1145.) 
Scape slender, naked, 3-5 dm. high. Leaf linear-lanceolate, 2-3 dm. long, 6-20 
mm. wide, sheathing, with several scales below it; spike 1-4 dm. long, 3-15-flow- 
ered; flowers about 2 cm. long, purplish pink, subtended by small acute bracts; 
sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 cm. long; petals similar; column 
incurved; lip as long as the column, broadly triangular at the apex, crested along 
the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs; capsule oblong, nearly erect. 
In bo-gs and- meadows. Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. June-July. 



ORCHIDACEAE. 299 

16. EPIPACTIS R. Br. 

Tall stout herbs with fibrous roots and simple leaiy stems. Leaves ovate or 
lanceolate, plicate, clasping. Flowers leafy-bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals 
and petals all separate. Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, con- 
stricted near the middle, the upper portion dilated and petal-like. Column short, 
erect. Anther operculate, borne on the margin of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or 
semiglobose, its sacs contiguous. Pollinia 2 -parted, granulose, becoming attached 
to the glandular beak of the stigma. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek name for 
Helleborine.] About 10 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, 
another occurs in the western United States. 

I. Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb. Helleborine. (L F. f. 1120.) 
Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 
obtuse or acute, 4-7 cm. long; flowers greenish yellow to purple; pedicels 4-6 mm. 
long; sepals 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate; petals narrower; lip expanded into a 
slightly undulate apex, tapering to a point; bracts lanceolate, longer than the 
flowers. Ont., Mass. and N. Y. ; also in Europe. July-Aug. 

17. GYRdsTACHYS Pers. 

Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, 
leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3 -rowed, the 
spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent, or sometimes 
united with petals into a galea. Lip sessile or clawed, concave, erect, embracing 
the column and often adherent to it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or 
toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, 
obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther without a lid, borne on the 
back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate beak, at 
length bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, I in 
each sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [Greek, referring to the 
twisted spikes.] About 80 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate 
regions. Besides the following, two occur in the Southern States and three or four 
on the Pacific Coast. The flowers are often fragrant. 

Flowers 3-ranked ; stems not twisted, or but slightly so. 

Sepals and petals more or less connivent into a hood. i. G. stricta. 

Lateral sepals separate, free. 

Spike short, about 5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick ; callosities none, or mere thicken- 
ings of the basal margins of the lip. 2. G. plant agitiea. 
Spike 10-15 cm. long, 12-20 mm. thick; callosities nipple-shaped. 
Spike 12-14 n^ni- thick; callosities hairy, straight. 

Flowers yellowish ; spike acute; lower bracts longer than the flowers. 

3. G. ochroleuca. 
Flowers white; spike obtuse; lower bracts shorter than the flowers. 

4. G. cerfiua. 
Spike 16-20 mm. thick ; callosities glabrous, incurved. 5. G. odo?-ata. 

Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting of the stem. 

Stem leafy; lower leaves elongated, mostly persistent through the flowering season. 
Outer sepals lanceolate ; bracts lanceolate to ovate, scarcely scanous-margined. 

6. G. praecox. 

Outer sepals linear; bracts broadly ovate, scarious-margined. 7. G. linearis. 

Stem a scaly scape ; leaves basal, mostly withering before the flowering season. 

Root a single tuber ; spike about 2.5 cm. long. 8, G. simplex. 

Root a cluster of tubers ; spike 2-7 cm. long. 9. G. gracilis. 

I. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. n. sp. Hooded Ladies' Tresses. y\. F. f. 
1121.) Stem 1.5-3.5 •^^""^- high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted above, the inflorescence 
rarely puberulent. Lower leaves 7-20 cm. Umg, linear or linear-oblanccolate; spike 
5-10 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick; bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers white or 
greenish, ringent, 6-8 mm. long, spreading horizontally, very fragrant; upper sepal 
broad, obtuse or merely acutish at the apex ; lip oblong, broad at the base, con- 
tracted below the dilated crisped apex, thin, transparent, veined ; callosities mere 
thickenings of the basal margins of the lip. or none. It has hitherto been confused 
with the Alaskan G. Romanzoffiana^ which has a very short spike 1-2 cm. long, 
upper portion of the scape densely glandular, the sepals iniited to near the apex, 



300 FLORA. 

and acuminate. G. strict a may be the true Ophrys cernua L. from the character 
'■'■petalis superioribus confiuentibus.'' In bogs, Newf. to Idaho, south to Me., Penn., 
Minn, and Colo. July-Aug. 

2. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Wide-leaved Ladies' Tresses. 
(I. F. f. II 22.) Stem I -2. 5 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent, bracted above, bear- 
ing 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves below. Leaves 3-12 cm. long ; spike 
2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, dense ; floral bracts mostly much shorter than the 
flowers ; flowers spreading, about 6 mm. long ; petals and sepals white ; lip pale 
yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted at the middle, the wavy apex rounded, 
crisped or fringed, the base short-clawed ; callosities none, or mere thickenings of 
the lip margins. Moist banks and woods, N. B. to Minn., south to Va. and Mich. 
June-Aug. 

3. Gyrostachys ochroleiica Rydb. n. sp. Yellow Ladies' Tresses. Stem 
3-5 dm. high, densely pubescent above. Basal leaves linear, tapering to both ends, 
distinctly petioled, 1-2 dm. long ; lower stem leaves similar but often sessile ; upper 
stem leaves bract-like, lanceolate ; spike 5-15 cm. long, 15-20 mm. in diameter, 
densely flowered, generally acute ; flowers ochroleucous or greenish yellow, strongly 
fragrant, about I cm. long ; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the 
lower generally longer than the flowers. Otherwise as in G. cerniia. Hillsides, 
N H. to N. Car., and Penn. Type from Mt. Washington, Mass. Aug.-Sept, 

4. Gyrostachys cernua (L.) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. (I. F. f. 
1 123.) Stem 2-6 dm. high (rarely taller), usually pubescent above, mostly bearing 
2-6 acuminate bract-like stem leaves. Basal leaves from linear-oblanceolate to 
linear, 7-35 cm. long, the blade narrow; spike 10-12 cm. long, 12-14 "^"f^- thick; 
bracts ovate, acute, generally not longer than the flowers ; flowers white, fragrant, 
nodding or spreading, about 10 mm. long; lip oblong, or sometimes ovate, the broad 
apex rounded, crenulate or crisped; callosities nipple-shaped, straight, hairy. In 
meadows and swamps, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 

5. Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Fragrant Ladies' Tresses. (I. 
F. f. 1 124.) Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, strongly pubescent above. Lower and 
basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 15-50 mm. wide, tapering into sheathing petioles, the 
upper reduced to bracts; spike 12-15 cm. long, 16-20 mm. thick; floral bracts often 
exceeding the flowers, long-acuminate; flowers yellowish white, fragrant, 10 mm. 
long; lip as long as the petals, oblong, broad at the base, contracted above the 
middle, the dilated apex crisped or toothed; callosities nipple-shaped, incurved, 
glabrous. On river banks, often in water, Va. to Ky., Fla. and La. Sept. -Oct. 

6. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Grass-leaved Ladies' Tresses. 
(I. F. f. 1 125.) Stem slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above, leafy. 
Leaves linear, 1-3 dm. long, with narrow grass-like blades and long sheathing 
petioles, mostly persistent through the flowering season, the upper smaller; spike 
usually much twisted, 5-20 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick; bracts ovate, about as long 
as the ovaries; flowers white or yellowish, about 8 mm. long, spreading; lip about 
6 mm. long, short-clawed, oblong, contracted above, the dilated apex obtuse, cren- 
ulate, often dark-striped in the middle; callosities small, glabrous. In grassy 
places, S. N. Y. to Fla. and La. July-Aug. 

7. Gyrostachys linearis Rydb. n. sp. Linear-leaved Ladies' Tresses. 
Stem slender, 4-5 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above, leafy. Leaves narrowly 
linear, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly persistent, the upper small and bract- 
like; spike 4-10 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; bracts broadly ovate, scarious-margined, 
abruptly contracted into a cusp; flowers yellowish, about 8 mm. long, spreading; 
lateral sepals free, linear, placed so as to leave an open space between them and the 
upper one, the latter connivent with the petals; lip as in the preceding, but gener- 
ally less ctu-ved. In meadows, N. Y. to Va Type from Closter, N. J. July-Aug. 

8. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. Little Ladies' Tresses. (I. 
F. £ II 26.) Stems very slender, 12-25 cm. high, with small deciduous bracts 
above. Leaves basal, ovate or oblong, short, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, 
mostly disappearing at or before the flowering time; spike slender, about 2-3 cm. 
long and 6 mm. thick, glabrous, little twisted; flowers white, 2-3 mm. long; lip. 
thin, striped, obovate- oblong, crisped at the summit, short-clawed; callosities nipple- 
shaped, slender; root a solitary spindle-shaped tuber. In dry sandy soil, Mass. to 
Md., E. Ky. and Tenn. Aug.-Sept. 



OR CHID A CEA E. 30 1 

9. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. Slender Ladies' Tresses. (I. F. 
f. 1 127.) Stem slender, 2-6 dm. high, from a cluster of spindle-shaped tuberous 
roots, glabrous, or rarely pubescent above, bearing small deciduous bracts. Leaves 
basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, the blades 1-5 cm. long, 8-20 mm. 
wide, mostly perishing before the flowering season; spike 2-6 cm. long, 8-12 mm. 
thick, loose, usually much twisted ; flowers white, fragrant, 4-5 mm. long ; sepals a 
little longer than the lip; lip about 4 mm. long, oblong, dilated and crenulate or 
wavy-crisped at the apex, usually thick and green in the middle, white and hyaline 
on the margins; callosities small, nipple-shaped. In dry fields and open woods, 
N. S. to Minn., Fla., La. and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 

18. Ll'STERA R. Br. 

Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy-fibrous roots, bearing a pair 
of opposite green leaves near the middle, and i or 2 small scales at the base of the 
stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearly alike, 
spreading or reflexed, free. Anther without a lid, erect, jointed to the column. 
Pollinia 2, powdery, united to a minute gland. Capsule ovoid or obovoid. [Name 
in honor of Martin Lister, 1638 (?)-i7i2, a correspondent of Ray.] About 12 spe- 
cies, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, an- 
other occurs in northwestern North America. 

Lip broadly wedge-shaped, retuse or 2-lobed at the apex. 

Leaves oval ; pedicels and ovaries glandular. i. L. convallarioides. 

Leaves reniform ; pedicels and ovaries glabrous. 2. L. Sjuallii. 

Lip oblong or linear. 

Lip broad, 2-cleft ^-^ its length ; base auricled. 3. L. auriculata. 

Lip 2-cIeft about V^ its length. 

Lip twice as long as the petals, with lateral teeth. 4. L. cordata. 

Lip 4-8 times as long as the petals, with auricles at the base. 

5. L. australis. 

1. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Broad-lipped Twayblade. (L F. 
f. 1 128.) Stem 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above the leaves. Leaves 
smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or apiculate at the ^pex, sometimes slightly 
rounded at the base, 3-9-nerved. Raceme 3-7 cm. long, loosely 3-12-flowered; 
flowers greenish yellow ; pedicels filiform, glandular, bracted, 6-8 mm. long; petals 
and sepals linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the lip; lip wedge-shaped, retuse at 
the dilated apex, generally with a tooth on each side at base; column elongated, 
but shorter than the lip, a little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above the 
anther. In woods, N. S. to Alaska, south to Vt., Mich., and Cal. June-Aug. 

2. Listera Smallii Wiegand. Small's Twayblade. (I. F. f. \\2%a.) Stem 
slender, 15-20 cm. high, glandular above the leaves. Leaves at or below the mid- 
dle of the stem, ovate-reniform, apiculate or short-acuminate; raceme open, rachis 
glandular, but pedicels and ovaries glabrous or nearly so; sepals and petals lan- 
ceolate, longer than the ovary; lip large, 9 mm. Jong, broadly obovate or wedge- 
shaped, broadly 2-lobed at the apex and with prominent lateral teeth near the base; 
column rather short and thick. In damp woods, in the mountains from Penn. to 
N. Car. June-Aug. [Listera reniformis. Small, not G. Don.] 

3. Listera auriculata Wiegand. Auricled Twayblade. Stem slender, 10- 
18 cm. high, glabrous below, glandular above the leaves. Leaves large, 3.5-5 
cm. long, oval or elliptic-ovate, borne above the middle of the stem; raceme 
many-flowered; rachis pubescent, pedicels and ovaries glabrous; sepals lance-ovate; 
petals oblong-linear, longer than the ovary, spreading, obtuse; lip slightly ciliate, 
oblong, broadest at the auricled base, cleft \-\ its length; column rather stout. 2.5 
mm. long. In cedar swamps of (luebec, N. H. and Me. July. 

4. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Heart-leaved Twayhlade. (I. F. t. 1129.) 
Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 7-25 cm. high. Leaves sessile, cordate 
or broadly ovate, mucronate, I-2.5 cm. long; raceme rather loose, I -5 cm. long, 
4-20-flowered; flowers purplish, minute; pedicels glabrous, bracted, alxnit 2 mm. 
long; sepals ovate and petals oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long; li]^ narrow, often with 
a subulate tooth on each side of the base, twice as long as the petals. 2-cleft, the 
segments linear or setaceous and ciliolato; column very small, the clinandrimn just 



302 FLOBA. 

appearing above the anther. In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, N. J. and Ore. 
Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

5. Listera australis Lindl. Southern Twayblade. (I. F. f. 1130.) Stem 
slender, 1-2.5 dm. high, more or less pubescent above. Leaves ovate, acutish, 
mucronate, glabrous, shining, 14-25 mm. long. 3-7 -nerved; raceme 5-7 cm. long, 
loosely 8-15 -flowered; flowers yellowish green with purplish stripes; sepals and 
petals minute; lip 6-10 mm. long, 2-parted. split halfway to the base or deeper, 4-8 
times as long as the petals, its segments linear-setaceous; column very small. In 
bogs, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., and Ala. and La. Feb.-June, A third leaf is rarelj 
borne below the flowers. 

19. PERAMIUM Salisb. 

Herbs with bracted erect scapes, the leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with 
white, the roots thick fleshy fibres. Flowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals 
free, the upper one united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, round- 
ish ovate, concave or saccate, without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther with- 
out a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to the column ^^^by a short stalk; pollinia i 
in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres with the top of the stigma, com_- 
posed of angular grains. About 25 species, widely distributed in temperate and 
tropical regions. 

Lip evidently saccate. 

Spike loosely flowered ; lip with recurved margins. 

Spike i-sided ; beak shorter than the stig^ma proper. 

Blotches white, mostly along; the cross-veins ; g-alea strong:ly recurved. 

1. P. ophtoides. 
Blotches pale, mostly along; the ribs ; galea not strongly recurved. 

2. P. repeiis. 
Spike spiral ; beak as long as the stigma proper or longer. 3. P. tessellatum. 

Spike dense, not i-sided ; margins of the lip not recurved. 4. P. picbescens. 

Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 5. P. Menziesii. 

1. Peramium ophioides (Femald) Rydb. White-blotched Rattlesnake 
Plaintain. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Leaf-blade 1-2 cm. 
long, broadly ovate, abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, dark green, 
generally with the white blotches most conspicuous along the cross-veins; flowers 
greenish white, 4-5 mm. long; galea concave with a short strongly recurved tip; 
lip deeply saccate, with recurved margins and tip; anthers blunt. In cold, mossy 
woods from Prince Edw-ard Island to Man. and N. Car. July-Sept. \Goodyera 
repens ophioides Fernald.] 

2. Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. Northern Rattlesnake Plaintain. 
(I. F. f. 1131.) Scape 1-2.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate, the blade I-3 cm. long, 
somewhat reticulated with pale blotches, tapering into a sheathing petiole; spike 
short, I-sided; flowers greenish white, 5-6 mm. long; galea concave, ovate, with a 
short spreading or slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a narrow recurved or 
spreading apex; column very short; anther 2-celled, blunt. In woods, N. S. to 
Alaska (?), south to Mass. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Juh'-Aug. 

3. Peramium tessellatum (Lodd.) Rydb. Checkered Rattlesnake Plan- 
tain. Scape 2 dm. high or more. Leaves from 2 to 7 mm. long, ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, dark green with pale blotches, or sometimes not blotched; spike about 6 
cm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long; galea with a slightly recurved tip; lip less saccate 
than in the preceding and with the tip less recurved; anthers acuminate; beak as 
long as the body of the stigma or longer. In woods, seldom in bogs, from Newf. 
\y. Lake Superior, south to N. Y. Aug. \^Goodyera tessellaia Lodd.] 

4. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. 
(I. F. f. 1132.) Usually larger than the preceding species, scape 15-60 cm. high, 
densely glandular-pubescent, bearing 5-10 lanceolate scales. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 
15-25 mm. wide, strongly white-reticulated, oval or ovate; spike not i -sided; 
flowers 6-8 mm. high, greenish white; lateral sepals ovate; galea ovate, its short 
tip usually not recurved; lip strongly saccate with a short broad obtuse recurved 
or spreading tip. In dry woods, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tenn. 
July-Aug. 



OR CHID A CEA E. 3^3 

5. Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. Menzies' Rattlesnake Plan- 
tain. (I. F. £ 1 133.) Scape stout, 2-4 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate. 4-6 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide, the blade acute at both ends, often 
without white blotches or reticulations ; spike not i -sided ; flowers 7-9 mm. long ; 
galea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long, usually recurved; lip swollen at the 
base : anther ovate, pointed, on the base of the column, which is prolonged above 
the stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak. In woods, Quebec to Br. Col., 
N. H., N. Y., Minn., Ariz., and Cal. Aug. 

20. ACHROANTHES Raf. 

Low herbs, from a solid bulb, our species i -leaved, and with i-several scales 
at the base of the stem. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. 
Sepals spreading, separate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or 
linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared at the base, embracing the column. 
Anther erect between the auricles, 2 -celled ; poilinia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in 
each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or glands. Cap- 
sule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, in allusion to the green 
flowers?] About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 
others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 

Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. i. A. monophylla. 

Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 2. A, zaiifolia. 

1. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. White Adder's-mouth. (L F. f. 

1134.) Stem slender, 10-15 cm. high, smooth, glabrous, striate. Leaf sheathing 
the stem at its base, the blade 2-5 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide ; raceme 2-7 cm. long, 
narrow, 6-10 mm. thick ; flowers whitish, about 2 mm. long ; pedicels nearly 
erect, bracted, 2-4 mm, long ; sepals acute ; lip triangular or ovate, acuminate, 
the lateral lobes obtuse ; capsule oval, about 6 mm. long. In woods, Quebec to Minn., 
Penn., and Neb. July. 

2. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. Green Adder's-mouth. (I. F. f. 
1 135.) Stem glabrous, striate, 10-25 cm. high. Leaf clasping the stem near the 
middle, oval or nearly orbicular, 2-5 cm. long ; raceme 2-7 cm. long, sometimes 
2 cm. thick ; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. long, the pedicels very slender, 
spreading, 6-10 mm. long ; sepals oblong ; lip broad, 2-lobed at the apex, with a 
small tooth in the sinus ; capsule oval or subglobose. In woods and thickets. 
Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Ala. and Mo. July. 

21, LEPTORCHIS Thouars. 

Low herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and 
2 broad shining leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearly 
equal, linear, spreading, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, 
thickened and margined above. Poilinia 2 in each sac of the anther, smooth and 
waxy, the pairs slightly united, without stalk, threads or glands. Lip nearlv flat. 
often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. [Greek, signifying a slender orchid.] 
About 100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; only the 
following known to occur in North America: 

Raceme many-flowered; lip as long as the petals. i. L. lilit'foUa. 

Raceme few-flowered; lip shorter than the petals. 2. L. L'H\<:elii. 

1. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Large Twayplade. (I. F. f. 1136.') 
Scape 1-2. 5 dm. high, 5-10- striate. Leaves ovate or oval, 5-12 cm. long, obtuse, 
keeled below, the sheaths large and loose. Raceme sometimes 15 cm. long; flowers 
numerous, showy; petals very narrow or thread-like; lip erect, large. 10-12 mm. 
long, about as long as the petals, wcdge-t)bov;ite; column 3 mm. long, incurved, 
dilated at the summit; capsule somewhat club-shaped, about 12 mm. long, the 
pedicel thickened in fruit. In moist woods and thickets. Me. to Minn.. Ga. and 
Mo. May-July. 

2. Leptorchis Loeselii (L.) MacM. Fen Orchis. Loesel's Twaybiadk. 
(T. F. f. 1 137.) Scape 5-20 cm. high, strongly 5-7-ribbed. Leaves elliptic or 



304 FLORA. 

elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse; raceme few-flowered; flowers greenish, 
smaller than those of the preceding species, 4-6 mm. long; sepals narrowly lance- 
olate, spreading; petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed, its tip in- 
curved; column half as long as the lip or less; capsule about 10 mm. long, wing- 
angled, on a thickened pedicel. In wet thickets and on springy banks, N. S. to the 
N. W. Terr., south to Md. and Mo. Also in Europe. May-July. 

22. CALYPSO Salisb. 

Bog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low I -flowered scape 
sheathed by 2 or 3 loose scales and a solitary petioled leaf at the base. Flower 
large, showy, terminal, bracted. Sepals and petals similar, nearly equal. Lip 
large, saccate and swollen, 2-parted below. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing 
the lid-like anther just below the summit. Pollinia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, with- 
out caudicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the base. [Dedicated to the 
goddess Calypso.] A monotypic genus of the cooler portions- of the north tem- 
perate zone. 

I. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Calypso. (I. F. f. 1138.) Bulb i cm. in 
diameter or less. Scape 7-15 cm. high; leaf round-ovate, 2-3,5 cm. long, nearly 
as wide, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; flowers 
variegated, purple, pink and yellow, the peduncle jointed; petals and sepals linear, 
erect or spreading, 10-14 mm. long, with 3 longitudinal purple lines; lip large, 
saccate, 2-divided below, spreading and drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly 
hairs near the point of division; capsule about I cm. long, many-nerved. Labra- 
dor to Alaska, south to Me., Mich-, Cal. and Ariz. Also in Europe. Flower some- 
what resembling that of a small Cypripedium. May-June. 

23. TIPULARIA Nutt. 

Slender scapose herbs, with solid bulbs, several generations connected by ofl"- 
sets, the flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding 
long after the flowering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. 
Scape with several thin sheathing scales at the base. Flowers green, nodding, bract- 
less. Sepals and petals similar, spreading. Lip 3-lobed, produced backwardly 
into a very long spur. Column erect, wingless or very narrowly winged. Anther 
terminal, operculate, 2 -celled. Pollinia 4, ovoid, waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, 
separate, affixed to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base. [Latin, similar to 
Tipula^ a genus of insects, in allusion to the form of the flower,] Two known spe- 
cies, the following of eastern North America, the other Himalayan. 

I. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B. S. P. Crane-fly Orchis. (I. F. f. 1144.) 
Scape glabrous, 4-5 ,dm. high, from a hard, often irregular solid bulb or corm. 
Leaf arising in autumn from a fresh lateral corm, ovate, 5-7 cm. long, dark green, 
frequently surviving through the winter; raceme 12-25 cm. long, very loose; 
flowers green, tinged with purple; sepals and petals 6-8 mm. loDg, narrow; lip 
mostly shorter than the petals, the middle lobe narrow, prolonged, dilated at the 
apex, the lateral lobes short, triangular; spur often twice as long as the flower; 
column shorter than the petals, the beak minutely pubescent; capsule ellipsoid, 
6-ribbed. In woods, Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and La. Local and rare. July- 
Aug. 

24. APLECTRUM Nutt. 

Scapose herbs, from a corm, produced from the one of the previous season by 
an offset and sometimes with coralloid fibres ; the scape clothed with several sheath- 
ing scales. Leaf solitary, basal, developed in autumn or late summer, broad, 
petioled. Flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by small bracts. 
Petals and sepals similar, narrow. Lip clawed, somewhat 3-ridged, spur none. 
Column free, the anther borne a little below its summit. Pollinia 4, lens-shaped, 
oblique. [Greek, meaning without a spur. ] A North American genus of 2 or 3 
species. 

Petals and sepals linear-oblanceolate, less than 3 mm. wide, acutish. i. A. spicatutn. 

Petals and sepals broadly oblanceolate, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse. 2. A. Shortii. 



ORCHIDACEAE. 305 

1. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. P. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. (I. 
F. f. II47-) Scape glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, bearing about 3 sheathing scales. Leaf 
arising from the corm, at the side of the scape, elliptic or oval, 10-15 cm. long, 1-5 
cm. wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 5-10 cm. long, loosely several-flow- 
ered: bracts lanceolate, 2-6 mm. long; flowers dull yellowish brown mixed with 
purpxe, aoout 2.5 cm. long, short-pedi celled; sepals and petals linear-oblanceolate, 
about I cm. long, 2-2.5 ™i"i- wide, acute or rarely obtuse; lip shorter than the 
petals, obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed and undulate; column slightly curved, shorter 
than the lip; capsule oblong-ovoid, angled, about 2 cm. long. In woods and swamps, 
Vt. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga. Several old corms usually re- 
main attached to the latest one. Specimens with yellowish green, unspotted flow- 
ers have been collected by Prof. Underwood at Jamesville, N. Y. May-June. 

2. Aplectrum Shortii Rydb. n. sp. Short's Putty-root. Like the pre- 
ceding, but stems stouter, the sheaths of the scales of the stem loose, inflated ; leaves 
broadly oval or obovate, often 7 cm. wide; sepals and petals much broader, very 
obtuse, 3-4 mm. wide, and lip more gibbous at the base; bracts ovate, I-3 mm. 
long. The only specimens seen were collected by Dr. C. W. Short in Ky. 

25. CORALLORhIzA R. Br. 

Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites, with large masses of coralloid 
branching roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal 
racemes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the 
column, forming a short spur or gibbous protuberance, the other one free, the spur 
adnate to the summit of the ovary. Petals about as long as the sepals, 1-3 -nerved. 
Lip 1-3-ridged. Column nearly free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-winged. 
Anther terminal, operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. 
[Greek, from the coral-like roots.] About 15 species, widely distributed in the 
north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern 
and western parts of North America. 

Spur small or sac-like, adnate to the top of the ovary. 
Lip not deeply 3-lobed. 

Lip 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base. i. C. CorallorHza. 

Lip entire, or merely denticulate. 

Flowers about 6-8 mm. long; lip not notched; column narrowly winged. 

2. C. odontorhiza. 
Flowers 14 mm. long; lip notched; column manifestly winged. 

3. C. Wisteriana. 
Lip deeply 3-lobed; flowers 12-18 mm. long. 4. C. multiflora. 

No spur or sac. 5. C. striata, 

1. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. Early Coral-root. (I. F. f. 
1 139.) Scape glabrous, I-4 dm. high, clothed with 2-5 closely sheathing scales. 
Raceme 2-7 cm. long, 3-12-flowered; flowers dull purple, about I cm. long; sepals 
and petals narrow, about 6 mm. long; lip shorter than the petals, oblong, whitish. 
2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base; spur, a sac or small protuberance adnate to 
the summit of the ovary; capsule 8-12 mm. long, oblong or somewhat obovoid. 
In woods, N. S. to Alaska, south to N. J., in the mountains to Ga., and to Neb. and 
Wash. Also in Europe. May-June. 

2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Small-flowered Coral- 
root. (I. F. f. 1 140.) Scape slender, purplish, 1.5-3.5 dm. high. Raceme 5-10 cm. 
long, 6-20-flowered; flowers 6-8 mm. long, purplish; sepals and petals lanceolate, 
4 mm. long or less, marked with purple lines; lip as long as the petals, broadly 
oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, narrowed at tlie base, not notched, whitish; 
spur, a small sac adnate to the top of the ovary; wings of the column very narrow. 
In woods, Mass. to Mich., Fla. and Mo. July-Sept. 

3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Wister's Coral-root. (LF. f. 1141.) 
Stem stouter than that of the preceding species, 2-4 dm. high, bearing sovoral 
sheathing scales. Raceme 5-12 cm. long, loose, 6- 15 -flowered; flowers alxjut 14 
mm. long, slender-pedicelled; lip broadly oval or obovate, 8-10 mm. long and 
wide, abruptly clawed, wliitc with crimson spots, crcnulate, notched at the apex; 
spur, a somewhat conspicuous protuberance adnate to the top of the ovary; column 



306 FLORA. 

strongly 2-winged toward the base; capsule about lo mm. long. In woods, Mass. 
to Ohio, Fla. and Tex. Feb. -May. 

4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root. (I. F. f. 1142.) 
Scape 2-5 dm. high, purplish, clothed with several appressed scales. Raceme 
5-20 cm. long, io-30-flowered ; flowers 12-18 mm. long, brownish purple, short- 
pedicelled; sepals and petals somewhat connivent at the base, linear-lanceolate, 
about 6 mm. long; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval or ovate in out- 
line, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, its 
apex ciu-ved; spur manifest, yellowish; capsule ovoid or oblong, 10-16 mm. long. 
In woods, N. S, to Br. Col., south to Fla., Mo. and Cal. July-Sept. 

Corallorhiza multiflora flavida Peck. Whole plant light yellow; lip white, un- 
spotted. Perhaps distinct. N. Y. and Neb. 

5. Corallorhiza striata Lindl. Striped Coral-root. (I. F. f. 1143.) 
Scape stout, purplish, 2-5 dm. high. Raceme 5-15 cm. long, 10-25 -flowered. 
Flowers dark purple; sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, striped with deeper 
purple lines, 12-14 mm. long, spreading; lip oval or obovate, entire or a little 
undulate, somewhat narrowed at the base, about as long as the petals; spur none, 
but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base; capsule ellipsoid, reflexed, 16-20 mm. 
long. In woods, Ont. and N. N. Y. to Mich., Ore. and Cal. July. 

26. HEXALECTRIS Raf. 

Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fleshy coralloid roots, the leaves 
reduced to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. Flowers bracted in a loose ter- 
minal raceme. Perianth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals 
similar, nerved, spreading. Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the 
middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, 
slightly incurved. Pollinia 8, tmited in a cluster. Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting 
pedicels thick. [Greek, signifying six crests.] A monotypic genus of the south- 
eastern United States and Mexico. 

I. Hexalectris aphyllus (Nutt.) Raf. Crested Coral-root. (I. F. f. 1146.) 
Scape stout, 2-5 dm. high, its upper scales lanceolate, the lower sheathing and 
truncate or acute. Raceme 10-18 cm. long, 8-12-flowered; flowers large, brownish 
purple, 25 mm. high or more; pedicels short, stout; sepals and petals narrowly 
elliptic, obtuse or acutish, spreading, striped with purple veins, 12-18 mm. long, 
longer than the broad lip ; middle lobe of the lip rounded or crenulate, the lateral 
ones shorter, rounded; column slightly spreading at the summit, shorter than the 
lip; capsule ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long. In rich woods, N. Car. to Ky. and Mo., 
south to Fla. and Northern Mexico. Aug. 

Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONBS. 

Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only, as 
in Cyclamen, Pinguicula and some species of Capjioides), the first leaves 
ot the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, w^ood 
and bark (endogenous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or 
more layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullar}'- rays and cov- 
ered by the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the 
veinlets forming a network. Parts of the flower rarely in 3's or 6's. 

Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute 
between two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora. 

Series I. Cboripetalae. 

Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. 

The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the fami- 
lies formerly grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with sepa- 
rate petals). Exceptions to the typical feature of separate petals are found in the 



SA UR URA CEA E—SA LICA CEA E, 307 

Papilionaceae, in which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the 
Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are sometimes coher- 
ent; the Polygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and 
with the stamens; Oxalis in Geraniaceae; and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are some- 
times joined at the base. 

Order i. CASUARINALES, 

comprising only the family Casuarinaceae, is confined to tropical sea- 
coasts. 

Order 2. PIPERALES. 

Dicotyledonous herbs, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate 
flowers bracteolpte. 

Family i. SAURURACEAE Lindl. 
Lizard' s-tail Faintly. 

Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves, and small 
perfect incomplete bracteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth 
none. Stamens 6-8, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, 
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled, the carpels dis- 
tinct or united, 1-2-ovuled ; ovules orthotropous. Fruit capsular or 
berry-like, composed of 3 or 4 mostly indehiscent carpels. Seeds globose 
or ovoid, the testa membranaceous. Endosperm copious, mealy. Embryo 
minute, cordate, borne in a small sac near the end of the endosperm. 
Three genera and 4 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. 

I. SAyRURUS L. 

Marsh herbs, with slender rootstocks, jointed stems and cordate leaves, their 
petioles sheathing the stem at the nodes, and small white flowers, in i or 2 dense 
elongated spikes opposite the leaves. Bractlets adnate to the flowers or to their 
minute pedicels. Stamens 6-8 ; filaments filiform, distinct. Carpels united at 
the base. Styles as many as the carpels, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. 
Fruit rugose, depressed-globose, separating into 3 or 4 one-seeded carpels. [Name 
Greek, meaning the tail of a lizard, in allusion to the long slender spike.] Two 
species, the following of eastern N. Am., the other of eastern Asia. 

I. Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's-tail. (I. F. f. 1148.) Somewhat pu- 
bescent when young, becoming glabrous; stem erect, sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. 
high. Leaves ovate, thin, palmately 5-9-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs 
above, dark green, acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide; petioles stout, shorter 
than the blades; spikes few, very dense, longer than their peduncles, 10-15 cm. 
long, the apex drooping in flower; flowers fragrant; stamens wliite, spreading, 
about 4 mm. long; fruit 3 mm. in diameter, strongly wrinkled when dry. In 
swamps and shallow water. Conn. toFla., S. Ont., Minn, and Tex. June-Aug. 

Orders. SALICALES. 

Trees or shrubs, with imperfect small flowers in aments. Sepals and 
petals none. Leaves simple. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Seeds with 
a tuft of hairs at one end. 

Family i. SALICACEAE Lindl.* 
Willow Family. 

Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, 
and alternate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. 

* Revised by I'*!-. \\ A. Rydbrrg. 



308 FLORA. 

Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers consisting 
of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended 
by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- 
nally dehiscent. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like; pistillate 
flowers of a i -celled ovar}^ subtended by a minute disk ; placentae 2-4, 
parietal; ovules usually numerous, anatropous ; stigmas 2-4, simple or 2-4- 
cleft. Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly 
white, silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle 
short. The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 
species ,or more, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 

Bracts fimbriate or incised ; stamens numerous. i. Populus, 

Bracts entire ; stamens 2-10. 2. Salix. 

I. POPULUS L. 

Trees with scaly resinous buds, and usually long-petioled leaves, the stipules 
minute, fugacious. Disk cup-shaped, oblique. Staminate aments dense, pendu- 
lous. Staminate flowers with from 4 to 60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate 
am.ents sometimes raceme-like through the elongation of the pedicels. Ovary ses- 
sile; style short; stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-valved. Coma of 
the seeds often very long and conspicuous. [Name ancient, used for these trees by 
Pliny.] About 25 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the follow- 
ing, some 3 others occur in the western part of N. Am. 

Petioles terete or chanelled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. 

Leaves persistently and densely white-tomentose beneath, lobed or coarsely sinuate- 
dentate. I. P. alba. 
Leaves glabrous or nearly so when mature, crenate. 

Foliage densely tomentose when young; capsule slender-pedicelled. 

2. P. heterophylla. 
Foliage not tomentose; capsule short-pedicelled. 

Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles and nerves 

usually puberulent. 3. P. candicans. 

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the base; petioles glabrous. 
Leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate; petiole fully half as long as the blade. 
Leaves green on both sides, abruptly acuminate. 

6. P. acuminata. 
Leaves pale beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate. 

4. P. balsatnifera. 
Leaves lanceolate; petiole about one-third the length of the blade or less. 

5. P. angustifolia. 
Petioles strongly flattened laterally. 

Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate. 

Young leaves pubescent: capsule nearly sessile. 7. P. nigra. 

Young leaves not pubescent; capsule slender-pedicelled. 8. P. deltoides. 
Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular. 

Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate. 9. P. grandidejitaia. 

Leaves crenulate-denticulate. 10. P. tremuloides. 

1. Populus alba L. Abele. White or Silver-leaf Poplar. (L F. f. 1164.) 
A large tree, with smooth light gray bark, attaining a maximum height of about 35 
m. and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m. Young foliage densely white-tomentose, the 
leaves becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in 
outline, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate. 3-5-l(jbed or irregularly dentate, 
6-10 cm. long; petiole shorter than the blade; staminate aments 3-5 cm. long. In 
yards and along roadsides, springing up from suckers of older trees, N. B. to Va. 
Native of Europe and Asia. March-May. 

2. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp or Dowt^y Poplar. (L F. f. 1168.) 
An irregularly branching tree, sometimes 25 m. high and with a trunk I m. in 
diameter, the bark rough. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute 
at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenulate-denticulate, 12— 
15 cm. long, or those of young plants much larger, glabrous or somewhat floccose 
beneath when mature; bracts glabrous or nearly so; staminate aments stout, 7-10 
cm. long, 18-25 "^W' i^ diameter, drooping; stamens numerous; pistillate aments 



SALICACEAE. 309 

raceme-like, peduncled ; capsules ovoid, acute, 2-valved, 8-12 mm. long, s'noxter 
than or equalling their pedicels. In swamps, S. Conn, and N. Y. to Ga., west to 
La., north in the Miss. Valley to Ind. and Ark. April-May. 

3. Populus candicans Ait. Balm of Gilead. A large tree, reaching a height 
of 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 2 m., with spreading branches; the buds large 
and very resinous. Leaves broadly cordate, dark green above, pale beneath, 
acuminate, more coarsely crenate than in the next with gland-tipped teeth, 6-15 
cm. long, 3-12 cm. wide, pubescent when young, generally glabrous in age, with 
the exception of the ciliate margins and pubescent veins and petioles; otherwise 
like the following. N. B. to N. J. west to Minn., but mostly escaped from culti- 
vation. {P. balsamifera candicans A. Gray.) 

4. Populus balsamifera L. Tacamahac. Balsam Poplar. (I. F. f. 1165.) 
A large tree, with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height of about 
25 m. and a trunk diameter of 2 m., the branches stout, ascending, the large buds 
very resinous, the foliage glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining 
above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, 
crenulate, 7-12 cm. long; aments and bracts somewhat pubescent; stamens 18-30; 
lobes of the stigmas broad; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, short-pedicelled. In moist or 
dry soil, especially along streams and lakes, Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, 
south to N. Y., Neb. and Nev. April. 

5. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved or Black Cottonwood. 
(I. F. f. 1 166.) A slender tree, maximum height about 20 m., trunk diameter 6 dm. ; 
crown narrowly pyramidal, branches ascending; foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, 
gray; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, drying brownish, 
gradually acuminate or acute at the apex or some of them obtuse, narrowed, 
rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, 5-12 cm. long, I-3 cm. wide, finely cren- 
ulate from base to apex; petioles plano-convex, not flattened laterally, 6~I2 mm. 
long; lateral veins 8-15 on each side of the blade; staminate aments oblong-cylin- 
dric, 2-6 cm. long; lobes of the stigmas broad; capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled. 
In moist soil, especially along streams, N. W. Terr, to' Neb., N. Mex., and Ariz. 
April-May. 

6. Populus acuminata Rydberg. Rydberg's Cottonwood. (I. F. f. 1167.) 
A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching approximately the dimensions of P. 
angustifolia, the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches, the foliage 
glabrous. Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate, spreading or drooping, drying green, 
abruptly or gradually long-acuminate at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or rounded at 
the base, 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, crenulate or the base entire; petioles slen- 
der, 2-6 cm. long; staminate aments about 3 cm. long; pistillate aments slender, 
drooping, 7-12 cm. long; capsules ovoid, obtuse, distinctly pedicelled. Black Hills, 
S. Dak. to Utah, south to N. Mex. April-May. 

7. Populus nigra L. Black Poplar. (I. F. f. 1171.) A large tree, some- 
times 30 m. tall and the trunk 12 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller. Twigs 
terete; young foliage somewhat pubescent, the mature leaves firm, nearly or quite 
glabrous; petioles slender, flattened laterally; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly 
acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or obtuse at the base, crenate, 5-10 cm. 
long; staminate aments 3-5 cm. long; stamens about 20; pistillate aments 5-12 
cm. long in fruit, spreading; capsules oblong, very obtuse, borne on pedicels of 
much less than their own length. Valleys of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, 
naturalized from Europe. April-May. 

The Lombardy Poplar, Populus dilatata, commonly planted for ornament, occa- 
sionally spreads by sending^ up shoots from its subterranean parts. 

8. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. (I.'F. f. 
1172.) A large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attaining a maximum height of 
45 m. and a trunk diameter of 2.2 m., the bark grayish-green, somewliat rough 
when old. Foliage glabrous; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at 
the apex, crenulate, truncate at the base, 10-17 cm. long; petiole flattened later- 
ally, stout, about as long as the blade; bracts glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate 
aments drooping, 7-12 cm. long, 10-12 mm. in diameter; pistillate aments loosely 



3IO FLORA. 

flowered, becoming 15-25 cm. long in fruit; capsules ovoid, acute, 8-10 mm. long, 
2-4-valved, shorter than or equalling their pedicels. In moist soil, especially along 
streams and lakes, Quebec to Man., south to Fla. and Tenn. April-May. Also 
called Carolina Poplar. 

Populus deltoides occident^lis Rydb. Leaves with longer acumination, broader 
base and coarser teeth; young branches light yellow and shining. Sask. to Alb., south 
to Kan., and N. Mex. 

9. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. (I. F. f. 
1169.) A forest tree with smooth, greenish-gray bark, maximum height about 
20 m., and trunk diameter 7 dm. Leaves of very young plants densely white- 
tomentose beneath, sometimes 3 dm. long, with irregularly denticulate margins, 
those of older trees tomentose when young, glabrous when mature, short-acuminate, 
obtuse or truncate at the base, 6-10 cm. long; petioles slender; bracts silky, irreg- 
ularly 4-7 cleft; staminate aments 4-10 cm. long, about I cm. in diameter, drooping; 
pistillate aments somewhat pubescent, dense, 7-12 cm. long in fruit, also drooping; 
stigma-lobes narrow; capsule conic, acute, 2-valved, about 6 mm. long, papillose. 
In rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J. and in the Alleghanies to 
N. Car. and Tenn. April. 

10. Populus tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. (I. F. f. 1170.) A 
slender tree, with smooth, light green bark, reaching a maximum height of about 
30 m. and a trunk diameter of I m., the young foliage glabrous, excepting the 
ciliate margins of the leaves. Petioles very slender, causing the leaves to quiver in 
the slightest breeze; leaves usually short-acuminate at the apex, finely crenulate 
all around, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, 2-6 cm. broad, or those of 
very young plants much larger; bracts silky, deeply 3-5 -cleft into linear lobes; 
aments drooping, the staminate 4-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, the pistillate 
longer, dense; stigma-lobes linear; capsule like that of the preceding species, but 
somewhat smaller. In dry or moist soil, Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, souta 
to N. J., Ky., Neb., in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to Lower California. 
March-May. 

2. SALIX L. 
Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent membrane 
within, mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous 
broad or minute stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland-like, small or 
minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers 
with i-io, mostly 2, stamens, their filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistil- 
late aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style 
short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved. [Name 
ancient.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north 
temperate and arctic zones, a few in the southern hemisphere. Besides the 
following, many others occur in the northern and western parts of North America. 
Numerous hybrids between the species have been recorded. 

* Capsxae glabrous, or slightly silky when young in Nos. 20-22. 

I. Trees or larger shrubs with serrate, acute or acuminate leaves. 

Stamens 3-7 ; filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, light yellow. 
Pedicels slender, 3-5 times as long as the gland. 
Petioles and stipules withouL glands. 
Leaves green or pale beneath. 

Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; petioles very short. 

I. ^S". nigra. 
Leaves broadly lanceolate ; petioles slender. 

3. S. amygdaloides. 
Leaves whitish beneath. 2. S. longipes. 

* Petioles and stipules with prominent glands. 4. S. lucida. 

Pedicels about twice as long as the gland, 5. S.fragilis, 

Stamens 2. 

Filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, yellow. 
Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. .long. 

Stigma sessile ; leaves linear or lance-linear. 

Leaves finely and almost permanently silky. 

■ - 20. 6". hiteosericea. 



SALICACEAE. 3II 

Lea^'es coarsely silky when young, glabrate in age. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. 

21. S. Jluviatilis. 
Leaves narrowly linear, bracts lanceolate, acute. 

22. S. linearifolia. 
Style evident, but short ; leaves lanceolate. 5. S.fragilis. 

Pedicels in fruit less than i mm. long ; stigma sessile. 

Branches not drooping ; leaves lanceolate. 6. S. alba. 
Branches drooping ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 7. S. Babylonica. 
Filaments glabrous ; bracts persistent. 
Mature leaves glabrous. 

Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. long; capsule 5-9 mm. long. 
Length of leaf-blade less than three times it breadth. 

Mature leaves thin, dull. 8. S. balsamifera. 

Mature leaves thick, firm, dark green and shining above. 

9. S. glaucophylla. 
Length of leaf-blade three times its breadth or more. 

Leaves dark green above ; young branches not light yellow. 
Pedicels 2-4 times as long as the fuscous bracts; mature 

leaves slightly serrate. 10. S. Mackenziana, 

Pedicels not longer than the bracts ; mature leaves 
strongly serrate. 

Bracts pale; leaves not whitish beneath. 

11. S. cor data. 
Bracts fuscous; leaves whitish beneath. 

12. S. Missouriensis. 
Leaves yellowish green ; young branches light yellow. 

13. vS". lutea. 
Pedicels in fruit less than i mm. long; capsule 3-5 mm. long. 

14. S. acutidens. 
Mature leaves densely silky-pubescent ; capsule subsessile. 

15. S. adenophylla. 

2. Very low shrubs with serrate or crenate, obtuse leaves ; filaments glabrous. 

Leaves oblong, obovate or cuneate. 

Low shrub with erect branches and closely serrate or crenate leaves. 

16. S. myrtillifolia. 
Depressed shrub with distantly crenate or subentire leaves. 

17. S. Uva-ursi. 
Leaves nearly orbicular. 18. S. herbacea. 

3. Low shrub with entire-margined leaves ; filaments glabrous. 19. S. myrtilloides. 

**Capsule silky or tomentose. 

I. Filaments distinct. 

A. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, rostrate; style none or short. 
a. Mature leavv. not densely hairy beneath. 
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 

Filan.ents hairy; capsule slightly silky when young, in age glabrate. 
Leaves finely and almost permanently silky. 

20. S. luteosericea. 
Leaves coarsely silky when young, glabrate in age. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate; bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. 

21. S. Jhiviatilis. 
Leaves narrowly linear; bracts lanceolate, acute. 

22. S. linearifolia. 
Filaments glabrous; capsule permanently hairy. 

23. 6". petiolaris. 
Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate. 

Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate, long-hairy. 

Mature leaves rather thin, obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly 
or indistinctly toothed ; young branches glabrous or sli^litly 
puberulent. 24. 6". discolor. 

Mature leaves oblong, firm, dentate. 

Young branches densely hairy ; aments short and dense. 

25. .V. eriocephala. 
Young branches glabrous ; aments K^ig, laxer. 

_'0, .s'. pfinoides. 
Bracts yellow, linear oblong or lanceolate. 

Pedicel scarcely longer than the elongated glautl. 

27. .y. hitiuscula. 
Pedicel much longer than the gland. 



312 FLORA. 

Bracts longer than the pedicels ; aments erect. 

28. S. squamata. 
Bracts much shorter than the pedicels ; aments drooping. 

Mature leaves thin, glabrous. 29. S. perrostrata. 

Mature leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 

30. S. Bebbiana. 
b. Mature leaves densely white-hairy beneath. 

Leaves white-toraentose beneath. 

Style, if any, less than i mm. long. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled. 30. S. Bebbiana. 

Leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled. 

Leaves 5-10 cm. long; fruiting aments 2-3 cm. long. 

31. S. humilis. 
Leaves 2-5 cm. long ; fruiting aments about i cm. long. 

32. .b\ tristis. 
Style over i mm. long ; leaves linear or lanceolate, t^^)- S. Candida. 

Leaves silvery silky beneath. 

Style shorter than the stigma ; leaves serrulate. 34. S. sericea. 

Style longer than the stigma ; leaves entire-margined. 

35. S. argyrocarpa. 
B. Capsule subsessile. 
Style long. 

Tree with linear-lanceolate acuminate silvery leaves. 36, S. viminalis. 
. Low shtubs. 

Leaves glabrous, or when young covered with long white hairs parallel to 
the midrib. 

Bracts fuscous, obovate, densely white-silky. 

Aments naked, from lateral buds. 37. S. chlorophylla. 

Aments ending short leafy branches. 

Leaves and young twigs darkening in drying. 

Leaf-blade 10-20 mm. long; aments 10-20 mm. 

3S. 5. Groenlandica, 
Leaf-blade 25-50 mm. long ; aments 25-80 mm. 
Leaves broadly obovate or obcordate, obtuse. 

39. S. arctica. 
Leaves narrowly obovate or obovate-lanceolate, often 
acute. 40. S. anglorum. 

Leaves and yellowish or light brown twigs not darkening in 
drying. 

Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute. 

41. .S". vacciniformis. 
Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse. 42. S. callicarpaea. 
Bracts yellow, oblong, white-silky. 

Capsule conic, 7-8 mm. long, grayish pubescent. 

43. S. glauca. 
Capsule ovoid-conic, 5 mm. long, densely white-villous. 

Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse, not turning black in drying. 

44. .S". Wagho7-nei. 
Leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute, turning black in drying. 

45. .5". atra. 
Leaves permanently hairy. 

Leaves silky-pubescent, oblanceolate or lanceolate. 

46. S. stricta. 
Leaves with scattered villous hairs spreading in all directions, broadly 

ovate. 47. S. Labradorica, 

Style very short, or generally none. 

Mature leaves covered with long silky hairs beneath. 48. S. vestita. 
Leaves, at least in age, not silky beneath. 

Bracts broadly obovate, fuscous, the upper portion at least glabrous. 

49. S. orbicularis. 
Bracts oblong, yellow, densely hairy. 50. S. reticulata. 

2. Filaments united ; pedicel and style none. 51. S. purpurea. 

I. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. (I. F. f. 1173.) A tree, with 
rough flaky dark brown bark, attaining a height of 40 m. and a trunk diameter of 
I m. Leaves narrowed at the base, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young, 
•glabrous and green above, somewhat paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins 
beneath, 6-12 cm. long, 4-18 mm. wide ; aments expanding with the leaves, on 
short lateral branches, the staminate 3-5 cm, long, the pistillate 4-8 cm. long and 



SALICACEAE. 3^3 

spreading in fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their filaments pubescent below; stigmas 
nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, about twice as long as its pedicel. Along 
streams and lakes, N. B. to W. Ont., Fla. and Cal. Hybridizes with S, alba. 
April-May. 

Salix nigra falckta (Pursh) Terr. Leaves narrower, 4-6 mm. wide, falcate, green on 
both sides. Mass. to Ohio and Fla. 

2. Salix longipes Anders. Ward's Willow. (I. F. f. 1174.) A tree, 
sometimes 10 m. high, the trunk reaching 2 dm. in diameter, the branches spread- 
ing or drooping, the bark dark reddish brown, covered with small scales. Leaves 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, subcordate, or narrowed at the base, 6-18 
cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, somewhat pubescent beneath; stipules often large, some- 
times persistent; aments expanding with the leaves, terminal, the staminate 5-10 
cm. long, the pistillate as long or shorter; capsule conic. Along streams and 
lakes, Md. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Wood dark brown. March-May. 
{S. WardiiBehh.) 

3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow. (I. F. f. 1175.) 
A small tree, sometimes 20 m. high and the trunk 6 dm. in diameter, the brown 
bark scaly. Leaves pubescent when young, glabrous when old, dark green above, 
paler and slightly glaucous beneath, narrowed at the base, 8-12 cm. long, about 2 
cm. wide, sharply serrulate; petioles 6-15 mm. long, glandless; stipules commonly 
fugacious; aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral branches, the 
staminate 3-5 cm. long, the pistillate loose, spreading and 6-10 cm. long in fruit; 
stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length about as 
long as its filiform pedicel. On lake and river shores, Quebec to Br. Col. , N. Y^, 
Mo. and N. Mex. April-May. 

4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Glossy Willow. (I F. f. 1176.) 
A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree 6 m. high, the bark smooth or slightly scaly, the 
twigs yellowish brown, shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 
mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply serrulate all 
around, green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few scattered hairs when very 
young, 7-12 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide when mature; stipules small, semi-cordate or 
oblong, very glandular, commonly persistent; petioles stout, 6-12 mm. long, glandu- 
lar at the base of the blade; aments on short lateral leafy branches, the staminate 
stout, 2-5 cm. long, the pistillate dense, 5-7 cm. long in fruit, often long-persistent; 
stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer than 
its pedicel. In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. J., Ky. and Neb. A most beautiful willow. April-May. 

5. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow. Brittle Willow. (I. F. f. 1177.) 
A tall, slender tree, with roughish gray bark, attaining a height of about 25 m. and 
a trunk diameter of 2 m.; twigs reddish green, very brittle at the base. Leaves 
lanceolate, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous on 
both sides, rather dark green above, paler beneath, 8-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 
glandular at the base of the blade; petioles 6-16 mm. long, glandular above; stip- 
ules semicordate, fugacious; staminate aments 2-5 cm. long; stamens 2, or some- 
times 3 or 4; pistillate aments 7-12 cm. long in fruit, rather loose; stigmas nearly 
sessile; capsule long-conic. Escaped from cultivation, Mass. to N. J. and Penn. 
Native of Europe. Hybridizes with the following species. The twigs break away 
and grow into new plants. April-May. 

Salix frdgilis declpiens (Hoffm.) Anders., with yellowish or red twigs and smaller, 
brighter green leaves, appears to be known only in cultivation within our area. 

6. Salix alba L. White Willow. Huntingdon Willow. (I. F, f. 117S.) 
A large tree, sometimes 30 m. tall and a trunk diameter of 2.5 m. ; bark gray, 
rough; twigs brittle at the base. Leaves narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky- 
pubescent on both sides when young, less so and pale or glaucous beneath when 
mature, 5-13 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; peti- 
oles 4-8 mm. long, glandless or sparingly glandular; aments on short lateral leafy 
branches; pistillate aments linear-cylindric, T)-6 c\\\. long; stigmas nearly sessile; 
capsule ovoid, acute. In moist soil, especially along streams, X. B. and Ont. to 
Penn., sparingly escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. April-May. 



P4 FLORA. 

Salix alba coerulea (J. E. Smith) Koch. Mature leaves bluish green, glabrous, glau- 
cous beneath. Occasional in the Eastern States. 

Salix alba vitellina (L,) Koch. iMature leaves glabrous above ; twigs yellowish green. 
The commonest form in North America. 

7. Salix Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Ring Willow. (I. F. f. 
1 179.) A large tree, with rough gray bark, sometimes attaining a height of 20 m. 
and a trunk diameter of 18 dm., the twigs slender, green, elongated, drooping. 
Li^aves serrulate all around, narrowed at the base, sparsely pubescent when young, 
glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath, 10-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, 
sometimes curling into rings; petioles 6 -12 mm. long, glandular above; aments 
appearing on short lateral leafy branches; bracts ovate-lanceolate; style almost 
none; capsule ovoid-conic. Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading by the dis- 
tribution of its twigs. Native of Asia. April-May. 

8. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. Balsam Willow. (I. F. f. 1201.) 
A shrub, 12-30 dm. high, the twigs glabrous, shining, the youngest foliage pubes- 
cent. Mature leaves elliptic, ovate-oval or obovate, thin, glabrous, acute or some 
of them obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green above, 
glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, 
slightly crenulate-serrulate, the minute teeth glandular; stipules minute or none; 
petioles slender, 6-12 mm. long; aments expanding with the leaves, leafy-bracted 
at the base, cylindric, the staminate dense, about 2 cm. long, the pistillate rather 
loose, 5-7 cm. long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; style very short; capsules 
very narrow, acute, 4-5 mm. long. In swamps. Lab. to Man., south to Me. and 
Minn. May. 

9. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved Willow. (I. F. f. 1199.) A 
shrub, 1-3 m. high; foliage glabrous or when young sparingly pubescent. Mature 
leaves ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, white-glaucous beneath, short-acuminate, 
the base rounded or acute, serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
wide; stipules large, persistent; petioles stout, 6-12 mm. long; aments expanding 
before the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate 3-5 cm. long, the pistil- 
late 4-7 cm. long in fruit; bracts densely white-villous, persistent; style filiform; 
capsule beaked from an ovoid base, acute. On sand dimes, Lake Michigan, N. 111. 
and Wis. April. 

10. Salix Mackenziana Barratt. Mackenzie's Willow. A small tree, with 
smooth pale yellowish or grayish bark. Young branches glabrous or slightly 
puberulent, yellow or often tinged with bright red; mature leaves oblanceolate or 
lanceolate, cuneate at the base, finely crenulate-serrate or entire; stipules large, 
oblique, reniform and somewhat persistent; aments on short leafy-bracted branches, 
the pistillate 4-6 cm. long in fruit; style very short; capsule ovoid, acute, 6-8 mm. 
long. In damp soil from Man. to N. W. Terr, and N. Cal. April. 

11. Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. (I. F. f. 1198.) A 
shrub, 15-35 dm. high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous; young leaves pubescent; 
mature leaves oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler beneath, acuminate at 
the apex, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply serrulate with glan- 
dular teeth; stipules oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent; petioles 8-18 
mm. long ; aments bracted at the base, expanding before the leaves, the staminate 
about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 4-6 cm. in fruit; style short; capsules narrowly 
ovoid, acute. In wet soil, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Va., Mo., Colo, and Cal. Hy- 
bridizes with S. sericea and other species. April-May. 

Salix cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate. Range 
of the type. 

Salix cordkta rigida (Muhl.) Carey. Leaves broad, sharper serrate especially at the 
cordate base, strongly veined ; pedicels little if at all longer than the bracts ; stigmas sub- 
sessile. N. B. to Penn. 

12. Salix Missouriensis Bebb. Missouri Willow. (I. F. f. 1200.) A 
tree, often 15 m. high, the trunk sometimes 4.5 dm. in diameter, the thin gray 
bark with small appressed scales. Twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent; 
leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate. acuminate, finely serrate with minute gland- 
tipped teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous or 
nearly so when mature, green above, pale and usually glaucous beneath, 7-15 cm. 



SAL1CACEA&. ^15 

long, t-3 cm. wide; petioles i cm. long or less; stipules often i cm. long, per- 
sistent or deciduous; aments unfolding long before the leaves, the staminate about 
3 cm. long, the pistillate 7-10 cm. long; style very short; capsule narrowly ovoid. 
On river banks, Mo. and Neb. Wood dark brown. March-April. 

13. Salix lutea Nutt. Yellow Willow. A shrub, 2-5 m. high, with light 
gray rough bark; twigs very light yellow, slender and shining, perfectly glabrous; 
leaves lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide, long-acuminate at the apex, cu- 
neate at the base, finely serrate, yellowish green and shining above, glaucous 
beneath, rather thin ; stipules small and generally deciduous ; aments on short lat- 
eral branches, short; the pistillate 2-3 cm. long in fruit; style very short; capsule 
ovoid. On river banks and springy grounds from Neb. to Assiniboia and Mont. 

14. Salix acutidens Rydb. Sharp-toothed Willow. Shrub, 2-3 m. high, 
bark green or on the younger branches often purplish; leaves rather thin, 6-12 
cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, oblong, long-acuminate, rounded or acute at the base, 
shining above, more or less glaucous beneath, very sharply dentate, the teeth tipped 
with a small gland; stipules obliquely ovate, large, toothed and persistent; aments 
leafy-bracted below; fertile ones slender, in fruit 3-4 cm. long; bracts yellow, 
obovate, hairy; style about I mm. long; capsule ovoid. The form of the leaves is 
intermediate between that of S. cordata and S. eriocephala with the texture of that 
of S. balsamifera; but the small glabrous short-pedicelled capsule distinguishes 
the species. Swamps of Conn,, N. Y. and Penn. {S. niyricoldes Torr. Fl. N. Y. 
2: 207; not Muhl.) 

15. Salix adenophf 11a Hook. Furry Willow. (I. F. f.1203.) A straggling 
shrub, 1-2.5 "^- high, the twigs, petioles, stipules and leaves densely silky-tomen- 
tose, the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when old. Leaves ovate, acute 
or short-acuminate, or the lower obtuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, 
finely serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, 2-5 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide; petioles 
stout, 3-6 mm. long, dilated at the base; stipules ovate-cordate, obtuse, serrulate, 
persistent; aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, expanding with the leaves, the 
staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 3-10 cm. long in fruit; style filiform; 
capsule ovoid-cohic, acute, 3-4 mm. long. On lake and river shores, Lab. to Ont., 
Penn. and 111. Hybridizes with S. cordata. April-May. 

16. Salix myrtillifoiia Anders. Bilberry Willow. A shrub generally less 
than I m. high, with erect branches, much resembling Vaccinitmi Myrtilliis in 
general habit and form of the leaves. Leaves obovate or oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 
light green, rather thin, obtuse, seldom acute, closely and finely crenate; stipules 
small, deciduous; aments on short leafy branches; the staminate 1-2 cm. long, 
the pistillate 2-3 cm, long in fruit; bracts obovate, fuscous, slightly hairy; capsule 
subsessile, ovate, tapering into a short style. From Lab. to Lower Mackenzie 
River and Alberta, 

17. Salix Uva-ursi Pursh, Bearberry Willow. (I. F. f. 1205.) A de- 
pressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the terete brown branches 15-30 cm. long, 
diffuse from a deep central root. Leaves obovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute at the 
apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate-denticulate or entire, 8-20 mm, long. 4- 10 
mm, wide, prominently veined, deep green and shining above, pale beneath; peti- 
oles 2-4 mm, long; aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, about i cm, long in 
flower, the pistillate 2-5 cm, long in fruit; bracts obovate, obtuse, densely silky; 
stamens usually solitary, rarely 2; style short; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, gla- 
brous, very short-pedicelled. Lab, and Hudson Bay, south to the summits of the 
mountains of N. Y. and N. Eng. May-June. 

18. Salix herbacea L. Dwarf Willow. (L F, f. 1206,) A depressed 
matted shrub, with very slender angled twigs 2-15 cm, long, the youngest foliage 
somewhat pubescent. Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular, roundcil or rotuse at 
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin, crenulate-denticulate all around, 
finely reticulate-veined, bright green and shining on both sides, 1-2 cm. in diam- 
eter; petioles very slender, 4-8 mm. long; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, 
4-10-flowered, 4-8 mm. long; bracts obovate, obtuse, persistent, glabrous or nearly 
so; stamens 2; style rather longer than the 2-cloft stign\as; capsule narrowly 
conic, glabrous, nearly sessile. Lab. and Quebec, through Arctic America, and 
on the White Mountains of N, H. and Mt, Katahdin, Me. Also \\\ Europe and 
Asia. Summer. 



3l6 FLORA. 

19. Salix myrtilloides L. Bog Willow. (I. F. f. 1204.) An erect slender 
glabrous shrub, 3-10 dm. high, the twigs light brown, terete. Leaves oblong, 
elliptic or somewhat obovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, mostly narrowed 
at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, short-petioled, bright green above, pale 
or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly revolute; aments expanding with the 
leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, rather dense, 2 cm. long or less, or the pistillate 
longer in fruit; bracts persistent, obtuse, slightly villous; style shorter than or 
equalling the stigmas; capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, 5 mm. long, 2-3 
times as long as the filiform pedicel which slightly exceeds the bract. In bogs, 
N. B. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to N. J. and Iowa. Also in northern Europe. 
April-May. 

Salix myrtilloides pedicellkris Anders. Leaves narrower, oblong-linear or oblanceo- 
late; pedicels sometimes longer. Range of the type. 

20. Salix luteosencea Rydb. n. sp. Silvery Sandbar Willow. A shrub, 
with grayish bark, 1-6 m. high, occasionally monoecious; leaves linear-lanceolate 
or linear, entire, or slightly and remotely denticulate, acute, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
wide, permanently yellowish silky; aments at the ends of leafy branches, the stam- 
inate 2-3 cm. long, pistillate 3-5 cm.; bract of staminate flowers obovate; of the 
pistillate ones broadly lanceolate; capsule elongated-ovoid, slightly silky when 
young, soon glabrate, 4-5 mm. long. On sandbars, Saskatch. and Br. Col. to 
Neb., Ind. Terr., and Ariz. Type from Nebraska. 

21. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Sandbar Willow. River-bank Willow. 
(I. F. f. 1181.) A much -branched shrub, 1-4 m. high, forming thickets, or some- 
times a slender tree, 6-9 m. tall, and with a trunk 3 dm. in diameter; branches 
brown or grayish. Leaves 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, acuminate, remotely 
denticulate with somewhat spreading teeth, short-petioled, bright green; petioles 
not glandular; stipules minute or none; aments on short leafy branches, the stam- 
inate dense, 2-4 cm. long, the pistillate looser, about 5 cm. long in fruit; capsule 
ovoid-conic, finely silky when young, glabrate in age, about 5 mm. long. Along 
streams and lakes, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky. and Tex. April- 
May. 

22. Salix linearifolia Rydb. Linear-leaved Willow. A low shrub, 
very soon glabrous, with red branches ; leaves 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, remotely 
dentate, narrowly linear; stipules minute, deciduous; aments loosely flowered at 
the ends of leafy branches, the staminate about 3 cm., the pistillate 3-4 cm. long; 
capsule almost glabrous from the beginning, conic, 3-4 mm. long; bract nearly 
as long as the pistil, almost glabrous. Sandbars, from Minn, and Saskatch. to Ind. 
Terr, and Colo. (vS". rubra Richards.; not Smith.) 

23. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith.. Slender Willow. (I. F. f. 1189.) A 
shrub, similar to S. sericea, but the young leaves only slightly silky, the branches 
slender, upright or ascending. Mature leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, remaining green in drying, 8-16 mm. wide; 
petioles 4-10 mm. long; stipules deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves, 
the pistillate short-peduncled, usually rather loose, about 2 cm. long in fruit; stig- 
mas nearly sessile ; capsule tapering from an ovoid or oblong base, 4-6 mm. long, 
about twice as long as the filiform pedicel. In swamps, N. B. to the N. W, Terr., 
south to Tenn. and Wis. May. 

Salix petiolaris grdcilis Anders. Pedicels nearly as long as the capsules ; leaves rather 
narrower. Range of the type. 

24. Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. (I. F. f. 1187.) A shrub or 
low tree, maximum height 7 m., trunk diameter 3 dm.; young leaves sometimes 
pubescent. Mature leaves rather thin, usually glabrous, bright green above, glau- 
cous and nearly white beneath, oblong-oblanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly 
serrulate or nearly entire, slender-petioled, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide; petioles 
6-24 mm. long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or semicordate, commonly deciduous; 
aments unfolding much before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 4-7 cm. long in fruit; 
capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a slender beak. 5-8 mm. long. In swamps or 
on moist hillsides, N. S. to Man., Del. and Mo. March- April. 



SALICACEAE. 3^7 

25. Salix eriocephala Michx. Pussy Willow. A shrub or low tree, much 
resembling the preceding. Mature leaves rather firm, green and shining above, 
glaucous and generally hairy beneath, especially on the veins, quite often fer- 
ruginous, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide ; stipules semicordate, often deciduous; 
aments unfolding before the leaves, dense and short, the staminate 1-2 cm. long, 
yellowish silky-hairy, the pistillate ones 3-4 cm. in fruit ; capsule as in the pre- 
ceding, often 10 mm. long. In wet places from N. Eng. to Penn. and 111. This 
has been confused with S. discolor^ as intermediate forms apparently occur. 

Salix eriocephala amplifblia Rydb. Leaves broadly oval, 4-5 cm. wide. Conn, and 
N. Y. 

26. Salix prinoides Pursh. Chestnut-oak Willow. Shrub resembling 
the preceding, but branches slender, glabrous; mature leaves lighter colored above 
and less glaucous beneath, narrower and more tapering at both ends, serrate; aments 
longer, 4 cm. long or more, rather lax, sparingly silky; capsule conic, finely silky, 
with a more evident style. N. Y. to Va. 

27. Salix latiuscula Anders. Newfoundland Willow. (I. F, f. 1202.) 
A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous twigs, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves 
oval or obovate, subcordate at the base, short-pointed at the apex, serrulate, when 
mature bright green above, pale beneath, about 4 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; stipules 
ovate-cordate, acute; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne at the ends of short 
branches, dense, spreading or erect,- the staminate 2 cm. long, the pistillate 5-8 cm. 
long in fruit; bracts yellow, obtuse, persistent, slightly villous; capsule ovoid-conic, 
sparsely tomentose, acute, 6 mm. long; style very short. Summer. Newf. (accord- 
ing to Andersson). [6". Barkleyi latiuscula Anders.] 

28. Salix squamata Rydb. n. sp. Long-bracted Willow. A shrub or low 
tree, resembling closely S. eriocephala, but young branches only slightly pubescent, 
Mature leaves firm, green and shining above, glaucous and glabrous beneath, 6-10 
cm. long, distinctly dentate-serrate, acute at both ends; aments on more or less 
leafy branches, erect, the fertile ones in fruit 3-7 cm. long, rather loose; bracts 
yellowish or reddish, lanceolate, acute, three-fourths as long as the pistil; capsule 
conic; style short; stigmas short and almost entire. N.J. and Penn. Summer. 
Type from Sparta Junction, N. J. 

29. Salix perrostrata Rydb. /2. J/. Long-beaked Willow. A shrub, 1-4 m. 
high with grayish, rough and scaly bark; branches yellow or the youngest tinged 
with red, at first finely pubescent; leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, when 
young finely silky, in age glabrate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acute at both 
ends, and with undulate margins, light green above and paler beneath; petioles 2-6 
mm.; stipules minute, deciduous; aments somewhat leafy-bracted, almost sessile; 
the staminate 1-1.5 cm. long, the pistillate in fruit 2-3 cm.; capsule conic, long- 
rostrate; stigma subsessile. Black Hills of S. Dak., Pine Ridge, Neb. and Wyoming. 
May-June. (6'. Bebbiana Rydb. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 523, mainly, not Sarg.) 

30. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Bebb's Willow. (I. F. f. 1184.) A shrub, 2-6 
m. tall, or sometimes a tree 8 m. high, the twigs pubescent or puberulent, terete. 
Leaves" elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them 
blunt at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sparingly serrate or entire, dull 
green and puberulent above, pale, reticulate-veined and tomentose beneath or nearly 
glabrous on both sides when very old; petioles 4- 12 mm. long, stipules semi- 
cordate, acute, deciduous; aments sessile, expanding with or before the leaves, 
dense, the staminate 2-3 cm. long, the pistillate 5 cm. long in fruit; capsule very 
narrowly long-conic, twice as long as the filiform pedicel. In dry soil and along 
streams, Anticosti to Hudson Bay and Br. Col,, south toN. J., Penn., Neb. and 
Utah. April-May. 

31. Salix hiimilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. (I. F. f. 1185.) A shrub, i- 
2.5 m. long, the twigs tomentose or pubescent, terete. Leaves oblanceolate. petioled. 
5-10 cm; long, 8-16 mm. wide, acute at both ends or the lower broader and obtuse 
at the apex, sparingly denticulate, the margins slightly revolute, the upper surlace 
dark green, dull, puberulent or glabrous; petioles 4-6 mm. long; stipules obliquely 
lanceolate or ovate, acute, commonly persistent; aments unfi^lding much before the 
leaves, sessile, ovoid-oblong, short, dense; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowlv 
conic. In dry soil, N. S. to western Out., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Neb. Hy- 
bridizes with -5". discolor. April-May. 



3l8 FLORA. 

32. Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Sage Willow. (I. F. f. 
1 186.) A tufted, slender shrub, 3-6 dm. tall, the twigs terete, puberulent, the 
roots long and thick. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, some- 
what undulate, green and puberulent or glabrous above, crowded, 2-5 cm. long, 
their margins revolute; petioles about 2 mm. long; stipules minute, deciduous; 
aments expanding much before the leaves, dense, very small, sessile; bracts per- 
sistent; stigmas sessile or nearly so; capsule ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomen- 
tulose, about 6 mm. long. In dry soil, N. S. (?), Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and 
Tenn. March-April. 

33. Salix Candida Fluegge. Hoary Willow. (I. F. f. 1193.) An erect 
shrub, 6-15 dm. tall, the older twigs red or purple and terete, the younger densely 
white-tomentose. Leaves green and loosely tomentose or becoming glabrate above 
when mature, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or 
entire, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. 
wide, their margins slightly revolute; petioles 3-4 mm. long; stipules lanceolate- 
subulate, about equalling the petioles, deciduous; aments expanding before the 
leaves, dense, cylindric, the staminate about 2.5 cm. long, the pistillate 3-5 cm. 
long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, 5-6 mm. long. 
In bogs. Lab. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Iowa and Mont. Hybridizes with S. 
petiolaris and S. cordata. May. 

34. Salix sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. (I. F. f. 1188.) A shrub, 2-4 m. 
tall, with slender purplish puberulent twigs, the young leaves densely silky-pubes- 
cent. Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed or 
obtuse at the base, serrulate all around with gland-tipped teeth, dark green above, 
paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, turning brown or black in drying, 6-10 cm. 
long, 1-2 cm. wide; stipules narrow, deciduous; petioles 4-14 mm. long, sometimes 
glandular; aments expanding before the leaves, sessile, usually with a few leafy 
bracts at the base, dense, the staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 2-4 cm. long 
in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, about 4 
mm. long. In swamps and along streams. Me. to Mich, and Va. May. 

Salix sericea subsericea (Anders.) Rydb. Leaves less silky, more sharply serrate ; 
capsule smaller, N. Y, to Mich. {S. petiolaris subsericea Anders.), 

35. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Silver Willow. (L F. f. 1190.) An erect 
or diffuse shrub, 1.5-6 dm. high, the twigs dark green, nearly terete, shining. 
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at each end or the lower obtuse, short-petioled, 
entire or crenulate, bright green and glabrous above, persistently silvery-silky 
beneath, 3-5 cm, long, 6-12 mm. wide, the margins slightly revolute; aments un- 
folding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, dense, 2.5 cm. or less long; scales 
persistent, villous; capsule oblong-conic, acute, 2-3 mm. long, about twice as long 
as its pedicel. Lab. and Quebec to the White Mountains of N. H. Hybridizes 
with S. chlorophylla. June-July. 

36. Salix viminalis L. Osier Willow. (I. F. f. 1194.) A small slender 
tree or shrub, with terete green twigs. Leaves sparingly repand-crenulate or 
entire, revolute-margined, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, persist- 
ently silvery-silky beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 4-16- mm. wide; stipules narrow, 
deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 5-7 cm. long 
and I cm. in diameter in fruit; capsule narrowly ovoid-conic, acute, about 6 mm. 
long. Cultivated for wickerware and occasionally escaped into wet places in the 
Eastern and' Middle States. Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 

37. Salix chlorophylla Anders. Tea-leaved Willow. (I. F. £ 1195.) 
A shrub, 3-30 dm. high, much branched, the twigs glabrous, dark purple-green, 
sometimes glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse at the 
apex, minutely repand-crenulate or entire, narrowed at the base, bright green and 
shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, 3-7 cm. long, I-2 cm. wide; petioles 
6-16 mm. long; stipules minute, fugacious, or wanting; aments sessile, dense, 
oblong-cylindric, the staminate 2 cm. or less long, the pistillate 2-5 cm. long in 
fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule conic, acute, 5 mm. long. Swamps, Lab. 
to Br. Col., and the White Mountains of N. H.. and Colo. Summer. \_S. phylli, 
cifolia Bebb, not L.] 

38. Salix Groenlandica (Anders. ) Lvmdst. Greenland Willow. A low 



SALICACEAE. 319 

cespitose shrub, 1-2 dm. high, much branched, with short stout branches and 
dark brown or purplish bark. Leaves crowded, obovate, when young covered with 
long white hairs, soon glabrate above, more tardily so below, entire, obtuse, bright 
green; petioles short, 2-5 mm. long; aments short and very dense, oblong-obovoid ; 
capsule ovoid, densely white-villous. Geeenland, Baffin Bay region, and Labrador. 

39. Salix arctica Pall. Arctic Willow. Ground Willow. (I. F. f. 
1 1 97.) A low branching shrub, 1-3 dm., seldom 1-2 m., high, the twigs terete or 
nearly so. Leaves glabrous, elliptic or broadly obovate, entire, obtuse and usually 
rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long-petioled, pale and 
glaucous beneath; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long; aments dense, oblong; capsule 
conic, villous. Arctic America and Asia. Summer. 

40. Salix anglorum Cham. Robert Brown's Willow. (L F. f. 11 96.) 
A low, branched shrub with prostrate branches, the twigs 4-angled, slender. Leaves 
glabrous, slightly silky when young, acute or the lower obtuse at the apex, entire 
or wavy, narrowed at the base, the lower surface pale or glaucous, the margins not 
revolute; petioles only 10-15 mm. long ; stipules narrow, deciduous ; capsule ovoid- 
conic, tomentose, acute, about 5-8 mm. long. Labrador, Greenland and Anticosti 
to Alaska. Summer. i^S. Brownii^€^.) 

41. Salix vacciniformis Rydb. Blueberry Willow. A small shrub, with 
numerous ascending, light brown branches, which are glabrous, or very soon glabrate ; 
leaves small, resembling those of Vaccinium uliginosum, about 2 cm, long, dark 
and shining above, paler beneath; aments 2-3 cm. long, rather loose; capsule 7-8 
mm., loosely villous, ovoid. Anticosti, Hudson Bay and Labrador. (.5'. JMacounii 
Rydb. ; not S. Richardsonii Macouniana Bebb. ) 

42. Salix callicarpaea Trautv. Trautvetter's Willow. A very low de- 
pressed shrub with the habit oi S. Uva-ursi, with light yellow glabrous twigs; leaves 
small, about 1.5 cm. long and i cm. wide, bright green above, a little glaucous 
beneath, strongly reticulated; petioles 1-5 mm. long; aments about 2 cm. long, 
dense; capsule 4-6 mm., grayish tomentose, ovate. Mt. Gaspe, Quebec and Lab- 
rador. 

43. Salix glaiica L. Northern Willow. (I. F. f. 1192.) A low arctic 
shrub, with terete brown twigs, the young shoots and leaves densely silky, becom- 
ing glabrate when old, turning black in drying. Leaves elliptic or obovate, entire, 
obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; 
petioles i-io mm. long; stipules deciduous; the staminate aments dense, about 
2 cm. long, the pistillate 4-7 cm. long in fruit, rather loose. Arctic America from 
Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and and Asia. Summer. 

44. Salix Waghornei Rydb. Waghorne's Willow. A low shrub, 1-3 
dm. high, with brown shining bark; branches at first slightly silky, soon glabrate; 
leaves 2-3 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. wide, at first somewhat silky, soon glabrate, 
obtuse or rounded at the base, rounded at the apex, light green above, slightly 
glaucous beneath, thin, entire; petioles 1-5 mm, long; aments dense, short; the 
staminate ones I-2 cm. long; pistillate in fi-uit 2-2.5 cm. Labrador. August. 

45. Salix atra Rydb. Blackening Willow. A low shrub, with ascending 
dark brown branches, which are more or less villous when young; leaves small, 
1.5-2.5 cm. long, when young covered with long white appressed hairs, dark green 
above, pale beneath, blackening in drying; aments 1.5-3 cm. long, rather dense; 
capsule ovoid. Labrador and Hudson Bay. 

46. Salix stricta (Anders.) Rydb. Drummond's Willow. (I. F. f. 1191.) 
A shrub, 2-5 dm. high, with purplish-green or yellowish twigs. Leaves oblong or 
oblanceolate, acute at the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower obtuse at 
both ends, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, tomentose on both sides or glabrate 
above when old, 1-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stipules fugacious; aments expand- 
ing with the leaves, dense, 1-2 cm. or less long, leafy-bracted at (he base; capsule 
ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose, about 5 mm. long. Anticosti and Quebec 
to western arctic America, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colo. Summer. 
(5, desertoriim Bebb; not Richards.) 

47. Salix Labradorica Rydb. Labrador Willow. A low shrub; older 
bark dark brown and shining; young shoots more or less densely villous; leaves 
broadly ovate, often obtuse or subcordate at the base. firm, dark and glossy alxn-e. 
more or less glaucous beneath, on both surfaces invested with villous hairs, blacken- 



320 FLORA, 

ing in drying; aments densely many-flowered, about 3 cm. long; bracts oblong, 
brown, villous; capsule 6-8 mm. long, ovoid-conic, densely white-villous. Lab. 
Summer. 

48. Salix vestita Pursh. Hairy Willow. (I. F. f. 1183.) A low shrub, 
1-2 dm. seldom 5 dm. high, the twigs 4- sided, green. Leaves obovate, thick, 
mostly retuse or emarginate at the apex, slightly crenulate, narrowed or rounded at 
the base, dark green and glabrous above, persistently tomentose-silky beneath, short- 
petioled, 2-5 cm. long; petioles 4-8 mm. long, channeled, not glandular; aments 
slender, stalked; pistillate 3-5 cm. long in fruit; capsules narrowly ovoid-conic, 
sessile, densely silky-tomentose, about 6 mm. long. Lab. and Quebec to the N. W. 
Terr, and Ore. June. 

49. Salix orbicularis Anders. Round-leaved Net-veined Willow. A low 
shrub, closely resembling S. reticulata, but stems more purplish ; leaves generail}- 
more rounded, often subcordate at the base, purple or brown-veined, but most 
easily distinguished by the broadly obovate bracts. Lab. to Alaska and Br. Col. 
(■S. reticulata of American authors, mostly.) 

50. Salix reticulata L. Net-veined Willow. (L F. f. 1182.) A procum- 
bent shrub, 5-3 dm. high, often sending out roots from the twigs, the young 
shoots 4-sided, purple-green. Leaves elliptic or obovate, thick, obtuse, narrowed 
or rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate or entire, slender-petioled, glabrous or 
somewhat silky-pubescent when young, dark green above, not shining, glaucous 
and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, 2-4 cm. long; petioles 8--20 mm. long, 
channeled; stipules oblong, obtuse; aments terminal, long-stalked, dense; filaments 
pubescent at the base; capsule ovoid-conic, tomentose, about 6 mm. long. Lab. 
Very rare. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June. 

51. Salix purpurea L. Purple Willow. (I. F. f. 1180.) A slender shrub 
or small tree, with purplish flexible twigs, maximum height about 3.5 m. ; branches 
often trailing; bark smooth and very bitter. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 
acute, serrulate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous, green above, paler 
and somewhat glaucous beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; stipules minute; peti- 
oles 2-4 mm. long, not glandular; aments appearing before the leaves, dense, 
leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 3-5 cm. 
long, sessile or nearly so ; filaments and sometimes also the anthers united, pubes- 
cent; bracts purple, persistent; capsules ovoid-conic, obtuse, tomentose, 5 mm. 
long. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. 
Also called Bitter, Rose and Whipcord Willow. April-May. 



Order 4. MYRICALES. 

Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious 
flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary i -celled ; style short; stig- 
mas 2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family. 

Family I. MYRICACEAE Dumort. 

Bayberry Fa7nily. 

Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in 
the axils of the bracts Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens 
inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the 
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets ; stigmas 
linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. 
Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle very short. Two genera and 35 
species of wide geographic distribution. 

Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets ; leaves serrate or entire, estipulate. i. Myrtca. 

Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets ; leaves pinnatifid, stipulate. 

2. Comptonia, 



LEITNERIALES $21 

I. MYRICA L. 

Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resmous-dotted. Staminate aments oblong 
or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate 
aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, mostly short, bractlets. 
Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] 
Besides the following species, another occurs in the Southern States and 2 on the 
Pacific coast. 

Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes ; low bog shrub. 

1. M. Gale. 
Bractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated. 

Slender tree ; leaves mostly acute, narrow ; drupe less than 2 mm. in diameter. 

2. M. ceri/era. 
Shrub; leaves mostly obtuse, broader; drupe 2-3 mm. in diameter. 

3. M. Carolinensis. 

1. Myrica Gale L. Sweet Gale. (I. F. f. 1159.) A shrub, the twigs dark 
brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at the apex, narrowed to a 
cuneate entire base, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and puber- 
ulent or glabrous beneath, 2-6 cm. long, unfolding after the aments; staminate 
aments linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, crowded; pistillate aments ovoid-oblong, ob- 
tuse, about 8 mm. long, their bracts imbricated; drupe resinous-waxy, not longer 
than the 2 ovate persistent bractlets. In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, S. N. Y., 
Va., Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 

2. Myrica cerifera L. Wax-myrtle. (I. F, f. 1160.) A slender dioecious 
tree, the bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, 
mostly acute, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at the base, fragrant, short- 
petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath, golden-resin- 
ous, 2-8 cm. long, unfolding with or before the aments; staminate aments cylindric; 
pistillate aments short, oblong ; ripe drupes globose, bluish white, waxy, tipped 
with the base of the style, long-persistent. In sandy swamps or wet woods, Md. 
to Fla., Tex., north to Ark. March- April. 

3. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxberry. Bayberry. (I. F. f. 1161.) A 
shrub, 0.5-2.5 m. high, with smooth gray bark, the twigs often pubescent. Leaves 
oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often pubescent beneath, resinous, 5-10 
cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the middle, or entire, 
obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; stam- 
inate aments cylindric or oblong, 6-18 mm. long; pistillate aments short, oblong ; 
ripe drupes globose, bluish white, very waxy, long-persistent. In dry or moist 
sandy soil, N. S. to Fla. and Ala. and on the shores of Lake Erie. Occurs also in 
bogs in N. N. J. and Penn. April-May. 

2. COMPTONIA Banks. 

A low, branching shrub with terete brown branches and narrow, deeply pin- 
natifid leaves, the young foliage pubescent. Aments expanding with the leaves, 
the staminate ones and their flowers as in Myrica. Fertile aments globose-ovoid, 
on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-flowered. Ovary sub- 
tended by 8 linear-subulate persistent bractlets, which form an involucre to the 
ovoid-oblong bony nut. Fruit bur-like. [Name in honor of Rev. Henry Comp- 
ton, 1632-1713, bishop of Oxford.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. Sweet Fern. (I. F. f. 1162.) 
Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, short-petioled, obtuse 
or subacute at the apex, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblique lobes, fragrant ; 
stipules semi-cordate, mostly deciduous ; staminate aments clustered at the ends of 
the branches, 2.5 cm. long or less, their bracts reniform, acute ; pistillate aments 
bur-like in fruit, the subulate bractlets longer than the light brown, shining, striate, 
obtuse nut. In dry soil, especially on hillsides, N, S. to Man., N. Car., Ind. and 
Mich. April-May. 

Order 5. LEITNERIALES. 

Shrubs or trees with dioecious small flowers in aments. and simple 
entire petioled alternate leaves. Staminate flowers with no perianth. 



322 FLORA, 

Pistillate flowers subtended by 3 or 4 bractlets (perianth?). Ovary 
I -celled ; style slender, stigmatic above ; ovule laterally affixed, amphit- 
ropous. Endosperm thin. Only one family. 

Family i. LEITNERIACEAE Drude. 
Cork-wood Family. 
Aments expanding before the leaves. Staminate flowers with 3-12 
stamens inserted on the receptacle ; filaments distinct ; anthers, oblong 
erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style terminal, grooved 
and flattened, recurved, caducous. Fruit an oblong drupe with thin 
exocarp and hard endocarp. Testa thin. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the 
base ; radicle short, superior. Comprising only the following genus of 
the southern U. S. 

I. LEITNERIA Chapm. 

Characters of the family. One species, or perhaps two. [In honor of Dr. E. F. 
Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in Florida during the Seminole war.] 

I. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Leitneria. Cork-wood. (I. F. f. 1163.) 
Bark gray and rather smooth; young twigs, leaves and aments densely pubescent. 
Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, bright green, firm, 
0.7-1.5 dm. long, finely pubescent, at least on the veins, and rugose-reticulated 
beneath; staminate aments ascending, 2-5 cm. long, their bracts triangular-ovate, 
acute, tomentose; pistillate aments shorter, borne toward the ends of the twigs; 
drupe slightly compressed, about 2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, rugose-reticulated. 
In swamps, S. Mo. to Tex., and in Fla. Wood lighter than cork and probably 
the lightest wood known, weighing only about 12^ lbs. per cubic foot. March. 

Order 6. BALANOPSIDALES, 

includes only the family Balanopsidaceae, comprising the genus Balanops 
of Australasia. 

Order 7. JUGLANDALES. 

Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious 
bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate 
solitary or several together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous 
stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the 
bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, 
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 
bracted and usually 2-bracteolate. with a 3-5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) 
calyx or with both calyx and petals, and an inferior i -celled or incom- 
pletely 2-4-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous ; styles 2, 
stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit in our genera a drupe with inde- 
hiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or woody exocarp (husk ; ripened calyx ; 
also regarded as an involucre), enclosing the bon)'- endocarp or nut which 
is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. 
Cotyledons corrugated, very oily. Radicle minute, superior. Only one 
family. 

Family i. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. 
Walnut Faiitily. 
Characters of the order. Six genera and about 35 species, mostly 
of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. The young leaves 
in the bud are stipulate in at least two species of Hicoria. 

Husk indehiscent; nut rugose or sculptured. i. Juglans. 

Husk at lengfth splitting into segments; nut smooth or angled. 2. Hicoria. 



JUG LAND A CEAE, 323 

I. JUGLANS L. 

Trees, with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd- 
pinnate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes 
early perishing. Staminate flowers in drooping cylindric aments, borne on the 
twigs of the previous year; perianth 3-6-lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. 
Pistillate flowers on a terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the 
calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals atinate to the ovary at the sinuses ; styles fim- 
briate, very short. Drupe large, globose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, 
fibrous, indehi scent, the endocarp bony, rugose or sculptured, 2-4-celled at the 
base, indehiscent, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name a contraction of 
the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.] About 8 species, natives of the north 
temperate zone, I in the W. I., I or 2 in the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following 
I or 2 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 

Fruit globose, obtuse, not viscid ; petioles puberulent. i. J. nigra. 

Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid ; petioles pubescent. 2, J. cinerea. 

1. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. (I. F. f. 1149.) A large forest tree 
with rough brown bark, the twigs of the season and petioles puberulent, the older 
twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaflets 13-23, ovate-lanceolate, more or less 
inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, serrate, 
pubescent beneath, 7-13 cm. long; staminate aments 7-14 cm. long; drupes usually 
solitary or 2 together, globose or a little longer than thick, 3-8 cm. in diameter, 
papillose; nut corrugated, slightly compressed, 4-celled at the base. In rich 
woods, Mass. to S. Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe 
Oct.-No'v. 

2. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. White Walnut. Oil-nut. (I. F. f. 
1150.) A forest tree, resembling the Black Walnut, the bark gray, smoother, the 
twigs, petioles and leaflets viscid-pubescent, at least when young. Leaflets 11 -19, 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely inequilateral, obtuse, rounded or truncate at 
the base, serrate; drupes racemed, 5-8 cm. long and about one-half as thick, pointed; 
nut 4-ribbed, deeply sculptured, and with sharp longitudinal ridges, firmly adherent 
to the husk, 2-celled at the base. In rich or rocky woods, N. B. and Ont. to N. 
Dak., Neb., Del., Ga., Miss, and Ark. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 

2. HICORIA Raf. 

Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets. Staminate 
flowers in slender drooping aments, borne in 3's on a common peduncle at the base 
of the shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf- 
scars at the summit of twigs of the preceding year; calyx adnate to the bract, 
2-3-lobed or 2-3-cleft; stamens 3-10; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 2-6, 
together on a terminal peduncle; bract fugacious or none; calyx 4-toothed; petals 
none; styles 2 or 4, papillose or fimbriate, short. Fruit subglobose, oblong or 
obovoid, the husk separating more or less completely into 4 valves ; nut bony, in- 
completely 2-4-celled. [From the aboriginal name Hicori.] About 15 species, 
natives of eastern North America, one in Mexico. 

Bud-scales valvate ; lateral leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, falcate. 
Nut not compressed or angled ; seed sweet. i, H. Pecan. 

Nut somewhat compressed or angled ; seed intensely bitter. 

Leaflets 7-9 ; nut smooth. 2. H. minima. 

Leaflets 9-13 ; nut angled. 3. H. aquatica. 

Bud-scales imbricate; lateral leaflets not falcate. 

Husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base ; middle lobe of the staminate calyx 
narrow, often at least twice as long as the lateral ones. 
Bark shaggy, separating in long plates. 

Leaflets 3-5 (rarely 7) ; nut rounded at the base, 1-2 cm. long. 
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to obovate ; twigs puberulent. 

4. //. ovata. 
Leaflets narrowly lanceolate ; twigs glaucous. 

5. //. Carolinae-Sfptentrionalis. 
Leaflets 7-9; nut usually pointed at both ends, 2.5-3 '■'n^- lo^g* 

6. H, laciniosa. 



324 FLORA. 

Bark close, rough ; leaflets 7-9. 

Foliage persistently stellate-pubescent ; staminate aments stellate-woolly. 

7. H. alba. 
Mature leaves glabrous, or nearly so ; staminate aments slightly pubescent. 

8. H. 'pallida. 
Husk of fruit thin, not freely splitting to the base ; lobes of the staminate calyx 

mostly nearly equal. 
Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled; bark, at least that of old trees, separat- 
ing in strips. 

Fruit little flattened ; middle lobe of staminate calyx short. 

9. H. microcarpa. 
Fruit much flattened; middle lobe of staminate calyx long. 

10. H. borealis. 
Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled; bark close. 

Foliage nearly or quite glabrous. 11. H. glabra. 

Foliage with silvery peltate glands. 12. //. villosa. 

1. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. Pecan. (I. F. f. 1151.) A large tree, 
with rough bark. Young twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla- 
brous; bud-scales few, small; leaflets 11-15, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, 
inequilateral, acuminate, I-I.8 dm. long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so, 
1. 2-1. 5 dm. long; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the 
oblong lateral ones; fruit oblong- cylindric, 3-6 cm. long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut 
smooth, oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, 2-celled at base, dissepiments thin, very 
astringent; seed delicious. In moist soil, especially along streams, Ind. to Iowa, 
Mo., Ky. and Tex. April -May. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 

2. Hicoria minima (Marsh. ) Britton. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory. (I. F. 
f. 1 152.) A slender tree, the bark close, rough. Bud-scales 6-8, small, caducous; 
young foliage puberulent; leaflets 7-9, sessile, long-aciuninate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, 
1-3 cm. wide, the lateral ones falcate; staminate aments slightly pubescent; lobes 
of the staminate calyx about equal, the middle one narrower; fruit subglobose, nar- 
rowly 6-ridged, 2-3.5 ^tn. in diameter; husk thin, tardily and irregularly 4-valved; 
nut short-pointed. 1.5-2.5 cm. long, thin-shelled. In moist woods and swamps, 
Quebec to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 

3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. i.) Britton. Water Hickory. (I. F. f. 1153.) 
A swamp tree, the bark close, the yoimg foliage pubescent, becoming nearly gla- 
brous when mature. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one oblong, long- 
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 0.7-1.3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm-, wide, the 
lateral strongly falcate; staminate aments and calyx as in the preceding species; 
fruit oblong, ridged. 2-3.5 cm. long, pointed; husk thin, tardily splitting; nut oblong, 
thin-shelled, angular. In river swamps, Va. to Fla., 111., Ark. and Tex. March- 
April. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shag-bark. Shell-bark Hickory. (I. F. 
f. 1154.) A large tree; bark shaggy in narrow plates; young twigs and leaves 
puberulent. Leaflets 5, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or the upper 
obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1-1.5 dm. long, those 
of young plants much larger; bud-scales 8-10. the inner becoming very large; fruit 
subglobose, 2.5-5.5 cm. long; husk thick, soon splitting; nut white, somewhat com- 
pressed, 4-celled at the base, 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) above, pointed, slightly 
angled, thin-shelled. In rich soil, Quebec to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
May, Fruit ripe Sept.-Xov. 

5. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Southern Shag-bark. (L F. 
f. 1154a.) A tree, with gray bark hanging in loose strips. Bud-scales 8-10, the 
inner greatly enlarging in leafing; terminal bud ovoid-lanceolate, truncate; twigs 
slender, glaucous, smooth, purplish brown; staminate aments glabrous; yoimg 
foliage blackening in drying, glabrous, ciliate, with few resinous globules; leaflets 
3-5; fruit subglobose, 1.5-3 cm. long; husk soon falling into 4 pieces; nut white or 
brownish, much compressed, angled, cordate or subcordate at top, thin-shelled. 
Sandy or rocky woods. Del. to Ga. and Tenn. 

6.' Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f. ) Sarg. Big Shag-bark. King-nut. (I. F. 
f. I155.) A large tree, the bark separating in long narrow plates, the yoxmg foliage 
densely puberulent, the mature leaves somewhat so beneath. Leaflets 7-9 (rarely 
5), acute or acuminate, sometimes 2 dm. long; middle lobe of the staminate cal>Tc 



JUGLANDACEAE. 32$ 

linear, twice as long as the lateral ones; fruit oblong, 5-8 cm. long; husk thick, 
soon splitting to the base; nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pointed 
at both ends, yellowish white. In rich soil, N. Y. and Penn. to Ind., Iowa, Tenn., 
Kans. and the Ind. Terr. May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 

7. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut. (I. F. 
f. 1 156.) A large tree, the foliage and twigs persistently tomentose-stellate- 
pubescent, fragrant when crushed ; bark close; bud-scales large; leaflets 7-9, oblong- 
lanceolate or the upper oblanceolate or obovate, long -acuminate; middle IoIdc of the 
staminate calyx linear, much longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or oblong- 
globose, 3-9 cm. long; husk thick; nut grayish-white, angled, pointed at the sum- 
mit, little compressed, thick-shelled, 4-celled at the base. In rich soil, Mass. to 
Ont, 111., Neb., Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 

8. Hicoria pallida Ashe. Pale-leaved Hickory. A forest tree with very 
rough gray bark and purple-brown twigs, the buds sharp-pointed, their scales 5-9. 
Leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous or nearly so 
when old, pale and with numerous silvery scales beneath, the rachis stellate-pubes- 
cent, at least when young; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, somewhat 
longer than the lateral ones; fruit usually subglobose, sometimes oval or pyriform, 
the husk rather thin, sometimes tardily s'plitting ; nut laterally flattened, 4-celled at 
the base. In dry soil, S. Va. to Tenn., Ga. and Ala. April-May. {//. villosa 
pallida Ashe.) 

9. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Small-fruited Hickory. (I. F. f. 
1 157.) A forest tree, the older bark separating in narrow plates, the foliage gla- 
brous. Bud-scales 6-8; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate at the 
apex, 9-13 cm. long ; staminate aments glabrous; middle lobe of the staminate 
calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or globose- 
oblong, less than 2.5 cm. long, the husk thin, tardily and incompletely splitting to 
■the base; nut subglobose, slightly compressed, thin-shelled, pointed ; seed sweet. In 
rich woods, Mass. to Mich., Va., 111. and Mo. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 

10. Hicoria borealis Ashe. Northern Hickory. (I. F. f. 1156b.) A 
small tree, with rough furrowed bark when young, becoming shaggy in narrow 
strips with age. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner bright- colored and seri- 
ceous; terminal bud ovoid-lanceolate; twigs slender, glabrous, bright brownish 
red; middle lobe of staminate calyx much prolonged; young leaves blackening in 
drying, ciliate, with few resinous globules on lower surface; leaflets 5, occasionally 
3, lanceolate, the upper 9-15 cm. long; fruit ovoid, much flattened, 1.5 cm. long 
or more; husk very thin, rugose, coriaceous, usually not splitting; shell thin and 
elastic; seed large, sweet and edible. A small tree of dry uplands, growing with 
oaks and H. microcarpa. Mich., Detroit river. Probably also in S. Ont. 

11. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut Hickory. (I. F. f. 1158.) 
A tree, the bark close, rough; foliage glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Bud- 
scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner ones enlarging; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at the apex, mostly 
narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long, in young plants much larger; staminate 
aments glabrous, peduncled in 3's; lobes of the staminate calyx about equal in 
length, the middle one narrower; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong, 3.5-5 cm. long; 
husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut brown, angled, pointed, very 
thick-shelled; seed astringent and bitter, not edible. In dry or moist woods. Me. 
to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 

Hicoria glabra hirsiita Ashe. Similar to type, but leaves larg;er, pubescent beneath, 
thinner, generally destitute of resinous globules on the lower surface; fruit larger. Va. 
toGa. 

12. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy Hickory. Woolly Pig-nut. 
(I. F. f. 1156a.) A small or medium sized tree, with deeply furrowed dark gray 
bark. Buds of 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer usually thickly dt^tted with resinous 
globules; lateral buds mostly short-stiped; staminate aments pubescent, and gland 
and scurf covered ; twigs usually glabrous, bright parple-brown; petiole pubescent; 
leaflets 5-9, at first thickly covered beneath with silvery peltate glands, mixed with 
resinous globules, generally pubescent; fruit about 2.5 cm. long, obovoid. the husk 
partly splitting; nut brown, thick-shelled, angled; seed small, but sweet. Mo. 



326 FLORA. 



Order 8. FAGALES. 

Trees or shrubs, with small monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers 
in aments, or the pistillate ones subtended by an involucre, which be- 
comes a bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla none. 
Endosperm none. 

Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. i. Betulaceae. 

Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit. 

Fam. 2. Fagaceae. 

Family i. BETULACEAE Agardh. 

Birch Funnily. 

Monoecious or rarely dioecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled 
simple leaves, and small flowers in aments. Stipules mostly fugacious. 
Staminate aments pendulous. Staminate flowers 1-3 together in the axil 
of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or none, and 
2-10 stamens inserted on the receptacle, their filaments distinct, their 
anthers 2-celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the 
forks of the 2-cleft filaments. Pistillate aments spike-like pr capitate. 
Pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the solitary 1-2-celled 
ovary ; style 2-cleft or 2-divided ; ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary, 
anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a small, mostly i-celled and i-seeded nut 
or samara. Testa membranous. Endosperm none. Cotyledons fleshy. 
Radicle short. Six genera and about 75 species, mostly natives of the 
northern hemisphere. 

Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract,'destitute of a calyx ; pistillate flowers 
with a calyx. 

Staminate flowers with no bractlets ; pistillate aments spike-like ; nut small, sub- 
tended by or enclosed in a large bractlet. 

Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised. i. Carpinus. 

Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous. 2. Ostrya. 

Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets ; pistillate flowers 2-4,'capitate ; nut large, enclosed 
by a leafy involucre. 3. Corylus. 

Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx ; pistillate flowers 
without a calyx. 

Stamens 2 ; filaments 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac ; fruiting bracts 3-lobed 

or entire, deciduous. 4. Betula. 

Stamens 4 ; anther-sacs adnate; fruiting bracts woody, erose or 5-toothed, persistent. 

5. Alnus. 

I. CARPINUS L. 

Trees or shrubs, with smooth gray bark, furrowed and ridged stems, and 
straight-veined leaves, the primary veins terminating in the larger teeth. Aments 
expanding before the leaves. Staminate aments linear-cylindric, sessile at the 
ends of short lateral iSranches of the preceding season, their flowers consisting of 
3-12 stamens; filaments short, 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate 
flowers in small terminal aments, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovary 
adnate to a calyx and subtended by a flat persistent bractlet, which becomes 
much enlarged, foliaceous and lobed or incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; stigmas 
2, subulate. Nut small, ovoid, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The 
ancient name.] About 12 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the 
following American. 

1. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue Beech. 
Water Beech. (I. F. f. 1207.) A small tree, with slender terete gray twigs. 
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, rounded or 
subcordate at the base, somewhat inequilateral, 0.6-1 dm. long, slightly pubes- 
cent on the veins beneath; petioles very slender; staminate aments 2-3 cm. long, 
their bracts triangular-ovate, puberulent; bractlet of the pistillate flowers 3-lobed 



BETVLACEAE. 3^7 

at the base, strongly veined and about 2.5 cm. long when mature, its middle lobe 
lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as the lateral ones, incised-dentate on one side, often 
nearly entire on the other ; nut 4 mm. long. In moist woods and along streams, 
N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 

2. OSTRYA Scop. 

Trees similar to the Hornbeams, the aments expanding with or before the leaves. 
Staminate aments sessile at the ends of branchlets of the preceding season; fila- 
ments 2 -cleft. Pistillate aments small, terminal, erect, the flowers 2 to each bract, 
subtended by a tubular, persistent bractlet which enlarges into a nerved, bladder- 
like sac in fruit. Style slender; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut ovoid-oblong, com- 
pressed, smooth, sessile in the base of the inflated sac. Mature pistillate ament 
hop-like. [The ancient name.] Four species, the following, I in the Southwest, i 
in Europe and Asia, i Japanese. 

I. Ostrya Virginiana(Mill.) Willd. Hop-hornbeam. Iron-wood. (I. F. f. 
1208.) Bark scaly. Twigs pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
■the base rounded or inequilateral, sharply and doubly serrate, sparingly pubescent 
above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, 0.6-1 dm. long; petioles rarely more than 
4 mm. long; staminate aments 3-7.5 cm. long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acumi- 
nate; bractlet of each fertile flower forming a sac 12-16 mm. long in fruit, cuspi- 
date, pubescent, villous near and at the base with bristly hairs, finely reticulated; 
nut 5 mm. long, shining; ripe fertile aments 4-7 cm. long. In dry woods. Cape 
Breton I. to Minn., Fla., Neb. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe July. -Aug. 

3. CORYLUS L. 

Shrubs or small trees, with broad thin serrulate or incised leaves. Staminate 
aments sessile at the ends of twigs of the previous season, expanding much before 
the leaves, the flowers with about 4 stamens and 2 bractlets; filaments 2-cleft or 2- 
divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Calyx 
none. Pistillate flowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of 
the season, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2 -celled ovary 
adnate to a calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas ; bractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, 
forming a leaf-like involucre to the nut. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony. [Name Greek, 
from the helmet-like involucre.] Species 7, in the northern hemisphere. Besides 
the following, another occurs in California. 

Involucre of 2 broad laciniate bractlets. i. C. A?nericana. 

Involucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostrata. 

1. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. (I. F. f. 1209.) A shrub, 0.8- 
2.5 m. tall, the young shoots russet-brown, densely hispid-pubescent with pinkish 
hairs. Leaves ovate or broadly oval, acute or acuminate, serrulate all aroufid, cor- 
date or obtuse at the base, finely tomentose beneath, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; petioles 4-8 
mm. long; staminate aments mostly solitary, 7-10 cm. long; involucre of the nut 
compressed, the 2 finely pubescent' leaf-like bractlets laciniate on their margins, 
commonly broader than high; nut compressed, light brown, striate, 1-1.5 cm. high. 
In thickets, Me. and Ont. to Man., Fla. and Kans. March-April. Nuts rijic July- 
Aug. 

2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. (I. F. f. 12 10.) A shrub, 
similar to the preceding. Leaves ovate or narrowly oval, incised-serrate and serru- 
late, glabrous, or with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly pubescent 
at least on the veins beneath; 2-6 cm. wide ; involucral bractlets bristly-hairy, united 
to the summit and prolonged into a tubular beak about twice the length of the nut, 
laciniate at the summit; not ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate. In thickets, N. S. 
to Br. Col., Ga., Tenn., Kans. and Ore. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

4. BETULA L. 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with dentate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and flowers 
of both kinds in aments expanding before or with the leaves. Staminate flowers 
consisting of a membranous, usually 4-toothed perianth. 2 stamens, and subtended 
by 2 bractlets; filaments short, deeply 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. 
Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 (rarely i) in the axil of each bract, tlie bracts deciduous 



328 FLORA. 

with the fruits; perianth none; ovary sessile, 2-celled; styles 2, stigmatic at the 
apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed, membranous-winged on each side 
(a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.] About 35 species, 
natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 

* Trees. 

Fruiting- aments peduncled ; bark chalky-white. 

Leaves deltoid, acuminate ; lateral lobes of fruiting bracts^short, divergent. 

1. B. populifolia. 
Leaves ovate or suborbicular : lateral lobes of the fruiting bracts ascending. 

2. B. papyrifera. 
Fruiting aments peduncled ; bark greenish-brown or brown. 

Western ; leaves ovate, often obtuse at the base. 3. B. occidentalis. 

Eastern ; leaves rhombic, acute at both ends. 4, B. fit'gra. 

Fruiting aments sessile, at the ends of short branches ; bark brown or yellowish. 
Fruiting bracts 4 mm. long, lobed at the apex ; leaves shining above. 

5. B. lenta. 
Fruiting bracts 8 mm. long, lobed to about the middle ; leaves dull above. 

6. B. lutea. 
^ Shrubs. 

Twigs glandular- warty ; leaves glabrous. 7. B. glandulosa. 

Twigs not glandular-warty, glabrous or pubescent. 

Leaves glabrous ; upper fruiting bracts mostly entire. 8. B. nana. 

Young foliage densely pubescent ; bracts 3-lobed. 9. B. pumila. 

1. Betula populifolia Marsh. American White Birch. (I. F. f. 1211.) A 

slender tree, with white smooth bark, tardily separating in thin sheets ; twigs russet, 
warty. Leaves deltoid, pubescent on the veins when young, nearly glabrous when 
old, minutely glandular, long-acuminate, sharply dentate and commonly somewhat 
lobed, obtuse or trvmcate at the base, 3-6 cm. long, slender-petioled; staminate 
aments 5-8 cm. long; pistillate aments cylindric, in fruit 1.5-3.6 cm. long, slender- 
peduncled; fruiting bracts puberulent, 2-4 mm. long, their lateral lobes larger than 
the middle one; nut narrower than its wings. In moist or dry soil, N. B. to S. 
Ont. and Del. Leaves tremulous like those of the Aspens. May. 

2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch. (L F. f. 12 12.) A 
large forest tree. Bark chalky white, peeling in thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute 
or acuminate, dentate and denticulate, glabrous above, glandular and pubescent 
on the veins beneath, slender-petioled, 3-11 cm. long; petioles 1-3 dm. long; stam- 
inate aments 5-10 cm. long; pistillate aments cylindric, slender-peduncled, 2-5 
cm. long; fruiting bracts 4-6 mm. long, puberulent or ciliate; nut narrower than 
its wings. Newf. to Alaska, Penn., Mich., Neb. and Wash. April-May. 

Betula papyrifera minor Tuckerm. A low bushy form, occurring on the higher 
mountains of N. E. and N. N. Y. 

3. Betula occidentalis Hook. Western Red Birch. (I. F. f. 12 13.) A 
tree, the bark smooth, dark bronze, the twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly 
ovate or nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides 
or sparingly pubescent beneath, 2-5 cm. long; pistillate aments peduncled, cylin- 
dric, 2-3 cm. long, about i cm. in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts ciliolate, about 
6 mm. long, their lateral lobes ascending; nut much narrower than its wings. 
W. Neb. to Br. Col., Cal. and N. Mex. April-May. 

4. Betula nigra L. River Birch. Red Birch. (I. F. f. 1214.) A slen- 
der tree; bark reddish or greenish-brown, peeling in very thin layers; twigs red- 
dish. Young shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves tomentose; leaves 
rhombic-ovate, irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cimeate. when mature 
dark green above, pale beneath, 3-8 cm. long; petioles 6-16 mm. long; staminate 
aments mostly clustered in 2's or 3's, 6-9 cm. long; pistillate aments oblong - 
cylindric, spreading, peduncled, 2-5 cm. long. 10-12 mm. in diameter in fruit; 
fruiting bracts tomentose, about equally 3-lobed; nut broadly obovate, wider than 
its wings. Along streams and lakes, Mass. and N. H. to Iowa, Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
April-May. 

5. Betula lenta L. Cherry, Black or Sweet Birch. (I. F. f. 1215.) 
A large forest tree, with dark, brown close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not 



BE T ULA CEA E. 329 

separating in layers; twigs smooth, warty; young leaves silky. Mature leaves 
ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, the base cordate or rounded, sharply 
serrulate, bright green, and shining above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 6-10 
cm. long; petioles 6-12 mm. long; staminate aments clustered, 6-10 cm. long; 
pistillate aments sessile, dense, oblong, about 2.5 cm. long in fruit, nearly erect; 
bracts appressed, about 4 mm. long, nearly equally 3-lobed, the lateral lobes some- 
what divergent; nut oblong, broader than its wings. Newf. to Ont., Fla. and 
Tenn. April-May. 

6. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. (I. F. f. 12 16.) 
A large forest tree, similar to the preceding, the bark yellowish or gray, sepa- 
rating in thin layers or close, the twigs gray-brown. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
mostly acuminate at the apex, rounded, obtuse or rarely subcordate at the base, 
sharply serrulate, dark green and dull above, pubescent on the veins beneath; 
staminate aments usually 2-4 together ; pistillate aments sessile, oblong or oblong- 
cylindric, rather loose; bracts nearly equally 3-lobed to the middle, ciliolate, the 
lateral lobes ascending. Newf. to Manitoba, N. Car., Ga. and Tenn. April-May. 

7. Betula glandulosa Michx. Glandular or Scrub Birch. (I. F. f. 
1217.) A shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the twigs brown, glandular-warty, not pubescent. 
Leaves orbicular, oval or obovate, glabrous, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, 
bright green above, pale and glandular-dotted beneath, short-petioled, 0.6-2.5 c^- 
long; petioles 2-6 mm. long; staminate aments commonly solitary, 1-1.5 cm. long; 
pistillate aments cylindric, erect, peduncled, I-2.5 cm. long and about 4 mm. in 
diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts glabrous, the lateral lobes divergent, rather 
shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, usually narrower than its wings. Newf. 
to Alaska, the higher mountains of Me. and N. N. Y., Mich., Minn., and in the 
Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in Asia. June-July. 

8. Betula nana L. Dwarf Birch. (I. F. f. 12 18.) A low diffuse shrub, 
similar to the preceding, but the twigs glandless. Leaves orbicular, obovate, or 
reniform, bright green, firm, deeply and incisely crenulate, rounded at the apex, 
6-20 mm. long; petioles rarely more than 2 mm. long; staminate aments 1-2.5 
cm. long; pistillate aments oblong, 6-10 mm. long; fruiting bracts glabrous, the 
lower usually 3-lobed, the upper ovate or lanceolate, mostly entire; nut oblong, 
wingless or narrowly winged. Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. May-June. 

Betula nana flabellifblia Hook. Leaves with a'cuneate base and more deeply 
incised-crenulate. Lab. and Newf. 

9. Betula pumila L. Low Birch. (I. F. f. 12 19.) A bog shrub, 0.5-5 "^' 
tall, the twigs brown, becoming glabrous, the young foliage densely brownish 
tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or 
some of them cuneate -narrowed at the base, rather coarsely dentate, when mature 
glabrous above, pale, persistently tomentose or becoming glabrous beneath and 
reticulate-veined, 1-3 cm. long; petioles 3-6 mm. long; fruiting aments oblong- 
cylindric, erect, peduncled, 2.5 cm. long or less; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the 
lateral lobes spreading at right angles, shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, 
mostly rather broader than its wings. Newf. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., N. J., Ohio 
and Minn. May-June. 

5. ALNUS Gaertn. 

Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled buds, and ilowcrs 
of both kinds in aments, expanding before, with or after the leaves, making their 
first appearance during the preceding season, the staminate pendulous, the pistil- 
late erect, clustered. Staminate flowers 3 or sometimes 6 in the axil of each bract, 
consisting of a mostly 4-parted perianth, 4 stamens and subtendcil by I or 2 bract- 
lets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs adnatc. Pistillate flowers 2-3 in the axil 
of each bract, without a perianth, but subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary 
sessile, 2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5-toothed or erose. Nut small, 
compressed. [Ancient Latin name derived from the Celtic, in allusion to the 
growth of these trees along streams.] About 14 species, natives of the northern 
hemisphere and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
in the western parts of N. Am. 



330 FLORA. 

Nut bordered by a membranous wing on each side. i. A. Alnobetula. 

Nut acute-margined, wingless. 

Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; aments expanding long before 
the leaves. 

Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. 2. A. incana. 

Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. 
, Leaves finely serrulate; foliage not glutinous; native. 3. A. rugosa. 

Leaves dentate-serrate; twigs glutinous; introduced tree. 4. A. glutinosa. 
Leaves oblong, bright green and shining above; aments expanding in autumn. 

5. A. maritima, 

1. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Green or Mountain Alder. 
(I. F. f. 1220.) A shrub, 0.5-3.5 m. high, the young foliage glutinous and more 
or less pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, sharply and irregularly serrulate or 
incised-serrulate, when mature dark green and glabrous above, usually pubescent 
on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; petioles 8-25 mm. long; aments expanding 
with the leaves, the staminate slender, naked, 3-6 cm. long, the pistillate from 
scaly buds, oblong or ovoid-oblong, slender-peduncled, becoming 12-14 inn^- loi^g 
in fruit, their bracts irregularly 5 -toothed; nut oblong, the thin wing about as 
broad as the body. Newf. to Alaska, Mass., N. Y., Mich, and Br. Col., and in 
the higher Alleghanies of Va. and N. Car. Also in Europe and Asia. June. 

2. Alnus incana (L.)Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. (L F. f. 1221.) 
A shrub, or rarely a small tree, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, 
usually acute, finely serrulate or dentate, dark green above, pale or glaucous and 
pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, the veins prominent on the 
lower surface; petioles 8-25 mm. long; aments appearing from naked buds, the 
staminate 3-8 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long in fruit, their bracts 
5-toothed; nut orbicular, coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, Newf., N. W. Terr., 
S. N. Y., Penn. and IS'eb. Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 

3. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch. Smooth Alder. (I. F. f. 1222.) A 
shrub, or sometimes a small tree, the bark smooth, the younger shoots somewhat 
pubescent. Leaves green on both sides, obovate or oval, mostly obtuse and 
rounded, sharply and minutely serrulate, when mature glabrous above, usually 
pubescent on the veins beneath, 7-13 cm. long; aments appearing from naked 
buds, the staminate 5-10 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid, 1-2 cm. long in fruit; nut 
ovate, narrowly coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, or on hillsides, Me. to Ohio, 
Minn., Fla. and Tex. March-April. 

4. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Medic. European Alder. (I. F. f. 1223.) A tree, 
the bark smooth, the foliage glutinous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicular or obovate, 
thick, dark green, dull, often obtuse at both ends, dentate and the teeth denticulate, 
glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; aments, the stam- 
inate 7-10 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid-oblong, 1-2 cm. long in fruit; nut wing- 
less, coriaceous-margined. In wet places, S. N. Y. and N. J., escaped from cultiva- 
tion. Native of Europe. April. 

5. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside Alder. (I. F. f. 1224.) A 
small tree, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or ob- 
ovate, firm, acute at both ends, bright green and shining above, pale green and dull 
beneath, sharply serrulate, 5-10 cm. long; aments unfolding long after the leaves, 
the staminate 2.5-6 cm. long, the pistillate oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; nut oblong- 
obovate, wingless, coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, S. Del. and E. Md. ; also in 
the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 

Family 2. FAGACEAE Drude. 

Beech Faintly. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined, the 
stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious, the staminate in 
aments, or capitate, the pistillate subtended by an involucre of partly or 
wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Stam- 
inate flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens ; filaments 
slender, distinct, simple ; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. 



FAGACEAE. 331 

Pistillate flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate 
to the 3-7-celled ovary; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, only i in each ovary 
ripening, pendulous, anatropous ; styles as many as the cavities of the 
ovary, linear. Fruit a i -seeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony 
exocarp. Testa thin. Endosperm none ; cotyledons large, fleshy, often 
rugose ; radicle short. About 5 genera and 375 species, of very wide geo- 
graphic distribution. 

Staminate flowers capitate ; nut sharply triangular. i. Fagus. 

Staminate flowers in slender aments ; nut rounded or plano-convex. 

Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre ; involucre becoming globose and very prickly 

in fruit, enclosing the nuts. 2. Castanea. 

Pistillate flower i in each involucre ; involucre of numerous scales forming a cup in 

fruit and subtending the acorn. 3. Quercus, 

I. FAGUS L. 

Trees, with smooth light gray bark, and serrate straight-veined leaves. Flowers 
appearing with the leaves, the staminate in slender-peduncled pendulous heads, the 
pistillate about 2 together in short-peduncled subulate-bracted involucres in the 
upper axils. Staminate flowers yellowish-green, subtended by deciduous bracts, 
consisting of a campanulate 4-8-lobed calyx, and 8-16 stamens with filiform fila- 
ments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed perianth adnate to a 3 -celled ovary; 
ovules 2 in each cavity, usually i only of each ovary maturing; styles 3, filiform. 
Nut coriaceous, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name from the 
Greek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts.] About 4 species, natives of the north- 
ern hemisphere, only the following native in N. Am. 

I. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Beech. (I. F. f. 1225.) A large 
forest tree, the lower branches spreading. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 
acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, densely silky when young, glabrous or nearly so when 
'mature, green on both sides, not shining; petioles 4-12 mm. long; heads of stam- 
inate flowers 12-18 mm. in diameter, hanging on long peduncles; bur I-2 cm. high, 
densely tomentose, its soft pricklets recurved or spreading; nut brown; seed sweet. 
In rich soil, N. S. to Ont. and Wis., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Nut ripe Sept.- 
Oct. 

2. CASTANEA Adans. 

Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth sharply acumi- 
nate. Flowers appearing after the leaves, the staminate in narrowly cylindric 
interrupted axillary yellowish aments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts 
fugacious, the pistillate in prickly involucres at the bases of the staminate aments 
or in separate axils. Staminate flowers 2-bracteolate, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed 
campanulate perianth and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive 
ovary; filaments filiform, long-exserted. Pistillate flowers 2-5 (commonly 3) in 
each involucre, consisting of an urn-shaped 6-lobed perianth adnate to the mostly 
6-celled ovary, and usually with 4-12 abortive stamens; ovules 2 in each cavit3% i 
ovule only of each ovary usually maturing ; styles as many as the cavities of the 
ovary, slender, exserted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre enlarging and becom- 
ing a globose mostly 4-valved very prickly bur in fruit, enclosing i-several nuts. 
Nut rounded or plano-convex, i -seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. 
Style mostly persistent. [Name Greek, from a city in Thessaly.] Four or five 
species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs 
in the southeastern United States. 

Leaves green on both sides ; nuts usually 2-5 in each involucre ; large tree. 

I. C. dentata. 
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; nut usually solitary; shrub or small tree. 

3. C. puffiihi. 

I. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Ciiestni' r. (I. F. f. 
1226.) A large tree, with gray bark rough in longitudinal plates. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, glabrous, firm, acuminate, coarsely sorralo. with very sharp-pointed 
ascending teeth, rather dark green above, lighter beneath, 1-3 dm. long, petioles 
stout, 1-2.5 c^' long; staminate aments erect, numerous, 1.5-3 "-hn. long, S-10 mm. 



332 FLORA. 

in diameter; burs 3-10 cm. in diameter, enclosing I-5 nuts; nuts puberulent, 
dark brown, plano-convex or angled on. the face, or when solitary ovoid. In rich 
soil, Me. and Ont. to Mich., Ga. and Ala. Involucre sometimes suppressed and 
the nuts naked. June-July. Nuts ripe Sept. -Oct. 

2. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. (I. F. f. 1227.) A shrub or 
small tree, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 
sharply serrate with ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous above, 
densely white-tomentulose beneath, 0.7—1.5 dm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; staminate 
aments erect or somewhat spreading, 7-12 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter; burs 
3 cm. in diameter or less, commonly spicate, enclosing a solitary ovoid brown nut 
(rarely 2); seed very sweet. In dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ind., Fla. and Tex. 
June. Nuts ripe Sept. 

3. QUERCUS L. 

Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed, dentate, crenate or entire leaves, decidu- 
ous, or in some species persistent. Flowers very small, green or yellowish, 
appearing with or before the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender, mostly 
drooping aments, the pistillate solitary in many-bracted involucres. Staminate 
flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate 
perianth and 6-12 stamens with filiform filaments, sometimes also with an abortive 
pilose ovary. Pistillate flowers with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a 
mostly 3-celled ovary ; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than I in 
each ovary maturing; st>des as many as the ovary-cavities, short. Fruit consisting 
of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending 
or nearly enclosing the ovoid, oblong or subglobose, i-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn). 
[The ancient Latin name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying '-beautiful 
tree."] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the 
following, some 30 others occur in the western and southern sections of N. Am. 

* Leaves or Iheir lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous ; acorns maturing in autumn of 

secofid year. 

t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 

Leaves green on both sides. 

Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped, much broader than high. 

Cup 16-25 mm. broad; acorn ovoid; leaves dull. i. Q. rubra. 

Cup 8-16 mm. broad; leaves shining. 

Acorn subglobose or short-ovoid; northern. 2. Q. palustris. 

Acorn ovoid; southern. 3. Q. Schneckii. 

Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric. 

Inner bark gray to reddish ; leaves deeplv lobed. 

Leaves shining both sides, lobed to near the midrib. 

Acorn ovoid; cup 15-25 mm. wide. 4. Q. coccinea. 

Acorn narrowly ellipsoid ; cup 10-15 mm. wide 5. Q. ellipsoidalis. 

Leaves dull and paler beneath ; acorn ovoid. . 6. Q. borealis. 

Inner bark orange. 7. Q. velutiiia. 

Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath. 

Large trees; leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long. 

Leaves rounded or obtuse at base, 3-5-lobed; lobes linear or lanceolate, often 

falcate. 8. Q. digit at a. 

Leaves cuneate and acute at base, 5-11-lobed; lobes triangular. 

9. Q. pagodaefolia. 
Shrub or low tree; leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short. 10. Q. nana. 

I I Leaves 3-5-lot)ed al)ove tie middle or entire, obovate or spatulate in outline. 

Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath. 11. Q. Marylandica. . 

Leaves spatulate, glabrous both sides. 12. Q. nigra. 

I I I Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong: (sometimes lobed in no. 14). 

Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. 13. Q. Phellos. 

Leaves oblong, glabrous, dark green and shining above. 14. Q. laurifoha. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, brown-tomentulose beneath. 15. Q. imbricaria. 



FAGACEAE, 333 

* * Leaves or their lobes not bristle-tipped, deciduous; acorns maturing in autumn 

of first year. 
+ Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous beneath ; cup shallow. 

i6. Q. alba. 
Mature leaves tomentulose beneath ; cup one-third to fully as long as the acorn. 
Upper scales of the cup not awned. 

Leaves yellowish-brown tomentulose beneath ; acorn ovoid. 

17. Q. minor. 
Leaves white-tomentulose beneath ; acorn depressed-globose. 

18. Q. lyrata. 
Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn. 19. Q. macrocarpa. 

1 1 Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 
Fruit peduncled. 

Peduncle much longer than petioles ; leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 

20. Q. platanoides. 
Peduncle equalling or shorter than the petioles ; leaves gray-tomentulose beneath. 
Bark white, flaky. 21, Q. Michauxii. 

Bark close. 22. Q, Prinus. 

Fruit sessile or nearly so. 
Tall trees. 

Leaves mostly oblong to lanceolate ; cup deep; bark close. 23. Q. acuminata. 
Leaves obovate ; cup shallow ; bark more or less flaky. 24. Q. Alexa?ideri. 

Shrub or low tree ; leaves oval or obovate. 25. Q. prifiotdes. 

* * * Leaves entire {rarely with a few bristle-tipped lobes)., evergreen. 

26. Q. Virginiana. 

1. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. (I. F. f. 1228.) A large forest tree, the 
bark dark gray, slightly roughened. Leaves oval or somewhat obovate, when 
mature glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, 1-2 dm. long, dull 
green above, paler beneath, sinuses rounded, lobes triangular-lanceolate, tapering 
from a broad base to an acuminate apex; styles spreading; cup saucer-shaped, its 
base flat or slightly convex, 16-25 ™"^- broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
appressed; acorn ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 times as long as the cup. N. S. to 
Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov. 

Quercus rubra runcin^ta A. DC. Leaf-lobes nearly entire; acorn 1.2 cm. high. 
Near St. Louis. Perhaps a hybrid with Q. digitata. 

2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Swamp Oak. Pin Oak. (L F. f. 1229.) A 
torest tree, the lower branches defiexed; bark brown, rough when old. Leaves 
broadly oblong or obovate, deeply pinnatifid, bright green, glabrous and shining 
above, duller, glabrous or with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, 0.7- 
1.3 dm. long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate, divergent; styles 
slender; cup saucer- shaped, 8-12 mm. broad, base flat, bracts triangular-ovate, 
appressed; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 8-14. mm. high, often striate, 2-3 times as 
long as the cup. In moist ground, Mass. to Wis., Del. and Ark. May-June. 
Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 

3. Quercus Schneckii Britton. Schneck's Red Oak. (I. F. f. 1230.) A 
forest tree, similar to the preceding species. Bark reddish-brown, with broad 
ridges broken into plates ; leaves mostly obovate, bright green and shining above, 
paler and with tufts of wool in the axils beneath, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, truncate or 
broadly wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 5-9 oblong or triangular 
lobes; styles short ; cup saucer-shaped, 10-16 mm. broad, its scales appressed ; 
acorn ovoid, 1-2.5 C"^- '^o'^g> 2-3 times as high as the cup. Ohio and S. Ind. to 
Iowa, Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. ((}. Te.xana 
Sargent, in part, not Buckley.) 

4. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. (I. F. f. 123 1; acorns.) A forest 
tree, inner bark pale reddish or gray ; foliage turning scarlet in autumn. Leaves 
deeply pinnatifid, glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, 1-2 
dm. long, rather thin, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, divergent or ascending, few- 
toothed ; styles slender, recurved-spreading ; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, its 
bracts triangular-lanceolate, mostly glabrous ; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, alxnit 
twice as long as the cup. In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. Mav- 
June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 



334 FLORA. 

5. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Hill's Oak. A tall tree, tke lowest 
branches drooping, the bark close, fissured, gray, the innermost layer yellowish. 
Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular in outline, when mature 6-15 cm. long, deeply 
5-7-lobed. the sinuses rounded, shining above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, the 
base broadly ctmeate to truncate ; petioles 2.5-5 cm. long ; styles spreading or re- 
curved, flattish ; cup turbinate, short-peduncled, its bracts pubescent, appressed ; 
acorn ellipsoid to subglobose. I-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, 1-2 times as long as 
the cup. 111.. Mich, and Minn. 

6. Quercus borealis Michx. f. Gray Oak. A large tree, the leaves 
similar to those of Q. ruh'a^ the acorns similar to those of Q. cocdnea. Leaves 
7-13-lobed to the middle or somewhat beyond, rather lustrous and deep 
green above, dull and paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath; cup turbinate, 
peduncled. its bracts appressed ; acorn ovoid, 1-2 times as long as the cup, about 
2.5 cm. lone- Quebec to Ont.. X. Y. and Penn. {Q. ambigua Michx. f., not 
H. i B.) 

7. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. (L F. f. 1232.) 
A large forest tree similar to Q. coccinea ; outer bark very dark brown, rough in 
ridges, the inner bright orange. Leaves sometimes lobed to beyond the middle, 
firm, bro-mi-pubescent or sometimes stellate-pubescent when young, when mature 
glabrous and dark dull green abjve. pale green and usually pubescent on the veins 
beneath, and with tufts of wool in the axils, the broad oblong or triangular-lan- 
ceolate lobes and their teeth bristle-tipped ; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, 
commonly narrowed into a short stalk, its bracts mostly pubescent, the upper 
somewhat squarrose : acorn ovoid, 1-2.5 cm. high, more or less longer than the 
cup. Me. to Ont.. Minn., Fla., Neb. and Tex. May-June. 

8. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. (L F. f. 1233.) Leaves 
dark green and glabrous above, gray-tomentulose beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 
3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes, often falcate, acuminate ; terminal lobe commonly 
elongated ; styles slender ; cup saucer-shaped with a turbinate base, 10—14 mm. 
broad, its bracts ovate, obtuse, appressed ; acorn subglobose or depressed, about 
twice as high as the cup. Li dry soil. L. I. (?). X. J. to Fla.. Mo.. Neb. and Tex. 
May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 

9. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. A tree sometimes 32 m. high, the 
branches spreading, the bark dark gray, rough. Leaves oval to oblong in outline, 
cuneate to truncate at the base, 2—3 dm. long, deeply 5-11-lobed. persistently white- 
tomentulose beneath, dark green above, the lobes narrowly triangular, spreading 
or somewhat ascending, usually entire ; twigs tomentose ; petioles 3-6 cm. long; 
cup sessile, shallow, its bracts appressed ; acorn globose, about i cm. in diameter, 
about one-half enclosed in the cup. Li wet or moist soil. E. Va. and N. Car. to 
Ga.. Lid. and Mo. April-May. 

10. Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Bear or Shrub Oak. (I. F. f. 1234.) 
A shrub or rarely a small tree, often forming dense thickets ; bark gray, nearly 
smooth. Leaves mostly obovate. 5-13 cm. long, short-petioled, dark green and 
glabrous above, grayish-white tomentulose beneath, 3— 7-lobed ; lobes triangular- 
ovate, acute; stsdes rectirved; cup saucer-shaped. 8-12 mm. broad, with a turbinate 
or rounded base, its bracts lanceolate, appressed ; acorn globose-ovoid, longer than 
the cup. In sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Ohio. Del. . and the mountains of N. C. and 
Ky. May. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov. A hybrid of this, presumably with Q. cocci- 
nea, was found by Dr. Robbir.s of L'xbridge, Mass. 

11. Quercus Marylandica Muench. Black-Jack or Barren-Oak. (I. F. 
f. 1235.) Bark nearly black, very rough in ridges. Leaves obovate, stellate- 
pubescent above and brown-tomentose beneath when young, 3-5 -lobed toward the 
broad usually nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short ; mature leaves 
dark green, glabrous above, paler and more or less floccose beneath, 0.7-1.7 dm. 
long, st\-les recurved ; cup deep. 10-16 mm. broad, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
appressed. pubescent : acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. In dry soil, 
L, I. to Ohio, Neb.. Fla. and Tex. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 

Quercus Riidkini Britton, a hvbrid of this with Q. Phellos, occurs from Staten I. to 
N. Car. 

Quercus Brittoni W. T. Davis is a hybrid with Q. nana. Staten I. 



FAG ACE AE. 335 

12. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. (I. F. f. 1236.) Bark gray, rough in 
ridges. Leaves spatulate or obovate, 1-3-lobed at the apex, or some of them entire 
and rounded, coriaceous, short-petioled, rather bright green and shining, finely 
reticulate-veined, glabrous when mature except tufts of hairs in the axils of the 
veins beneath, 3-8 cm. long, the lobes low, usually obtuse and bristle-tipped; styles 
recurved; cup saucer-shaped with a rounded base, 10-14 mm. broad, its bracts 
appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. Along streams and 
swamps or sonietimes on the upland, Del. to Ky. , Mo. , Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 

13. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak. (I. F. f. 1237.) A tree, with 
slightly roughened reddish brown bark. Leaves narrowly oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, very short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous 
or very slightly pubescent in the axils of tjtie veins beneath when mature, 5-10 cm. 
long, 8-25 mm. wide ; styles slender, recurved-spreading; cup saucer-shaped, 
nearly flat on the base, 8-12 mm. broad; acorn subglobose, 8-12 mm. high. In 
moist woods, L. I. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 

Quercus heterophylla Michx., the Bartram Oak, probably a hybrid of Q. Phellos 
with Q. rtibj-a, but perhaps a distinct species, intermediate in leaf and fruit characters 
between the two, occurs from Staten Island to N. Car. and in Mo. Q. Phellos hybrid- 
izes also with Q. nana. 

14. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak. (L F. f. 1238.) Bark 
nearly black, with flat ridges. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, often somewhat 
falcate, green and shining above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 0.3-1.5 
cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, entire, or those of young shoots undulate-lobed, the 
apex bristle-tipped; styles rather short, recurving; cup saucer-shaped, 8-12 mm. 
wide, its base somewhat rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, appressed; acorn 3-4 
times as long as the cup. Along streams and swamps, Va. to Fla. and La., mostly 
near the coast. 

15. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. (I. F. f. 1239.) A forest 
tree. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, acute at both ends, short- 
petioled, bristle- tipped, dark green above, persistently gray-tomentulose beneath, 
0.7-1.7 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; styles recurved; cup hemispheric or turbinate, 
10-14 mm. broad, its bracts appressed; acorn subglobose, 10-14 mm. high. Cen- 
tral Perm, to Mich., Neb., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 

Quercus Lekna Nutt. is a hybrid of this and Q. veluttna, with intermediate char- 
acters. Ohio to Mo. and D. C. 

Quercus tridentkta Engelm, is a hybrid with Q. Marylandica. 111. and Penn. 
Also hybridizes with Q. palustris and Q. rubra in Mo. 

16. Quercus alba L. White Oak. (I. F. f. 1240.) A large forest tree, with 
light gray bark scaling off in thin plates. Leaves obovate, green above, pale and 
more or less glaucous beneath, pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when old, 
thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse-toothed or entire lobes, I-2 dm. long; styles 
short, erect; fruit peduncled; cup depressed-hemispheric, 1.4-2 cm. broad, its 
bracts thick, warty, obtuse, woolly or at length glabrate, appressed; acorn ovoid- 
oblong, 2.5 cm. high or less, 3-4 times as high as the cup. Me. to Ont., Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 

Hybrids with Q. macrocarpa have been observed in III., with Q. minor, from III. to 
Va. and S. Car., with Q. Prmus, near Washington, D. C, and N. Y., and with Q. acu- 
minata in Mo. 

17. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Post or Iron Oak. (L F. f. 1241.) 
A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a shrub. Leaves broadly olxn'ate, 
deeply lyrate-pinnatitid into 3-7 broad rounded often deeply undulate or toothed 
lobes, when mature firm, glabrous, dark green and shining above, brown-tomontu- 
lose beneath, 1-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 dm. wide or smaller; petioles stout; fruit nearly 
or quite sessile; styles short; cup hemispheric. 12-16 mm. broad, base narrowed, 
its bracts lanceolate, subacute, slightly squarrose; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, 2-3 times 
as long as the cup. \\\ dry soil, Mass. to S. N. Y., Mich., Fla. and Tex. May- 
Jime. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 



33^ FLORA. 

18. Quercus lyrata Walt. Swamp, Overcup or Post Oak. (I. F. f. 1242.) 

A large tree; bark gray or reddish, in thin plates. Leaves obovate, 1.5-2 dm. 
long, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, thin, when mature bright 
green and shining above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, the lobes entire or 
toothed, the upper pair the larger and usually divergent; frmt peduncled; styles 
short, cup depressed-globose, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, its bracts broad, thin, cus- 
pidate; acorn depressed- globose, nearly or quite immersed in the cup. In swamps 
or along streams, N. J. to Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 

19. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup or Bur Oak. (I. F. f. 1243.) 
A large tree, with gray flaky bark. Leaves obovate or oblong -obovate, rather 
thin, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or some coarsely crenate; when mature bright 
green, and shining above, grayish-white-tomentulose beneath, 1-2 dm. long, the 
lobes toothed or entire, rounded; fruit sh6rt- peduncled or sessile; styles short; cup 
hemispheric or subglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, its bracts floccose, thick, hard, 
ovate or lanceolate, the lower acute, the upper subulate-tipped, the tips forming a 
fringe around the acorn; acorn 1.5-3.5 cm. long, ovoid, I-2 times as high as the 
cup. In rich soil, N. S. to Manitoba, Mass., Penn., Kans. and Tex. .May-June. 
Hybridizes with Q. acufninata in Kans. and Mo. 

20. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak. (I. F. £ 
1244. ) A large tree, with flaky gray bark. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, 
coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, firm, when mature 
1-2 dm. long, dark green, dull and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose 
beneath ; peduncles 2-5 times as long as the petioles ; cup hemispheric, its bracts 
pubescent, lanceolate, appressed, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate; 
acorn oblong-ovoid, about 2.5 cm. high; cup about 1.2 cm. high; seed rather 
sweet. In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Ark. May-Jvme. 
Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 

21. Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak. Basket Oak. (I. F. f. 1245.) 
A large tree, with white flaky bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong, when ma- 
ture bright green, feebly shining above, pale and gray-tomentulose beneath, cre- 
nately toothed, 1-2 dm. long, the teeth often mucronulate; fruit short-peduncled or 
sessile; styles very short: cup depressed-hemispheric, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, its bracts 
thick, ovate or lanceolate, appressed; acorns ovoid, about 3 times as high as the 
cup. In moist soil, Del. to Ind., Mo., Ark., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Acorns 
ripe Sept. -Oct., sweet and edible. 

22. Quercus Prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. (I. F. f. 1246.) A large 
tree; bark brown, ridged, close or slightly flaky. Leaves coarsely crenate, oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate or obovate, when mature dark green, glabrous and feebly shining 
above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, 1.2-2 dm. long; petioles slender; peduncles 
equalling or shorter than the petioles; styles very short; cup hemispheric, 1-3 cm. 
broad, its bracts tomentose, triangular -ovate, acute or cuspidate, appressed; acorn 
ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup; seed edible, but not very sweet. In dry soil, 
Me. to Ont.. Ala. and Tenn. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 

23. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houda. Chestnut or Yellow Oak. 
(I. F. f. 1247.) A tree with gray close bark. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or some- 
times obovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely toothed, with acute teeth, when mature 
dark green and shining above, pale, gray-tomentulose and prominently veined 
beneath, 1-I.5 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide; fruit sessile or very short-peduncled; 
cup hemispheric, 1-1.6 cm. broad, its bracts floccose, ovate, thick, acute or cuspi- 
date, appressed; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, about twice as high as the cup. In 
dry soil, preferring limestone ridges, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Tex. May-June. 
Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov., edible. 

24. Quercus Alexander! Britton, n. sp. Alexander's Oak. (I. F, f. 
1245; leaves.) A tree similar to the preceding species, but the leaves broadest 
above the middle, obovate or oblong-obovate; cup cupulate, short-stalked or sessile, 
shallow; acorn ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, 2-3 times as high as the cup; bark, es- 
pecially that of old trees, flaky. Vt. to Mich., Ohio and Ind. Type specimens 
from Birmmgham, Mich. 

25. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. (I. F. f. 1248.) A 
shrub, 0.6-5 I"- tall, sometimes tree-like, the bark gray. Leaves obovate, coarsely 
toothed, when mature bright green and somewhat shining above, gray-tomentulose 



ULMACEAE. 337 

beneath, 6-13 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, mostly acute or short-acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed at the base, the teeth short, triangular ; petioles slender, 6-18 mm. long; 
fruit sessile ; cup hemispheric, thin, about 1. 2 cm. broad and one-half as high, its 
bracts floccose, triangular-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, appressed ; acorn ovoid, 
obtuse, 2-3 times as long as the cup; seed sweet. In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me. 
to Minn., Ala. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 

26. Quercus Virginiana Mill. Live Oak. (I. F. f. 1249.) A tree, with 
rough brown bark; often shrubby, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves evergreen, 
coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or with a few bristle- 
tipped teeth, bright green and glabrous above, pale green and puberulent or becom- 
ing glabrous beneath, 2-8 cm. long; petioles stout, 2-6 mm. long; fruit peduncled; 
cup nearly hemispheric, I-1.6 cm. broad, its bracts closely appressed, ovate or 
lanceolate ; acorn ovoid-oblong, about twice as high as the cup ; seed not edible. 
In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex., mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. 
March-April. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 



Order 9. URTICALES. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla, 
small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous ; ovary 
I -celled, superior. 

Fruit not an achene (except in Humulus and Cannabis of the Moraceae) : trees, shrubs 
or herbs ; ovule pendulous. 

Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. i. Ulmaceae. 

Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap ; or opposite-leaved herbs or herbaceous 
vines. Fam. 2. Moraceae. 

Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers ; ovule erect or ascending. 

Fam. 3. Urticaceae. 

Family I. ULMACEAE Mirbel. 
Elm Family. 
Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined 
stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoe- 
cious, dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary. 
Perianth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in 
our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them ; 
filaments straight ; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
i-celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior ; ovule solitary, pendulous, anat- 
ropous or amphitropous ; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or 
nut. Endosperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved ; 
cotyledons mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distrib- 
uted in temperate and tropical regions. 

Flowers borne in clusters on twigs of the preceding season ; fruit a samara or nut-like. 

Flowers expanding before the leaves; calyx 4-9-cleft; fruit a samara. i. Ulmus. 

Flowers expanding with the leaves; calyx 4-5-cleft ; fruit nut-like. 2. Planera, 

Flowers borne on twigs of the season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. 

3. Celtis. 

I I. ULMUS L. 

Trees, with 2 -ranked straight-veined inequilateral leaves. Flowers perfect or 
polygamous, fascicled or racemose, usually unfolding before the loaves, Ixirne 
axillary on the twigs of the preceding season. Calyx campanulate, 4-0 lobod, per- 
sistent, its lobes imbricated. Filaments erect, slentler. exserted. Ovary sessile or 
stalked, compressed. Styles 2. divergent, stigmatic along the inner margin. Fruit a 
l-seeded flat orbicular or oval samara, its membranous wings continuous all aroimd 
except at the apex, commonly as broad as or broader than the body. Embryo 
straight. [The ancient Latin name ot the elm; Celtic elm.\ About 18 species, 



33^ FLORA, 

natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
southern U. S. and one in ]Mex. 

Leaves smooth or slightly rough above; samara densely ciliate. 

None of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces glabrous. i. U. Americana. 

Some or all of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces pubescent. 

Leaves 5-13 cm. long; flowers racemose; northern. 2. U. 7-acemosa, 

Leaves 2-8 cm. long; flowers fascicled; southern. 3. U. alata. 

Leaves very rough above; samara not ciliate; twigs not corky-winged. 4. U.fulva. 

1. Ulmus Americana L. American White or Water Elm. (I. F. f. 1250.) 
A large tree, with gray flaky bark, and glabrous or sparingly pubescent twigs and 
buds, the branches terete. Leaves oval or obovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base 
obtuse or obtusish, and very inequilateral, sharply and usually doubly serrate, 
slightly rough above, 5-13 cm. long; flowers fascicled ; pedicels filiform, drooping, 
jointed ; calyx 7-9-lobed, oblique, its lobes oblong, rounded ; samara ovate-oval, 
reticulate- veined, 10-12 mm. long, its faces glabrous; styles strongly incurved. In 
moist soil, especially along streams, Newf. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. March-April. 

2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. (L F. f. 125 1.) A 
large tree, the young twigs puberulent; bud- scales ciliate and somewhat pubescent; 
branches, or some of them, winged by narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to 
those of the preceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above ; flowers racemose ; 
pedicels filiform, drooping, jointed ; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded ; samara oval, 
12-16 mm. long, its margins densely ciliate; persistent styles strongly incurved and 
overlapping. In rich soil, Quebec to Ont., Mich., K. J., Term, and Neb. April. 

Ulmus campestris L., from Europe, distinguished by its nearly or quite glabrous, 
not ciliate samaras, and wingless branches, rarely escapes from cultivation. 

3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. Wahoo. (I. F. f. 1252.) A small 

tree, the branches, or most of them, with corky wing-like ridges. Twigs and buds 
glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, 
doubly serrate, base obtuse, inequilateral and sometimes subcordate, rough ish above, 
pubescent beneath, at least on the veii:is, 2-8 cm. long; flowers fascicled; pedicels 
filiform; calyx-lobes obovate, roimded; samara oblong, 8-10 mm. long, pubescent 
on the faces; styles very slender. In dry or moist soil, S. Va. to Fla., 111., Ark. 
and Tex. March. 

4. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery, Red or Moose Elm. (I. F. f. 1253.) 
A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, twigs rough-pubescent; bud-scales densely 
brown-tomentose. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough with short papillae 
above, pubescent beneath, sharply doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse, 
inequilateral and commonly cordate at the base, 1-2 dm. long; flowers fascicled; 
pedicels 4-6 mm. long, spreading, jointed near the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
subacute, samara oval- orbicular, 12-18 mm. long, pubescent over the seed. In 
woods, on hills and along streams, Quebec to N. Dak., Fla. and Tex. March- 
April. 

2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. 

Trees, similar to the elms, the flowers monoecious or polygamous, unfolding 
with the leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twdgs of the preceding season, the 
pistillate or perfect ones in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5 -cleft, cam- 
panulate, persistent, the lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exserted. 
Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly compressed, i -celled. Stsdes 2, spreading, stigmatic 
along the inner side. Fruit coriaceous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the 
back, covered with short fleshy processes. Embryo straight. [Name in honor of 
Johann Jakob Planer, 1 743-1 789, Professor of Botany in Erfurt.] A monotypic 
genus of southeastern N. Am. 

I. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Planer-tree. Water Elm. 
(I. F. f. 1254.) A small tree, the foliage nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or cordate and usually somewhat 
inequilateral at the base, serrate, 3-4 mm. long; petioles 2-5 cm. long; stipules 
lanceolate, about as long as the petioles, deciduous; staminate flowers fascicled 
and somewhat racemose from scaly buds; perfect or pistillate flowers on short 



MORACEAE. 339 

branches; fruit 4-6 mm. long, about equalling its stalk, its soft processes i mm. 
long. In swamps, Mo. to Ind., Ky., N. Car., La. and Fla. April-May. 

3. CELTIS L. 
Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3-5- 
nerved leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious ?) flowers, borne in 
the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 
together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments erect, exserted. 
Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, recurved or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit 
an ovoid or globose drupe, with a row of bars at the base, the exocarp pulpy, the 
endocarp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used 
by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.] About 60 species, natives of temperate and 
tropical regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and 
southwestern parts of N. Am. 

Leaves sharply serrate, thin ; ripe drupe 8-10 mm. in diameter. 

Leaves smooth above. i. C. occidentalis. 

Leaves scabrous above. 2. C. crassifolia. 

Leaves entire or nearly so, thick ; drupe 4-6 mm. in diameter. 3. C. Mississippiensis. 

1. Celtis occidentalis L. American Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. (L F. f. 
1255.) A tree or shrub, the bark dark and rough, the twigs glabrous. Leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly thin, usually abruptly acuminate, 
inequilateral, pinnately veined, 0.3-1 dm. long, smooth above, pubescent or 
giabrate beneath; calyx-segments linear-oblong, deciduous; drupe globose and 
purple, or nearly black when mature, or orange, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry 
soil, Quebec to Manitoba, La., N. Car., Mo. and Kans. April-May. Fruit ripe 
Sept. Variable. 

2. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Hackberry. A tree or shrub, the young 
shoots puberulent. Leaves ovate, firm, inequilateral, acute or short-acuminate at 
the apex, often cordate at base, scabrous above and often so beneath, more or less 
pubescent, usually serrate quite to the tip, rarely entire, 3-12 cm. long; fruiting 
pedicels mostly about twice as long as the petioles or more, sometimes short; drupe 
purple, red or nearly black when mature, globose to oval, 8-10 mm. in diameter. 
N. Y. to S. Car., Ohio, 111., Mo. and Tenn. 

3. Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. (I. F. f. 1256.) 
A tree, similar to the two preceding, the bark light gray, rough and warty. Leaves 
lanceolate, firm, entire or with a few low sharp teeth, 3-nerved and prominently 
pinnately veined, glabrous, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilateral, 2-8 cm. 
long, drupe purple-black, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In dry soil, N. Car. to 111., Mo., 
Kans., Fla. and Tex. April. Fruit ripe July -Aug. 



Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl. 
Mulberry Family. 
Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, petioled stipulate 
leaves, and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or 
the pistillate flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4-5- 
parted. Petals none. Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, 
the stamens as many as the calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, 
spicate or cymose. Ovary superior, i-celled in our genera. Ovule soli- 
tary, pendulous, anatropous. Styles i or 2. About 55 genera and 925 
species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 

Trees or shrubs ; stipules fue;acious. 

Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked ; leaves dentate or lobed. i. Morus. 
Staminate flowers racemose or spiked ; pistillate capitate. 

Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft; leaves entire. 2. Toxv'Ion. 

Pistillate perianth 3-4-toothed ; leaves various. 3. Prousso'netia. 

Erect or twininj; herbs ; stipules persistent. 

Twininj^ vines; pistillate flowers in ament-like clusters. 4. Htnnulus. 

Erect herb; pistillate flowers spicate, 5. Cannabis] 



340 FLORA, 

I. MORUS L. 

Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3 -nerved 
leaves, fugacious stipules, the pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent aggregate 
fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, its segments somewhat imbri- 
cated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and exserted 
in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted persistent perianth, which becomes 
fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear spreading stigmas. Fruiting perianth 
enclosing the ripened ovary, the exocarp succulent, the endocarp crustaceous. 
Albumen scanty; embryo curved. [The ancient name of the mulberry; Celtic 
mor. ] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following 
trees, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 

lyeaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes 2-6 cm. long. i. M. rubra. 
Leaves smooth and glabrous, or very nearly so, on both sides; fruit nearly white; spikes 
1-1.5 cm. long. 2. M. alba, 

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. (I. F. f. 1257.) Bark brown and 
rough. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, or 
when young almost tomentose, acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate 
at the base, serrate-dentate or 3-7 -lobed, 7-13 cm. long ; staminate spikes droop- 
ing ; pistillate spikes spreading or pendulous in fruit, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 
slender-peduncled, dark purple-red, delicious. In rich soil, Vt. and Ont. to Mich., 
S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe in June. 

2. Moras alba L. White Mulberry. (I. F. f. 1258.) Bark light gray, 
rough, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate, thin, smooth, glabrous and some- 
what shining on both sides, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
truncate or cordate at the base, varying from serrate to variously lobed, 5-15 cm. 
long ; staminate spikes slender, drooping ; pistillate spikes oblong or subglobose, 
drooping, 6 mm. in diameter and white or pinkish when mature, not as succulent as 
those of the preceding. Sparingly escaped from cultivation. Me. and Ont. to Fla. 
Introduced from the Old World for feeding silkworms. May. Fruit ripeJuly-Aug. 

2. xdXYLON Raf. 

A tree, with milky sap, thick alternate petioled pinnately veined leaves, stout 
axillary spines, caducous stipules and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate 
racemose, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx, its seg- 
ments valvate, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and 
somewhat exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing 
the sessile ovary, and a filiform long-exserted style, the calices becoming fleshy 
and enlarged in fruit, densely aggregated into a large globular head. Endosperm 
none; embryo curved. [Greek, signifying bow- wood.] A monotypic genus of the 
south -central U. S. 

I. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. (I. F. f. 1259.) Foliage 
puberulent when young, glabrous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or 
ovate -oblong, glossy, entire, 7-15 cm. long, apex acuminate, base obtuse, truncate 
or subcordate; axillary spines sometimes 8 cm. long; staminate racemes 1-2.5 cm. 
long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; head of pistillate flowers peduncled, pendulous, 
ripening into a hard yellowish tubercled syncarp 5-15 cm. in diameter. In rich 
soil. Mo. and Kans. to Tex. Much planted for hedges and occasionally spontane- 
ous in the East. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 

3. BROUSSONETIA L'Her. 

Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, petioled. entire, serrate, or 3-5- 
lobed, 3-nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament- 
like spikes, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft peri- 
anth, 4 stamens, and a minute rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an 
ovoid or tubular perianth, a stalked ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit glob- 
ular, the drupes red, exserted beyond the persistent perianth. [In honor of Brous- 
r>onet, French naturalist.] About 4 species, natives of eastern Asia. 

I. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry. (L F. f. 1260.) 
Young shoots hirsute-tomentose. Leaves mostly ovate, thin, long-petioled, serrate, 



UR TIC A CEA E. 34 1 

often deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with a lobe on one side only, as in Sassafras, 
rarely 5-lobed, rough above, tomentose beneath, I-2 dm. long; spikes of staminate 
flowers peduncled; heads of pistillate flowers 1-2.5 cm. in diameter. Escaped 
from cultivation, N. Y. to Ga. and Mo. May-June. 

4. HUMULUS L. 

Herbaceous perennial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petioled palmately 
veined leaves, lanceolate membranous stipules, and dioecious axillary flowers, the 
staminate panicled, the pistillate in ament-like drooping clustered spikes. Stam- 
inate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the segments distinct and imbricated, and 5 
short erect stamens. Pistillate flowers in 2's in the axil of each bract of the ament. 
consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 filiform 
caducous stigmas. Fruiting aments cone-like, the persistent bracts subtending the 
compressed ovate achenes. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo spirally coiled. [Name 
said to be the diminutive of the Latin hunms, earth.] Two species, the following 
widely distributed through the north temperate zone, the other native of north- 
eastern Asia. 

I. Hamulus Lupulus L. Hop. (I. F. f. 1261.) A vine, often 8 m. long, 
very rough with stiff" reflexed hairs. Leaves orbicular or ovate in outline, slender- 
petioled, deeply 3-7 -cleft or some of the upper ones ovate, acute and merely ser- 
rate; stipules reflexed, acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; ripe pistillate clusters (hops) 
2.5-6 cm. long; fruiting bracts broadly ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly 
so, obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting calyx and achene strongly 
resinous-aromatic. In thickets and on river-banks, N. S. to Manitoba, N. Y., 
Penn., in the AUeghanies to Ga., to Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and 
N. Mex. Extensively escaped from cultivation. Native also of Europe and Asia. 
July-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 

5. CANNABIS L. 

A stout, rough and puberulent herb, with petioled digitately 5-11-divided thin 
leaves, subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate 
panicled, the pistillate spicate. Staminate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the 
sepals distinct and imbricated, and 5 short stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary in 
the axils of foliaceous bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clasping the sessile 
ovary, and 2 filiform caducous stigmas. Fruit a compressed achene. Endosperm 
fleshy; embryo curved. [The classic name of hemp.] A monotypic genus of 
central Asia. 

I. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp, (I. F. f. 1262.) Annual, branching, 1-3 m. 
tall, the inner fibrous bark very tough. Leaves divided to the base, the segments 
lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply and coarsely ser- 
rate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; staminate panicles narrow, loose, peduncled; pedicels 
filiform, bracteolate, 2-6 mm. long; pistillate spikes erect, leafy-bracted; achene 
crustaceous, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. high. In waste places, N. B, to Ont., 
Minn., N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. July-Sept. 

Family 3. URTICACEAE Reichenb. 

Nettle Faviily. 

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, 
mostly stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish di(i:cious. monoe- 
cious or polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, 
or of distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers 
as many as the lobes or segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite 
them, the filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the bud, straighten- 
ing at anthesis. Ovary superior, i-celled; style simple; ovule solitary, 
erect or ascending, orthotropous, or in some genera partly amphitro- 
pous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily, usually not copious ; embryo 
straight. About 40 genera and 475 species of wide geographic dis- 
tribution. 



342 FLORA. 

Herbs with stinging; hairs. 

Leaves opposite ; both kinds of flowers 4- parted ; achene straight, i. Urtica. 

Leaves alternate ; staminate flowers 5-parted ; achene oblique. 2, Urticasifrum. 
Herbs without stinging hairs. 

Flower-clusters panicled or spiked, not involucrate ; leaves mostly opposite. 

Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals. 3. Adicea. 

Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire. 4, Boehmeria. 

Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts; leaves alternate. 5. Parietaria. 

I. urtIca L. 

Herbs, with stinging hairs, 3-7-nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves, and 
distinct or connate stipules. Flowers small and numerous, axillary, cymose- 
paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or androgynous. Staminate flowers 
with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4-parted, the seg- 
ments unequal; ovary straight; stigma sessile or nearly so; ovule erect, orthot- 
ropous. Achene compressed, enclosed by the persistent calyx. Seed-coat thin; 
endosperm little; cotyledons broad. [The ancient Latin name.] About 30 species 
of wide distribution. 

Perennials, 0.6-2.2 m. tall ; flower -clusters large, compound. 

Leaves ovate, cordate at base. i. U. dtoica. 

Leaves laciniate, rarely cordate. 2. U. gracilis. 

Annuals, 1.5-7 dm. tall ; flower-clusters small, mostly glomerate. 

Leaves oval, laciniate-dentate; plant leafy at the top. 3. U. urens. 

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, crenate ; upper leaves very small. 

4. U. chamaedryoides. 

1. Urtica dioica L. Stinging or Great Nettle. (I. F. f. 1263.) Densely 
beset with stinging hairs; stem 0.6-1.2 m. tall, puberulent above. Leaves thin, 
ovate, long- petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, sharply 
serrate with acute teeth, pubescent beneath, 3-5 -nerved, 7- 13 cm. long; stipules 
lanceolate; flower-clusters large, cymose -paniculate; flowers dioecious or andro- 
gynous. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., S. Car. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. 
Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 

2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. (I. F. f. 1264.) Sparingly 
armed with stinging hairs; stem usually slender, 0.6-2.2 m. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed or 
sometimes rounded at the base (rarely subcordate), sharply serrate, 3-5-nerved, 
sparingly pubescent, 7-15 cm. long; petioles usually bristly; stipules lanceolate; 
flower-clusters compound, smaller than those of the preceding, but commonly 
longer than the petioles; flowers dioecious or androgynous. In dry soil, N. S. to 
Br. Col., N. Car., La. and Kans. June-Oct. 

3. Urtica urens L. Small Nettle. (I. F. f. 1265.) Stem 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high, stinging-bristly. Leaves thin, glabrous or very nearly so, elliptic, oval or 
ovate, deeply incised or sometimes doubly serrate. 3-5-nerved, 2-8 cm. long, 
slender-petioled ; stipules short ; flower-clusters oblong, rather dense. In waste 
places, Newf. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla. Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from 
Europe. May-Sept. 

4. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh. Weak Nettle. (I. F, f. 1266.) Sparingly 
stinging-bristly; stem slender, weak, ascending, 1.5-10 dm. long. Leaves slender- 
petioled, thin, crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse at the 
apex and usually cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. wide, the upper ovate or lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate at the apex, the uppermost very small ; stipules lanceolate- 
subulate; flower-clusters small, glomerate. In thickets, Ky. to Ark., Ga. and Tex. 
April-Aug. 

2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. 
Perennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, serrate, 
petioled, the flowers monoecious or dicecious, sessile in loose axillary compound 
cymes. Staminate flowers in our species with 5 imbricated sepals, 5 stamens and 
a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the outer I or 2 
minute, an oblique or nearly straight compressed ovary and a subulate slender per- 
sistent style ; ovule erect. Achene very oblique, flat, reflexed. Seed-coat mem- 



URTICACEAE. 343 

branous. Endosperm scanty or wanting. [Latin, star nettle.] About 25 species, 
mostly of tropical distribution, only the following North-American. 

i._ Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Wood Nettle. (I. F. f. 1267.) 
Stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute at the 
apex, sharply serrate, 3-nerved and pinnately veined, glabrous or with some 
stinging hairs, 5-13 cm. wide; petioles 3-13 cm. long ; stipule solitary, small, lan- 
ceolate, 2-cleft, commonly deciduous; flower- clusters often longer than the petioles, 
the lower staminate, the upper pistillate, divergent, 5-15 cm. broad in fruit ; ulti- 
mate branches of the fruiting clusters flat, cuneate, emarginate ; achene twice as 
long as the calyx, glabrous. In rich woods, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Kans. 
July-Aug. 

3 ADICEA Raf. 

Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and 
small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers 
mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3 -parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistil- 
late flowers 3 -parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtending a 
staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma sessile, penicil- 
late. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name 
unexplained^] About 150 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical 
America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Clear weed. Richweed. (I. F. f. 1268.) 
Annual, stems pellucid, usually branched, glabrous, succulent, 1.5-6 dm. high. 
Leaves membranous, ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute, 3-nerved, coarsely 
dentate, 2-13 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs; petioles much longer 
than the pistillate flower-clusters ; sepals of the pistillate flowers lanceolate, nearly 
equal; achene ovate, acute, i mm. long. In swampy, shaded situations, often on 
old logs, N. B. to Ont., Minn., Fla., La. and Kans. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 

4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. 

Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with 
petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe- 
cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads. Staminate flowers mostly 
4-parted, or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually with a rudimentary ovary. 
Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, enclosing the ovary ; stigma subulate. 
Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph Boehmer, 
1723-1803, Professor in Wittenberg.] About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical 
regions, the following of eastern N. A. 

I. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. False Nettle. (I. F. f. 1269.) A 
perennial rough erect branching herb, 3-10 dm. tall. Stem stiff"; leaves ovate, 
ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender-petioled, opposite, or some alter- 
nate, coarsely dentate, 1-3 cm. wide; petioles shorter than the blades; stipules 
distinct; flowers dioecious or androgynous; staminate spikes usually interrupted, 
the pistillate mostly continuous, 0.6-3 cm. long; achene ovate-oval, acute, rather 
less than 2 mm. long. In moist soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Neb. and 
Kans. July-Sept. 

Boehmeria cylfndrica scdbra Porter. Leaves firm, rough above, tomentose be- 
neath, short-petioled or nearly sessile, usually reflexed ; fruiting spikes much longer 
than the petioles. Penn., N.J. and S. N. Y. 

5. PARIETARIA L. 

Herbs, with alternate entire 3 -nerved petioled leaves, no stipules, and axillary 
glomerate polygamous flowers, inVolucrate by leafy bracts. Calyx of the stami- 
nate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile flowers with a 
4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender style, and a peuicillate 
stigma. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [Ancient Latin, referring to 
the growth of some species on walls.] About 7 species, widely distributed; be- 
sides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Parietaria Pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsyta'anta Pkt.litorv, (I. F. f. 
1270.) Annual, pubescent; stem weak, ascending or rech'ning' slender. 14 dm. 
long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, dotted, acuminate at 



344 FLORA. 

the apex, narrowed at the base, 3 -nerved and with 1-3 pairs of weaker veins 
above, slender-petioled, 6-12 mm. wide; petioles almost filiform; flowers glomerate 
in all except the lowest axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts of the 
involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers; style almost none; achene about 
I mm. long. On dry rocks and banks, Ont. to Br. Col., Fla., Colo, and Mex. 
June- Aug. 

Order lo. PROTEALES, 

includes only the Family Proteaceae, with nearly 1000 species, all natives 
of the southern hemisphere. 



Order ii. SANTALALES. 

Herbs or shrubs, mostly parasitic, the flowers with a calyx, but 
without a corolla, perfect or imperfect, clustered or solitary. Ovary i, 
inferior, at least in part i-celled. 

Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruit a berry. Fam. i. Loranthaceae. 

Root-parasites, or shrubs; leaves alternate in our genera; fruit a drupe, or nut. 

Fam, 2. Santalaceae, 

Family i. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. 

Mistletoe Fa?nzly. 

Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophyll, growing on 
woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized 
roots called haustoria (a few tropical species terrestrial). Leaves in the 
following genera opposite, in Razoiwiofskya reduced to opposite scales. 
Flowers regular, terminal or axillary, dioecious or monoecious, and peri- 
anth simple, or in some exotic genera perfect, and with perianth of 
both calyx and corolla. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 2-6, 
Ovary solitary, erect ; style simple or none ; stigma terminal, undivided, 
obtuse. Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, its testa indistinguishable from 
the endosperm, which is usually copious and fleshy ; embryo terete 
or angled. About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed; most 
abundant in tropical regions. 

Leaves scale-like, united at the base ; anthers i-celled; berry peduncled. 

I. Razoumofskya. 
Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 2. Phoradendron. 

I. RAZOUMOFSKYA HofiEm. 
Small or minute fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of coniferous 
trees, their branches 4-angled, and leaves reduced to connate scales. Flowers 
dioecious, not bracted, in the axils of the scales, Staminate flowers with a 2-5- 
parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the anthers sessile on the 
segments. Pistillate flowers with the ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, 
the calyx-limb 2-parted, Disk present in both kinds of flowers. Berry fleshy, 
ovoid, more or less flattened, borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. 
Embryo enclosed in the copious endosperm. [In honor of Alexis Razoumofski, 
Russian botanist.] About 10 species. Besides the following, 7 or 8 others occur 
in western N. Am. and Mex.. 2 in Europe and Asia. 

I Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. Small Mistletoe. (I. F. f. 
1271.) Plant inconspicuous; stems 4-20 mm. long, nearly terete when fresh, 
somewhat 4-angled when dry. Scales suborbicular, appressed, obtuse, about 
I mm. wide; flowers dioecious, solitary in most of the axils, longer than the scales; 



SA NT A LA CEA E, 345 

berry ovoid-oblong, acute, about 2 mm. long, nodding on a slightly exserted 
peduncle; seeds enclosed in a viscid mucus. On twigs of spruces, Me., N. H., 
N. Y. and Penn. June. 

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. 

Shrubs, parasitic on trees, w^ith opposite coriaceous flat faintly nerved leaves, 
terete twigs, and dioecious axillary spicate bracted small flowers, solitary or sev- 
eral in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) 
calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. 
Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid inferior ovary. Style 
short, obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. 
[Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.] About 80 species, all American. 
Besides the following, 5 or 6 others occur in the Western States. 

I. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. (I. F. f. 
1272.) A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, the twigs terete, brittle 
at the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded at the apex, narrowed into short 
petioles, 3-5 -nerved, entire, 1-2 cm. wide, dark green; spikes solitary, or 2 or 3 
together in the axils, linear, shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white, about 
4 mm. in diameter. Parasitic on deciduous leaved trees, notably on the Tupelo 
and Red Maple, N. J. to Ohio, Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 

Family 2. SANTALACEAE R. Br. 

Sandalwood Family. 

Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with entire estipulate 
leaves. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. 
Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the 
lobes valvate. Petals none. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and 
inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon the disk. Ovary i- 
celled ; ovules 2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta ; 
style cylindric, conic or sometimes none ; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe 
or nut. Seed I. Testa none ; endosperm copious, fleshy ; embryo small, 
apical. About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical distribution, 
a few in the temperate zones. 

Perennial herbs; flowers perfect, cymose or solitary. i. Comandra. 
Shrubs ; flowers imperfect, mostly dioecious. 

Flowers racemose. 2. Pyrularia. 

Staminate flowers umbellate, the pistillate solitary. 3. Nestronia. 

I. COMANDRA Nutt. 

Glabrous herbs, some (or all ?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves 
alternate, entire, pinnately veined,., Flowers perfect, terminal or axillary, rarely 
solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its tube adnate to the 
ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted at the 
bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle 
of the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, crowned 
by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairy attachments of the anthers.] 
Four known species, the following N. Am., one European. 

Cymes mostly corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; 
style slender. 

Leaves oblong;, pale green; fruit globose-urn-shaped. i. C. umbeltata. 

Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida. 

Peduncles few, axillary; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled; style short. 3. C. livida. 

I. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. (L F. f. 127^.) 
Stem slender, leafy, 1.5-5 '^'^- tall. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale 
green, acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, ascending, 1-3 cm. long, the lower 
smaller; cymes several-flowered, corymbose at the summit of the plant or also 
axillary; peduncles filiform; pedicels very short; calyx greenish white or purplish, 



34^ FLORA, 

about 4 mm, high; drupe globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In dry fields and 
thickets, Cape Breton I. to Ont., Br. Col., Ga., Ariz, and Cal. April-July. 

2. Comandra pallida A. DC. Pale Comandra. (I. F. f. 1274.) Similar 
to the preceding but paler and glaucous, the leaves narrower, linear or linear- 
lanceolate, acute or the lowest and those of the stem oblong-elliptic; cymes few- 
several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the summit ; peduncles usually short ; 
calyx purplish, about 4 mm. high; fruit ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. high. In dry 
soil, Man. to Br. Col., Minn., Kans., Tex. and Cal. April-July. 

3. Comandra livida Richards. Northern Comandra. (I. F. f. 1275.) 
Stem slender, usually quite simple, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oval, thin, obtuse or 
rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-12 
mm. wide ; petioles 2-4 mm. long ; cymes axillary, few (often only I to each 
plant), 1-5 -flowered; peduncle shorter than its subtending leaf, filiform; flowers 
sessile ; drupe globose-oblong, about 6 mm. in diameter, red, edible. In moist soil, 
Newf. to Hudson Bay, the N. W. Terr., Vt., Ont., Mich., and Br. Col. June-July. 

2. PYRULARIA Michx. 

A branching shrub (the Asiatic species trees), with thin alternate pinnately 
veined entire short-petioled deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous small 
greenish racemose flowers. Staminate flowers with a campanulate 3-5 -cleft calyx, 
the lobes valvate, pubescent at the base within; disk of 3-5 distinct glands or scales; 
stamens 4 or 5, inserted between the glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments 
short ; anthers ovate. Pistillate and perfect flowers with a top-shaped calyx 
adnate to the obovoid ovary ; style short, stout; stigma capitate, depressed. Fruit 
a pear-shaped or oval drupe, the endocarp thin and endosperm of the seed very 
oily. [Nam.e from Pyrits, the pear, from the similar shape of the fruit.] Three 
species, the following and two Asiatic. 

I. Pyrularia pubera Michx. Oil nut. Buffalo-nut. (I. F. f. 1276.) 
A much branched shrub, 1-5 m. tall, with terete twigs, the young foliage pubes- 
cent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or somewhat obovate, nearly glabrous 
when mature, acute or acuminate at both ends, 1.5-3 cm. wide; racemes termi- 
nating short branches, the staminate many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, the pistillate 
few-flowered and shorter; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx 3-5 -cleft; drupe about 
2.5 cm. long, crowned by the ovate acute calyx-lobes. In rich woods, Penn. to 
Ga. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

3. NESTRONIA Raf. 

A low glabrous dioecious shrub, with opposite short-petioled, oblong to ovate 
entire leaves. Staminate flowers small, in axillary peduncled umbels; calyx top- 
shaped, 4-5 -cleft, the lobes spreading, each with a tuft of wool; stamens as many 
as the calyx-segments and opposite them; disk crenate. Pistillate flowers solitary 
in the axils, short-peduncled ; calyx narrowly top-shaped, 44obed ; stamens 4; 
style short, 4-lobed; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fruit an oval i -seeded drupe. 
[From the Greek name oi Daphne. '\ A monotypic genus of the southeastern U. S. 

I. Nestronia umbellula Raf. Nestronia. (L F. f. 1276a.) Shrub 3-10 
dm. high, branching. Leaves thin, 2-5 cm. long, pinnately veined, bright green 
above; petioles 2-6 mm. long; pedimcles of the staminate 3-9-flowered umbels 
.filiform, the pedicels about 4 mm. long, equalling the green calyx; stamens shorter 
than the oblong-ovate calyx-segments, pistillate calyx glaucescent, about 6 mm. 
long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe about 1.2 cm. in diameter. In 
woods and along streams, Va. to Ga. and Ala. April-May. 



Order 12. ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

Herbs or vines, mostly with cordate or reniform leaves and perfect 
flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovary, 
Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following 
family. 



A RIS TOL O CHI A CEA E. 347 

Family i. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume.* 

Bz'rlkwort Family. 

Acaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate, 
often basal, exstipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clus- 
tered. Calyx-limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to 
the pistil; anthers 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules 
numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a 
many-seeded 6-celled capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crus- 
taceous testa and usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe ; endosperm 
fleshy, copious ; embryo minute. Six genera and about 200 species of 
wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. 

Acaulescent herbs ; perianth regular, persistent ; filaments distinct. 

Calyx-tube mainly free from the ovary; filaments shorter than the anthers ; styles 

distinct. i. Hexastylis. 

Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary ; filaments longer than the anthers : styles 
united. 2. Asarum. 

Vines or erect leafy-stemmed herbs ; perianth irregular, deciduous ; anthers sessile. 

3. Aristolochia, 

I. HEXASTYLIS Raf. 

Perennial evergreen acaulescent herbs with glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. 
Rootstocks dichotomouslj branched ; roots fleshy. Leaves usually I every year, 
the blades leathery, often mottled, petioled. Flov^ers solitary, on a pedicel aris- 
ing from a membranous bract. Calyx glabrous without, the tube terete, some- 
times inflated, the 3 segments shorter than the tube, valvate. Corolla none. Sta- 
mens 12; filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. Ovary mainly free from 
the calyx-tube. Styles distinct, prolonged beyond the extrorse stigmas into cleft 
appendages. Capsule free, sometimes distending the calyx-tube. Seeds flattened. 
[Greek, referring to the six styles. ] 

Leaf-blades mostly of an ovate or suborbicular type. 

Calyx-tube turbinate during an thesis. i. H. heterophylla. 

Calyx-tube campanulate, cylindric-campanulate, sometimes constricted at the throat. 
Calyx 2.5-5 cm. long, much longer than thick. 2. H. Shuttleworthii. 

Calyx 1-2 cm. long, slightly longer than thick. 

Calyx campanulate at maturity, its segments about one-half as long as the 

tube. 3. H. Vtrgim'ca. 

Calyx urn-shaped at maturity, its segments barely one-third as long as the 
tube. 4. B. Memmtngeri. 

Leaf-blades mostly of a hastate type. 

Calyx not constricted at the throat ; segments erect. 5. H. Ruthii. 

Calyx constricted at the throat ; segments spreading. 6. H. ari'/olia. 

1. Hexastylis heterophylla (Ashe) Small. Ashes Hexastylis. Leaf- 
blades ovate to orbicular-reniform or triangular-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute or some- 
times rounded or retuse at the apex, with a slightly open sinus; petioles as long as 
the blades or twice as long; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, the tubes turbinate at least dur- 
ing anthesis, the segments 8-12 mm. broad, often nearly as long as the^ tube, 
crisped, orange, purple or brown-purple without, brighter within ;^ prolongations of 
the styles very stout, barely notched ; capsules hardly distending the calyx at 
maturity ; seeds oval. In mountain woods, Va. to Ga. and Ala. March to May, 
{Asarton heterophvUuni Ashe.) 

2. Hexastylis Shuttleworthii (J. Britten) Small. Large-flowered IIexa- 
STYLIS. (I. F. f. 1270.) Leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular or rhombic-urbicular, 
5-8 cm. long, apiculate or obtuse ; petioles as long as the blades or longer ; calyx 
2.5-5 cm. long; the tube cylindric-campanulate, the segments 1.5 2 cm. broad, 
often abruptly acute, mottled within ; pedicels shorter tlian the diameter of the 
calyx-tube ; prolongations of the styles stout, barely notclu d ; capsule hardly dis- 
tending the calyx ; seeds triangular in outline. In high-u\ountain woods, Va. to 

* Contributed by Du. John K. Small. 



348 FLORA. 

N. C. and Tenn. May to July. \Asarum macranthum (Shuttlw.) Small; not 
Hook. A. Shuttleworthii']. Britten.] 

3. Hexastylis Virginica (L.j Small. Virginia Hexastylis. (I. F. f. 
1278. ) Leaf-blades ovate or rarely orbicular-ovate, 4-9 cm. long, mostly obtuse or 
retuse, usually with an open sinus; petioles as long as the blades or twice as long; 
calyx 1.5-2 cm. long, the tube campanulate; the segments less than i cm. broad, 
rarely half as long as the tube, spreading, usually purplish and sometimes mottled 
within; pedicel about as long as the calyx; prolongations of the styles stout, barely 
notched; capsule only slightly distending the calyx; seeds oblong. In woods, Va. 
and W. Va., south to S. Car. and Tenn. May-June. {Asarum Virginiciwi L.) 

4. Hexastylis Memmingeri (Ashe) Small. Meaiminger's Hexastylis. 
Slender. Leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate, 4-7 cm. long, mostly obtuse or retuse, 
sometimes mottled, with a slightly open sinus ; petioles about as long as the blades 
or much longer; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, urn-shaped, the tube more or less con- 
stricted at the throat; the segments rarely over 3 mm. long, obtuse; pedicel as long 
as the calyx or shorter; prolongations of the styles slender, usually deeply cleft; 
capsule conspicuously distending the calyx; seed sharply triangular. In sandy 
woods, Va. and W. Va., south to Ga. May and June. {Asariwi Mem??iingeri Ash.Q.) 

5. Hexastylis Riithii (Ashe) Small. Ruth's Hexastylis. Stout. Leaf- 
blades hastate to triangular, occasionally slightly rhombic, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, 
retuse or abruptly pointed, with a rather narrow sinus ; petioles longer than the 
blades; calyx 2-3 cm. long; the tube narrowed to the mouth but not constricted, 
usually over 10 mm. in diameter at the throat, the segments erect, mostly longer 
than broad, dull purplish green within; pedicel as long as the calyx or much 
longer; prolongations of the styles notched to the stigma; capsule barely distending 
the calyx-tube. In sandy woods, S. W. Va. to Tenn. and Ala. April to July. 
{Asarum Ruthii Ashe. ) 

6. Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small. Halberd-leaved Hexastylis. 
(I. F. f. 1280.) Stout. Leaf- blades hastate, triangular or ovate -hastate, 6-12 cm. 
long, mostly obtuse or retuse, entire, sometimes with a wide-open sinus; petioles 
usually much longer than the blades; calyx 2-3 cm. long, urn-shaped; the tube 
less than 8 mm. in diameter at the constricted throat; the segments triangular or 
rounded, broader than long, spreading, purple-brown within; prolongations of the 
styles cleft to the top of the stigmas; capsule only slightly distending the calyx-tube. 
In sandy soil, Va. to Ga. and Ala. May to July. [Asariwi arifolhwi Michx.) 

2. ASARUM L. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs, with usually manifestly pubescent foliage. Root- 
stocks elongated; roots fibrous. Leaves in pairs, deciduous, the blades membra- 
nous, mostly broader than long, cordate at the base, petioled. Flowers on pedicels 
arising from between the petioles. Calyx pubescent without, the tube angled, the 
3 segments as long as the tube or longer, inflexed in the bud. Corolla none. 
Stamens 12; filaments longer than the anthers. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube. 
Styles imited; stigmas terminal. Capsules inferior, angled. Seeds plump. [The 
ancient name, meaning obscure. J 

Calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube, not reflexed. 

Calyx-segments slightly longer than the tube, the tubular portion 4-8 mm. long; 

species mainly Alleghenian. i. A. Canadense. 

Calyx-segments much longer than the tube, the tubular portion 10-20 mm. long; 
species campestrian. 2. A. acuminatum. 

Calyx-segments triangular, merely acute, about as long as the tube, reflexed. 

3. A- reflexum. 

1. Asarum Canadense L. Wild Ginger. (I. F. f. 1277.) Foliage finely 
pubescent. Petioles 1.5-3 dm. long ; blades reniform, 1-1.8 dm. broad, often 
short-pointed, with a usually closed basal sinus ; calyx slender, pedicelled. pubes- 
cent without, 2-3.8 cm. broad, mainly brownish purple, its tube angled, its seg- 
ments lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, with tubular tips 4-8 mm. long, 
curving upward ; style-column 6-lobed ; capsule 12-15 mm. in diameter. In rich 
woods, N. B. to Quebec. Ont. and N. C. April-May. 

2. Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) Bicknell. Long-tipped Wild Ginger. 
(I. F. f. 1277a.) Quite similar to A. Canadense, but more pubescent, at least 



ARIS TO LOCHIA CEAE. 349 

when young. Leaf-blades very thin, reniform-cordate, and acutely short-pointed 
or broadly reniform and blunt, densely cinereous-tomentulose beneath, less closely 
so in age, the larger nerves often somev^^hat bristly, thus giving the lower surfaces 
a white-reticulated aspect; catyx-segments much longer than those of ^. Canadense 
and of a duller brownish purple color, caudate-acuminate or flagellate, the tubular 
terminations 10-20 mm. long, recur ved-spreading. In rich woods, Minn, and 
Wis. to Manitoba, Ind. and Ohio. May-June. 

3. Asarum reflexum Bicknell. Short-lobed Wild Ginger. (I. F. f. 
12773.) Similar to the two preceding species in habit, but more loosely pubescent 
and with more elongated and slender rootstocks; leaf-blades reniform, much 
broader than long, blunt-tipped, the upper surface and the petioles nearly glabrous 
in age; calyx much smaller, the tube white within, the segments early reflexed, 
triangvUar, purplish brown, about as long as the tube, with a straight obtuse tip 
2-4 mm. long. In rich woods, along streams and in river valleys, Conn, to Iowa, 
N. C. , Mo. and Kan. April-May. 

Asarum reflexum ambiguum Bicknell. Leaf-blades short and conspicuously broad, 
with a wide and often rectangular sinus ; calyx-segments narrowed and longer, 12-19 
mm. long, the straight tip 4-8 mm. long, sometimes extending back to the base of the 
ovary. Mich., 111. and Mo. 

3. ARISTOLOCHIA L."] 

Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled and entire 
(some exotic species 3-7-lobed), cordate, palmately nerved. Flowers irregular. 
Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube usually inflated around the 
style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6- 
lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers adnate to the short style or 
stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mostly 6-celled with 
6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. 
Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed. [Named for its supposed medicinal 
properties.] About 180 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate 
regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western 
United States. 

Erect herbs. 

Calyx-tube bent ; flowers solitary, on basal scaly branches. 

Leaves hastate at the base ; capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter, i. A. Nashii. 
Leaves merely cordate at the base ; capsules about 10 mm. in diameter. 

2. A, Serpefifaria. 
Calyx-tube straight ; flowers axillary, clustered. 3. A. Clematitis. 

Tall twining vines ; flowers axillary ; calyx-tube bent." 

Leaves minutely pubescent ; calyx-limb flat, spreading. 4. A. macrophylla. 

Leaves tomentose ; calyx-limb rugose, reflexed. 5. A. tomentosa. 

1. Aristolochia Nashii Kearney. Nash's Snakeroot. Stems erect or re- 
clining, 1-3 dm. long, zigzag, simple or branched below; leaves thin, linear or 
linear-lanceolate above the hastate base, 2-10 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate, short- 
petioled; peduncles slender; bracts 2-4 nim. long; calyx S-shaped, brownish purple, 
10-12 mm. long, the limb slightly 3-lobed, about I cm. broad; capsules subglobose, 
5-6 mm. in diameter, sharply angled. In damp woods, Va. to Fla. and La. 
Summer. 

2. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot. Serpentary. 
(I. F. f. 1281.) Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall, sometimes branched below, more or less 
zigzag; leaves rather thin, oblong-lanccolatc to ovate or-oval-lancoolate, 4-15 cm. 
long, acuminate, undulate, cordate, short-petiolcd ; peduncles scaly, solitary or 
clustered; bracts 2-3 mm. long; calyx S-shapcd, about I cm, long, the limb slightly 
3-lobed; capsules subglobose, about 10 mm. in diameter, somewhat ribbed; flmvors 
sometimes cleistogamous. In dry woods, Conn, and N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. 
and T^a. Summer. 

3. Aristolochia Clematitis L. Birthwort. (T. F. f. 1282.) Stem erect, 
glabrous, zigzag, 3-6 dm. tall; leaves dark green, reniform, glabrous, or their 
margins minutely spinulose-ciliate, strongly reticulnte-veinod, 5-13 <-''''''• ^vido; peti- 
oles shorter than the blades; flowers fascicled in the axils, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; tube 



350 FLORA. 

of the calyx yellowish green, straight, enlarged around the ovary, the lobes appen- 
daged; anthers equidistant. Near Ithaca and Flushing, IN. Y., and E. Penn. Es- 
caped from cultivation. Native of southern Europe. Summer. 

4. Aristolochia macroph^lla Lam. Dutchma'n's Pipe. (I. F. f. 1283.) A 
twining vine, the stem sometimes 2.5 cm. in diameter and 10 m. long; leaves thin, 
broadly reniform or suborbicular, densely pubescent beneath when young, glabrous 
or nearly so, and 1.5-3.6 dm. broad when mature; petioles 2.5-10 cm. long; pedun- 
cles solitary or 2 or 3 together, about as long as the petioles, each with a suborbic- 
ular clasping bract at about the middle 12-25 mm. in diameter; calyx-tube strongly 
curved, 2.5 cm. long or more, contracted at the throat, yellowish green, veiny, the 
limb flat, spreading, purple-brown, somewhat 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs 
under the 3 lobes of the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric, 5-7.5 cm. long. In rich 
woods, S. Penn. to Minn., Ga., Tenn. and Kans. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. 

5. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Woolly Pipe-vine. (I. F. f. 1284.) 
Similar to the preceding, but the twigs, petioles, leaves and peduncles persistently 
tomentose. Leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, O.7-I.5 dm. broad when mature; 
petioles rather stout; peduncles mostly solitary, bractless; calyx-tube sharply 
curved, yellowish green, about 3 cm. long, its throat nearly closed, the limb dark 
purple, 3-lobed; capsule oblong-cylindric. In woods. Mo., Kans., and S. 111. to 
N. Car., Ala. and Fla. May-June. 



Order 13. POLYGONALES. 

Characters of the only family, Polygonaceae, as given below. 

Family i. POLYGONACEAE Lmdl.^ 
Buckwheat Fa7nily. 

Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate, or sometimes 
opposite or whorled, simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and 
usually sheathing united stipules (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, per- 
fect, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 
2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, 
sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, 
inserted near the base of the calyx ; filaments filiform or subulate, often 
dilated at the base, distinct or united into a ring ; anthers 2-celled, the 
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, i -celled ; ovule solitary, 
orthotropous, erect or pendulous ; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, som.e- 
times very short ; stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft ; fruit a lentic- 
ular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent 
calyx ; endosperm mealy ; cotyledons accumbent or incumbent ; embryo 
straight or- nearly so. About 30 genera and 800 species, of wide geo- 
graphic distribution. 

Flowers subtended by involucres. 

Ocreae present ; calyx 2-4-parted ; stamens 3 or fewer. i. Macounastrum. 

Ocreae none; calyx '6-cleft or 6-parted ; stamens 9. 2. Eriogonum. 

Flowers not involucrate ; stamens 4-8. 
Ocreae present ; stigmas tufted. 

Calyx 6-parted ; style 3-parted ; achene 3-angled. 3. Riitnex. 

Calyx 4-parted ; style 2-parted ; achene lenticular. 4. Oxyria. 

Ocreae preserft ; stigmas capitate. 

Pedicels mostly several together; achene much surpassing the calyx. 

q. Fagopyrum. 
Pedicels usually fascicled ; achene mostly enclosed by the enlarged calyx. 

6. Polygojitnn. 

Pedicels solitary ; leaves jointed at the base. 7. Polygonella. 

Ocreae obscure or wanting ; stigmas 2-cleft. 8. Brunntchi'cf, 

* Contributed by Dr. John K. Small, 



POLYGONACEAE. - 351 

I. MACOUNASTRUM Small. 

Low glabrous annual herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or spreading simple or 
forked stems, alternate or opposite leaves, funnelform membranous ocreae, and 
minute perfect terminal clustered flowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. 
Calyx 2-4-parted (usually 3-parted), greenish-white, the segments valvate, equal ; 
pedicels subtended by transparent bracts; stamens 2 or 4, alternate with and often 
protruding between the calyx-segments; filaments stout; style 2-3-parted; stigmas 
capitate; achene ovoid, exceeding the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, accum- 
bent. Two or three species, the following circumboreal, the others of the higher 
Himalayas. 

I. Macounastrum Islandicum (L.) Small. Macounastrum. (I. F. f. 1285.) 
Stems very slender, 2.5-10 cm. long, sometimes tufted. Leaves obovate, oblong 
or almost orbicular, 2-10 mm. long, fleshy, obtuse, sessile or short-petioled; ocreae 
about I mm. long; involucre consisting of 3-6 obovate or orbicular bracts; flowers 
fascicled in the involucres, short-pedicelled; calyx i mm. long, the segments ovate- 
lanceolate, rather obtuse; style-branches short; achene less than 2 mm. long, 
brown, striate, its faces convex. Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and 
Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. ERIOGONUM Michx. 

Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, some species very 
woody at the base, often with tufted stems, and entire alternate opposite or whorled 
leaves. Flowers small, fascicled, cymose, umbellate or capitate, subtended by 
5-8-toothed or cleft involucres. Calyx 6-cleft or 6-parted, usually colored, the 
segments equal or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9 ; filaments filiform, often 
villous. , Style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene pyramidal, 3-angled, more or 
less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-segments, or winged. Embryo 
axial or somewhat eccentric. [Greek, referring to the woolly and jointed stems.] 
About 160 species, natives of America, mostly of the western U. S. 

Achenes 3-winged. i. E. alatu7n. 

Achenes merely angled, never winged. 

Calyx contracted into a stipe-like base. 

Caulescent ; stems topped by compound cymes. 

Stem leaves alternate, 2. E. longifolium. 

Stem leaves opposite or whorled. 

Calyx yellow ; basal leaves rounded at t*he base ; Alleghenian. 

3. E. All e tin. 
Calyx white or pink ; basal leaves narrowed at the base ; campestrian. 

4. E. Jamesii. 
Scapose ; stems topped by simple umbels. 5. E. fiavuni. 

Calyx jointed to the pedicel without a stipe-like base. 
Scapes or peduncles topped by capitate clusters. 

Calyx glabrous ; achenes over 2 mm. long. 6, E. paua/lortcm. 

Calyx villous ; achenes less than 2 mm. long. 7. E. ?nulltceps. 

Scapes or peduncles topped by more or less compound cymes. 
Involucres erect or at least never drooping. 

Ovaries and achenes completely clothed with wool ; leaf-blades silky 

above with silvery hairs. 8. E. hjc/!fi0i:^\'nuni. 

Ovaries and achenes glabrous or villous at the top ; leaf-blade's'more or 
less floccose. 
Annual ; herbaceous throughout and usually simple at the base. 

9. E. iJHftuum. 
Perennial ; shrubby and much branched at the base. 

Calyx yellow. 10. E. campatiulatum. 

Calyx white, pink or reddish. 

Leaf-blades copiously pubescent on both sides. 

11. E. corymbosum. 
Leaf-blades densely pubescent beneath, inconspicuously so 

above. 
Inflorescence 2-3 times compound ; branches spreading. 

12. F. microthc\-um. 
Inflorescence 5-7 times compound ; branches erect ox 

nearly so. 13. E. effusum. 

Involucres on drooping on defle.xed pedungles. 14. E. cernuum^ 



352 . FLORA. 

1. Eriogonum alatum Torr. Winged Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 1286.) 

Perennial, strigose. Stems erect. 3-9 dm. tall, paniculately branched ; leaves 
mostly basal, spatulate to oblanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, or those on the stem 
nearly Knear, obtuse or rather acute, ciliate, with prominent midrib beneath ; 
panicle open ; involucres in cymules, campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, the 5 teeth 
obtuse, spreading or reflexed ; calyx yellowish, 2 mm. long; filaments glabrous ; 
achenes 5-7 mm. long, glabrous, 3 -winged its whole length. On plains and 
prairies. Xeb. to Colo., south to Tex. and N, Mex. June-Sept. 

2. Eriogonum longifolium Xutt. Loxg-leaved Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 
1287.) Perennial from a stout root, caulescent. Foliage strigose or somewhat 
tomentose; stems erect, 6-13 dm. tall, paniculately or corymbosely branched above; 
leaves alternate, the blades narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 5-22 cm. long, the 
lower ones with broad sheathing petioles, the upper sessile; bracts lanceolate to 
subulate ; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, silky ; calyx herba- 
ceous. 4-5 mm. long ; achenes pubescent especially above, 4-5 mm. long including 
the beak. In dry soil, S. Mo. to Tex. June-Nov. 

3. Eriogonum Allenii S. Wats. Allen's Eriogonl-^l (L F. f. 1288.) 
Perennial, floccose-tomentose; stems erect, 2—6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched 
above; leaves basal and in whorls of 3's to 5's at the nodes, the blades oblong or 
ovate-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, obtuse at both ends or cordate at the base, rather 
green above, the basal slender-petioled; involucres in clustered cymes, turbinate, 
3-6 mm. high, with 5 obtuse teeth; calyx bright yellow, 6-7 mm. long, pubes- 
cent, the segments spatulate or obovate-spatulate, rounded, concave; stamens and 
style-branches exserted; achenes. On dry moimtain slopes, White Sulphur 
Springs. W. Va. July-Aug. 

4. Eriogonum Jamesii Benth. James' Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 1289.) Per- 
ennial by woody rootstocks. tomentose with white or whitish hairs; stems short; 
leaves approximate, the blades oblong to oblong-spatulate, 3-8 cm. long, narrowed 
into slender petioles which often exceed the blade in length, rarely glabrate above ; 
peduncles erect, or assurgent. sometimes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, dichotomous and 
corymbose above; bracts broadened upward or oblong; involucres campanulate, 
about 5 mm. high, sessile or short-stalked, with rounded teeth ; calyx white or 
pink. 4 mm. becoming 6-7 mm. long, the tube attenuate into a stipe-like base, the 
inner segments longer and slightly larger than the outer; filaments villous at the 
base; achene 4 mm. long, pubescent above the swollen base. On plains and 
prairies, Kans. and Colo, south to N. Alex, and Ariz. June-Nov. 

5. Eriogonum flavum X'utt. Yellow Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 1299.) Per- 
ennial from a stout scaly base, scapose. tomentose .throughout with white hairs; 
leaves crowded, Hnear-oblong to oblong-spatulate. 2,5-8 cm. long, flat or nearly 
so, narrowed into short petioles with dilated bases; scapes erect, 5-30 cm. long, 
mostly solitary; involucres in terminal umbels, turbinate 4-5 mm. high, shorter 
than their stalks, with blunt teeth; bracts subtending the umbel similar to the leaves 
but smaller ; cal>\X yellow, about 6 mm. long, copiously pubescent, narrowed into 
a stipe-like base; filaments villous at the base; achenes about 4 mm. long, villous 
near the top. On dry plains and prairies, N. W. Terr, south to Xeb., Kans. and 
Ariz. Summer. 

6. Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh. Few-flowered Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 
1294.) Perennial, sparingly pubescent; stems very short, covered with the per- 
sistent leaf-bases; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. 2.5-7.5 cm. long, glabrous or 
nearly so above, tomentose or cottony beneath, becoming strongly revolute. slender- 
petioled; peduncles slender, erect. 5-15 cm. high, simple, sparingly tomentose; 
involucres 4- 10. capitate, about 3 mm. high, turbinate-campanulate. with 5 obtuse 
teeth-; calyx white, about 3 mm. long, glabrous; achenes 2.5 mm. long, the faces 
swollen about the middle, inconspicuously striate-reticulated. On dry plains, 
X'eb. and Colo. Summer. 

7. Eriogonum multiceps Xees. Branched Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 1293.) 
Perennial from a more or less matted base, tomentose with white hairs. Leaves 
spatulate, 1.5-5 c^"^- ^*^^&' numerous, obtuse; peduncles simple, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
rather slender; involucres 3-12, in a head terminating the peduncles, about 3 mm. 
high, with 5-6 acute teeth ; bracts spatulate ; calyx white or rose. 3 mm. becom- 
jug 5 mm. high, somewhat villous, the segments cuneate, obtuse or notched at thQ 



POL YGONA CEAE, 353 

apex; filaments sparingly villous near the base; achenes i mm. long. On dry 
plains or hillsides, Neb. and Colo. Summer. 

8. Eriogonum lachnog^num Torr. Long-rooted Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 
1296.) Scapose perennial. Stems short, often tufted, clothed with the dilated 
petiole-bases; leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 1.5-3 cm. 
long, silky above, white tomentose beneath, somewhat revolute; scapes erect, I -3 
dm. tall, tomentose, branching into a dichotomous cyme above; involucres broadly 
campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 3-4 mm. high, commonly sessile, 5 -toothed; 
bracts scale-like ; calyx 3 mm. long, densely silky-villous ; filament villous at the 
base ; achenes about 2 mm. long, covered by a mass of cottony hairs. On dry plains 
and prairies, Kans. to Colo, and Ariz. Spring to fall. 

9. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual Eriogonum, (I. F. f. 1290.) 
Annual, caulescent white floccose- tomentose. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall; leaves 
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, sometimes revolute or crisped; ped- 
uncles shorter than the stems, topped by dichotomous cymes; involucres turbinate 
or turbinate-campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, secund, short-stalked ; calyx white or 
pink, 1-2 mm. long, glabrous, the outer segments obovate, the inner narrower, all 
truncate or refuse; achenes 1.5 mm. long, with a globular base and smooth-angled 
beak about as long as the base. On dry plains and prairies, Neb. to Tex., N. Mex. 
and Mex. July to Sept. 

10. Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt. Narrow-leaved Eriogonum. (I.E. 
f. 1297.) Perennial from a woody base. Stems branched, more or less tomentose; 
leaves crowded on short branches, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 2-8 cm. long, 
obtuse, sometimes revolute, narrowed into petioles; peduncles erect or nearly so, 
1-3 dm. tall, glabrous, topped by often trichotomous cymes; involucres oblong- 
turbinate, 2-3 mm. high, with five obtuse teeth ; bracts scale-like ; calyx yellow, 
1.5-2 mm. long, the segments often becoming fiddle-shaped, refuse or emarginate; 
filaments villous below the middle; achenes 3 mm. long, pitted, enlarged at the 
base. In dry soil. Neb, to Ore., south to Utah and N. Mex. Summer and fall. 

11. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. Crisp-leaved Eriogonum. (I. F. 
f. 1292.) Perennial, caulescent, densely floccose-tomentose. Stem erect, branched, 
3-6 dm. tall; leaves oblong or oval, 1-4 cm, long, obtuse, more or less crisped, 
narrowed at the base; peduncles terminating leafy branches, i-io cm. long, topped 
by a trichotomous cyme; involucres campanulate, sessile, 2-4 mm. long, 5-toothed; 
calyx 2-4 mm. long, white or pinkish, glabrous, the outer segments broadened 
upward, rounded or notched at the apex, broader and longer than the inner; 
filaments woolly below; achenes about 2 mm. long, with a rounded base and rough 
angles especially on the beak. In dry soil. Neb. and Kans. to Utah, south to 
N. Mex. and Ariz. Aug. -Sept. 

12. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Slender Eriogonum. (I. F. f. 1291.) 
Shrubby, more or less floccose-tomentose, 1-3 dm. tall. Stems difiusely branched 
below, the branches spreading or ascending ; leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or nar- 
rowly oblong, 1-2 cm. long, flat or revolute, with short petioles ; peduncles erect, 
3-10 cm. long, topped by small twice or thrice compound corymbose cymes; bracts 
scale-like; involucres narrowly campanulate, 2 mm. high ; the teeth acutish; 
calyx glabrous, white or pink, sometimes tinged with red, 2.5-3 "^^"^- ^<^i^g^' ^'^^ 
outer segments obovate or oval-obovate, the inner smaller, inclined to be oblong; 
filaments villous; achenes 2-2.5 "^i^- lo^^g* swollen at the base. On dry plains 
or prairies, S. Dak. to Wash., south to Tex. and Calif. Summer and fall. 

13. Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Effuse Eriogonum. Shrubby, 2-4 dm. 
tall, white floccose-tomentose. Stems stout, diffusely branched; leaves linear or 
narrowly oblong, 1-4 cm. long, revolute; peduncles 2-10 cm. long, topped by 5-7 
times compound stiff corymbose cymes ; bracts scale-like ; involucres narrowly 
campanulate, 2-2.5 "'''^- ^^^R'^' the tube slightly angled, the teeth rather obtuse; 
calyx 2 mm. high, white, glabrous, the outer segments cuneate-obovate, rounded 
at the apex, the inner notched; filaments villous, especially below the middle ; 
achenes 3-angled. On dry plains or prairies, S. Dak. and Nob, to Wvo., soutli to 
N. Mex. Summer. 

14. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Nodding Erux^om'M, (I. Y. f. uoS.) 
Annual, nearly acaulesceiU, often difluse. Leaves basal, the blades sulx>rbioular 
to oval, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or slightly apiculate, floccose-tomentose; the petioles 



354 FLORA. 

as long as the blades or shorter; scapes erect, 1-4 dm. tall, sometimes branched at 
the base, topped by trichotomous compound cymes ; involucres turbinate-campanu- 
late. 1-2 mm. high, solitary on deflexed peduncles, the teeth obtuse ; calyx white 
or pinkish, 1-1.5 mm. long, the outer segments broadly obovate, often becoming 
fiddle-shaped, the inner smaller; filaments glabrous ; achenes about I mm. long, 
with a globose base and rough angles. In dry soil, Neb. to Wyo. and Ore., south 
to N. Mex. and Ariz. Summer and fall. 

3. RUMEX L. 

f^erennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the 
reaves in some mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading or 
creeping. Leaves flat or crisped, the ocreae brittle and fugacious, the inflorescence 
of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect, dioecious, 
or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx 
6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostly developed 
into wings, one or all three of which usually bear a callosity (tubercle); wings 
entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, filaments glabrous. 
Style 3-parted ; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled, the angles usually mar- 
gined. Embryo borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin 
nam.e.] About 130 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following 
some 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 

* Leaves hastate; flowers dicoeious. foliage acid; low species. 

Inner sepals not developing- wings in fruit ; achene granular, i. R. Acetosella. 
Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achene smooth. 

Basal leaves numerous ; wings orbicular-cordate. 2. R. hastatuhis. 

Basal leaves few; wings broadly oblong-cordate. 3. R. Acetosa. 

*" Leaves not hastate ; flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious; foliage scarcely or not 
at all acid; tall species. 

Leaves flat, bright or light green, or giaucescent. 

Wings, 12-35 mm. broad, reddish; no tubercles. 4. R. vejtosjis. 

Wings small, not red, bearing tubercles. 
Tubercles usually 3. 

Bedicels little longer than the wings. 5. R. saHcifolius. 

Pedicels several times longer than the wings. 6. R. verticillatus. 

Tubercle usually i ; pedicels equaUing the wings. 7. R. altissimus. 

Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green, not giaucescent. 
Wings entire, more or less undulate. 

Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base. 

Tubercle i. "&. R. Patiejitia. 

Tubercles 3. 9. R. Brita?t7tica. 

Lower leaves cordate or rounded at the base. 

Tubercles wanting. 10. R. occidetitahs. 

Tubercles mostly 3. 

Inflorescence not leafy; pedicels long. 11. R. crispus. 

Inflorescence leafy; pedicels long. 12. R. co7iglonieratus. 

Tubercle i ; inflorescence not leafy; pedicels short. 

13. R. sanguineus. 
Wings toothed or fringed. 

Lower leaves cordate. 

Wings ovate or oblong-ovate ; tubercles mostly 2. 

14. R. pulcher. 
Wings hastate or ovate-hastate ; tubercle i. 15. R. obtusifoliiis. 

Lower leaves mostly narrowed at base ; wings with 4 spreading bristle-like 
teeth. 16. R. persicarioides. 

I. Rumex Acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. (I. F. f. 1299.) 
Annual or perennial, glabrous, dioecious; stem slender, erect or nearly so, the 
rootstock woody, horizontal or creeping. Leaves narrowly hastate, 5-16 cm. long, 
obtuse or acute at the apex, usually widest above the middle, petioled, the basal 
auricles entire or i-2-toothed, or the uppermost leaves nearly linear and not 
auricled, all papillose; ocreae silvery, 2-parted, soon lacerate; flowers in erect 
panicled racemes; racemes interrupted; calyx green, i mm. long, pedicelled; 



POL YG ON A CEA E. 355 

stamens exserted; achene less than 2 mm. long, very granular, exceeding the 
persistent calyx, its angles not margined. In dry fields and on hillsides through- 
out N. Am. except the extreme north. In large part naturalized from Europe. 
Sometimes a troublesome weed. May-Sept. 

2. Rumex hastatulus Muhl. Engelmann's Sorrel. (I. F. f. 1300.) Per- 
ennial from a woody base, glabrous, dioecious; stem rather strict, erect, 10-40 cm. 
tall. Leaves hastate, oblong or oblanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, the basal numerous, 
auricled at the base, subacute, petioled, those of the stem linear, all papillose; 
ocreae silvery, 2 -parted, at length lacerate; racemes ascending, at length inter- 
rupted; calyx green, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or longer than the wings; 
wings mostly broader than high, cordate, 2-4 mm. long; stamens slightly exserted; 
achene reddish, smooth, shining, less than 2 mm. long, invested by the calyx- 
wings, its angles margined. On the seacoast, S. N. Y. to Fla. and on the plains 
from Kans. to Tex. March-Aug. 

3. Rumex Acetosa L. Sorrel. Sour Dock. (L F. f. 1301.) Perennial, 
glabrous, dioecious; stem erect, simple, grooved, 30-90 cm. tall. Leaves oblong- 
hastate or ovate-sagittate, 2-12 cm. long, acute, crisped on the margins, the basal 
few, long-petioled, the upper subsessile, the acute auricles entire or i -toothed and 
more or less reflexed; ocreae lacerate; racemes nearly erect, crowded, at length 
interrupted; calyx green, 2 mm. long, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or shorter 
than the wings, jointed; wings cordate, 4-5 mm. long; achene rather more than 
2 mm. long, pointed, smooth, shining, blackish, invested by the calyx-wings. 
Lab. to Alaska. Naturalized from Europe in Vt., N. Y. and Penn. Summer. 

4. Rumex vetiosus Pursh. Veined Dock. (I. F. f. 1302.) Perennial by a 
woody rootstock, glabrous, stem rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 15-40 cm. 
tall, grooved, branched. Leaves ovate to oblong, 2-12 cm. long, acute at both 
ends, petioled, rather coriaceous; ocreae funnelform, thin, brittle; racemes mostly 
erect, soon interrupted; calyx red, pedicelled, conspicuously winged in fruit; pedi- 
cels at maturity rather stout, slightly shorter than the wings, jointed at about the 
middle; wings broad, suborbicular, with a deep sinus at the base, veiny, reddish; 
achene 6 mm. long, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles margined. N. W. 
Terr, to Ore. and Wash., South to Mo. and Nev. May-Aug. 

5. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. White, Pale or Willow-leaved Dock. 
(I. F. f. 1303.) Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem erect, ascending, or sometimes 
spreading, flexuous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or the lower 
oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or rarely obtuse at the apex, petioled; 
racemes erect, divergent or reflexed, dense, in fruit interrupted below, 2 mm. long, 
pedicelled; pedicels slightly longer than the wings, jointed near the base; wings 
triangular-ovate, 3 mm. long, undulate or subdentate, each bearing a large ovoid 
tubercle; achene 2 mm. long, dark red, its faces concave, its angles slightly mar- 
gined. In swamps. Lab. to S. N. Y., Fla., Neb., Tex. and L. Calif. Also in Europe. 
May-Sept. 

6. Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. (I. F. f. 1304.) Perennial, gla- 
brous, rather bright green; stem erect, ascending or decumbent, 6-15 dm. long, 
more or less flexuous when old. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, 5.30 cm. long, narrowed at both ends or obtusish at the apex, sliglitly 
papillose, long-petioled; racemes interrupted below, spreading in fruit; calyx 
green, 2 mm. long; pedicels stout, thickened above, jointed near the base, 3-5 times 
as long as the wings, or rarely shorter; wings broadly deltoid. 4 mm. long, more 
or less decurrent on the pedicel, each bearing a narrowly ovoid tubercle; achene 
2.5 mm. long, reddish, pointed, its faces concave. In swamps. Quebec to Out. 
and Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex. May-July. 

7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or Peach-leaved Dock. (I. F. f. 
1305.) Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green; stem erect, simple or sparingly 
branched above, 3- 12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate (sometimes oblanceolate), 5-25 cm. long, acute at both ends, papillose; 
panicle rather open; racemes slightly interrupted in fruit; flowers densely 
whorled, 2 mm. lont^; pedicels slender, jointed near the base, as long as the wings; 
wings triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, usually oiiO ol them only bearing an ovoid 
tubercle; achene 3 mm. long, dark red, its faces concave. Along streams and in 
swamps, Mass. to Neb., Md. and Tex. April-June. 



356 



FLORA. 



8. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock. (I. F. f. 1306.) Perennial, 
glabrous ; stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. tall. Lower leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 10-40 cm. long, the upper oblong-lanceolate or 
oblong-elliptic, acute or obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiting panicle dense; 
racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; pedicels 
slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed below the middle; wings 
orbicular- cordate, 4-6 mm. long, one of them bearing a prominent ovoid callosity; 
achene 3 mm. long, light brown, its faces concave, its angles obscurely margined. 
In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Wis., south to Conn., Penn. and Kans. Also in 
the Far West. Naturalized from Europe. May-June. 

9. Rumex Britannica L. Great V/ater-Dock. (I. F. f. 1307.) Peren- 
nial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, erect, more or less branched, 9-18 dm. 
tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, the lower 3-6 dm. long, long-petioled, 
the upper 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled; fruiting panicle dense; racemes nearly 
erect, more or less interrupted; flowers densely whorled; pedicels slender, con- 
spicuously jointed above the base, ^-2 times as long as the calyx wings; wings 
broadly cordate, 6 mm. long, irregularly denticulate, each bearing a large callos- 
ity; achene ovoid-oblong, or oblong, 4 mm. long, pointed at both ends, brown, 
its faces concave, its angles slightly margined. In swamps and wet soil, N. B. 
and Ont. to Minn., N. J., Penn., 111. and Neb. July- Aug. 

10. Rumex^ occidentalis S. Wats. Western Dock. (I. F. f. 1308.) Per- 
ennial, glabrous; stem strict, erect or nearly so, strongly grooved, 6-9 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bluish- green, somewhat crisped and wavy- 
margined, papillose, the lower 20-30 cm. long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, 
more or less cordate at the base, long-petioled, the upper smaller and usually 
lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or nearly so, erect; racemes usually not 
interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx 2 mm. long; pedicels obscurely jointed 
below the middle, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-wings; wings triangular-ovate, 
5-8 mm. long, somewhat dentate or undulate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, 
4-5 mm. long, short-pointed, chestnut-brown. In wet places, Lab. to Alaska, Ont., 
Rocky Mountains to Tex., and to Calif. May-Aug. 

11. Rumex crispus L. Curled Dock. (I. F. f. 1309.) Perennial, gla- 
brous, dark green; stem rather slender, erect, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves crisped and 
wavy-margined, the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate. 15-30 cm. long, long- 
petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, short-petioled, 
all cordate or obtuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle rather open; 
racemes simple or compound, by the elongation of the pedicels apparently contin- 
uous in fruit; flowers rather loosely whorled; fruiting pedicels 1^-2 times as long 
as the calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate 
or notched at base, erose-dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle; achene 
2 mm. long, dark brown. In fields and waste places nearly throughout the U. S. 
and southern British America, Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from 
Em-ope. Native also of Asia. June- Aug. Hybridizes with R. obttisifolhis. 

12. Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Clustered or Smaller Green Dock. 
(\. F. f. 13 10.) Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem slender, erect, 3-9 dm. tall. 
Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-14 cm. long, some of them slightly fiddle- 
shaped, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped, peti- 
oled; panicle loose and open in fruit; racemes leafy, slender, ascending, much 
interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx- 
wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle-shaped, 3 mm. long, toothed 
near the base, each bearing a large oblong callosity; achene less than 2 mm. long, 
pointed, red, its faces convex. In waste places, Va. to S. Car. Also in Calif. 
Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 

13. Rumex sanguineus L. Bloody or Red-veined Dock. (I. F. f. 1311.) 
Perennial, glabrous; stem slender, erect, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblong- 
lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, the lower long-petioled, cordate at the 
base, acute or obtuse at the apex, usually red-veined, the upper short-petioled; 
panicle loose; racemes slender, spreading, not leafy, interrupted; flowers loosely 
whorled; pedicels slender, i-i^ times as long as the calyx- wings, jointed at the 
base; wings oblong, 3 mm. long, one of them bearing a spherical-oblong callosity; 
achene less than 2 mm. long, sharp-pointed, dark red, its faces convex. In waste 



POLYGONACEAE. 357 

places and ballast, S. N. Y. to Va. and La. Uncommon. Naturalized or adven- 
ive from Europe. May-Aug. 

14. Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle Dock. (I. F. f. 13 12.) Perennial, dark 
green; stem slender, erect or procumbent, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. long, the 
branches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the lower fiddle-shaped, 2.5- 
15 cm. long, long-petioled, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base; upper oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, usually narrowed at both ends; petioles 
more or less pubescent; panicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes reflexed, 
much interrupted, rather leafy; flowers few in the whorls; pedicels equalling the 
calyx-wings, jointed at or below the middle; wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 4 mm. 
long, truncate at the base, one larger than the others or all three of different sizes, 
fringed with spine-like teeth, usually two, sometimes one or all three bearing 
tubercles; achene 2 mm. long, pointed, reddish, its faces concave. In waste 
places, Va. to Fla. and La. Also on the Pacific Coast and in ballast about the 
northern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 

15. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad- leaved or Bitter Dock. (L F. f. 
1313.) Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, erect, more or less scurfy 
above, 6-12 dm. tall. Lower leaves oblong- lanceolate, 15-35 cm. long, long-petioled, 
all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, the upper lanceo- 
late or oblong- lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, somewhat undulate or 
crisped; panicle rather open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or interrupted be- 
low; flowers loosely whorled; pedicels slender, somewhat longer than the calyx - 
wings, jointed below the middle ; wings hastate, 4-5 mm. long, fringed with a few 
spreading spiny teeth, one of them bearing an oblong tubercle; achene 2 mm. 
long, pointed, dark red, its faces concave, its angles slightly margined. In waste 
places, N. S. and N. B. to Ore., south to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Eu- 
rope. Native also of Asia. June -Aug. 

16. Rumex persicarioides L. Golden Dock. (I. F. f. 13 14.) Annual, 
pubescent, pale green; stem rather stout, erect and simple, or diffusely branched, 
3-9 dm. high, sometimes spreading or creeping, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, or 
oblong, 2.5-30 cm. long, narrowed at the base, or sometimes cordate, or sagittate, 
acute at the apex, undulate; panicle simple or compound ; racemes erect, leafy- 
bracted, mostly interrupted; flowers densely whorled; pedicels slender, i-ii times 
as long as the calyx-wings, jointed at the base ; wings oblong, 2 mm. long, with 1-3 
bristles on each margin, each bearing an ovoid or oblong callosity; achene less 
than 2 mm. long, pointed, reddish, its faces convex, its angles slightly margined. 
On sandy shores, N. B. to Va., extending across the continent through British 
America, south in the interior to Kan. and N. Mex. and on the Pacitic Coast to 
Calif. Has been confounded with R. maritimus L. of the Old World. July-Oct. 

4. OXYRIA Hill. 

Low fleshy glabrous perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves mostly basal, 
long-petioled, reniform or orbicular, cordate, palmately nerved, with cylindric 
ocreae. Flowers perfect, green, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx 4-parted, 
the outer segments smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; filaments short, 
subulate, glabrous. Ovary i -celled; ovvde solitary; style 2-parted; stigmas fim- 
briate, persistent on the large wings of the fruiting calyx. Achene lenticular. 
Embryo straight, borne in the centre of the endosperm. [Greek, sour, from the 
acid leaves.] Two known species, the following, and one in the Himalayas. 

I. Oxyria digyna (L.) Camptdera. Mountain Sorrel. (I. F, f. 1315.) 
Rootstock large, chaffy; stems scape-like, simple or sparingly branched, leafless or 
nearly so, 5-30 cm. tall. Leaves reniform or orbicular- reniform, 1-3.5 ^^^^^- "^vide, 
undulate, sometimes emarginate at the apex, the basal k)ng-petioled; ocreae ob- 
lique, loose, racemes many-flowered; flowers sleuder-pedicelled ; segments oblong, 
the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit; achene ovoid, smo(.)th. surrounded by a 
broad membranous wing. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, smith to the White Mts. 
of N. H. and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
July-Sept. 

5. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. 

Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, 
striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with ob- 



35^ FLORA. 

lique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal 
or axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together 
from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5 -parted, persistent 
and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens 
8; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary i -celled, i-ovuled; style 3 -parted; stigmas 
capitate. Achene 3 -angled. Embryo central, dividing the mealy endosperm 
into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the 
grain.] About 6 species, native of Europe and Asia. 

Racemes panicled or corymbose; angles of the achene not crested. i. F. Fagopyrum. 
Racemes mostly simple; angles of the achene crested, undulate. 2. F. Tatariciim. 

1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Buckwheat. (I. F. f. 13 16.) 

Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves hastate, 
2.5-7.5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed above the middle, acuminate, the nerves on 
the lower surface slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious; racemes mostly 
panicled, sometimes corymbose, many-flowered, erector inclined to droop; pedi- 
cels as long as the calyx; calyx-segments white or whitish; stamens included; 
style-branches deflexed in fruit; achene acute, 5 mm. long, about twice as long as 
the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when mature, the angles acute, not crested. 
In waste places, and persistent in fields after cultivation. Reported from almost 
all parts of the northern U. S. and southern British America. Native of eastern 
Europe or western Asia. June-Sept. 

2. Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Tartary Buckwheat. (I. F. f. 
13 17.) Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the leaves deltoid-hastate, or 
oblong -hastate, often broader than long, 2.5-10 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate 
at the apex; racemes terminal and axillary, mostly solitary, simple and few- 
flowered, long-peduncled; flowers whitish, short-pedicelled; achene subacute, 5 
mm. long, its angles crested with three prominent lobes above the middle, its faces 
pinnately sulcate from a conspicuous groove. In waste places, eastern Canada 
and New England. Adventive from Asia. Summer. 

6. POLYGONUM L. 

Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species woody, with erect, 
prostrate, climbing or floating stems, alternate entire leaves, continuous with, or 
jointed to the cylindric funnelform or two-lobed, often lacerate or fringed ocreae, 
Flowers normally perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered, the 
clusters terminal or axillary. Pedicels jointed, subtended by ocreae or ocreolae; 
calyx 4-5-parted or 4-5 -cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat larger than the 
inner; stamens 5-9, included or exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, 
glabrous; style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft, its branches included or exserted; stigmas 
capitate: achene lenticular or 3-angled (rarely 4 angled), invested by or exceeding 
the calyx. Embryo near the end of the seed, in one of its angles. [Greek, many- 
knees from the swollen joints of some species. ] About 200 species, of wide geographic 
distribution. Besides the following, some 33 others occur in the western and 
southern parts of North America. 

I. Flowers in terminal spike like racemes; calyx 5-cleft ors-parted; stem not twining. 
Raceme solitary ; alpine species ; perennial, not aquatic. i. P. viviparum. 

Racemes solitary or 2 ; aquatic or swamp species ; perennials. 

Leaves oblong-, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, not acuminate. 2. P. amphibium. 
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, not acuminate. 

3. P. Hartwrightii. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acuminate. 

4. P. emersum. 
Racemes several or numerous ; annuals or perennials, mostly terrestrial. 

Ocreae naked or ciliolate, their limbs not spreading. 
Racemes drooping. 

Achene ovoid; style 2-parted to near the base. 6. P. incarjiatum. 

Achene broadly oblong-ovoid; style 2-cleft to-below the middle. ' 

7. P. lapathi/olium. 



POLYGONACEAE. 359 

Racemes erect. 

Style-branches scarcely or slightly exserted. 

Achene broadly oblong, biconvex. 5. P. Portoricense. 

Achene orbicular, flat. 8. P. Pentisylvanicum, 

Style-branches long-exserted ; achene ovoid, somewhat gibbous. 

9. P. longistylum. 
Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs not spreading. 

Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene lenticular or 3-angled. 
Ocreae conspicuously fringed ; achene broadly ovoid. 

10. P. Persicaria. 
Ocreae inconspicuously fringed ; achene narrowly ovoid. 

11. P. persicarioides. 
Racemes not interrupted, erect ; achene always 3-angled. 

Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. 14. P. Opelousamim. 

Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed. 

Leaves mostly glabrous above ; achene pointed at the top. 

15. P. hydropiperoides. 
Leaves strigose above ; achene pointed at both ends. 

13. P. setaceum. 
Racemes not interrupted, drooping. 12. P. Careyi. 

Racemes interrupted, erect or drooping. 

Achene granular and dull ; racemes drooping. 16. P. Hydropiper. 

Achene smooth, shining ; racemes erect. 17. P. punctatiim, 

Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs normally spreading. 

18. P. or tent ale. 

2 Flowers in long naked much interrupted spike-like racemes; calyx 4 parted. 

19. P. Virginianum. 
3. Flowers in axillary clusters; stems more or less wiry, not twining. 

Plants prostrate ; achene invested by the calyx. 

Achene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base. 

Leaves mostly acute ; style 3-parted to below the middle. 

20. P. avictila?'e. 
Leaves mostly obtuse; style 3-parted to the base. 21. p. Hi tor ale. 

Achene pointed at both ends. 22. P. Bellardi. 

Plants prostrate ; achene protruding beyond the calyx. 

Leaves mostly longer than the internodes ; sea beach species. 

23. P. maritimum. 
Leaves shorter than the internodes ; plant of waste places. 24. P. Rayi. 
Plants erect or ascending, rather stout. 
Achene invested by the calyx. 

Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, persistent. 25. P. erectmn. 

Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong, persistent. 27. P. ramosissinitim. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, fugacious. 

28. P. campormu. 
Achene much exserted beyond the calyx. 26. P. exsertnm. 

Plants strictly erect and very slender. 

Leaves with a lateral impression on either side of the midvein ; fruiting pedicels 

stout, erect. 29. P. ternie. 

Leaves without lateral impressions ; fruiting pedicels slender, deflexed. 

30. P. Doi/glasii. 

4. Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, racemes or panicled racemes; stems 

mostly twining. 

Stems twrining ; herbaceous vines. 

Outer segments of the calyx unchanged, or keeled in fruit. 

Achene granular and dull ; ocreae not bristly. 31. P. Convo/vttlus. 

Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 32. P. cilinode. 

Outer segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit. 
Calyx-wings not incised. 

Fruiting calyx ro-12 mm. long, the wings crisped. 33. P. sca/idt'ns. 
Fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, the wings rather flat. 34. /'. dumctorum. 
Calyx-wings incised. 35. /'. cristatum. 

Stems stout, erect, tall ; outer calyx-segments winged in fruit. 3(3. P. Zuccariuii. 

5. Flowers in capitate clusters or racemes; stem climbmg by recurved prickles. 
Leaves sagittate; achene 3-angled. 37. P^ sagittatum. 

Leaves halberd-shaped; achene lenticular. 38, P. ari folium. 

I. Polye:oniim viviparum L. ALriNE Bistort. (T. F. f. 131S.) Perennial 
by a corm-like rootstock, mostly glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems solitary 



360 FLORA. 

or clustered, erect, simple, 5-25 cm. tall. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-20 
cm. long, rather acute at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, long-petioled; 
stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the lower petioled, the 
upper sessile, their margins often revolute; ocreae clasping below, open above; 
raceme solitary, terminal, narrow, rather dense, bearing a number of rather dark- 
colored bulblets about its base; calyx 5-parted, pale rose-color or white; stamens 8, 
exserted; style 3-parted, achene oblong, 3-angled. Greenland and Labrador to 
Alaska, south to the high summits of the mountains of New England, and in the 
Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in Arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June- 
Aug. 

2. Polygonum amphibium L. Water. Persicaria. (I. F. f. 13 19.) 
Aquatic, perennial, glabrous when mature; stem floating or submersed, 1-6 m. 
long. Leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, petioled, obtuse 
or subacute at the apex, slightly inequilateral, rounded or narrowed at the base, 
sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those of the branches often longer than the 
internodes, their limbs sometimes spreading, usually glabrous; raceme terminal, 
usually solitary, 12-25 mm. long, dense, erect, oblong or ovoid; calyx rose-color, 
5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene orbicular-oblong, 
lenticular, 3 mm. long, biconvex, black, smooth and shining, or granular. In 
ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, south to northern N. J., Ky., Colo, and Cal. 
Also in Europe,- July-Aug. 

3. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. Hart Wright's Persicaria. 
(I. F. f. 1320.) Perennial by rootstocks, more or less hispid; stem ascending, 
decumbent or erect, 1.5-6 dm. long, many -jointed, usually rather stout. Leaves 
lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 7-15 cm. long, obtuse or subacute the 
apex, short-petioled or sessile ; ocreae cylindric, varying from one-half as long to 
as long as the internodes, the limb abruptly spreading, fringed with short bristles; 
racemes usually solitary, dense, 1-2.5 ^m. long, oblong ; calyx rose-colored, 
5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style exserted, 2-cleft to beyond the middle; achene 
oblong, biconvex, lenticular, black, smooth, shining. In swamps or moist soil, 
Hudson Bay to Ore., south to Me., S. Penn., Kans., Nev. and L. Calif. June- 
Aug. 

4. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton. Swamp Persicaria. (I. F. f. 
1321.) Perennial by long creeping or horizontal rootstocks, glabrous or strigose- 
pubescent; stem erect or assurgent, commonly simple, enlarged at the nodes, 
3-9 dm. or sometimes 6 m. long: 'Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
or the upper sometimes narrowly lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, acute or usually 
acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled, the lateral nerves 
prominent, sometimes forking; ocreae cylindric, not ciliate; racemes I or 2, 
erect, 2.5-8 cm. long, linear-oblong, dense; calyx dark rose-color, 5-parted; 
stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly obovate or orbicular, 
3 mm. long, very convex, lenticular, black and slightly granular, but shining. 
In swamps and moist soil. Me., Ont. to N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Va., 
La. and Mex. July-Sept. 

5. Polygonum Portoricense Bertero. Dense-flowered Persicaria. (I. F. f. 
1322.) Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decumbent or floating, 1-1.5 m. 
long or longer, branched, enlarged at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, 4-30 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short- 
petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes bristly when 
young, naked when mature, sometimes hispid; racemes narrow, paniculate, often 
in pairs, 2.5-13 cm. long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5-parted to near 
the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene 
lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong, 
orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining, or minutely 
granular. In wet soil, Mo. to Fla., Tex., the W. I. and S. Am. May-Nov. 

6. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Slender Pink Persicaria. (L F. f. 
1323.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so ; stem erect, more or less swollen at the 
nodes, 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 7-22 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, 
short-petioled, sparingly punctate and ciliate; ocreae cylindric, loose, brittle, 
sometimes ciliolate when young, glabrous when mature; racemes panicled, droop- 
ing, 3.5 -10 cm. long, linear, many-flowered; calyx white or pink, small, 5-parted; 



P OL YG ON A CEA E. 36 1 

stamens 6; style 2-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, about 

2 mm. long, flat or biconcave, smooth, shining. In wet soil, Vt. to III. and Neb., 
south to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

7. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Dock-leaved or Pale Persicaria. 
(I. F. f, 1324.) Annual, stem erect or ascending, swollen at the nodes, 3-9 dm. 
high, the peduncles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, usually broader than those of the preceding, attenuate 
to the apex, acuminate at the base, short-petioled, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; 
ocreae cylindric, ribbed or striate; racemes panicled, 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping, 
narrow, rather dense; calyx pink, greenish or white, 5 -parted; stamens 6; style 
2-parted to below the middle; achene broadly oblong or ovoid, lenticular, 2 mm. 
long, brownish or black, slightly reticulated but shining, its laces concave. In 
waste places, throughout temperate N. Am. Nat. from Europe. Sometimes a 
troublesome weed. Native also of Asia. June-Sept.'^ 

Polygonum lapathifoliuoi nodbsum (Pers.) Small. Generally robust and glabrous ; 
stem stout, reddish, purple spotted and with a purple ring- below each ocrea, much 
thickened at the nodes; leaves conspicuously punctate ; racemes 2.5-7.5 cm. long, less 
drooping, often erect ; achene slightly larger. Occasional in the range of the type. 

Polygonum lapathifolium incanum (Schmidt) Koch. Low; stem slender, erect, 
5-30 cm. high, shghtly scurfy ; leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, usually narrowed at 
the base, white-tomentose beneath, glabrous above ; racemes 1-4 cm. long. In waste 
places, N. S. to Ont., N. Y., and Br. Col. 

8. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania Persicaria. (I. F. f. 
1325.) Annual, glabrous below; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall, the upper parts, the 
peduncles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
petioled, ciliate, 5-30 cm, long, the upper sometimes glandular beneath; ocreae 
cylindric, naked, glabrous; racemes panicled, erect, thick, oblong or cylindric, 
dense, 2.5-5 cm. long; calyx dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 8 or fewer; 
style 2-cleft to about the middle; achene orbicular or mostly broader than high,' 

3 mm. long, short-pointed, lenticular, smooth, shining. In moist soil, N. S. to 
Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

9. Polygonum longistylum Small. Long-styled Persicaria. (I. F. f. 
1326.) Annual or perennial, glabrous except the glandular upper branches and 
peduncles; stem erect, rather slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, their margins 
undulate, slightly crisped, more or less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire, brittle; 
racemes panicled, sometimes geminate, 2.5-8 cm. long, rather dense, erect; calyx 
lilac, 5-parted to below the middle, the lobes petaloid; stamens 6-8, included; 
style 2-parted, slender, conspicuously exserted; stigmas black; achene broadly 
ovoid, lenticular, slightly gibbous on both sides, long-pointed, black, granular, 
but somewhat shining, 2.5 mm. long. In moist soil, S. III. and Mo. to" La. and 
N. Mex. Aug.-Oct. 

10. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. (I. F. f. 1327.) Annual, 
glabrous or puberulent ; stem erect or ascending, 1.5-6 dm, high. Leaves 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, conspicuously 
punctate, usually with a dark triangular or lunar blotch near the centre, their 
margins entire or slightly eroded, often ciliate; ocreae cylindric. nearly glabrous, 
fringed with short bristles; racemes solitary or panicled, 1-5 cm. long, "ovoid or 
oblong, dense, erect ; calyx pink or dark purple; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3- 
parted to below the middle; achene broadly ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or 
3-angled, 2-2.5 "^"^- ^^"^^i smooth and shining. In waste places, throughout N, Am. 
except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. Often an abundant weed. June- 
Oct. 

11. Polygonum persicarioides H. B, K. Southwestern Peksicaklv. 
(I. F, f, 1328,) Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem erect, decunibent 
or creeping, 3-9 dm, long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanccolato. acuminate at 
both ends, punctate, 4-25 cm. long; ocreae cylindric, glabrous, or sparingly 
strigillose, fringed with short bristles ; racemes more or loss panicled. erect, 
2-5-7-5 cm. long, narrowly oblong or linear, loosely flowered; calyx rose-color 
tinged with green, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer; style 2-3- 



362 FLORA. 

parted to near the base; achene lenticular and biconvex, or 3 -angled, more or less 
gibbous, 2 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short-pointed, black, minutely 
granular, but shining. Neb. to Mex. ; widely distributed m tropical Am. June- 
Sept. 

12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. Carey's Persicaria. (I. F. f. 1329.) 
Annual, rough-glandular throughout ; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the uppermost nearly linear, 5-27 cm. long, short- 
petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at both ends, hispid on the midrib, ciliate, 
sparingly punctate; ocreae cylindric, sparsely hispid, fringed with long bristles; 
racemes several, narrow, loosely flowered, drooping, 2-7 cm. long; calyx purplish; 
stamens 5 or sometimes 8; style 2-parted to below the middle; achene lenticular, 
broadly ovoid or obovoid, 2.5-3 cm. long, short-pointed, thick, smooth and shining. 
In marshes. Me. and Ont. to Mich., south to R. I., N. J. and Penn. July-Sept. 

13. Polygonum setaceum Baldw. Bristly Persicaria. (I. F. f. 1330.) 
Perennial, strigose; stem 6-12 dm. high, erect, simple or sparingly branched; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-23 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, 
ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed with very long 
bristles ; racemes few, terminal, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, erect, narrow, sometimes 
geminate, rather loosely flowered; calyx white or pmk; stamens 8; style 3-parted 
to below the middle; achene 3-angled, oblong or obovoid, thick-pointed, 1-2 mm. 
long, minutely reticulated and rather dull, or smooth and shining. In swamps, 
southern Mo. to La., east to N. Car. and Fla. June-Sept. 

14. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell. Opelousas Persicaria. (I. F. f. 
1 33 1.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem slender, erect or ascending, spar- 
ingly or considerably branched, 3-9 -dm. tall, becoming woody below. Leaves 
linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-13 cm; long, ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed 
with long bristles; spike-like racemes panicled, erect, often geminate, 1. 2-5 cm. long, 
not densely flowered; calyx white, 5 -parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer; 
style deeply 3-parted ; achene 3-angled or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or 
obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. Mo. to La., Tex. and Mex. 
July-Sept. 

15. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. (I. F. f. 
1332.) Perennial, strigillose; stem erect, decumbent or prostrate, slender, 3-9 dm. 
long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate, 
5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with appressed 
hairs on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylindric, loose, strigose, fringed with long 
bristles; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less interrupted, 3-7.5 
cm. long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; 
achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 "^"^- lo^g» smooth, shinmg. In swamps 
and wet soil, N. B. to Minn, and Calif., south to Fla. and Mex. June-Sept. 

Polygonum hydropiperoides Macouni Small. More robust than the type; stem 
3-12 dm. long, clothed with stout appressed hairs : leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; ocreolae 
more or less ciliate ; calyx white or whitish, often conspicuous. Quebec to W. Va. and 
Ind. Also in Calif. 

16. Polygonum Hydropiper L. Smart-weed. Water Pepper. (I. F. f. 
Jf333') Annual, glabrous, stem erect, often red or reddish, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; 2.5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, undulate or slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very acrid; ocreae cylin- 
dric, fringed with short bristles, sometimes slightly pubescent, usually swollen at 
the base by the development of several flowers within; racemes panicled, 2.5-7.5 
cm. long, narrow, drooping, interrupted; calyx green, 3-5-parLed (usually 4-parted), 
conspicuously punctate; stamens 4 or sometimes 6: style short, 2-3-parted; achene 
lenticular or 3-angled, broadly oblong or ovoid, slightly gibbous, 2.5-3 mm. long, 
granular, dull. In moist waste places, almost throughout N. Am. Naturalized 
from Europe in our area, perhaps indigenous in the far Northwest. July-Sept. 

17. Polygouum punctatum Ell. Dotted or Water Smart- weed, (I. F. f. 
1334.) Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so; stem erect or ascending, 
rarely prostrate, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate. conspicuously 
punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cylindric, 



POL YGONA CEAE. 363 

falling away at maturity, fringed with long bristles; racemes narrow, erect or 
slightly drooping, loosely-flowered, 2-8 cm. long; calyx greenish; stamens 8; style 
2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, thick, lenticular or 3-angled, 2.5 mm. long, 
smooth, shining. In swamps and wet places, throughout N. Am. except the extreme 
north. June-Oct. 

Polygonum punctitum leptostkchyum (Meisn.) Small. Rather smaller ; stem slen- 
der, 3-6 dm. long ; leaves narrower : racemes very slender and much interrupted, clus- 
tered at the summit; achene about 2 mm. long, oblong, shining. Vt. to Calif., south to 
Fla. and Mex. 

Polygonum punctatum robustior Small. Larger and stouter than the type, leafy ; 
stem 6-12 dm. tall, conspicuously enlarged at the nodes ; leaves 5-20 cm. long; racemes 
thicker, 2.5-10 cm. long, interrupted below; achene 3 mm, long, slightly granular, some- 
what obovoid; calyx-segments white. Mass. to Fla., near the coast. 

18. Polygonum orientale L. Prince's Feather. (I. F. f. 1335.) Annual, 
more or less hispid; stem erect, 3-25 dm. tall, branched. Leaves ovate or broadly 
oblong, 7-30 cm. long, petioled, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; petioles slightly 
winged; ocreae cylindric, loose, mostly with a spreading border, ciliate; racemes 
panicled, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-10 cm. long, dense, drooping; flowers large for the 
genus; calyx dark rose-color or crimson; stamens 7, exserted; style 2-cleft to above 
the middle; achene orbicular or broader than long, lenticular, flat, 3 mm. in diam- 
eter, finely reticulated and rather dull. In waste places, escaped from gardens 
throughout eastern N. Am. Native of India. Aug.-Sept. 

19. Polygonum Virginianum L. ' Virginia Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1336.) 
Annual, nearly glabrous, or strigose; stem erect or arching, simple, or branched 
above, 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short- 
petioled, acuminate at the apex, 5-15 cm. long, sparingly ciliate; ocreae cylindric, 
strigose, fringed with short bristles; racemes spike-like, naked, greatly elongated 
and interrupted, sometimes 4-5 dm. long; calyx curved, greenish or rose-color, 
4-cleft; stamens 5; style long, exserted, 2-parted to the base, its branches at length 
curled; achene 4 mm. long, ovate-oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark 
brown or cream-colored, shining. In woods, N. S. to Minn., south to Fla. and 
Tex. July-Nov. 

20. Polygonum aviculare L. Knotgrass. Door-weed. (I. F. f. 1337.) 
Annual or commonly perennial, slender, glabrous, dull green or bluish green; stem 
prostrate or ascending, 1-7 dm. long. Leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolate, 0.5-2 
cm. long, jointed to the ocreae, narrowed at the base, usually acute at the apex, 
not conspicuously veined; ocreae oblique, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate; 
clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered; calyx green, 5-parted, the lobes with a white or pink 
border; stamens 5-8; style short, 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled, 
ovoid, 2 mm. long, acute, reticulated. A weed in cultivated and waste grounds, 
common almost throughout N. Am., Asia and Europe. June-Oct. 

21. Polygonum littorale Link. Shore Knotweed. (I.F. f. 1338.) Annual 
or perennial, stout, glabrous, bright green or slightly glaucous; stem 3-12 dm. 
long, prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched from a woody base, striate. 
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate. or oblanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or sub- 
acute at the apex, mostly acuminate at the base, prominently veined, often crisped, 
jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, at length lacerate; flowers axillary, 2-6 in 
each cluster ; calyx green, its lobes whitish-margined or carmine; stamens 8; style 
short, 3-parted to the base; achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, more or 
less pinched at the apex. On shores and in waste places, N. B. to Minn, and 
Cal., south to Va., 111. and Kans. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept. 

22. Polygonum Bellardi All. Bella rd's Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1339.) 
Annual, dingy green; stem slender, prostrate or spreading, 3-0 dm. long, often 
diff^usely branched, striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short- 
petioled, 0.5-4 cm. long, acute at the apex, acuminate at the base, distant, promi- 
nently veined beneath, jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, silvery, slightly 
lacerate when young, becoming much incised when old ; flowers I -3 together m 
the axils; calyx green, its lobes white-margined; stamens 8; st\le 3-partod to the 
base, very short; achene ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, rather pointed at both 
ends. 2-2.5 rnm. long, reticulated and rather dull. In waste grounds, Washing- 
ton, D. C. Adventive from eastern Europe ami western Asia. 



3^4 



FLORA. 



23. Polygonum maritimum L. Seaside Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1340.) 

Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, glabrous; root usually deep, woody; stem 
prostrate or ascending, branched, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly 
equalling or longer than the internodes, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, fleshy, veined beneath, 
somewhat rugose above, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae, the margins often 
revolute; ocreae large, silvery, at length lacerate, becoming brown at the base; 
flowers 1-3 together in the axils; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 8; style short, 
3 -parted; achene 3 -angled, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute or acumi- 
nate, shining, longer than the calyx. In sands of the seashore, Me. to Fla. Also 
on the coast of Europe. July-Sept. 

24. Polygonum Rayi Babingt. Ray's Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1341-) 
Perennial or annual, glabrous, slightly glaucous ; stem 1-6 dm. long, prostrate, 
usually much branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 0.5-3 cm. long, acute 
or obtusish at the apex, veined beneath, inconspicuously so above, shorter than the 
internodes, inconspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae becoming lacerate, silvery, 
brown and glaucous at the base when old; flowers 2-4 together in the axils; 
stamens 5 or 6; style short, 3-parted to the base; achene ovoid, 3-angled, 4-6 mm. 
long, slightly granular but shining, much exceeding the calyx. In waste places, 
N. B. and Prince Edward's I. to Br. Col., south along the Atlantic coast to Va. 
Apparently naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 

25. Polygonum erectum L. Erect Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1342.) Annual, 
glabrous; stem erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. high, terete, nearly simple or much 
branched. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, subsessile or short-petioled, 0.5-4 cm. 
long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae 
oblique, funuelform. soon lacerate, silvery when young; flowers I or 2 together in the 
axils; calyx greenish, enlarged in fruit; stamens 6 (sometimes 5); style very short, 
3-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-pyramidal, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, reticu- 
lated and dull, invested by the calyx, or the apex slightly protruding. In moist or 
dry soil, Me. to Ont, the N. W. Terr., Tenn. and Ark. July-Sept. 

26. Polygonum exsertum Small. Long-fruited Knotweed. {I. F. f. 
1343.) Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous; stem slender, brownish, 
erect or nearly so, conspicuously striate, branched, 5-10 dm. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
late, rarely oblanceolate. I -4 cm. long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, acuminate 
at the base, nearly sessile; ocreae soon lacerate, silvery, becoming brownish; calyx 
greenish or white, 6-parted to near the base; stamens 5 or 6; style 3-cleft or 3- 
parted, very short; achene 3-angled, narrowly pyramidal, 5-6 mm. long, more or 
less constricted above the middle, chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as 
long as the calyx, at length twisted. N. W. Terr., south to 111., Mo. and Neb., 
and on the Atlantic coast, in brackish marshes, from Me. to N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 

27. Polygonum ramoisssimum Michx. Bushy Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1344.) 
Annual, bright green or yellowish green, glabrous ; stem erect or ascending, 
usually very much branched, slender, usually rigid, I-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
late or linear-oblong, 0.5-4 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, persistent, conspicu- 
ously jointed to the ocreae ; ocreae oblique, funnelform. few-nerved, becoming 
deeply lacerate ; flowers several together in the axillary clusters ; calyx 5-6- 
parted, greenish- white ; stamens 6 or fewer ; style very short, 3-parted to the 
base ; achene 3-angled, acute, sometimes slightly protruding beyond the calyx, 
nearly 3 mm. long, black, reticulated, dull. In saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. 
Terr., N. Hex. and Cal., and on the Atlantic coast from Me. to N. J. July-Sept. 

Polygonum ramosi'ssimum prolificum Small. Bushy, much branched ; stem nearly 
erect, its internodes short, its nodes giving off 2 or more branches ; leaves narrower ; 
flowers and achenes more numerous. Neb. and Kan., also on the coast of Me. 

28. Polygonum camporum Meisn. Prairie Knot\\t:ed. (I. F. f. 1345.) 
Annual or perennial, glabrous ; stem mostly erect, slightly striate, much branched, 
sometimes slightly glaucous, 6-9 dm. tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, 
soon falling away, subsessile, rather obtuse at the apex, veined beneath. 0.5-2.5 
cm. long ; ocreae funnelform, early lacerate and fugacious, dark brown ; fl.owers 
several together in the axillar}- clusters ; pedicels short ; stamens 8 ; style short, 
3-parted ; achene pyramidal-ovoid. 3-angled. black, nearly 3 mm. long, shining. 
On prairies. Neb. to La., and N. Mex. Also in S. Am. July-Sept. 



POLYGONACEAE. 365 

29. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1346.) Annual, 
glabrous, somewhat rough about the nodes; stem very slender or filiform, erect, 
somewhat 4-angled, 1-4 dm. tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, 
acuminate at the apex, o 5-2.5 cm. long, articulated to the ocreae, i-ribbed with a 
lateral impression on each side of the rib, the margins minutely scabrous or serru- 
late ; ocreae funnelform, soon lacerate ; flowers several in the axillary clusters, 
green, subs^essile ; calyx-lobes whitish ; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted nearly to the 
base, its branches diverging ; fruit erect ; achene 3angled, black, 2-2.5 ^^™- ^ong, 
reticulated on the angles, the centre of its faces smooth. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. 
to Mmn., Neb., Ga. and Ark. July-Sept. 

30. Polygonum Douglasii Greene. Douglas' Knotweed. (I. F. f. 1347.) 
Annual, similar to the preceding species, glabrous, somewhat rough at the nodes, 
sometimes slightly glaucous ; stem erect, 2-5 dm. tall, simple or usually much 
branched. Leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, subsessile, rather 
thin, flat or revolute, with no lateral impressions parallel to the midrib ; ocreae 
oblique, short, soon lacerate ; clusters axillary, several-flowered ; the flowers and 
fruit deflexed ; calyx green with white or rose-colored margin ; stamens 8 ; style 
3-parted ; achene 3-angled, 2.5-4 mm. long, oblong or ovoid-oblong, black, smooth 
and shining. N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. to N, Mex., Neb. and Ind. Terr., east 
through Ont. to northern N. Y. and Vt. June-Sept. 

31. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. (I. F. f. 1348.) Annual, 
glabrous, scurfy; stem twining or trailing, 1.5-IO dm, long, mostly branched. 
Leaves ovate-sagittate or the uppermost lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acumi- 
nate at the apex, slightly ciliate, 1-7.5 cm. long; ocreae oblique, short, rough on 
the margin ; axillary clusters or racemes loosely flowered ; flowers greenish, pen- 
dulous on slender pedicels ; calyx 5-parted or rarely 6-parted, closely investing the 
achene, the outer lobes slightly or not at all keeled ; stamens 8 ; style nearly 
entire ; stigmas 3 ; achene 3-angled, obovoid-pyramidal, 3 mm. long, thick- 
pointed, black, granular, rather dull. In waste and cultivated grounds, nearly 
throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe, Native 
of Asia. Sometimes a troublesome weed. July-Sept. 

32. Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed. (I. F. f. 1349.) 
Perennial, sparingly pubescent; stem red or reddish, twining or prostrate, 0.3-3 m. 
long. Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, acuminate at the apex, cordate 
at the base, rather long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate, 2.5-10 cm. long, or the 
upper smaller ; ocreae small, armed with reflexed bristles near the base ; racemes 
mostly panicled, axillary and terminal, interrupted ; calyx whitish ; style short, 
3-parted to the base ; achene 3- angled, oblong-pyramidal or ovoid, nearly 3 mm. 
long, very smooth and shining. In rocky places, N. S. to Ont., Minn, and Penn., 
south in the AUeghanies to N. Car. June-Sept. 

Polygonum cilinode brdvis Peck. Stems erect, about 3 dm. tall: inflorescence mostly 
terminal. Adirondack Mountains, N. Y. 

33. Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. (I. F. f. 1351) 
Perennial, glabrous; stem climbing, 0.5-6 m. long, rather stout, branched, rough 
on the ridges. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, 2.5-15 cm. long or 
the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled, finely punctate, the margins scabrous; 
ocreae oblique, smooth and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and panicled, 
interrupted, leafy, 5-20 cm. long; flowers yellowish-green, long-pediceled; calyx 
5-parted, the three outer segments very strongly winged and decurrent on the 
pedicels, especially in fruit; style almost none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx IO-12 
mm. long, the wings crisped, not incised; achene 4-5 mm. long, 3-angled, rather 
blunt at both ends, smooth, shining. In woods and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and the 
Rocky Mts., south to Fla., Neb. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

34. Polygonum dumetorum L. Copse or Hedge Buckwheat. (I. F. f. 
1350.) Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding species; stem extensively 
twining, 0.5-3 ''^- ^'^'''g' much branched. Leaves ovate or somewhat hastate, and 
sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base. 2.5-7 cm. 
long, long-petioled, or the uj^pcr smaller or nearly sessile: ocreae oblique. suHxith; 
racemes numerous, much interrupted, leafy-bracted, 5-13 cm. Umg; flowers yellow- 
ish green, pendulous; calyx 5-parted, the three outer segments winged or keeled 



3^6 FLORA, 

and much enlarged in fruit; style short, 3-parted: fruiting calyx 6-8 mm, long, the 
wings nearly flat, not incised; achene oblong, 3-angled, 4 mm. long, inclined to be 
pointed at both ends, black, smooth, shining. Prairies of 111. and about St. 
Louis, Mo. Also in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn. Naturalized from Europe(?) 
July-Sept. 

35. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. Crested False Buckwheat. 
(I. F. f. 1352.) Perennial, scurfy; stem slender, twining, 0.7-2.5 m. long, more 
or less branched. Leaves triangular or ovate, 2.5-13 cm. long, acuminate at the 
apex, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base, rather long-petioled; ocreae cylin- 
dric-funnelform ; flowers in simple or compound often naked racemes 2.5-13 cm. 
long; pedicels about 5 mm. long, jointed near the middle; calyx greenish -white, 
4-5 mm. long, 5 -parted, the three outer segments keeled and at maturity winged; 
stigmas 3 ; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, its wings incised ; achene 3-angled, 
oblong, black, smooth, shining, about 3 mm. long. Sandy woods and rocky banks, 
S. N. Y. to Ga., the Ind. Terr, and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

36. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. (1. F. f. 1353.) 
Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem stout, erect, woody below, much branched, 
1-2.5 ^- ^^^^- Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, 5-15 cm. long, 
acuminate cuspidate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, reticulate- 
veined on both surfaces, undulate; ocreae oblique, smooth, fugacious; racemes 
mostly terminal, panicled, 5-10 cm. long, or axillary, many-flowered, more or 
less pubescent; flowers greenish- white, long-pedicelled ; outer segments of the 
5-parted calyx very broadly winged in fruit; style 3-parted; achene 3-angled, 
narrowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, 2.5-3 mm. long, black, smooth, shining. 
Escaped from cultivation m Me., near Philadelphia, Pa., Schenectady, N. Y., N. J., 
and in Ohio. Native of Japan. July-Get. 

37. Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow -leaved Tear-thumb. (1. F. f. 
1354.) Annual, light green; stem slender, weak, decumbent, or climbing over 
other plants by the abundant recurved prickles which arm its four prominent angles. 
Leaves lanceolate sagittate or oblong-sagittate, 1.2-7.5 cm. long, obtuse or acute at 
the apex, slightly rough on the margins, the lower petioled, the upper subsessile; 
petioles and lower surface of the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not ciliate, 
fringed at the base by a few bristle-like prickles; flowers in rather dense terminal 
heads or racemes; calyx greenish or rose- colored; style 3-parted to below the 
middle; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal, thick-pointed, 3 mm. long, dark red, 
smooth, shining. Li wet soil, Newf. and N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla. 
and Kans. July-Sept. 

38. Polygonum arifolium L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. (I. F. f. 
1355.) Perennial ; stem ridged, reclining, 3-18 dm. long, the ridges armed with 
recurved prickles. Peduncles and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly 
hastate, long-petioled, 2.5-25 cm. long, pubescent or glabrous beneath, the apex 
and basal lobes acuminate; petioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae oblique, 
fringed at the summit with short bristles and at the base with slender prickles; 
flowers in terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose-color or greenish. 
4-parted; style 2-parted; achene lenticular, broadly obovate, 4 m.m. long, strongly 
biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining. In moist or wet soil, N. B, and Ont. to 
Minn., south to S. Car. July-Sept. 

7. POLYGONELLA Michx. 

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with branched, 
usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves jointed to the mostly 
naked ocreae, and small white, pink or greenish flowers in slender panicled ra- 
cemes. Calyx unequally 5-parted, persistent, its segments petalloid, loosely invest- 
ing the achene or its base in fruit, the three inner calyx-segments often winged. 
Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform, or much dilated or auricled at the base. 
Style 3-parted, short or almost wanting stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled, 
smooth. Embryo slender, nearh'^ straight in ons of the angles of the seed. [Dimin- 
utive of Polygonum.] Five or six species, natives of N. Am. 

Annual : inner sepals not winged in fruit ; pedicels reflexed. i. P. articulata. 

Perennial ; inner sepals winged in fruit ; pedicels divergent. 2. P. Americana. 



CHENOPODIALES. 367 

1. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed. (L F. f. 1356.) 
Annual, glaucous; stem wiry, erect or sometimes diffusely spreading, simple or 
branched, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves linear or linear-subulate (apparently filiform 
from the revolute margins), 1-4 cm. long, cylindric, slightly expanded at the sum- 
mit; racemes numerous, erect, many-flowered, 2.5-5 ^m. long; ocreolae crowded 
or imbricated; pedicels reflexed; calyx-segments white with a dark mid-rib, loosely 
investing the achene, not winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid-pyramidal, pointed, 
2 mm. long, brown. In sands of the seashore and sandy soil along the coast, Me., 
N. H. to Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Oct. 

2. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small. Southern Jointweed. (L F. f. 
1357.) Perennial, slightly glaucous; stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat 
flexuous, 5-12 dm. high, simple or slightly branched, covered with a ridged more 
or less scaly bark. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, often fas- 
cicled on short branches, rather fleshy, obtuse and revolute at the apex; ocreae 
scarious-margined, split on one side; racemes 2.5-7.5 cm. long, dense, divergent; 
calyx white or pink, its three inner segments developing orbicular cordate wings, 
the two outer reflexed in fruit; pedicels divergent; achene elliptic-oblong, 2-5 mm. 
long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends. In dry soil, Mo. to Tex., east to Ga. 
and Ala. Aug. -Oct. 

8. BRUNNICHIA Banks. 

Perennial glabrous herbs with elongated grooved much branched stems climb- 
ing by tendrils at the ends of the branches, and alternate entire petioled leaves, the 
ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect flowers in panicled terminal and 
axillary racemes. Pedicels slender, fascicled in the axils of lanceolate-subulate 
bracts. Calyx 5-parted, much enlarged, coriaceous and winged on one side in 
fruit, closely investing the achene, the segments spreading when fresh, converging 
when dry. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8; filaments filiform, much dilated at the base. 
Style 3-parted, the stigmas 2-cleft at the summit; ovary imperfectly 2 -celled; ovule 
pendulous. Achene 3-angled. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the embryo in one of 
its angles. [Name in honor of M. T. Brunnich, Norwegian naturalist.] Two 
known species, the following of southeastern N. Am., the other of tropical Africa. 

I. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Brunnichia. (I. F. f. 1358.) Stem 2-6 
m. long, somewhat woody, rather tough. Tendrils numerous, filiform; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2.5-15 cm. long, truncate or sub- 
cordate at the base, petioled; ocreae represented by a ring of short bristles, ra- 
cemes 5-15 cm. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long, greenish, 5-parted, its base strongly 
winged along one side; achene oblong-ovoid, 6 mm. long, brown, smooth, closely 
invested by the calyx which becomes 2.5 cm. or more in length. On banks of 
streams, S. 111. to Ark., S. Car. and Fla. May -June. 



Order 14. CHENOPODIALES. 

Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if present, 
polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular. Fruit 
not an achene. 

Fruit a utricle (see also last genera of Caryophyllaceae). 

Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious ; sepals green, or greenish. 

Fam. I. Chenopodiaceae. 
Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals, mostly scanous. 

Fam. 2. Amarant/iaceae. 
Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels ; a berry. Fam. 3. P/iytolaccaceae. 

Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing a utricle. 

Fani. 4. .\yt.fiii^ifuii-eiie. 
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth (utricular in Afiyc/ini, /\i/vn\\/tui and 
Sclet anthns of the Caryophyllaceae). 

Capsule 2-several celled ■. petals none. Fam. 5. Aizoaceae. 

Capsule i-celletl; petals mostly present. 

Sepals 2 Fam. 6. Portulacacfaf. 

Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united. Fam. 7. Caryophyllaceae. 



368 FLORA. 



Family i. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. 

Goosefoot Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete 
stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, exstipulate, simple, en- 
tire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Sal'icor?ita reduced to mere 
ridges). Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, 
variously clustered, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. 
Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, 
wanting in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as 
the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them ; filaments 
slender; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. 
Ovary i -celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3; stigmas capi- 
tate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous 
pericarp. Seed vertical or horizontal ; endosperm mealy, fleshy or want- 
ing. About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographical distribution. 

* Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled ; endosperm copious (except in 

Salicornia). 
Leaiy herbs ; endosperm copious. 

Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets. 

Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate ; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. 
Calyx 2-5-Iobed or 2-5-parted ; stamens 1-5. 

Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled. 

Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy m fruit ; flowers in panicled 

spikes. I. Chenopodium. 

Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated ; leaves pinnatifid. 

2. Roiibieva. 
Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit ; flowers densely capitate. 

3. Bhtu7n. 
Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. 4. Cycloloma. 

Calyx of I sepal ; stamen i. 5. Monolepts. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious : calyx of pistillate flowers none ; fruit enclosed 
by 2 bractlets. 

Bractlets flat or convex, not silky. 6. Atriplex, 

Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. 7. Eurotia. 

Flowers perfect ; calyx membranous ; leaves filiform-linear. 

8. Kochia. 
Fruit much exserted beyond the calyx. 9. Corispermum, 

Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches ; endosperm none. 10. Salicornia. 

=•= * Embryo spirally coiled ; endosperm little or none. 
Shrub ; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. 11. Sarcobatus. 

Herbs ; flowers perfect, bracteolate. 

Fruiting calyx wingless ; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 12. Dondia. 

Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing : leaves very spiny. 

13. Salsola. 

I. CHENOPODIUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, 
green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, em- 
bracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged. 
Stamens 1-5 ; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3 ; seed horizontal or 
vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same species ; endo- 
sperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-foot, 
from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic 
distribution. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of 
N. Am. 

* Embryo a complete ring. 

Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface. 

Leaves or some of them sinuate-toothed or lobed.. 
Sepals strongly keeled in fruit. 

Pericarp firmly attached to the seed ; stem erect, tall. 

1. C. album. 



CHEN OP OD I A CEA E. 369 

Pericarp readily detached from the seed ; stem low. 

6. C. Fremontii incanum. 
Sepals not keeled in fruit ; stem decumbent. 2. C. glaucum. 

Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong. 3. C. leptophyllum. 

Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature. 

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 4. C. polyspermuTn, 

Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. 
Stamens 5 ; calyx not fleshy. 

Pericarp readily separable from the seed. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 

5. C. Boscianum. 
Leaves triangular-hastate ; calyx-lobes keeled. 6. C Fremontii. 
Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. 

Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves. 

Leaves oblong, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at the base. 
Leaves obtuse or merely acute. i. C. album viride. 

Leaves or some of them cuspidate or brittle-tipped. 

7. C. Berlandieri. 
Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. 

8. C. urbicutn. 
Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves. 

9. C. nturale. 
Stamens only i or 2 ; calyx slightly fleshy, red. 11. C. rubrum. 

Leaves very coarsely toothed. 10. C. hybridum. 

Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 12. C. Bonus-Henricus. 

** Embryo an incomplete ring. 
Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed ; flowers in long loose panicles. 

13. C. Botrys, 
Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes. 

Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small upper leaves. 14. C. ambrosioides. 
Spikes in large commonly leafless terminal panicles. 15. C. anthelminticum, 

1. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters. White Goosefoot. Pig- 
weed. (I. F. f. 1359.) Annual; stem usually slender, erect, commonly much 
branched, 0.3-3 ^- t^^^- Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, narrowed 
at the base, 3-nerved, dentate, sinuate or lobed, or the upper entire, 2-10 cm. long; 
spikes terminal and axillary, simple or compound, often panicled ; calyx about i mm. 
broad in fruit, its segments usually completely enclosing the utricle ; seed hori- 
zontal, black, shining, firmly "attached to the pericarp. In waste places. A com- 
mon weed throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. 
Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 

Chenopodium dlbum viride (L.) Moq. Plant brighter green; leaves green on both 
sides or but slightly mealy beneath. Range of the type. 

2. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. (L F. f. 1360.) 
Annual, succulent; stem usually much branched, decumbent or prostrate. Leaves 
oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the base, dark green 
above, 2-5 cm, long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate or lobed ; flowers in 
axillary often branched spikes, or the upper panicled ; calyx about I mm. broad, 
its segments obtuse, neither fleshy nor keeled in fruit; utricle brown, depressed, its 
summit not completely covered by the calyx; seed of lateral flowers vortical, tliat 
ol terminal flowers commonly horizontal. A weed in waste places throughout 
N. Am. except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

3. Chenopojiium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goosefoot. 
(I. F. f. 1361.) Annual, scarcely succulent; stem slender, usually erect, striate or 
grooved, at least when dry, branched, 1. 5-8 dm. tall, mealy above. Leaves 
linear to oblong, acute or acuminate, or the lower obtuse, entire or the lower rarely 
toothed, short-petioled, 2-6 mm. wide, 1-3-nerved; flowers axillary and terminal 
simple or branched spikes; calyx about I mm. broad, its segments strcMigly keeled 
and nearly covering the fruit; seed horizontal, readily detached from the pericarp. 
In dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Mo., N. Mox. and Ariz. Also on the 
shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, Conn, to N. J. July-Sept. 

Chenopodium le^tophj'Uum subgl;\brum S. Wats. Leaves scarcely mealy or quite 
green; flowers loosely clustered. W. Neb. and Colo. 



370 FLORA. 

4. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many-seeded Goosefoot. (I. F. f. 
1362.) Annual, glabrous, not mealy ; stem commonly much branched, striate, 
1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, 
obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; calyx less than 
2 mm. wide, its segments oblong, not keeled, not completely covering the fruit ; 
seed firmly attached to the pericarp, horizontal. In waste places and ballast, 
Mass. to N. J. Adv. from Europe. July-Sept. 

5. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's Goosefoot. (I. F. f. 1363.) 
Annual, light green; stem slender, 3-10 dm. tall, the branches very slender. Leaves 
thin, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
the base, slender-petioled, 2-6 cm. long, the lower sinuate-dentate or nearly all of 
them entire ; flowers in slender spikes ; calyx-segments broadly oblong, obtuse ; 
herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; seed horizontal, readily separating from 
the pericarp, black, shining. In woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to Ind., 
Minn., N. Car. and Tex. July-Sept. 

6. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot. (L F. f. 
1364.) Annual, light green ; stem erect, grooved, branched, 3-10 dm. tall. 
Leaves thin, broadly triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper entire, mostly 
obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, 
2-10 cm. long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very small, oblong or 
lanceolate and acute ; spikes slender ; calyx i mm. wide, its segments nearly 
enclosing the utricle; pericarp easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, 
shining. In woods and thickets, S. Dak. to Mont., Nev. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 

Chenopodium Frem6ntii incanum S. Wats. Low; stems stout and much branched, 
the branches and lower surfaces of the leaves densely white-mealy ; leaves 6-25 mm, 
long. Range of the type. Probably a distinct species. 

7. Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Berlandier's Goosefoot. (I. F. £ 
1365.) Annual; stem erect, commonly much branched, 4-10 dm. tall, the branches 
ascending. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, slender-petioled, 
thin, some or all of them cuspidate-acuminate at the apex or bristle- tipped, nar- 
rowed at the base, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in rather loose panicled spikes; calyx nearly 
2 mm. broad, its segments keeled, enclosing the utricle; pericarp firmly attached 
to the horizontal seed. In dry soil, southern Mo. to Tex. and in Fla. June-Sept. 

8. Chenopodium tirbicum L. Upright or City Goosefoot. (I. F. f. 
1366.) Annual; stem commonly stout, erect, channeled, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 
hastate or triangular-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly nar- 
rowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and irregularly dentate or the uppermost 
entire, the larger 7-13 cm. long; spikes in erect panicles, the upper longer than the 
leaves; calyx i mm. broad, its segments oblong, obtuse, not entirely enclosing the 
fruit; seed horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded. In 
waste places, N. S. and Ont. to S. N. Y. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

9. Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane. 
(I. F. f. 1367.) Annual, somewhat scurfy above; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy to the 
summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, acute or acuminate, sharply 
and coarsely sinuate-dentate, cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender-petioled, 
5-10 cm. long; flowers in loose axillary panicles, often not longer than the petioles; 
calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle ; seed sharp-edged, horizontal, 
firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places, Me. to Mich., Br. Col., Fla. and 
Mex. June-Sept. 

10. Chenopodium h^bridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. (I. F, f. 
1368.) Annual, sometimes more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, 6- 13 dm. tall. 
Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate rounded or 
subcordate at the base, thin, slender-petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large acute 
teeth on each side, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower 1-2 dm. long; 
flowers in large panicles; calyx about 2 mm. broad, its segments oblong, slightly 
keeled, incompletely covering the fruit; seed horizontal, sharp -edged, firmly at- 
tached to the pericarp, ' In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, Quebec 
to the Northwest Terr., Br. Col., N. Y., Ky. and N. Mex. Also in Europe. 
July-Sept. 

11. Chenopodium rubrum L. Red Goosefoot. (1. F. f. 1369.) Annual, 



CHENOPOD I A CEA E. 3/1 

glabrous; stem leafy, 3-8 dm. tall, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves thick, 
3-10 cm. long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, petioled, narrowed at the 
base, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound 
leafy -bracted spikes; calyx 3-5-parted, its segments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, 
obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens I or 2; stigmas short; seed hori- 
zontal, shining, separating from the pericarp. On the seacoast, Newf. to N. J., 
and in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south to central N. Y., Neb. 
and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

12. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. (I. F. f. 
1370.) Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous ; stem erect, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves 
broadly trangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire or undulate, rarely with i or 2 
small teeth, the lower long-petioled, the upper much smaller; flowers simple or 
panicled, commonly dense spikes sometimes 7- 10 cm. long ; calyx 4-5 -parted; 
stigmas elongated; seed vertical, or that of terminal flowers horizontal, black, 
shining, blunt-edged. .In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mass. and southern N. Y. 
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 

13. Chenopodium Botrys L. Feather Geranium. Jerusalem Oak. 
(L F. f. 137 1.) Annual, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong- scented; stem 
2-6 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, deeply pinnately lobed, petioled, 1-5 cm. 
long, or the uppermost much smaller, the Ipbes mostly obtuse and dentate; flowers 
very small, in numerous loose axillary cymose panicles; calyx 3-5-parted, the 
segments lanceolate, acute, thin, rather longer than the utricle; seed horizontal or 
vertical, firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places, N. S. to Minn., Ore., 
N. Y., Ky. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 

14. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. (I. F. f. 1372.) An- 
nual, glabrous or slightly glandular- pubescent, strong-scented; stem leafy, 6-10 dm. 
high, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to a 
short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 2-9 cm. long, the upper 
numerous and much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary spikes; calyx usually 
3-parted, completely enclosing the fruit; pericarp readily separable from the seed; 
seed horizontal or vertical, shining. In waste places. Me. and Ont. to Fla., west 
to Cal. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 

15. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Wormseed. (I. F. f. 1373.) An- 
nual or sometimes perennial, similar to the preceding species and perhaps inter- 
grading with it; stem somewhat stouter. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
usually acuminate at the apex and narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, coarsely 
dentate or incised, 5-13 cm. long, the lower 2 cm. or more wide, the upper gradu- 
ally smaller; flowers in linear usually bractless panicled spikes, or the lower spikes 
leafy-bracted. In waste places, Mass. to Ont., Wis., Fla. and Mex. Naturalized 
from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 

2. ROUBIEVA Moq. 

A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely 
branched, with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers 
small, green, perfect, or pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx 
urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly 
reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp tlnn, 
glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. 
[Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.] A monotypic genus of S. Am. 

I. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. Cut-leaved Goosefoot. Roubieva. 
(I. F. f. 1374.) Very leafy, prostrate, or the branches ascending, 1.5-3.5 dm. 
long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong in outline, 1-3 cm. 
long ; flowers 1-5 together in the axils, sessile, less than i mm. broad, some per- 
fect, some pistillate ; fruiting calyx, 3-nerved and strongly veined, I mm. thick ; 
utricle compressed. In waste places and ballast, S. N. V. to Va. Naturalized or 
adventive from tropical America. June-Sept. 

3. BLITUM L. 

Annual succulent branching herbs, with alternate hastate potitilod leaves. 
Flowers small, aggregated in globose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads 
forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5 -lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red 



372 FLORA, 

in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the seed. Seed vertical, shining. 
Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [The classical name of orache.] 
One or perhaps two species, natives of N. Am. and Europe. 

I. BlitumcapitatumL. Strawberry Elite. (I. F. £ 1375.) Stem 1.5-6 dm. 
long, the branches ascending. Leaves usually longer than wide, 3-8 cm. long, 
sinuate-dentate, or the upper or sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, 
lower petioles often longer than the blades ; heads becoming bright red and 
10-16 mm. in diameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling strawberries ; seed 
compressed, ovate. In dry soil, N. S. to Alaska, N. J., Ill, Minn., in the Rocky 
Mountains to Colo, and Utah and to Nev. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 

4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 

An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby -pubescent herb, with alter- 
nate petioled irregularly toothed leaves, and small sessile bractless flowers in 
panicled interrupted spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin 
horizontal irregularly dentate wing developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. 
Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit) enclosed by the calyx, depressed. Seed 
horizontal ; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Greek, circle 
border, alluding to the calyx-wing.] A monotypic genus of north central North 
America. 

I. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Cycloloma. (I. F. f. 1376.) 
Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy-branched 1.5-5 d"^- ^ig^. Leaves 
lanceolate, mostly acuminate, narrowed into slender petioles, sinuate-dentate with 
acute teeth, 2-8 cm. long or the upper much smaller ; spikes numerous, loosely 
flowered ; slender ; fruit, including the winged calyx, 4 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes 
not completely covering the summit of the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed 
area. Along streams and on sand hills and banks, Manitoba to Ind., 111., the N. 
W. Terr., Neb., and Ariz. Summer. 

5. MONOLEPIS Schrad. 

Low annual branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or 
lobed leaves, and polygamous or perfect flowers \n small axillary clusters. Calyx 
of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle 
flat, the pericarp adherent to the smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly 
complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its radicle turned downward. [Greek, 
single-scale, from the solitary sepal.] Three known species, natives of western 
N. Am., the following one reaching our limits. 

I. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Monolepis. (L F. f. 1377.) 
Slightly mealy when young, glabrous or nearly so when old ; stem 7-30 cm. high ; 
branches many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, 
1-6 cm. long, narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe linear or linear- 
oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the lateral ones; flowers clustered 
in the axils ; sepal oblanceolate or splatulate ; pericarp minutely pitted, about 
I mm. broad ; margins of the seed acute. In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and 
the N. W. Terr, to Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and S. Cal. June-Sept. 

6. ATRIPLEX L. 

Herbs or low shrubs, often scrufy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, or 
some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled 
spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of 
a 3-5 -parted calyx and an equal number of stamens ; filaments separate or united 
by their bases ; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers sub- 
tended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, some- 
times quite to their summits ; perianth none ; stigmas 2, Utricle completely or 
partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal ; 
embryo annular ; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 
130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 45 
others occur in the western parts of North America. 
Annual herbs ; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending;. 

Leaves hastate, ovate, rhombic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 

Plants g-reen, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery ; leaves slender-petioled. 
Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide. i. A, patula. 



CHENOPODIACEAE. 373 

Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower only 1-2 times as long as wide. 

2. A. has tat a. 
Plant very scurfy ; leaves rhornbic-ovate, short-petioled. 3. A. rosea. 

Plants densely silvery ; leaves hastate, entire or little toothed. 

Staminate spikes dense, short; leaves petioled. 4. A. argentea. 

Staminate spikes elongated, interrupted ; upper leaves sessile. 

5. A. expansa. 
Leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire ; plant of sea beaches. 6. A. arenaria. 

Perennial herbs or shrubs ; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire ; plants of the western 
plains. 

Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tubercled. 

7. A. Nuttallit. 
Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 

8. A. canescens. 

1. Atriplex patula L. Spreading Orache. (I. F. f. 1378.) Annual, dark 
green; stem much branched, diffuse, ascending or sometimes erect, 3-10 dm. long. 
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the uppermost nearly sessile, entire, spar- 
ingly toothed, or 3-lobed below the middle, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or 
cuneat at the base, 4-35 mm. wide; flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly- 
leafless spikes, and usually also capitate in the upper axils; fruiting bractlets 
united only at the base, fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 6-8 mm. wide, their sides 
often tubercled; radicle ascending. In waste places and ballast, N. S. and Ont. to 
S. N. Y. and N. J. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Aug. 

2. Atriplex hastata L. Halberd-leaved Orache. (L F. f. 1379.) An- 
nual, pale green, or purple, somewhat scurfy, at least when young; stem branched, 
3-7 dm. tall. Leaves slender-petioled, acuminate, the lower broadly triangular- 
hastate, entire or sparingly toothed, 2-10 cm. long, the basal lobes divergent, acute 
or acuminate; upper leaves sometimes triangular-lanceolate; inflorescence as in 
the preceding; the fruiting bractlets sometimes broader. In salt meadows and 
waste places mostly near the coast, N. B. to S. C, and in saline soil, Manitoba 
to Br. Col., Neb. and Utah. Also in Europe. Aug. -Oct. 

3. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. (I. F. f. 1380.) Annual, pale green, 
very scurfy; stem usually much branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate or rhombic- 
ovate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, 1-9 cm. long; 
flowers mostly in axillary capitate clusters, or some in terminal spikes; fruiting 
bractlets broadly ovate or triangular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, dry, 
about 6 mm. broad, united only at their bases, their margins toothed or lacerate 
and sides tubercled. In waste places and ballast, N. S. to N. N. Y. and N. J. 
Adventive from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 

4. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silvery Orache. (I. F. f. 1381.) Annual, 
pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becoming smooth; stem bushy-branched, 1.5-5 ^^^''• 
high, angular. Leaves firm, triangular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at 
the apex, petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly dentate, 1-5 cm. long, 
the basal lobes short; flowers in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in short 
dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicular, rhombic or broader than high, 4-8 
mm. wide, united nearly to their summits, the margins sharply toothed, the sides 
sometimes tubercled or crested. In dry or saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
Mont., Neb., Colo, and Utah. June-Sept. 

5. Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Sessile-leaved Orache. (I. F. f. 13S2.) 
Similar to the preceding but stouter, the stem erect, widely branched, sometimes 
2 m. tall. Leaves thin, sessile or the lower very short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long and 
nearly as wide at the base; fruiting bractlets broad, united nearly to their summits, 
tubercled, their margins strongly toothed. W. Kans. (according to A. S. Hitch- 
cock) to Chihuahua and N. Mex., west to Cal. July-Oct. 

6. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Sea-eeach Atriplex. (I. F. £.1383.) Annual, 
pale, densely silvery-scurfy; stem bushy-branched, I-4.5 dm. high, the brancln.'s 
ascending or decumbent, angular; leaves oblong, entire. short-petii>lod or sessile, 
1-4 cm. long, the lateral veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clusters much 
shorter than the leaves; fruiting bractlets triangular wcilgo-shaped, broatlest alxwe, 
4-6 mm. wide, united nearly to the several-toothed summits, their m.argins entire, 
their sides reticulated, or sometimes crested or tubercled. On sandy sea beaches. 
N. S. (?), Mass. to Fla. July-Sept. 



374 FLORA. 

7. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Atriplex. (L F. f. 1384.) A 
scurfy pale green shrub, 3-7 dm. tall, the branches rather stifi", leafy, the bark 
nearly white. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
sessile, entire, 4-10 mm. wide ; flowers in terminal spikes and clustered in the 
axils, often strictly dioecious ; fruiting bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to 
above the middle, 3-5 mm. broad, the margins toothed, the sides crested, tubercled 
or spiny. In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., JS'eb., Colo, and 
Nev. Aug. -Oct. 

8. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Bushy Atriplex. (I. F. f. 1385.) 
A pale densely scurfy shrub, resembling the preceding species and with similar 
foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes and in axillary clusters; bractlets ovate 
in flower, united nearly to their summits; in fruit appendaged by 4 broad thin 
distinct wings, which are 4-8 mm. broad at the middle and usually about twice as 
high, strongly reticulate-veined, not tubercled nor crested. In dry or saline soil, 
S. Dak. and Neb. to N. Mex., Mex., Nev. and Cal. July-Sept. 

7. EUROTIA Adans. 

Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leave 
and monoecious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate 
flowers not bracteolate, consisting of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted 
stamens. Pistillate flowers 2 -bracteolate, the bractlets imited nearly or quite to 
their summits, densely covered with long silky hairs, 2 -horned; calyx none; ovary 
ovoid, sessile, pubescent; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical; emlDryo nearly annular 
in the mealy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the Greek for 
hoariness or mould.] Two known species, the following of western N. Am., the 
other of western Asia and eastern Europe. 

I. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. American Eurotia. White Sage. (I. F. f. 
1386.) A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub 3-9 dm. high, the hairs 
long, white when young, becoming reddish brown, the branches very leafy. 
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the 
apex, narrowed at the base, 4-9 mm. wide, their margins revolute, the mid-vein 
prominent; bractlets lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of 
spreading hairs; utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed. 
In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Nel).. N. Mex., Nev. and Cal. June-Sept. 

8. KOCHIA Roth. 

Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and perfect or 
pistillate flowers in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, wingless, or sometimes developing a 
horizontal wing, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary 
ovoid; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not 
adherent to the seed. Seed inverted, the testa thin ; embryo annular ; endosperm 
little or none. [Name in honor of W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the 
Botanical Garden at Erlangen.] About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old 
World, the following introduced from Europe. An indigenous species, K. Ameri- 
ca7ta, occurs in the western U. S. 

I. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth. Kochia. (I. F. f. 1387.) Annual, pubes- 
cent or becoming glabrate; stem erect, slender, leafy, 3-8 dm. talk Leaves linear- 
lanceolate or linear, ciliate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the upper 
gradually smaller; flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, forming short 
dense bracted spikes; fruiting calyx-segments each with a short triangular horizon- 
tal wing. In waste places, Ont., Vt. and N. N. Y. Adventive from Europe. Na- 
tive also of Asia. Jul}'-Sept. 

9. CORISPERMUM L. 

Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i -nerved leaves, and perfect bract- 
less small green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy 
spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary 
thin broad sepal, or rarely 2. Stamens 1-3. rarely more, and one of them longer. 
Ovary ovoid ; styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly 
adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular in the 
somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [Greek, bug-seed. Ij 



CHEN OP OD I A CEA E. 375 

About lo species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Only the 
following is known to occur in N. Am. 

Upper leaves imbricated; fruit 3.5-5 mm. long. i. C. hyssopifolium. 

Upper leaves not imbricated; fruit 2 mm. long. 2. C. nitidmn. 

1. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-seed. (I. F. f. 1388.) Rather 
pale green, somewhat pubescent when young, fleshy ; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, 
the branches slender, ascending or divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 
1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, cuspidate, the upper ovate or lanceolate, imbricated, 
appressed-ascending, or at length spreading, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long, 
scarious-margined; utricle 3.5-5 mm. long, winged. In sandy soil, shores of the 
Great Lakes to the N. W. Terr., Arctic America and Br. Col., south to Kans., 
Tex. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

2. Corispermum nitidum Kit. Small-fruited Bug-seed. Like the pre 
ceding, but taller, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, with ascending branches, narrower 
leaves and lax spikes, the leaves of which are not imbricated, 3-4 mm. long and 
generally narrower than the small -winged utricle, which is 2 mm. long. In poor 
soil. Neb. and Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
[C hyssopifoliwn var. microcarpum Wats.] 

10. SALICORNIA L. 

Fleshy glabrous herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to 
mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones, 
forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx ob- 
pyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit 
deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short 
anthers oblong, large; ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by th 
spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed; embryo 
conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, 
and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely dis- 
tributed in both the Old World and the New. Only the following are known to 
inhabit N. Am. 

Annuals ; stem erect. 

Scales very short, acute or blunt ; spikes 2-3 mm. in diameter. i. S. herbacea. 

Scales mucronate-tipped ; spikes 4-6 mm. in diameter. 2. S. Bigelovii. 

Perennial by a woody rootstock ; stems trailing or decumbent. 3. 6". ambigua. 

1. Salicornia herbacea L. Slender Glasswort. (I. F. f. 1389.) Annual, 
1.5-6 dm. tall; stem much branched, the branches slender, ascending or nearly up- 
right-, their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales 2 mm. long or less, broadly 
ovate or wider than long; fruiting spikes 2-8 cm. long; middle flower of the 3 at 
each joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching nearly to the top of the joint; 
utricle pubescent. In salt marshes, Anticosti to Ga. ; about salt springs in central 
N. Y. ; in saline soil from Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans. and Utah. Also in Europe 
and Asia. The plant often turns bright red in autimm, forming vividly colored 
areas in the salt marshes, hence called Marsh Samphire. July-Sept. 

2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Glasswort. (I. F. f. 1390.) 
Annual, stout, erect or nearly so, 5-30 cm. tall. Scales ovate or triangular-ovate, 
sharply mucronate, 2-3 mm. long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 1-6 cm. 
long, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the 
lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; utricle pubescent. In salt 
marshes, N. S. to Fhi. and Tex. Plant bright red in autumn. T"ly-Sept. 

.-:{. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Woody Glasswort. (I. F. f. 1391.) Per- 
ennial by a woody rootstock; stem trailing or decumbent, 1.5-6 dm. long, the 
branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jinnted. 
Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, appressed or slightly divergent; fruiting 
spikes I-4 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick ; flowers all about oqually 
high and about equalling the joints. On sea beaches and salt meadows, Mass. to 
Fla. and Tex., and on the Pacific Coast. Aug.-Sept. 
II. SARCOBATUS Nees. 

An erect much branched shrub, with spin>' branches and alternate linear fleshy 
entire sessile leaves. Flowers monoecious or ilicx^cious, the staminate in terminal 



37^ rLORA. 

ament-like spikes, the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. 
Staminate flowers without a calyx; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic- 
ovate acute spirally arranged scales; filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or 
very nearly so; calyx compressed, ovoid or oblong, slightly 2 -lipped, adnate to the 
bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, appendaged by a narrow border 
which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. Seed vertical, the 
testa translucent, double; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green; endosperm none. 
[Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.] A monotypic 
genus of western N. Am. 

I. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Grease-wood. (J. F. f. 1392.) 
Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pubescent, 0.6-3 m. high, the branches 
nearly white. Stem 2-8 cm. in diameter; wood yellow, very hard; leaves obtuse 
or subacute, I-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; spikes of staminate flowers 6-25 mm. 
long, cylindric, short-peduncled or sessile; wing of the calyx 8-12 mm. broad when 
mature, conspicuously veined. In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Neb. and 
Mont, to Nev. and N. Mex. June -July. 

12. DONDIA Adans. 

Fleshy herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly 
terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary 
or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5 -parted or 5-cleft, the segments in fruit 
enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating 
from the seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very 
little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.] 
About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 
others occur in the western and southern parts of N. Am. 

Calyx-lobes not appendaged ; Atlantic coast species. 

Dark green, not glaucous ; sepals acutely keeled ; seed black. i. D. Americana, 

Light green, glaucous : sepals scarcely keeled ; seed dark red. 2. D. marititna. 

One or more of the calyx-lobes crested or winged ; western species. 3. D. depressa. 

1. Dondia Americana (Pers.) Britton. Tall Sea-Blite. (I. F. f. 1393.) 
Stem erect, strict, 3-10 dm. tall, pale green or nearly white, the branches slender, 
very leafy, erect-ascending or sometimes recurved. Leaves of the stem linear- 
subulate, 1-4 cm. long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3 -angled, 
lanceolate-subulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; sepals glau- 
cous, acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, black, shining, i mm. broad. 
On salt marshes and along salt-water ditches, N. S. to N. J. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Low Sea-Blite. (L F. f. 1394.) Pale 
green and somewhat glaucous; stem bushy-branched, 1-4 dm. high, becoming 
brownish, the branches ascending. Leaves 10-25 mm. long, those of the branches 
not conspicuously shorter than the upper ones of the stem, 3 -angled, broadest at 
the base; sepals pale green, rounded or obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; 
seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, about 2 mm. in diameter. On sea 
beaches, stony and muddy shores, and in salt marshes. Me. to S. N. Y. Also on 
the coasts of Europe. July-Sept. 

3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. Western Blite. (I. F. f. 1395.) 
Branched, 1.5-6 dm. tall, the branches usually very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, 
1-2.5 cni. long, broadest at or just above the base, or the upper lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate and commonly much shorter; sepals acute, one or more of them strongly 
keeled or crested in fruit ; seed about i mm. in diameter, rather dull, minutely 
reticulated. In saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb., Colo, and 
Nev. June-Aug. 

13. SALSOLA L. 

Bushy -branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, and sessile 
perfect 2 -bracteolate flowers in the axils. Calyx 5 -parted, its segments appendaged 
by a broad membranous horizontal wing m fruit and enclosing the utricle. Sta- 
mens 5. Ovary depressed; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal; embryo 
coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive of salsus, 



AMARANTHACEAE. 2>77 

salty.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in 
saline districts, occasionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds. 

Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined ; plant maritime. i. S. Kali. 

Calyx membranous, very strongly veined ; plant an inland weed. 2. S. Tragus, 

1. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. (I. F. f. 1396.) Annual, loosely much 
branched, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending or spreading, mostly stout. Leaves 
dull green or grayish, 6-20 mm. long, succulent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at 
the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout yellowish green prickle ; flowers 
solitary in the axils ; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbicular, lobed, becoming 
lacerate, not conspicuously veined, 4-8 mm. in diameter ; calyx coriaceous, not 
conspicuously veined, its wing not longer than the ascending lobe. On sea beaches. 
Cape Breton Island to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

2. Salsola Tragus L. Russian Thistle. (I. F. f. 1397.) Similar to the 
preceding, but bushy branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves and outer 
branches usually bright red at maturity ; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, 
linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy ; calyx membranous, conspicuously veiny, its 
wing longer than the ascending lobe. In cultivated fields and waste places, N. J. 
to Ont., the N. W. Terr, and Kans. A very troublesome weed in many parts of 
the Central and Western States. Naturalized from northern Europe or Asia. 
July-Sept. 

Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Amaranth Family. 
Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with simple mostly entire thin 
leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered, 
usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her- 
baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at 
the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly 
opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, united at 
the base, or into a tube. Ovary i -celled ; ovule solitary in the following 
genera, amphitropous (several in some tropical genera) ; stigmas 1-3. 
Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 
i-seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth ; embryo annular ; en- 
dosperm mealy, usually copious. About 40 genera and 425 species, 
widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. 

Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate. 

Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. i. Amaranthus. 

Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida. 

Anthers i-celled ; leaves opposite. 

Flowers in small axilliary clusters. 3. Cladothrix. 

Flowers variously spicate or paniculate. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia. 

Calyx 5-parted ; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine. 

I. AMARANTHUS L. 

Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, with 
petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or ilicvcious 
green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary 
clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5 ; anthers longitudinally 
dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, 2-3 -beaked 
by the persistent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, fron\ the 
dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. 
Besides the following some 22 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid. 

Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. 
Axils not spine-bearing. 

Spikes stout, 8-14 mm. thick. i. ./. ft'tro/ffxus. 

Spikes slender, 4-6 nun. thick. 2. A. /iyb> tJus, 

A pair of stout spines in each axil. 3. A. sptnosus. 



3/8 FLORA, 

Flowers all in small axilliary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves. 

Plant prostrate ; sepals 4 or 5. 4. A. blitoides. 

Plant erect, bushy-branched ; sepals 3. 5, A. graecizans. 

Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. 

Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. 

Sepals 5, clawed ; flowers dioecious ; southwestern species. 

Bracts cuspidate-tipped, short. 6. A. Torreyi. 

Bracts subulate, long and sharp. 7. A. Palmeri. 

Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate ; flowers monoecious or polygamous ; in waste 
places. 

Utricle smooth, dry, scarious. 8. A. lividus. 

Utricle fleshy, 3-5-nerved. 9. A. deflexus. 

Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. 

Plant not fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves crisped. 10. A. crispus. 

Seacoast fleshy plant ; stem short, erect ; leaves not crisped. 

II. A. pumilus. 

1. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Rough Pigweed. (I. F. f. 1398.) Roughish- 
puberulent, rather light green; stem stout, 0.3-3 J^^- tall. Leaves ovate, rhombic- 
ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate 
at the base, the larger 7-15 cm. long, their margins undulate or entire; flowers 
green, densely aggregated in spikes, which are sessile, stout, ovoid-cylindric, 1-6 
cm. long; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 scarious mucronate-tipped and 
often emarginate sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, rather shorter than 
the sepals. A weed, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in Eu- 
rope. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug.-Oct. 

2. Amaranthus h^bridus L. Slender Pigweed. (I. F. f. 1399.) Similar 
to the preceding but darker green, or purple; stem usually slender, erect, 0.3-2.5 m. 
tall. Leaves usually smaller; spikes linear-cylindric, axillary and forming dense 
terminal panicles, ascending, somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts subulate, 
twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 5; utricle scarcely 
wrinkled. A weed, in waste grounds, range of the preceding species, but locally 
rare or absent. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug.-Oct. 

Amaranthus h5?bridus paniculatus (L.) Uline & Bray. Flowers and foliage more or 
less deeply tinged with red or purple; leaves sometimes lanceolate and bracts shorter. 
Range of the type, but less abundant. 

3. Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1400.) Stem stout, 
ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 
rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2-8 cm. long, with a pair 
of rigid stipular spines at each node, the midvein excurrent; flowers in numerous 
capitate axillary clusters, and in dense terminal spreading or drooping spikes 2-15 
cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate about as long as the 5 scarious oblong mucro- 
nate-tipped i-nerved sepals, and the thin impeffectly circumscissile utricle; stamens 
5. In waste and cultivated soil, Mass. to Penn., Ohio, Kans., Fla. and Mex. Nat- 
uralized from tropical America. June-Sept. 

4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1401.) 
Stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading on the ground, I-5-6 dm. long, 
often forming mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, 6-25 mm. long, narrowed into 
slender petioles ; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate-subulate, little 
longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 3; utricle 
nearly smooth, equalling or slightly longer than the sepals. In waste places, espe- 
cially along the principal routes of travel, Me. to S. Ont, Minn., N. J., Mo. and 
Kans. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mts., where it appears to be indigenous 
from Utah and Colo, to Mex. June-Oct. 

5. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. (I. F. f. 1402.) Glabrous, pale 
green; stem erect, bushy-branched, whitish, 1.5-7 dm. tall, the branches slender, 
ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, 1-4 cm. long, papillose, the mid- 
vein excurrent; flowers polygamous, several together in small axillary clusters; 
bracts subulate, pungent-pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 membranous 
sepals; stamens 3 ; utricle wrinkled, longer than the sepals. In waste and cultivated 
soil throughout N. Am. Naturalized from tropical America. The leaves fall away 
in autumn, and on the western plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted and 
blown before the wind, whence the popular name. June-Sept. 



A MA RA N THA CEA E. 3 79 

6. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth., Torrey's Amaranth. (L F. f. 
1403.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem erect, grooved, 6-10 dm. tall. Leaves lance- 
olate or rhombic-lanceolate, thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly 
cuneate at the base, 4-10 cm. long, slender-petioled; flowers dioecious, in terminal 
slender spikes and in axillary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equalling the 5 
sepals, cuspidate; sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or broadly spatulate, 
clawed, obtuse or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers narrower and subacute. 
In dry soil, W. Neb. to Nev., south to Mex. Plant with the aspect of Acnida. 
June- Aug. 

7. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Palmer's Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1404.) 
Somewhat similar to the preceding; stem slender, branched, 6-10 dm. tall, usually 
pubescent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, blunt, nar- 
rowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers dioecious, in elongated spikes often 
2 cm. long or more, and some of them commonly in clusters in the upper axils; 
bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as long as the sepals; sepals 5, 
spatulate, clawed. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. and Mex., west to Cal. June-Sept. 

8. Amaranthus lividus L. Purplish Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1405.) Glabrous, 
rather succulent, purplish-green; stem slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, entire, 
2-8 cm. long, strongly emarginate, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers 
monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal spikes and in capitate axillary clusters; 
bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle smooth, longer than 
the sepals. In waste places, E. Mass. to S. N. Y. Adventive from tropical America. 
July-Sept. 

9. Amaranthus deflexus L. Low Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1406.) Glabrous, 
purplish-green; stem usually much branched, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or 
oval, obtuse retuse or emarginate, mostly narrowed at the base, 1-4 cm. wide, 
slender-petioled; flowers polygamous in dense, thick terminal spikes and capitate 
in the axils; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle 
fleshy, 3-5 -nerved, smooth, rather shorter than the sepals. In waste places and 
ballast along the coast, Mass. to S. N. Y. Also in Cal. Probably adventive 
from tropical America. July-Sept. 

10. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) Braun, Crisp-leaved Amaranth. 
(I. F. f. 1407.) Pubescent ; stem copiously branched, slender, spreading, form- 
ing mats 2-7 dm. in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute at the 
apex and narrowed at the base, petioled, 8-25 mm. long, their margins remarkably 
crisped; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than 
the 5 spatulate spreading sepals; stamens (always?) 3; utricle wrinkled, about as 
long as the sepals. In waste places, N. Y. City, and Albany, N. Y. Also in 
France. Native region unknown. June-Sept. 

11. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. (I. F. f. 1408.) Gla- 
brous, fleshy, branched, the branches 0.5-2 dm. long. Leaves ovate, rhombic- 
ovate or suborbicular, most of them clustered toward the ends of the branches, 
obtuse or emarginate, narrowed or rounded at the base, prominently veined; 6-20 
mm. long, the veins often purple ; flowers few in small axillary clusters; bracts 
lanceolate, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong obtuse sepals; stamens 5 ; anthers 
yellow; utricle fleshy, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly wrinkled, nearly twice as long as 
the sepals when mature; seed very large for the genus. On sea beaches, R. I. to 
N. Car. June-Sept. 

2. ACNIDA L. 

Annual, glabrous herbs, similar to the dioecious Amaranths, with alternate peti- 
oled pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, 1-3-bracted. in terminal and 
axillary spikes, or clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers consisting of 5 scarious 
erect I -nerved mucronate sepals longer than the bracts, and as many stamens ; 
filaments subulate, distinct; anthers 2-ccllcd. Pistillate flowers without a calyx; 
stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose. Seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, 
without nettle.] About 4 species, natives of eastern North America and the West 
Indies. 

Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent ; salt-marsh plant. t. A. cauu.ibina. 

Utricle membranous, dehiscent or indehiscent, not ant;led ; plants of fresh-water swamps. 

r. ./. {amariscina. 



3^0 FLORA. 

1. Acnida cannabina L. Salt-marsh Water-hemp. (I. F. f. 1409.) Succu- 
lent, stem usually much branched, 0.3-3 "^- tall. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate but 
generally blunt-pointed and apiculate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, entire or 
slightly undulate ; staminate spikes 2-13 cm. long, usually dense; sepals oblong- 
lanceolate or ovate-oblong, cuspidate or mucronate ; stigmas slender, papillose- 
hispid, I mm. long ; utricle 3-5 -angled, 2-4 mm. long when mature, becoming 
black, much longer than the bracts. In salt and brackish marshes, and up the 
rivers to fresh water, Mass. to Fla. July-Aug. 

Acnida Floridana S. Wats., a more slender plant, of the southern Atlantic coast, with 
narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, and a smaller 
utricle, may occur in southern Va. 

2. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Western Water-hemp. (L F. f. 
1410.) Similar to the preceding, the branches usually slender. Leaves lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, mostly long -acuminate, but sometimes obtuse, narrowed at the 
base ; spikes mostly loose or interrupted ; sepals lanceolate, subulate-acuminate ; 
stigmas plumose, rather short ; utricle not angled, 1-2 mm. long, circumscissile; 
bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate. In swamps, 111. to S. Dak., La. and N. Mex. 
July-Sept. 

Acnida tamariscina tuberculata (Moq.) Uline & Bray. Tall, erect, sometimes 3 m. 
high, with flexuous branches ; inflorescence spicate ; utricle ovoid, tubercled, indehiscent. 
Vt. to Manitoba, Tenn. and Neb. This and the following varieties perhaps constitute a 
distinct species. 

Acnida tamariscina concatenata (Moq.) Uhne and Bray. Stems often pecumbent ; 
flowers larger, in separate glomerules. Range of preceding variety. 

Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline & Bray. Stems diffuse and prostrate or some- 
times ascending; leaves rarely over 2.5 cm. long, spatulate ; flowers in axillary clusters 
or in separated glomerules. Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo. 

3. CLADOTHRIX Nult. 

Diffusely branched stellate- pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or slightly un- 
dulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers in the axils. Calyx 
of 1; equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogynous, 
their filaments united at the base, their anthers i -celled. Ovary subglobose; style 
short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch- 
hair, from the stellate pubescence.] About 4 species, natives of southwestern N. 
Am. and Mex. 

I. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. (L F. f. 141 1.) Perennial, somewhat 
woody at the base, or sometimes annual; stem piuch branched, the branches 1-3 
dm. long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, usually narrowed at 
the base, entire, inconspicuously veined, 4-25 mm. wide; flowers I mm. broad or 
less, mostly clustered in the axils of small upper leaves. In dry soil, Kans. to 
Tex., Ariz, and Mex. June -Sept. 

4. FROELICHIA Moench. 

Annual erect woolly or silky herbs, with opposite sessile entire or slightly 
undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. 
Flowers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx 
tubular, nearly terete, 5 -cleft or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally 
crested and sometimes tubercled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a 
tube, which is 5 -cleft at the summit and bears the i -celled anthers between its lobes. 
Ovary ovoid; stigma capitate or penicillate. Utricle mdehiscent, enclosed by the 
tube of united filaments. [Name in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist. ] 
About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
Southwestern States. 

Stout, 6-12 dm. tall ; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. i. F. Floridana. 

Slender, 2-5 dm. tall ; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 2. F. gracilis. 

I. Froelichia Floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Florida Froelichia. (L F, f. 
1412.) Stem stout, the branches leafless above. Upper leaves linear or linear- 
oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2-8 cm. long, the lower spatulate or 
oblanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; spikes mostly 



PH Y TOLA CCA CEA E. 3 8 1 

opposite, narrowly ovoid or oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long. In dry soil, 111. and Minn, to 
Neb., Colo., Tenn., Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 

2. Froelichia gracilis Moq. Slender Froelichia. (I. F. f. 1413.) Similar 
to the preceding, but the stem slender, sometimes simple, 2.5 -5 dm. tall. Leaves 
all linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 2-5 cm. long; spikes alternate or 
opposite, oblong, mostly Obtuse, 6-25 mm. long. In dry soil, W. Neb. and Colo, to 
Tex. June-Sept. 

5. IRESINE P. Br. 

Tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled leaves and small 3-bracted v/hite 
flowers, in large terminal panicles or panicled spikes. Calyx 5 -parted, the 
pistillate usually woolly. Stamens 5, rarely fewer; filaments united by their bases, 
filiform; anthers I -celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, 
in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 20 species, natives of warm and 
temperate regions. Besides the following another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 

I. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Blood-leaf. Juba's Bush. (I. F. f. 
1414. ) Annual; stem erect, 0.6-1.5 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 0.5-I.5 dm. long; flowers very numer- 
ous, 2 mm. broad or less, calyx and bracts silvery; pistillate flowers white- villous 
at the base, about twice as long as the bracts. In dry soil, Ohio to Kans., Fla. 
and Tex. Widely distributed in tropical America. Aug. -Sept. 

Family 3. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. 
Pokeweed Family. 

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire 
mostly exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious 
flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals 
imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the 
calyx-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numer- 
ous, hypogynous; filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 
2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary 
superior, several-celled m most of the genera ; ovules solitary in the 
cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short or none ; 
stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in the following genus. Endo- 
sperm of the seed mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and 85 species, 
mostly in the tropics. 

I. PHYTOLACCA L. 

Tall perennial herbs, with petioled exstipulate leaves, and small flowers in 
terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the 
leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4 or 5 
persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5- 15, inserted at the base of the calyx. 
Ovary composed of 5 -15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed- 
globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds I in each cavity, erect, compressed; em- 
bryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the 
crimson juice of the berries.] About 10 species, the following of eastern N. Am., 
the others tropical. 

I. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget. 
(I. F. f. 1415.) A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect herb, 1-4 ni. tall, the 
root large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith divided into disks. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2-3 dm. long; ra- 
cemes 0.5-2 dm. long; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; flowers perfect; calyx white, 
4-6 mm. broad; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the sepals; ovary green, lO- 
celled; styles recurvetl; berry dark purple, 10- 1 2 mm. in diameter, very juicy, its 
10 carpels conspicuous when dry. hi various situations. Me. and Out. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. Naturalized in Europe. June-Sept. Berries ripe Aug. -Oct. 



382 FLORA. 

Family 4- NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. 
Four-d clock Family. 

Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, 
and regular flowers in clusters, in the following genera subtended by in- 
volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 
4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous ; filaments filiform; 
anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube 
of the perianth, i -celled, i-ovuled ; ovule cam pylotropous ; stigma capi- 
tate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. .About 17 genera 
and 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in 
America. 

Involucre of united bracts ; pairs of leaves equal. i. Allionia. 

Involucre of separate bracts ; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. 2. Abronia. 

I. ALLIONIA Loefl. 

Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal 
panicles. Involucre 5-lobed (of 5 partially united bracts), 3-5-flowered, becoming 
enlarged and reticulate-veined after flowering. Perianth carapanulate, its tube 
constricted above the ovary, its limb deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, un- 
equal, hypogynous. Fruit obovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our 
species. [Name in honor of Chas. Allioni, 1725-1804, a botanist of Turin.] 
About 20 species, natives of N. and S. Am., one Asiatic. 

Leaves broadly ovate, cordate or oblong-ovate, all petioled. i. A. nyctaginea. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower petioled. 

Plant glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence. 2. A. albida. 

Plant densely pubescent all over. 3. A., hirsuta. 

Leaves hnear, sessile. 

Plant tall, 5-9 dm. high ; branches erect-ascending. 4. A. linearis. 

Plants low, 1-2.5 dm. high, diffusely branched ; branches divergent. 

Involucres axillary, their lobes ovate-oblong, acute. 5. A. Bodini. 

Involucres clustered at the ends of branches, lobes simicircular, obtuse. 

6. A. Bus hi. 

1. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 
1416.) Stem often 4-sided below, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-9 dm. tall. 
Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or trun- 
cate at the base, all petioled except the bract-like uppermost ones, glabrous or 
nearly so; peduncles and pedicles commonly somewhat pubescent; involucre shorter 
than the flowers; perianth red; stamens 3-5, exserted; style exserted; fruit oblong 
or narrowly obovoid, very pubescent. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
111., La. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

Allionia nyctaginea ovata (Pursh) Morong. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate 
or obovate, not cordate ; inflorescence very pubescent. Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex. 

2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 141 7.) Stem 
4-sided below, 3-9 dm. tall, the peduncles and branches commonly glandular and 
viscous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3 -veined, the upper sessile, the 
lower short-petioled; involucre much enlarged in fruit, pubescent, ciliate, becoming 
whitish and purple- veined; perianth pink or lilac; fruit with 5 or 6 obtuse hispid 
ribs, roughened in the furrows. S. Car. to Mont., Colo., Fla., Mo. and Tex. 
May-Aug. 

3. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Hairy Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 1418.) Stem 
3-9 dm. tall, erect, angled, glandular-pubescent, especially at the nodes, occa- 
sionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, pubescent, 2-8 cm. long; branches 
and petioles very pubescent; inflorescence usually contracted; stamens often 5; 
fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs obtuse. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
Wis., Colo, and Tex. July-Aug. 

4. Allionia linearis Pursh. Narrow-leaved Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 
1419.) Stem glabrous, glaucous, 3-13 dm. tall, the branches and peduncles some- 



i 



AIZOACEAE, 383 

times puberulent. Leaves linear, thick, i -nerved, 2-6 cm. long, sessile or the 
lower occasionally short-petioled; involucre about 3-flowered; perianth purple, 
longer than the involucre; stamens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened 
in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs. In dry soil, Minn, to Mont., Utah, 
Tex. and Mex. June-Aug. 

5. Allionia Bodini (Holzinger) Morong, (Bodin's Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 
1420.) Low, glabrous or minutely pubescent, stem whitish, diffusely branched, 
0.5-1.3 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or 
less, fleshy; involucres solitary and short-peduncled in the upper axils, finely pubes- 
cent, about 6 mm. broad when mature, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes 
ovate-oblong, acute; fruit narrowly obovoid, obtusely 5 -ribbed, very pubescent, 5 
mm. high. In dry soil, E. Colo, and W. Kans. June-July. 

6. Allionia Biishi Britton. Bush's Umbrella-wort. (I. F. f. 1421.) Low, 
glabrous, somewhat fleshy, stem nearly white, diffusely branched, about 2 dm. high, 
the branches widely divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 2-8 cm. long, 2-3 
mm. wide, blunt, their width almost uniform from base to apex ; involucres clus- 
tered at the ends of the branches, at first campanulate and longer than the flowers, 
at length rotate and becoming 2 cm. broad, membranous, pubescent, finely retic- 
ulate-veined, their lobes semicircular, rounded, the midveins prominent. In dry 
ground; Jackson Co., Mo. Aug. 

2. ABRONIA Juss. 

Herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair somewhat 
larger than the other. Stems branching, mostly glandular- pubescent, with clus- 
tered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary peduncles. Flowers 
sessile, usually conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or funnelform, the 
limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, unequal, 
inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style fili- 
form. Fruit dry, 1-5-winged, the wings reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, 
shining. [Name from the Greek, graceful,] About 15 species, all American. 
Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western N. Am. 

Perennial ; flowers white ; wings of the fruit 2 mm. broad or less. i. A.fragrans. 
Annual ; flowers pink ; wings thin, 8-14 mm. broad, very conspicuous. 

2. A. vticrantha. 

1. Abronia fragrans Nutt. White Abronia. (I. F. f. 1422.) Viscid-pubes- 
cent; stem erect or ascending, usually much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
oval, ovate, or oblong-elliptic, petioled, obtuse at the apex, 2-6 cm. long; bracts of 
the involucre 5 or 6, large, ovate or obovate, white; flowers white, very numerous 
in the involucres, 1-2 cm. long, fragrant, opening at night; fruit 8-10 mm. high, 
coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, undulate coarsely reticulated wings which 
do not close over its summit. In dry soil, Iowa to Neb., Mont., Tex. and Mex. 
June-Aug. 

2. Abronia micrantha (Torr.) Chois. Pink Abronia. (I. F. f. 1423.) Gla- 
brous below, more or less glandular-pubescent above; stem ascending, branched, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves similar to those of the preceding; involucral bracts ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers several or numerous, about 18 mm. 
long, bright pink; calyx-limb 8-16 mm. broad; fruit nearly 2.5 cm. high, its 2-4 
membranous wings entire-margined, shining, glabrous, united over the body of the 
fruit, beautifuUy reticulate- veined. In dry soil, W. Neb. to Mont., Nev.. Tex. and 
N. Mex. June-Aug. 

Family 5. AIZOACEAE A. Br. 

Carpet-weed Family. 

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching;, with 
(in our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and perfect, small regular 
flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 
4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. Stamens 
perigynous. Ovary usually free from the calv-x, 3-5-cellod. and ovules 
numerous in each cell in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal 



384 FLORA. 

or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous ; endosperm scanty 
or copious ; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, 
mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. 

Fleshy seacoast herbs ; leaves opposite ; capsule circumscissile. i. Sesuvium, 

Not fleshy ; leaves in our species verticillate ; capsule 3-valved. 2. Mollugo, 

1. SESUVIUM L. 

Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary pink or 
purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the 
base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. 
Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at 
the base. Ovary 3-5 -celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule 
membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; 
embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts and saline regions. Besides 
the following, another occurs in the Southern States and in the alkaline areas of the 
Far West. 

I. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B. S. P. Sea Purslane. (I. F. f. 1424.) 
Annual, glabrous; branches 0.5-3 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, 
rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper 
sessile, 8-25 mm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2 mm. broad, mostly 
solitary; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. high, 
scarcely longer than the calyx. Sands of the seashore, Long Island, N. Y., to Fla. 
July-Sept. 

2. MOLLUGO L. 

Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal 
or alternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, 
deciduous. Calyx 5 -parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margined. Petals none. 
Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cavities of the ovary, when 5 alternate with 
the sepals. Ovary usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculici- 
dally dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. About 12 
species, most of them tropical. Besides the following, another occurs in the South- 
west. 

I. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed. (I. F. f. 1425.) Prostrate, gla- 
brous, not fleshy, spreading and forming patches sometimes 5 dm. in diameter. 
Leaves verticillate, in 5's or 6's, spatulate, obovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 1-2.5 
cm. long, narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less than 2 mm. broad; pedicels 
filiform; sepals oblong, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, which appears 
roughened by the projecting seeds ; seeds reniform, usually smooth and shining. In 
waste and cultivated grounds, N. B. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Native 
of the warmer parts of America. May-Sept. 

Family 6. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. 
Purslane Fauiily. 

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet- 
rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, 
hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the 
petals or fewer, rarely more ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longi- 
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the 
divisions stigmatic on the inner side ; ovules 2-00 , amphitropous. Capsule 
circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-00, reniform-globose 
or compressed: embryo curved. About 150 species, mostly natives of 
America. 

Calyx free from the ovary; capsule 3-valved. 

Seeds numerous ; stamens 5-00 . 1. Talinum. 
Seeds not m.ore than 6 ; stamens 2-5. 

Petals distinct or very nearly so, and stamens 5 in our species. 2. Claytonia. 

Petals united into a short tube at the base ; stamens 2 or 3. 3. Mgntia^ 

Cal^x partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile, 4. PortulaCdt 



PORT ULA CA CEA E. 385 

I. TALINUM Adans. 

Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending herbs, with alternate terete or flat exstip- 
ulate leaves (terete and clustered near the base in the following species). Sepals 2, 
ovate. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens adherent to the bases of the 
petals. Ovary many-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or 
globose. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name 
of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 12 species, all but i or 2 natives of 
America. In addition to the following, about 4 others occur in the western and 
southwestern U. S. 

Flowers 10-16 mm. broad ; sepals deciduous. 

Stamens 10-30; capsule globose. i. T. teretifolium. 

Stamens only 5; capsule oval. 2. T. parviflorum. 

Flowers 20-30 mm. broad; sepals persistent. 3. T. calycinum. 

1. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Fame-flower. (I. F. f. 1426.) Perennial, 
erect, 1-3 dm. high, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, terete, 1-5 cm. long, about 
2 mm. wide, the base broadened and prolonged posteriorly ; scape-like peduncles 1-5, 
terminal, branched, leafless, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; cymes terminal, loose; flowers pink, 
12-16 mm. broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous, deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 
4 mm. long, about half the length of the petals; style as long as the stamens; cap- 
sule globose, 4 mm. in diameter; bracts of the cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate. C)n 
dry rocks, Penn. to Minn., Ga. and Tex, May- Aug. 

2. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Small-flowered Talinum. (I. F. f. 1427.) 
Perennial, similar to the preceding. Leaves terete or nearly so, rather more 
slender, broadened at the base; scape-like peduncles slender, 0.7-2 dm. tall; cymes 
loose; flowers pink, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; 
stamens 5 (or sometimes fewer?); capsule 4 mm. high, about 2 mm. in diameter; 
bracts slightly prolonged posteriorly. In dry soil, Minn, to S. Dak., Ark., N. Mex. 
and Tex. May-Sept. 

3. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Large-flowered Talinum. (I. F. f. 1428.) 
Perennial, erect from a thick root, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves nearly terete, 3-5 cm. 
long, the base triangular-broadened, slightly prolonged posteriorly; cyme some- 
what compound, scarious-bracted ; flowers pink, 2-3 cm. broad; sepals broadly 
ovate, persistent, cuspidate; petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 12-30; 
style twice as long as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about 6 mm, in diameter. 
In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. to Tex. June. 

2. CLAYTONIA L. 

Succulent glabrous herbs, with petioled basal leaves, and opposite or alternate 
cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose or cymose. Sepals 2, ovate, persistent. 
Petals 5, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases. Stamens 5, in- 
serted on the bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. 
Capsule 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In 
honor of John Clayton, i686?-i773, American botanist.] About 25 species, mainly 
natives of northern N. Am. 

Upper leaves not connate. 

Perennials ; leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8-17 cm. long. i. C. Virgin ica. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 5-8 cm. long-. 2. C. Caroliniana. 

Annual, diffuse ; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 3. C. Chamissoi. 

Upper leaves connate, forming an orbicular disk, 4. C. perfoliata. 

1, Claytonia Virg-inica L, Spring Beauty. (I, F. f. 1429.) Ascending or 
decumbent, perennial from a deep tuberous root; stem 1. 5-3 dm. long, simple or 
rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated, linear, or linear-lanceolate, the 
basal 2-12 cm. wide, the cauline shorter and opposite; raceme loose, somewhat 
secund; flowers white or pink, with darker pink veins, 1-2 cm. broad; pedicles 
slender, at length recurved; ]ietals emarginatc; capsules shorter than the sepals. 
In moist woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ca. ami Tex. March-May, 

2, Claytonia Caroliniana Michx. Carolina Sprini; Beauty. (I. F. f. 
1430.) Similar to the preceding species but sometimes more nearly erect. Basal 



386 FLORA. 

leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse; stem-leaves on petioles 
6-12 mm. long; flowers fewer. In damp woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Conn., 
N. Car., Ohio and Mo. March-May. 

3. Claytonia Chamissoi Ledeb. Chamisso's Claytonia. (I. F. f. 143 1.) 
Annual, glabrous, stoloniferous ; stems weak, ascending or procumbent, 0.7-2.5 dm. 
long. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6-10 mm. wide; flowers few, 
pink, racemose, 6-8 mm. broad; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; capsule very 
small. In wet places, Minn, to Br. Col., Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to 
N. Mex. and to Cal. May-June. 

4. Claytonia perfoliata Donn, Spanish Lettuce. (I. F. f. 1432.) Annual; 
stems several, simple, 0.7-3 ^"^- high, bearing a pair of connate-perfoliate leaves 
near the summit. Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, long-petioled ; petioles shorter 
than the stems ; raceme usually peduncled, several-flowered ; bracts broad, 
deciduous ; flowers white or pink, 6-10 mm. broad ; petals and stamens 5 ; capsule 
globose, 2-4 mm. in diameter, 2-5 -seeded. Established near Painesville, Ohio. 
Native from Br. Col. to Mex. April-May. 

3. MONTIA L. 

Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding 
white flowers. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), broadly ovate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogy- 
nous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5), inserted on the corolla. 
Ovary 3-ovuled ; style short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly 
orbicular, compressed, minutely tuberculate ; embryo peripheral. [In honor of 
Guiseppe Monti, Italian botanist and author of the eighteenth century.] About 
4 species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres. In addition 
to the following, another occurs in Oregon. 

I. Montia fontana L. Water or Blinking Chickv^eed. (I. F. f. 1433.) 
Tufted, weak, diftuse or ascending, 2-15 cm. long, branching. Leaves opposite, spat- 
ulate or obovate, mainly obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. broad or less; flowers nod- 
ding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted raceme; sepals obtuse, 
slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals ; capsule globose, nearly 2 mm. in 
diameter. In springs and wet places, Quebec and Me. to Lab., Newf. and across 
arctic America, south in the mountains to Calif. Also in the Andes of S. Am., in 
Australasia and in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. PORTULACA L. 

Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal flowers. 
Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), 
inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-00 , also on the calyx. Ovary ma.ny- 
ovuled ; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted. Capsule membranous, dehiscent by a 
lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging qualities of some species.] 
A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. In addition to the 
following, some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Glabrous throughout ; flowers small, yellow. 

Leaves mainly rounded at the apex ; seeds minutely rugose. i. P. oleracea. 

Leaves mainly retuse ; seeds prominently tuberculate. 2. P. rettisa. 
Pilose pubescent, especially in the axils. 

Flowers red or pink, 8-12 mm. broad. 3. P. pilosa. 

Flowers variously colored, 2-5 cm. broad. 4. P. grandiflora. 

I. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley. (I. F. f. 1434.) Annual, 
prostrate, branching from a deep central root; branches 1-2.5 dm. long. Leaves 
alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or cuneate, 6-20 mm. 
long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower-buds flat; flowers solitary, sessile, 
4-6 mm. broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine; sepals broad, keeled, acutish; 
style 4-6-parted; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds finely rugose. In fields and waste 
places, common throughout our area, and in warm and tropical America. Native 
in the southwest, but naturalized northward. Summer. 



CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E. 38/ 

2. Portulaca retnsa Engelm. Notched Purslane. (I. F. f. 1435.) Closely 
resembles the preceding. Leaves cuneate, generally broader, mostly retuse or 
emarginate; sepals broad, obtusish, carinate-winged; style larger, 3-4-cleft; cap- 
sule 4-6 mm. long; seeds distinctly tuberculate; petals smaller and the flowers 
opening earlier in the morning than those of that species, where the two grow 
together. Minn. (?), Mo. and Ark. to Tex,, west to Nev. Growing in large 
patches. Summer. 

3. Portulaca pilosa L. Hairy Portulaca. (I. F. f. 1436.) Annual, from 
a deep root, pilose-pubescent, with small tufts of light-colored hairs in the axils. 
Branches 5-15 cm. long; leaves linear, terete, obtuse, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
wide, alternate, and clustered at the ends of the branches; sepals oblong, acute, 
membranous, not carinate, deciduous with the operculum of the capsule ; stamens 
numerous; style 5-6-parted; seeds minutely, tuberculate. In dry soil, N. Car. to 
Fla., Kans., Tex., Mex. and Cal. Also throughout tropical America. Summer. 

4. Portulaca grandifiora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Sun-plant. (I. F. 
f. 1437.) Ascending or spreading. Branches 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves alternate, 
and clustered at the ends of the branches, terete, about 2 mm. wide; flowers pink, 
yellow, red, or white, open in sunshine; sepals broad, obtuse, scarious-margined; 
petals obovate; capsule ovoid; seeds gray, shining. In waste places, occasionally 
escaped from gardens. Introduced from S. Am. Summer. 

Family 7. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. 

Pink Farnily. 

Herbs often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire leaves, and 
perfect or rarely dioecious regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, 
separate or united into a calyx-tube. Petals equal in' number to the 
sepals or none. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer, hypogy- 
nous or perigynous ; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mainly 
i-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; styles 2-5 ; ovules and seeds attached to a 
central column. Fruit generally membranous, a capsule, dehiscent by 
valves or teeth, or an indehiscent achene or utricle. Seeds mainly 
amphitropous ; embryo curved and peripheral to the endosperm, rarely 
straight; cotyledons mainly incumbent. About 70 genera and 1500 
species, widely distributed, most abundant in the northern hemisphere, 

* Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid. 
Calyx-ribs at least twice as many as the teeth, running both into the teeth and into the 
sinuses. 

Styles 5, alternate with the foliaceous calyx-teeth. i. Agroste^nma. 

Styles 3-5, when 5, opposite the short calyx-teeth. 

Styles 5, capsule several-celled at the base. 2. \ iscaria. 

Styles 3, rarely 4. 3. Silene. 

Styles 5, capsule i -celled to the base. 4. Lychnis. 

Calyx 5-ribbed, 5-nerved, or nerveless, or striate-nerved. 
Calyx conspicuously scarious between its green nerves. 

Calyx not bracteoiate at the base. 5. Gypsophila. 

Calyx bracteoiate at the base. 6. Tunica. 

Calyx not at all scarious. 

Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. 7. Saponaria. 

Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade. 

Calyx strongly 5-angled, not bracteoiate. 8. 1'accaria, 

Calyx terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. Q. Diiinthus. 

* * Calyx of distinct sepals, or the sepals united only at the base. 
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical teeth or by valves. 
Styles separate to the base; stipules wanting. 

Plants not fleshy; disk of the flower inconspicuous or none. 
Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted (rarely none). 

Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. to. Alsine. 

Capsule cylindric, commonly curved, dehiscent by teeth. 

II. Cerastium. 



388 FLORA. 

Petals entire or emarginate (rarely none). 

Capsule cylindric. 12. Holosteum. 

Capsule ovoid or oblong. 

Styles as many as the sepals. 

Styles opposite the sepals. 13. Moenchia. 

Styles alternate with the sepals. 14. Sagina. 

Styles fewer than the sepals. 

Seeds not appendaged by a strophiole. 15. Arenaria. 

Seeds strophiolate. 16. Moehri7igia. 

Plants fleshy, maritime; disk conspicuous, 8-io-lobed. 17. Ammodenia. 

Styles separate to the base; stipules present, scarious. 

Styles and capsule-valves 5. 18. Spergula. 

Styles and capsule- valves 3. 19, Tissa. 

Styles united below; southwestern herbs with subulate leaves. 20. Loefiingia. 

Fruit an indehiscent or irregularly bursting utricle or achene. 
Leaves stipulate. 

Sepals awn-tipped. 21. Paronychia. 

Sepals awnless. 22. Anychia. 

Leaves not stipulate. 23. Scleranthus. 

I. AGROSTEMMA L. 

Annual pubescent herbs, with linear or linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate 
sessile leaves, and large red or white erect flowers, solitary at the ends of long 
axillary peduncles. Calyx oblong, not inflated, narrowed at the throat, lO-ribbed, 
5-lobed, the lobes linear, elongated and foliaceous. Petals 5, shorter than the 
calyx lobes, their blades obovate or cuneate, emarginate, not appendaged; stamens 
10. Styles 5, opposite the petals. Capsule i-celled. Seeds numerous, black. 
[Greek, a field-garland.] Two known species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Agrostemma Githago L. Corn Cockle. Corn Rose. Corn Campion. 
(I. F. f. 1438.) Erect, 3-10 dm. high, densely pubescent with whitish appressed 
hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or long-acuminate, erect, 5-10 cm, long, 
4-6 mm. wide; flowers red, 2-8 cm. broad; calyx ovoid, its lobes 3 or 4 times 
the length of the tube and much exceeding the petals, deciduous in fruit; petals 
usually slightly emarginate, the blade obovate-cuneate. In grain fields and waste 
places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive from Europe, 
occurring also in northern Asia. July-Sept. 

2. VISCARIA Roehl. 

Perennial or biennial glabrous herbs, with erect stems and narrow leaves, the 
basal densely tufted, those of the stem sessile, and small red or rarely white flowers 
in clustered terminal cymes, the inflorescence in our species almost capitate. Calyx 
oblong-campanulate, not inflated, 4-5-toothed, 8-10- ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, much 
exceeding the calyx, each with a 2-cleft appendage at the base of the obovate emar- 
ginate blade. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles alternate with the petals. Capsule 
several-celled at the base, its teeth as many as the styles. [Latin, glutinous.] 
About 5 species, the following of arctic and subarctic regions; the others European 
and Asiatic. 

I. Viscaria alpina (L.) RoehL Red Alpine Campion. (I. F. f. 1439.) 
Tufted, 0-7-3 dm. high, rather stout, somewhat glaucous. Basal leaves narrowly 
oblanceolate or linear, 2-4 mm. wide; stem-leaves distant, linear-lanceolate, about 
2 cm. long; inflorescence 1-2.5 cm. broad; bracts small, membranous; flowers 
pink, 6-8 mm. wdde; calyx campanulate, 4 mm. long, its teeth short, rounded; petals 
obovate, 2-lobed; appendages minute. Quebec to Lab., Newf., Hudson Bay, 
Greenland, and in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

3. SILENE L. 

Herbs, with mainly pink red or white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated, 
5-toothed or 5 -cleft, lo-many-nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, narrow, 
clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5); ovary i-celled, or incompletely 
2-4-celled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds mainly spiny or 
tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of many species.] 
About 250 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 
some 35 others occur in the southern and \vestern U. S. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 389 

Dwarf, arctic-alpine; flowers solitary. i. S. acaulis. 

Erect or ascending herbs; flowers clustered (sometimes solitary in nos. 3-7). 

Leaves or some of them verticillate in 4's. 2. :s. stellata. 

Leaves all opposite. 

Calyx much inflated and bladdery. 

Flowers few, leafy-bracted. 3. S. alba. 

Flowers numerous, in leafless cymes. 4. S. vulgaris. 

Calyx merely expanded by the ripening- pod. 
Flowers cymose or paniculate. 

Day-blooming ; flowers rarely white, mostly pink or red. 
Perennials, more or less viscid-pubescent. 

Petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised, scarlet or crimson. 
Leaves lanceolate or spatulate ; flowers numerous. 
Flowers in slender panicles, nodding. 

5. S. nutans. 
Flowers in terminal cymes, erect. 6. S. Virginica. 
Leaves broadly oval ; flowers few or solitary. 

7. S. rotundifolia. 
Petals erose, entire, or emarginate. 

Petals scarlet ; plant 9-12 dm, tall. 8. S. regia. 
Petals pink ; plant 1-2.5 dm. high. 9. S. Caroliniana. 
Annuals, glutinous at or below the nodes. 
Calyx ovoid. 

Flowers small, panicled ; calyx-teeth ovate. 

10. S. antirrhina. 
Flowers large, cymose ; calyx-teeth subulate. 

11. -5". conic a. 
Calyx club-shaped ; flowers large, cymose. 

12. S. Arme7-ia. 
Night-blooming ; flowers large, white. 13. S. noctijiora. 

Flowers spicate or racemose, short-pedicelled. 

Spike-like raceme simple ; flowers small. 14, S. Anglica. 

Raceme forked ; flowers 12-16 mm. broad. 15. S. dichotoma. 

Flowers axillary and terminal, slender-pedicelled ; western. 

16. S. Menziesii. 

1. Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion. (I. F. f. 1440.) Perennial, branched, 
densely tufted, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, 8-12 mm. long, 
about I mm. wide, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers sessile or slender-peduncled, 
8-12 mm. broad, purple or purplish; calyx campanulate, glabrous, 8 mm. high; 
petals with a scale at the base of the blade; pod oblong. White Mountains, N. H., 
to Quebec; Lab. and throughout arctic America, south in the higher Rocky Mts. 
to Ariz. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Campion. (L F. f. 1441.) Perennial, 
erect, 6-10 dm. high, densely and minutely rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, verticillate in 4's or the 
lowest opposite, their margins finely ciliate; flowers white, 1-2 cm. broad, in 
panicled cymes; calyx campanulate, inflated, 14-16 mm. high, its teeth triangular, 
acute; petals crownless, fimbriate, about equalling the stamens; pod globose -ovoid. 
In woods, R. I. to Niagara, Minn., Ga., Neb. and Ark. June-Aug. 

3. Silene alba Muhl. Western White Campion. (I. F. f. 1442.) Peren- 
nial, rather weak, minutely puberulent or glabrate. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. wide, acuminate, the upper gradually smaller; 
pedicels divaricate; flowers white, about 2 cm. broad; calyx inflated, elongated- 
campanulate, pubescent, its teeth ovate, obtuse; petals cuneate, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, 
minutely crowned. In shaded or moist places, Penn. to D. C, Minn, and Neb. 
June-July. 

4. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Bladder Campion. (I. F. f. 1443.) 
Perennial, branched from the base, glaucous and glabrous, or rarely pubescent, 
1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, or the lower often 
spatulate; flowers white, 1-2 cm. broad, in loose cymose panicles, oftei\ drooping; 
calyx at length inflated and globose, 8-12 mm. long, strongly veined; petals 2-cleft. 
In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Out., N. J. and 111. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer. 

5. Silene nutans L. Nodding Catchfly. (I. F. f. 1444.) Perennial; stem 
erect, 3 -6 dm. tall. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, subacute. 6-16 mm. wide, 



390 FLORA. 

tapering into slender petioles ; stem-leaves few, distant, oblong or lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, sessile; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, white or pink, nodding or spreading 
in a loose panicle; pedicels slender; calyx oblong-cylindric in flower, 8-10 mm. 
long, glandular, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or sometimes 4-cleft; cap- 
sule ovoid, 10-12 mm. high, distending the calyx. Mt. Desert Island, Me., and 
Staten Island, N. Y. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 

6. Silene Virginica L. Fire Pink. (I. F. f. 1445.) Perennial, viscid- 
pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, those of the lower part of the stem spatulate 
or oblanceolate, 8-13 cm. long; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile; in- 
florescence loosely cymose-paniculate ; flowers crimson, 2-3 cm. broad ; pedicels 
slender, 1-5 cm. long ; calyx tubular-campanulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, enlarged by 
the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly in- 
cised, crowned. In dry woods, S. N. J., W. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and 
Mo. May-Sept. 

7. Silene rotundifolia Nutt. Round-leaved Catchfly. (I. F. f. 1446.) 
Perennial; stem ascending or reclining, viscid-pubescent, 4-6 dm. long. Leaves 
thin, the lower and basal ones obovate ; 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a winged 
petiole, the cauline obovate, broadly oblong or orbicular-ovate, acute, the upper- 
most sessile ; flowers few or solitary, scarlet, 2-5 cm. broad; pedicels slender ; 
calyx tubular-campanulate, 2-3 cm. long, somewhat enlarged by the ripening pod, 
its teeth ovate, acute ; petals 2-cleft, lobed, or laciniate, crowned. In shaded 
places, S. Ohio and Ky. to Ga. Summer. 

8. Silene regia Sims. Royal Catchfly. (I. F. f. 1447.) Perennial; stem 
erect, stout, 1-1.2 m. high, minutely rough-pubescent, slightly viscid. Leaves all 
but the lowest sessile, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-8 cm. long ; 
inflorescence a narrow panicle of few-flowered cymose clusters ; flowers numerous, 
deep scarlet, about 2.5 cm. broad ; calyx oblong-tubular, 2 cm. long, slightly en- 
larged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute ; petals emarginate or laciniate, 
crowned. Prairies, Ohio to Ala.,Tenn. and Mo. July. 

9. Silene Caroliniana Walt. Wild Pink. (I. F. f. 1448.) Perennial, 
tufted, 1-2.5 dm. high, viscid-pubescent, especially above. Basal leaves spatu- 
late, or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a broad petiole; stem-leaves 
shorter, sessile, oblong or lanceolate; flowers pink, about 2.5 cm. broad, in termi- 
nal cymes; calyx narrow, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, 
acute; petals cuneate, emarginate, eroded, crowned. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
Me. to Ga., west to central N. Y., Penn. and Ky. April-June. 

10. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. (I. F. f. 1449.) Annual, 
puberulent or glabrous, glutinous about the nodes, 2-7 dm. high. Basal and lower 
leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed into a petiole; upper 
leaves linear to subulate; inflorescence a loose cymose panicle; pedicels slender, 
erect; flowers pink, 2-4 mm. broad; calyx narrowly ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, much 
expanded by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute ; petals obcordate, minutely 
crowned. In waste places and woods, N. Eng. to S. Ont., Br. Col., Fla. and Mex. 
Summer. 



Silene antirrhina divarickta Robinson. More slender than the species and w 
narrower leaves ; branches spreading, filiform ; calyx 4-5 mm. long ; petals noi 
111. and N. Y. 



11. Silene conica L. Striate, or Cor?>: Catchfly. (I. F. f. 1450a.) 
Canescent or puberulent; stems erect, commonly forked above, 1.5-6 dm. high. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, about 3 mm. wide ; inflorescence cymose ; 
flowers i-several; calyx ovoid, rounded or truncate at the base, densely about 
30-nerved, its teeth triangular-subulate; petals rose, obcordate; capsule oblong- 
ovoid, distending the calyx. Clyde, Ohio. Adventive or naturalized from Eu- 
rope. June-July. 

12. Silene Armeria L. Sweet William or Lobel's Catchfly. (I. F. f. 
1450.) Annual, glabrous and glaucous, or minutely puberulent, about 3 dm. 
high, glutinous below each node. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, obtuse; 
stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; inflorescence a terminal compact compound 
cyme; flowers purple or pink, 12-16 mm. broad; calyx club-shaped, 10-16 mm. 



CA^ YOPH YLLA CEAE. 39 1 

long, slightly enlarged by the ripening pod; petals emarginate, crowned with nar- 
row scales. In waste places and spontaneous in gardens, N. B. and Ont. to Mich., 
E. Mass., N. J. and Penn. Introduced from Europe. June-July. 

13. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering Catchfly. (I. F. f. 145 1.) 
Annual, viscid-pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves obovate or 
oblanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole; upper leaves 
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers few, white or pinkish, 1.5- 
2.5 cm. broad, in a loose panicle; calyx 2-3 cm. long, tubular, lo-nerved and 
beautifully veined, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth linear, acute; 
petals 2-cleft. In waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Mo. 
Adventive from Europe. Flowers opening at dusk and remaining so until the 
morning of the next day, fragrant. July-Sept. 

14. Silene Anglica L. English or Small-flowered Catchfly. (I. F. f. 
1452.) Annual, hirsute-pubescent; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves spatulate or 
oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, or the upper narrower 
and acute; flowers in a terminal simple i -sided raceme, nearly sessile or the lower 
ones distant and longer-pedicelled, sometimes all distinctly pedicelled; calyx 10- 
nerved, villous, 8-10 mm. long, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth 
lanceolate, spreading; petals white, somewhat longer than the calyx. In waste 
places, Me. to Ont., N. Y. and Penn. Adventive from Europe. Naturalized as a 
weed on the Pacific Coast. April-July. 

15. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Forked Catchfly. (-1. F. f. 1453.) Annual, 
pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-8 
cm. long, acuminate or acute, tapering into a petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceo- 
late or linear; flowers white, distant in forking i -sided spikes; calyx cylindriCj 
12-16 mm. long, hirsute, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate- 
lanceolate, acute; petals white, bifid, with a short obtuse crown. In fields and 
waste places. Me. to N. J. and Penn. Also in Cal. Adventive from southern 
Europe. Summer. 

16. Silene Menziesii Hook. Menzies' Pink. (I. F. f. 1454.) Perennial, 
ascending or decumbent, leafy, widely branching, minutely glandular-pubescent, 
1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, oval, ovate-lanceolate or 
slightly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, minutely ciliate, 2-6 cm. 
long; flowers axillary and terminal, numerous, slender-peduncled, white (or pink?), 
8-10 mm. long; petals 2-cleft, crownless, longer than the 5-toothed calyx; capsule 
about the length of the calyx. In damp soil, Neb. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., 
Cal. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 

4. LYCHNIS L. 

Herbs, mainly erect. Calyx ovoid, tubular, or inflated, 5-toothed, lO-nerved. 
Petals 5, narrowly clawed, the blade entire, 2-cleft, or laciniate, generally crowned. 
Stamens 10. Ovary i -celled or incompletely several-celled at the base, many- 
ovuled; styles 5, opposite the calyx-teeth (occasionally 4 or rarely 3). Capsule 
dehiscent by apical teeth or valves. [From the Greek for lamp, in allusion to the 
flame-colored flowers of some species.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of the 
north temperate and arctic zones. In addition to the following, about 9 others occur 
in northern and western N. Am. 

Calyx-teeth not twisted ; plants pubescent, glandular or glabrate. 

Flowers cymose or panicled; calyx enlarged by the ripenmg pod. 
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ovoid, obovoid or globose. 
Plants viscid-pubescent; flowers usually dioecious. 

Flowers white or pink, opening in the evening, i. L. alba. 

Flowers red, opening in the morning. 2. L. dioica. 

Plant roughish-pubescent; flowers perfect, scarlet. 3. A. Chalcedonica 

Fruiting calyx canipanulate or tubular. 

Petals deeply laciniate; introduced species. 4. L. Flos-cttculi. 

Petals entire or emarginate J native western species. 5. L. Dntmmondi. 

Flowers solitary; calyx inflated; plants arctic-alpine. 

Flower nodding; pod erect. 6. /.. apetala. 

Flower and p<xi erect or nearly so. 7. L. affinis. 

Calyx-teeth twisted ; plant densely white-woolly all over. 8. L. Corouaria. 



392 FLORA. 

1. Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion. Evening Lychnis. (L F.'f. 1455.) 
Biennial, freely branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, 2-8 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; flowers few, loosely panic- 
ulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, white or pinkish, opening at dusk and remaining open 
into the morning of the next day ; calyx at first tubular, swelling with the ripening 
pod so as to become ovoid and 12-14 mm. in diameter, its teeth short, lanceolate; 
petals obovate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft, nearly erect. In waste 
places and on ballast, occasional in the maritime provinces of Canada, Ont. and in 
the Eastern and Middle States. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 

2. Lychnis dioica L. Red Campion. (I. F. f. 1456.) Biennial, 3-6 dm. 
high. Basal leaves long-petioled, oblong, the blade 5-8 cm. long ; stem-leaves 
sessile or the lower short-petioled, ovate, acute, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers red or 
nearly white, opening in the morning ; calyx at first tubular, swollen in fruit to 
nearly globular by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate- lanceolate, acute ; petals obo- 
vate, 2-cleft, crowned ; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft, recurved. In waste places and 
ballast, N. S., Ont., N. Eng. and the Middle States. Adventive from Europe. 
Summer. 

3. Lychnis Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis. (I. F. f. 1457.) Perennial; 
stem pubescent or hirsute, 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the 
upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or ■ subcordate at the 
base, sessile or somewhat clasping, 1-2 cm. wide ; flowers perfect, about 2.5 cm, 
broad, scarlet, in one or more dense terminal cymes ; calyx becoming obovoid, its 
teeth triangular, acute ; petals 2-cleft or laciniate ; capsule borne on a stipe of 
nearly its own length, its teeth entire. Escaped from gardens to roadsides, Mass. 
to S.. N. Y. Native X)f eastern Europe and western Asia. June-Sept. 

4. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Cuckoo Flower. Ragged Robin. (I. F. f. 1458.) 
Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, freely branching, downy-pubescent below, slightly viscid 
above. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-8 cm. long, tapering 
into a broad petiole ; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, distant ; 
inflorescence paniculate ; flowers pink, blue or white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad ; calyx 
lo-nerved, becoming campanulate in fruit, its teeth triangular, acute ; petals cleft 
into 4 linear lobes, the middle pair of lobes longer ; capsule globose. In moist 
waste places, N. B. to N. J. and Penn. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 

5. Lychnis Dmmmondi (Hook.) S. Wats. Drummond's Pink. (I. F. f. 
1459.) Erect from a perennial root, finely glandular-pubescent and viscid, 3-9 dm. 
high. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, acute, petioled or the upper sessile, 2-8 cm. 
long; flowers few, slender-pedicelled, white or purplish, 1-2 cm. long; petals 
scarcely longer than the tubular calyx; capsule oblong-cylindric, 12-16 mm. long; 
seeds tuberculate. In dry soil, Minn, to Manitoba, Neb., Ariz, and Ore. June-July. 

6. Lychnis apetala L. Nodding Lychnis. (I. F. f. 1460.) Tufted, per- 
ennial, 0.7-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent at least above. Stems I -flowered; 
leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, sessile, or the lower petioled; flower 
nodding, 12-16 mm. long; petals narrow, 2-cleft, included in the calyx; calyx 
inflated, strongly purple- veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals narrow, 
about 2 mm. wide, minutely appendaged, equalling or shorter than the calyx, 
deeply 2-cleft; capsule erect, ovoid. Labrador and throughout arctic America. 
Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

7. Lychnis affinis Vahl. Arctic Lychnis. (I. F. f. 1461.) Tufted, per- 
ennial, 5-10 cm. high, glandular-pubescent. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, about 
I cm. long, ciliat'^.; stem-leaves linear, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse; flower erect, 8-12 
cm. long; calyx oblong or ovate-campanulate, slightly inflated, its teeth short, 
acute ; petals somewhat exserted, the blade narrowed below, emarginate and eroded, 
the appendages minute. Lab. and arctic America and Europe. Summer. 

8 Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. Rose Campion. (I, 
F. f. 1462.) Perennial, densely white- woolly; stem 3-10 dm. tall. Lower leaves 
spatulate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate; flowers few, 2 cm. broad or more, long- 
pedicelled in open terminal panicles; calyx oblong-campanulate, its teeth filiform- 
subulate, twisted, shorter than the tube; petals crimson. Escaped from gardens to 
roadsides and waste places, Mass. to S. N. Y. Native of Europe. June-Aug. 



CA RYOPHYLLA CEA E, 393 

5. GYPSOPHILA L. 

Mostly glabrous and glaucous herbs, with narrow leaves, and small numerous 
axillary or paniculate flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed, 5 -nerved, bractless. Petals 5, 
their claws narrow. Stamens 10; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves. Seeds 
reniform, laterally attached; embryo coiled. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed 
preference of some species for gypsum soils.] About 60 species, natives of Europe, 
Asia and northern Africa. 

Annual, diffuse; leaves narrowly linear; flowers axillary on filiform peduncles. 

I. G. fnur all's. 
Erect perennial ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers paniculate. 2. G. paniculata. 

1. Gypsophila muralis L. Lov^ Gypsophyll. (I. F. f. 1463.) Annual, 
diffuse, slender, much branched, smooth, or slightly rough at the base, 1-2 dm. 
high. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, attenuate at each end, 6-20 mm. long, 
0.5-1 mm. wide; peduncles 6-20 mm. long; flowers purplish, 3-4 mm. broad; 
calyx turbinate, the teeth rounded ; petals crenate or emarginate, much exceeding 
the calyx; pod about 4 mm. long, slightly longer than the calyx. In waste places, 
Me. and Ont. to Mich., Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Adventive or naturalized from 
Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Gypsophila paniculata L. Tall Gypsophyll. (I. F. f. 1464.) Per- 
ennial; glabrous, or sometimes pubescent below, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 
those of the s 2m 2 cm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
rowed at the base, those of the branches much smaller; flowers 3-4 mm. broad, in 
panicled cymes; calyx campanulate, 2 mm. high, deeply 5-lobed, the segments 
with scarious margins; petals white or pink, slightly emarginate, longer than the 
calyx. Manitoba and Neb. Fugitive from northern Europe or Asia. Summer. 

. 6. TUNICA Adans. 

Rigid and slender mainly perennial herbs, with small glomerate panicled or 
solitary flowers, bracted at the base. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate, 5 -toothed, 
5-15 -nerved. Petals 5, long-clawed, the limb emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 apical teeth or valves. Seeds compressed, lat- 
erally attached; embryo excentric. [Latin, a cloak, in allusion to the bracts at the 
base of the calyx.] About 20 species, natives of southern Europe and western 
Asia. 

I. Tunica Saxifraga (L.) Scop. Saxifrage Pink. (L F. f. 1465.) Per- 
ennial, tufted, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; stems 1-2 cm. long, terete. Leaves 
linear-subulate, erect, acute, 6-8 mm. long, less than i mm. wide, connate at the 
base, the lower imbricated, the upper distant; flowers panicled, about 6 mm. broad, 
pink or purple; calyx 5 -ribbed, twice the length of the scarious-margined acute 
bracts. Roadsides, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., and London, Ont. Adventive 
from Europe. Summer. 

7. SAPONARIA L. 
Herbs, mostly with broad leaves and large flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed, obscurely 
nerved. Petals 5, long-clawed. Stamens 10. Ovary i -celled or incompletely 
2-4-celled; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 short apical teeth or valves. [Latin, 
soap; the juices abound in saponin.] About 35 species, natives of Europe, Asia and 
northern Africa. 

r. Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. (I. F. f. 1466.) 
Perennial, glabrous, erect, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, 5-8 cm. 
long, 3-5 -ribbed, acute, narrowed into a broad short petiole; flowers pink or whit- 
ish, about 2.5 cm. broad, in dense terminal corymbs, with numerous small lanceo- 
late floral leaves; calyx tubular, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals obcordate with a scale at 
the base of the blade; potl narrowly oblong, shorter than the cal\x. Roadsides and 
waste places, common in most districts, spreading by underground stolons. Natu- 
ralized from Europe. Flowers sometimes double. Summer. 

8. VACCARIA Medic. 

Annual glabrous and glaucous erect branching herbs, with clasping ovate or 
ovate- lanceolate acute leaves, and rather small red or puvk sleuder-pedicelled 



394 FLORA. 

flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx cylindric in flower, becoming sharply 5 -angled 
and inflated in fruit, 5 -toothed, not bracted at the base. Petals much longer than 
the calyx, not appendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds 
laterally attached; embryo curved. [Latin, cow, in allusion to its value for fodder.] 
About 3 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton. Cow-herb. (I. F. f. 1467.) Plant 3-6 
dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, connate at the base ; flowers pale red, 6-8 mm. 
broad; calyx 10-15 mm. long, 5 -ribbed; petals crenulate. Li waste places, Ont. 
to Br. Col., Fla. and La. Also in the Rocky Mt. region. Naturalized or adven- 
tive from Europe. June- Aug. 

9. DIANTHUS L. 

Stiff" herbs, mainly with narrow leaves.. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose- 
paniculate, generally purple. Calyx 5-toothed, finely and equally many-stnate, 
tubular, several-bracted at the base. Petals 5, long-clawed, dentate or crenate. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary i-celled, stipitate. Capsule cylindric or oblong, 
stalked, dehiscent by 4 or 5 short teeth at the summit. Seeds compressed, laterally 
attached. Embryo straight, excentric. [Greek, . the flower of Jove.]' Species 
about 200, natives of the Old World; one of Siberia extending into arctic America. 

Annuals ; flowers clustered. 

Bracts broad, scarious. i. Z). prolifer. 

Bracts narrow, herbaceous, long-pointed. 2. D. Armeria, 
Perennials. 

Flowers solitary ; leaves linear, short. . 3. D. deltoides. 

Flowers clustered ; leaves lanceolate. 4. D. barbatus. 

1. Dianthus prolifer L. Proliferous Pink. (I. F. f. 1468.) Glabrous, 
1.5-4 dm. high, simple, or with few erect branches. Leaves distant, linear, acute, 
1-2 mm. wide; flowers small, pink, in terminal oblong or obovoid heads, and 
appearing successively from behind the bracts, which are broad, ovate, imbricated, 
shming, obtuse or mucronate, concealing the calyx. In waste places and ballast, 
Mass. to Del. and Ohio. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

2. Dianthus Armeria L. Deptford Pink. (I. F. f. 1469.) Finely pubes- 
cent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high; branches few, nearly erect. Leaves linear, erect, 2-3 mm. 
wide; flowers small, pink with whitish dots, in terminal often dense clusters; 
bracts lanceolate-subulate, erect, mostly longer than the sharply-toothed calyx. In 
fields and along roadsides, Me. to S. Ont. Mich.- and Va. Naturalized from 
Europe. Summer. 

3. Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. (LF. f. 1470.) Tufted, glabrous 
or somewhat hoary; stems ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
2 mm. wide, those of the flowering stems erect, acutish, the lower obtuse; flowers 
pink or whitish, solitary; petals dentate; bracts ovate, pointed, about half as long 
as the calyx or less. In waste places, Conn, and eastern Mass. to northern N. Y. and 
Mich. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

4. Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. (I. F. f. 147 1.) Tufted, gla- 
brous, erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 8-18 mm. wide, 
acute; bracts linear-filiform, about equalling the long-toothed calyx; flowers pink 
or whitish, in large terminal clusters. In waste places, occasional in the Eastern 
and Middle States. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 

10. ALS'lNE L. 

Tufted herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the 
same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarely none. 
Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary i-celled; styles commonly 3, rarely 4 or 5, 
usually opposite the sepals. Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves as there 
are styles. [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, 
widely distrilDuted, most abundant in temperate or cold climates. 

Styles 5 ; leaves ovate, 2-5 cm. long. i. A. aquatica. 

Styles 3, rarely 4. 

Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong. 

Plants glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 

Flowers few, terminal ; leaves ovate, 4-6 mm. long. 2. A. humi/usa. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 395 

Cymes lateral ; leaves oblong;, 1-2 cm. long-. 3. A. uliginosa. 

Stems with i or 2 pubescent lines ; petioles often ciliate. 

Petals shorter than the calyx ; lower leaves petioled, 4. A. media. 

Petals longer than the calyx ; lovi^er leaves rarely petioled. 5. A. pubera. 
Leaves narrow, linear, oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate. 

Flowers 1.4-2 cm. broad. 6. A. Holostea. 

Flowers only 4-12 mm. broad. 

Bracts of the cyme small, scarious. 

Pedicels widely spreading ; cyme diffuse. 

Leaves linear, acute at each end ; seeds smooth. 7. A. longifolia. 
Leaves lanceolate, broadest below ; seeds rough. 8. A. graminea. 
Pedicels erect ; flowers few or solitary. 9. A. longipes. 

Bracts of the cyme foliaceous, resembling the upper leaves. 

Capsule 1 1^-2 times as long as the calyx ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate. 

Seeds rough ; petals equalling or longer than the calyx. 

10, A. crassifolia. 
Seeds smooth ; petals much shorter than the calyx or none, 

11. A. borealis. 
Capsule not longer than the calyx ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate ; 

petals none. 12. A. fo7itinalis. 

1. Alsine aquatica (L.) Britten. Water Mouse-ear Chickweed. (L F. f. 
1472.) Perennial; stem angled, mostly glandular-pubescent above, ascending or 
decumbent, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the upper 
sessile and subcordate, the lovirer petioled, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
flowers about 1. 2 cm. broad, solitary in the forks of the stem and in terminal 
cymes; pedicels slender, glandular, deflexed and much longer than the calyx in 
fruit; calyx campanulate; sepals ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the 2-cleft 
petals; stamens 10 ; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly longer than the calyx; seeds 
rough. In wet and waste places, Ont. to Penn. Also in Br. Col. Adventive from 
Europe. May-Aug. 

2. Alsine humifusa (Rottb.) Britton. Low Chickweed. (L F. f. 1473.) 
Glabrous; stems spreading and ascending, 2-8 cm. long, purplish. Leaves ovate 
or oblong, fleshy, 4-6 mm. long, sessile; bracts foliaceous; flowers few or solitary, 
6-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, 4 mm. long; petals 
2-parted; capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals; seeds smooth, brown. In moist or 
wet places. Lab. to N. B. and Me., west to Ore and Alaska. Also in northern 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

3. Alsine uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. Bog Starwort. Marsh Chick- 
weed. (I. F. f. 1474- )> Weak, slender, generally growing in masses; stems nearly 
simple, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves oblong, 16-25 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, narrowed at 
the base, the lower slightly petioled and sometimes ciliate, the upper sessile; flowers 
6 mm. broad, in lateral sessile cymes, rarely terminal; sepals lanceolate, acute; 
petals 2-parted, about the length of the calyx and the ovoid pod; seeds rough. In 
cold brooks and springs, Md. and Penn. to Newf. Also in Br. Col. and the N. W. 
Terr., Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. Alsine media L. Common Chickweed. (I. F. f. 1475.) Annual, tufted, 
much branched, decumbent or ascending, 1-4 dm. long, glabrous except a line of 
hairs along the stem and branches, the pubescent sepals and the sometimes ciliate 
petioles. Leaves ovate or oval, 4-35 mm. long, acute or rarely obtuse, the lower 
often cordate; flowers 4-8 mm. broad, in terminal leafy cymes or also solitary in 
ihe axils; sepals oblong, longer than the 2-parted petals; stamens 2-10 ; capsule 
ovoid, longer than tlie calyx; seeds rough. A weed in waste places, meadows and 
woods, common throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe, though pi^ssibly 
native northward. Jan. -Dec. 

5. Alsine pvibera (Michx.) Britton. Great Chickweed. (I. F. f. 1476.) 
Perennial, 1-3 dm. high, branching, the stems and branches with two hairy linos. 
Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 1-6 cm. long, their margins ciliate, the u]iper 
generally sessile, the lower sometimes narrowed at the base or on broad petioles, 
those of sterile shoots sometimes all petioled ; flowers 8-12 mm. broad, in terminal 
leafy cymes ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the 2-cloft or 2-parted petals ; capsule 
subglobose, or ovoid, its teeth revolute after splitting ; seeds rough. In moist 
rocky places, N. J. and Penn. to Ind., Ky., Ga. and Ala. May-June. 



39^ FLORA. 

6. Alsine Holostea (L.) Britton. Greater Stitchwort or Starwort. 
Adder's Meat. (I. F. f. 1477.) Erect from a creeping rootstock, glabrous 
or slightly downy, 4-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, taper- 
ing to a long slender tip ; flowers showy, 1.4-3 cm. broad, in terminal leafy 
cymose panicles ; pedicels downy ; sepals lanceolate, acute, one-half to two-thirds 
the length of the 2-cleft petals; capsule globose-ovoid. Along Train's Meadow 
Road, Long Island, N. Y. ; Poland, Me. Fugitive or adventive from Europe, 
Native also of northern Asia. Also called AUbone, from its brittle nodes. April- 
June. 

7. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Long-leaved Stitchwort. (I. F. f. 
1478.) Weak, glabrous, or the stem rough-angled, freely branching, 2-5 dm. 
high. Leaves linear, spreading, acute or acutish at each end, 2-6 cm. long, 
2-6 mm. wide, the lower smaller ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels slender, divaricate ; 
cymes terminal or lateral ; flowers numerous, 6-10 mm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, 
acute, 3 -nerved, equalling or somewhat shorter than the 2 -parted petals ; capsule 
ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; seeds smooth, shining. In low 
meadows and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, Ky. and La., and in the Rocky Mountain 
region, Br. Col. , northern Europe and Asia. May-July. 

8. Alsine graminea (L.) Britton. Lesser Stitchwort. Lesser Starwort. 
(I. F. f. 1479.) Weak, glabrous, ascending from creeping rootstocks, 3-5 dm. high 
or long; stem 4-angled. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. 
long, 4-6 mm. wide, broadest just above the base, acute, the lower smaller; cymes 
diffuse; pedicels spreading; bracts scarious, often ciliate, lanceolate, 4-6 mm. 
long; flowers 6-10 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, about the 
length of the sepals; capsule oblong, exceeding the sepals; seeds finely roughened. 
In fields and along roadsides, Newf. to Ont. and Md. Adventive from Europe. 
May-July. 

9. Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville. Long-stalked Stitchwort. (I. F. f. 
1480.) Tufted, simple, or sparingly branched, 0.7-3 dm. high, glabrous, shining, 
rarely glaucous or pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. 
long, 2-6 mm. wide at the base, rigid, ascending or erect; flowers few, 6-10 mm. 
broad, terminal, on long erect pedicels; bracts lanceolate; sepals ovate or lanceo- 
late, acute or acutish; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx; capsule ovoid, longer than 
the sepals; seeds smooth. In moist places. Lab. and N. S. to northern New Eng- 
land, Alaska and Minn., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and in Cal. Also in 
northern Asia. Summer. 

Alsine longipes Edwdrdsii (R. Br.) Britton. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
sparingly ciliate at the base; stems 2-3-flowered, 5-8 cm. tall. Lab. and Quebec, through 
arctic America to Siberia. 

Alsine longipes pedunculitis (Bunge) Britton. Stem 5-15 cm. high, bearing 1-3 
larger flowers on longer pedicels; stem more or less pubescent, especially at the nodes. 
Lab. to Alaska and Siberia. 

10. Alsine crassif olia Ehrh. Fleshy Stitchwort. (I. F. f. 1481.) Diffuse 
or ascending, weak, slender, simple or branched, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long. Leaves 
somewhat fleshy, oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, narrowed at 
the base, 6-16 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; cymes terminal, few-flowered, or flowers 
axillary and solitary; bracts foliaceous, small; peduncles slender, ascending; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute; petals longer than the calyx; cap- 
sule ovoid, longer than the sepals; seeds rough. In springs and moist places, Lab. 
to N. H., Minn., 111. and Manitoba, and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. 
to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

11. Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort. (I. F. f. 1482.) 
Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, glabrous, or pubescent above, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
long. Leaves membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, acute, sessile, their margins ciliate or naked; inflorescence a leafly terminal 
compound cyme; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading; flowers 4-8 mm. broad; 
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals, or none; capsule 
oblong, much exceeding the sepals; seeds smooth. In wet places. Lab. to R. I., 
northern N. J., Minn, and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in north- 
ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 397 

Alsine bore^lis alp^stris (Fries) Britton. Larger, leaves broader, cyme more diffuse ; 
upper bracts scarious or scarious-margined; seeds obscurely roughened. Lake Superior, 
the Saskatchewan region, Br. Col. and the Rocky Mts. Also in northern Asia. 

12. Alsine fontinalis (Short & Peter) Britton. Water Stitchwort. (I. F. f. 
1483.) Annual, glabrous; stems weak, very slender, branched, ascending or diffuse, 
1-3 dm. long. Leaves linear-spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. vi^ide, the 
upper sessile, acute or subacute at the apex, the lower obtuse and narrowed into 
short petioles; pedicels filiform, 6-30 mm. long, erect or ascending, solitary or 2-3 
together in the forks of the stem and branches and axils; calyx oblong-campanulate, 
2 mm. long; sepals 4 or 5, oblong or linear, obtuse, about equalling the ovoid-oblong 
obtuse capsule; stamens 4-8; petals wanting; styles very short; seeds densely tuber- 
culate-roughened. In wet places, Ky. and Tenn. April-May. 

II. CERASTIUM L. 

Generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, with terminal cymes of white flowers. 
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid (rarely want- 
ing). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and oppo- 
site them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cylindric, i -celled, many-ovuled, 
often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough, more or less 
flattened, attached by their edges. [Greek, horny, referring to the horn-like cap- 
sule of many species.] About 50 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in 
the temperate zones. 

Petals equalling the sepals, or shorter. 

Pedicels not longer than the sepals ; flowers glomerate. i. C, viscosum. 
Pedicels at length longer than the sepals ; flowers cymose. 

Leaves 4-8 mm, long; capsule nearly straight. 2. C. sem.ideca7idrum» 

Leaves 8-25 mm. long ; capsule curved upward. 3. C. vulgatum. 

Petals manifestly longer than the sepals (rarely wanting). 
Annuals, viscid-pubescent ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad. 

Pedicels much longer than the calyx. 4. C. longipedunculatum. 

Pedicels shorter than or but little exceeding the calyx. 

5. C. brachypodum. 
Perennials, glabrous or pubescent ; flowers 12-20 mm. broad. 
Styles always 5. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, mainly acute. 6. C. arvense. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse. 7. C. alpimini. 

Styles 3 (very rarely 4 or 5) : leaves linear-oblong. 8. C. cerastioides. 

1. Cerastium viscosum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. (L F. f. 1484.) An- 
nual, tufted, densely viscid-pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves ovate, obovate, or 
the lower spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse; bracts small, herbaceous; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad, in glomerate cymes; pedicels shorter than or. equalling the acute 
sepals; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cleft. In waste places and meadows, 
N. B. and Ont. to Fla. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized also in 
the W. I., Cent. Am. and on the Pacific Coast. April-July. 

2. Cerastium semidecandrum L. Small Mouse-ear Chickweed. (I. F. f. 
1485.) Low, tufted, annual, 5-i5cm. high, finely viscid-pubescent. Leaves ovale, 
or the lower spatulate, obtuse; bracts scarious; pedicels at length longer than the 
calyx; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, slightly exceeding the 
emarginate petals; capsule narrow, nearly straight; stamens often 5. In dry, 
sterile soil, N. J. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. April-May. 

3. Cerastium vulgatum L. Larc^er Mouse-ear Chickweed. (I. F. f, 
i486.) Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent, tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Lower 
and basal leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves oblong, 1-2.5 *^^^- ^<^^'^g J 
inflorescence loose, the pedicels at length much longer than the calyx ; sepals 
about equalling the 2-cleft petals, 4-6 mm. long ; capsule curved upward. In 
fields and woods, common throughout our area. l\iay-Sept. 

4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. Noddinc. Chickweed. Powder 
horn. (I. F. f. 1487.) Annual; stem weak, reclining or ascending. 1.5-6 dm. 
long, striate, finely clammy-pubescent to glabrate. Lower and basal leaves spat- 
ulate, obtuse, petioled, 1-2.5 dm. long, the upper lanceolate or oblong, acute, 
sessile; inflorescence loose; pedicels in fruit several times the length of the calvx ; 
flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, about one-half the length of the 2-cleft 



398 FLORA. 

petals (petals sometimes wanting) ; pods nodding, 1-2 cm. long, curved upward, 
much exceeding the calyx. In moist, shaded places, N. S. and Hudson Bay to 
N. Car., Br. Col., Nev. and northern Mexico. April-June. 

5. Cerastium brach^podum (Engelm.) Robinson. Short-stalked Chick- 
weed. (I. F. f. 1488.) Annual, light green, viscid-pubescent^ or puberulent ; 
stems tufted, erect, 0.7-2.5 dm. tall. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate or spat- 
ulate, 6-25 mm. long, narrowed into short petioles, the upper linear or linear- 
oblong, acute, sessile, sometimes erect-appressed ; flowers about 4 mm. broad ; 
fruiting pedicels, or some of them, deflexed, not more than twice as long as the 
calyx ; capsule straight or slightly curved upward, 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx. In dry soil. 111. and Mo. to Neb., S. Dak., Mont., Nev., Ariz, and Mex. 
March-July. 

Cerastium brach^podum compactum Robinson. Cyme capitate ; capsules very 
slender. Neb. to Tex. 

6. Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed. (I. F. f. 1489.) Perennial, 
densely tufted, erect or ascending, flowering stems 1-2.5 <^"^- ^^^- Basal leaves 
and those of the sterile shoots linear-oblong, close; stem-leaves distant, linear or 
narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acute; flowers 12-16 mm. broad; 
petals obcordate, much exceeding the lanceolate acute sepals which equal or are a 
little shorter than the slightly oblique capsule. In dry, rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, 
Ga., Mo.,. Nev. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia, April-July. 

Cerastium arvense oblongifolium (Torr.) Holl. & Britt. Larger, pubescent ; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, broader, mainly obtuse ; capsules about twice the length of the 
calyx. Mainly on magnesian rocks, N. S. to Va., S. Ont., Minn, and in the Rocky 
Mts. and Sierra Nevada. 

Cerastium arvense velutinum (Raf.) Britton. Depressed, villous-pubescent; stem- 
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; capsule 2 or 2.5 times the length of the calyx. On 
serpentine rocks, Lancaster and Chester counties, Pa. 

7. Cerastium alpinum L. Alpine Chickweed. (I. F. f. 1490.) Peren- 
nial, generally silky-hairy; sterile stems prostrate; flowering stems erect, 5-15 cm. 
high. Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse; upper leaves 
distant, ovate-oblong, obtusish, 8- 16 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2-3, 12-18 mm. 
broad; petals 2-lobed, twice the length of the lanceolate acute scarious-tipped 
sepals; pod longer than the calyx, nearly straight. In moist, rocky places, Quebec, 
Lab. and in arctic America. Also in arctic 'and alpine Europe and Asia. Sum- 
mer, 

Cerastium alpinum Fischeri^num (Ser.) T. & G, Taller ; pubescence more rigid. 
Lab. and through arctic America to Siberia. 

8. Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britton. Starvvort Chickweed. (I. F. f. 
1491.) Perennial, glabrous except a line of minute hairs along one side of the 
stem and branches, rarely pubescent throughout. Flowering branches ascending, 
0.7-1.5 dm. long; leaves linear-oblong, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse; 
flowers solitary or few, 10-12 mm. broad, long-pedicelled; petals 2-lobed, twice the 
length of the sepals; capsule nearly straight, twice the length of the calyx; styles 
3, rarely 4 or 5; sepals and petals 5 or 4. Quebec and arctic America. Also in 
arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. " Summer. 

12. HOLOSTEUM L, 

Annual erect herbs, often viscid-pubescent above, with cymose-umbellate, white 
flowers on long terminal peduncles. Sepals 5, Petals 5, emarginate or eroded. 
Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Styles 3. Ovary i-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 
ovoid-cylindric, dehiscent by 6 short valves or teeth. Seeds compressed, attached 
by the inner face, rough. [Greek, signifying all bone, an antiphrase, the herbs 
being tender.] About 3 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. 

I. Holosteum umbellatum L, Jagged Chickweed, (I, F, f. 1492.) Gla- 
brous or slightly downy below, tufted, 1-3 dm. high. Basal leaves spreading, 
oblanceolate or oblong; stem-leaves oblong, sessile, 1-5 cm. long; umbel 3-8- 
flowered; pedicels slender, about 2.5 cm. long, erect or ascending in flower, sub- 
sequently reflexed and again erect when the fruit is mature; flowers white, 4-6 



CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E, 399 

mm. broad; sepals obtuse, somewhat shorter than the petals; capsule nearly twice 
the length of the sepals, its teeth recurved. Penn. and Del. Naturalized from 
Europe. April-May. 

13. MOENCHIA Ehrh. 

Low annual glabrous herbs, with small narrow sessile leaves. Flowers ter- 
minal, solitary or cymose, 4-parted or sometimes 5 -parted, white. Sepals lanceo- 
late. Petals entire. Stamens 4-10. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite 
them. Capsule cylindric, 8-toothed or rarely lo-toothed, the teeth somewhat rev- 
olute at maturity. [In honor of Konrad Moench, Professor in Marburg.] Two or 
three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Moenchia erecta (L.) Gaertn. Upright Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 1493.) 
Glaucous, tufted, 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into a short 
petiole; stem-leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
wide ; flowers few or solitary, 4-8 mm. broad, on slender erect pedicels ; sepals 4, 
lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, scarious-margined; petals 4, slightly shorter than 
the sepals, entire; stamens 4, rarely 8; styles 4. In waste grounds, near Phila- 
delphia and Baltimore. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Not recently col- 
lected. May-July. 

14. SAGINA L. 

Tufted matted low herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedicelled whitish 
flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none. 
Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary i -celled, many- 
ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule 4-5- 
valved, at length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. [Ancient 
name of the spurry.] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 

Parts of the flower in 4's (or some flowers in s's). 

Plant depressed-spreading ; petals present. ' i. S. procumbens. 

Plant erect ; petals very minute or none. 2. S. apetala. 

Parts of the flower in s's. 

Leaves opposite, not fascicled. 

Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals. 3. S. decumbetis. 

Petals and pods longer than the sepals. 4, S. saginoides. 

Leaves fascicled in the axils ; petals exceeding the sepals. 5. S. nodosa. 

1. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 1494.) An- 
nual or perennial, branching, decumbent, or spreading, glabrous or minutely 
downy, matted, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves linear, subulate, 2-6 cm. long, connate at 
the base; flowers about 2 mm. broad, numerous; peduncles capillary, longer than 
the leaves, often recurved at the end after flowering; sepals 4, sometimes 5, ovate- 
oblong, generally longer than the petals, which are occasionally wanting; capsule 
about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5. In moist places, Newf. and Green- 
land to N. J., Penn., Kans. and Mich. Native of Europe and Asia. Probably in 
part naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 

2. Sagina apetala Ard. Small- flowered Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 1495.) 
Erect or ascending, annual, glabrous, filiform, 2-10 cm. high. Leaves linear-sub- 
ulate, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, 2-8 mm, long; flowers 2 mm. broad or less; 
peduncles elongated, capillary, erect; sepals 4, ovate or oval, obtuse; petals none, 
or 4 and very minute; pod ovoid, nearly twice the length of the calyx. In drv soil 
in woods and fields, Mass. to N. J. and Penn. Apparently introduced. Native of 
Europe. June. 

3. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Decumbent Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 
1496.) Annual, tufted; stems 5-10 cm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular- 
pubescent. Leaves narrowly linear, sometimes bristle-tipped, 6-10 mm. long; 
peduncles filiform; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 5 
or 10; pod ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx. In drv soil, eastern 
Mass. to 111., Fla., Mo. and La. March-May. 

Sagina decumbens Smithii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Slender; stems erect or nearly so ; 
flowers apetalous. Plant with the aspect of 5. apetala, but the parts of the flower in 
5's. Southeastern Penn. and southern N. J. 



400 FLORA. 

4'. Sagina saginoides (L.) Britton. Arctic Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 1497.) 

Perennial, glabrous, tufted, 2-10 cm. high, few-flowered or the flowers solitary at 
the ends of the stems. Leaves linear-subulate, or filiform, 4-10 mm. long, acumi- 
nate or mucronate; flowers 3-5 mm. broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10 ; 
sepals oval, obtuse, half the length of the ovoid-oblong capsule. On rocks. Lab., 
Anticosti and in arctic America. Also in the higher Rocky Mts., south to Colo, 
and Utah, in Cal., and in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

5. Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl. Knotted Pearlwort. (I. F. f. 1498.) 
Perennial, tufted, 5-15 cm. high; stems glabrous, or slightly glandular-pubescent 
above. Lower leaves linear, teretish, 8-16 mm. long, mucronulate, the upper 
shorter and with clusters of minute ones in their axils ; flowers few, about 6 mm. 
broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals 
obovate, longer than the calyx, as is also the ovoid pod. In wet, sandy places, 
coast of Mass. to Greenland; shores of Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg and of the 
Arctic Sea. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

15. ARENARIA L. 

Mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves, and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely 
solitary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5. entire or scarcely emarginate, rarely 
none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary I -celled, many- 
ovuled. Capsule dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth as there are' 
styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform- globose or compressed. [Latin, sand, in 
allusion to the habitat of many species.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 

Valves of the capsule 2-cleft or 2-toothed, sometimes appearing as if double the number 
of the stjies. 

Leaves ovate or oblong. 

Sepals acute or acuminate ; annual herb of waste places. 
Sepals obtuse or scarcely acute ; perennial ; arctic. 
Leaves subulate or setaceous. 

Cymes very dense ; stems 2-10 cm. tall. 
Cymes loose ; stems 1-4 dm. tall. 
Valves of the capsule entire (Genus Alstne Wahl). 
Leaves rigid, subulate or setaceous. 

Arctic or alpine, densely tufted, 2-8 cm. high. 
Flowers 10-16 mm. broad. 
Flowers 4-6 mm. broad. 
Neither arctic nor alpine, tufted but diffuse. 1-4 dm. high. 
Leaves densely imbricated ; pine barren species. 
Leaves fascicled in the axils. 

Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long ; 

Sepals narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
green. 
Leaves soft, herbaceous, narrowly linear or filiform. 
Sepals prominently ribbed; southern. 
Sepals not ribbed ; alpine and northern. 

1. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1499-) 
Annual, slender, slightly downy-pubescent, widely branched, 0.5-2 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate, 4-8 mm. long, acute; pedicels 4-12 mm. long ; bracts ovate, resem- 
bling the leaves ; flowers 4 mm. broad or less, very numerous in cymose panicles ; 
sepals ovate, acute or mucronate, 3-5 -nerved; petals obovate or oblong, usually 
shorter; capsule ovoid, dehiscent by 6 short apical valves; seeds rough. In dry or 
rocky places, throughout eastern N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug. 

2. Arenaria ciliata L. Fringed Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1500,) Perennial, 
tufted, glandtilar-puberulent; stems very slender, creeping or ascending, pubescent 
in lines, 2-13 cm. long, or the flowering branches erect. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
sessile or very nearly so, 2-6 mm. long, ciliate or glabrous; peduncles filiform, 
erect, mostly i -flowered; flowers about 6 mm. broad; sepals ovate or oblong, ob- 
tuse, nerveless or faintly l -nerved, about as long as the petals; capsule oblong, 
twice as long as the calyx, its 3 valves deeply 2-cleft; seeds slightly roughened. 
Quebec to Greenland. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Summer. 

3. Arenaria Hookeri Nutt. Hooker's Sandwort. (I. F, f. 1501.) Tufted 
from a deep woody root, 2-10 cm. high. Leaves linear-subulate, rigid, very 





I. 
2. 


A. 
A. 


serpyllifolia. 
ciliata. 




3- 
4. 


A. 

A. 


Hookeri. 
Fendleri. 


■y\\ 


5- 
6. 


A. 

A. 


biflora. 
verna. 


i^ 


7- 


A. 


Caroliniana. 


5 


ant 
8. 

mm 
9- 


bright green. 

A. Michanxii. 
. long ; plant pale 

A. Texana. 




10. 
II. 


A 
A. 


patula. 
Groenlandica. 



CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E. 40 1 

sharp-pointed, densely imbricated, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long ; flowering stems finely 
pubescent ; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the margins ciliolate ; cyme 1.5-3.5 cm. 
broad, its rays short and pubescent ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, pubescent, shorter 
than the similar bracts and about one-half the length of the petals. In dry or 
rocky soil. Neb. and Colo, to Mont, and Idaho. June-Aug. 

4. Arenaria Fendleri A. Gray. Fendler's Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1502.) 
Perennial by a woody root, pale green, glandular-pubescent above ; stems tufted, 
erect, very slender, 1-4 dm. tall, the internodes 2-5 cm. long. Lower leaves 
subulate or setaceous, glabrous or minutely ciliate, 2-10 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. 
wide, the upper somewhat connate at the base ; cyme loose, its rays filiform, 
several-flowered; pedicels very glandular; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; sepals linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the obovate petals ; capsule rather shorter 
than the sepals. In dry, usually rocky soil, Neb., and Wyo. to Utah, N. Mex. and 
Cal. June-Aug. 

5. Arenaria biflora (L.) S. Wats. Arctic Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1503.) 
Perennial, tufted, glandular-pubescent, 2-5 cm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lan- 
ceolate, sessile and sheathing, densely imbricated, 6-8 mm. long, semiterete, obtuse, 
glabrous, ciliate or glandular-pubescent; peduncles i-2-flowered; flowers 10-16 mm. 
broad ; sepals linear-oblong, 3 -nerved, obtusish ; petals obovate, twice as long as 
the calyx ; capsule slightly longer than the sepals ; seeds smooth. Greenland and 
Lab. to Quebec and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in Asia. 
Summer. 

6. Arenaria verna L. Vernal Sandwort. (I. F. £ 1504.) Perennial, 
tufted; flowering stems 2-13 cm. high. Leaves subulate-linear, rather rigid, im- 
bricated below, more distant above, 4-8 mm. long ; the upper a little shorter and 
broader than the lower ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, numerous in loose cymes ; sepals 
lanceolate, acuminate, 3 -ribbed ; capsule 3-valved, exceeding the sepals ; seeds 
rugose. In rocky places, Smuggler's Notch, Vt. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and 
arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

7. Arenaria Caroliniana Walt. Pine-barren Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1505.) 
Perennial from a deep root, tufted, glandular-pubescent; flowering stems 1-2.5 ^"^• 
high. Lower leaves subulate, rigid, 4-6 mm. long, keeled by the prominent mid- 
rib, densely imbricated; upper leaves similar, distant; cymes few-flowered; flowers 
10-16 mm. broad ; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerveless ; petals oblanceolate, 
3-4 times as long as the calyx ; pod short-ovoid, twice as long as the calyx, 
3-valved; seeds nearly smooth. In dry sand, southeastern N. Y., pine barrens of 
N. J., south near the coast to Fla. and Ga. May-July. 

8. Arenaria Michaiixii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. Rock Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1506.) 
Perennial, tufted, slender, glabrous, dark green, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves slender, 
rigid, subulate or filiform, broadest at the sessile base, 8-20 mm. long, distinctly 
I -ribbed, spreading, with numerous others fascicled in the axils; flowers 8-10 mm. 
broad ; calyx ovoid-oblong in fruit ; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
3 -ribbed, about half the length of the petals and slightly shorter than the ovoid 
pod; seeds minutely rugose. In dry, rocky places, Ont. and Vt. to Va., Minn., 
S. Dak. and Mo. [^. stricta Michx. ; not A. stricta (Sw.) S. Wats.] June-July. 

9. Arenaria Texana (Robinson) Britton. Texas Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1507.) 
Similar to the preceding, but lower, stifi'er, pale green ; stems erect, 1-2 dm. tall, 
thickened at the nodes, the internodes mostly short. Leaves subulate, stiff, 
6-12 mm. long, connate, with numerous minute or similar ones fascicled in their 
axils ; cymes small, rather few-flowered ; calyx narrowly conic in fruit ; sepals 
narrowly lanceolate, strongly 3-ribbed, long-acuminate, 4 mm. long, longer than 
the capsule. In dry rocky soil, Kans. and Mo. to Tex. June-July." 

10. Arenaria patula Michx. Pitcher's Sandwort, (t. F. f. 1508.) An- 
nual, branched from the base, slender or even filiform. 1-2.5 d""*- lii^l^- I-oaves 
soft, linear-filiform, 8-25 mm. long, i mm. wide or less ; cyme several-flowered, 
diftuse ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved, about half the length i^f the 
emarginate petals and equalling the pod ; seeds rough. In open drv places. Ky. 
to 111., Minn., Kans., Ala., Tenn. and Tex. April-May. 

11. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort or S far- 
wort. (I. F. f. 1500.) Perennial from a slender nxHstock. tufted, glabrous ; 
flowering stems slender. 5-13 cm. high ; leaves linear-filiform, the upper distant. 



402 FLORA, 

the lower matted, 6-12 mm. long ; cyme terminal, several-flowered ; pedicels 
filiform; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless, half the length 
of the petals and shorter than the oblong pod ; petals rarely wanting; seeds com- 
pressed, smooth. On dry rocks. Lab. and Greenland to N. N. Y., Conn., the 
mountains of S. N. Y. and Penn., and on the higher Alleghanies of Va. and N. 
Car. June-Sept. 

16. MOEHRINGIA L. 

Low herbs, our species perennials, with oblong ovate-lanceolate or linear soft 
leaves, sessile or very short-petioled, and small white flowers solitary or in cymes. 
Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, few- 
seeded. Seeds mostly smooth and shining, appendaged at the hilum by a mem- 
branous broad strophiole. [In honor of P. H. G, Moehring, naturalist of Danzig.] 
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are 
known to occur in N. Am. 

Leaves oblong or oval, usually obtuse ; sepals obtuse or acute, much shorter than the 

petals. I. M. lateriflora. 

Leaves lanceolate, usually acute ; sepals acuminate, longer than the petals. 

2. M. inacrophylla. 

1. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-leaved Moehringia or 
Sandwort. (I. F. f. 15 10.) Stems finely pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves 
thin, oval or oblong, I -5 cm. long, obtuse, the margins and nerves ciliate ; cymes 
few-flowered or flowers sometimes solitary ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; sepals half 
as long as the petals ; ovary at first 3-celled ; capsule ovoid, nearly twice as long 
as the calyx, dehiscent by three 2-cIeft valves. In moist places and on shores, S. N. 
Y. and N.J. to Mo., N. S. and Alaska, extending in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. 
Also in Ore., Br. Col., northern Europe and Asia. May -July. 

2. Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Torr. Large-leaved Moehringia or 
Sandwort. (I. F. f. 15 11.) Stems decumbent, puberulent, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
2-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide ; cymes 1-5 -flowered ; flowers about 6 mm. broad ; 
sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the small petals; 
capsule rather shorter than the calyx, 3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Isle St. Ignace, 
Lake Superior, to Br. Col., south to Cal. May- Aug. 

17. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. 

Perennial fleshy maritime herbs, with ovate, obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate 
leaves, and rather small flowers, solitary in the axils and in the forks of the stem or 
branches. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals the same number, entire. Stamens 8 or 10. 
Disk prominent, 8.-io-lobed, glandular. Styles 3-5. Capsule subglobose, fleshy, 
-^-^.valved when mature, the valves entire. Seeds numerous, obovate, not 
strophiolate. [Greek, referring to the growth of these plants in sand.] Tv/o 
species, of sea beaches in the north temperate zone. 

I. Ammodeniapeploides(L.)Rupr. Sea-beach Sandwort. (I. F. f. 1512.) 
Perennial by long rootstocks, glabrous ; stems stout, tufted; 0.7-2.5 dm. long. 
Leaves sessile, clasping, ovate or oval, acute or mucronate, 1-2 cm. long ; flowers 
6-8 mm. broad ; peduncles stout ; ovary 3-celled (rarely 4-5 -celled) ; sepals ovate, 
obtusish, about equalling the petals, shorter than the pod ; seeds smooth, short- 
beaked at the hilum. On sands of the seashore, Va. to arctic America. Also^on 
the shores of Europe and Asia. June-July. 

18. SPERGULA L. 

Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves, much fascicled in the 
axils, and terminal cymes of white flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10 or 
5. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the 
sepals. Seeds compressed, acute-margined or winged. [Latin, from spergo, to 
scatter. ] Two or three species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Spergula arvensis L. Spurry. Corn Spurry. (LF. f. 1513.) Slender, 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear or 
subulate, 2-5 cm. long, clustered at the nodes in two opposite sets of 6-8 together, 
appearing verticillate ; stipules small, connate ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, numerous 



CA E YOPH YLLA CEA E. 403 

in loose terminal cymes ; pedicels slender, divaricate; sepals ovate, slightly longer 
than the petals; stamens lo or 5 ; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In fields 
and waste places, frequent as a weed throughout eastern Canada and the Eastern 
and Middle States, and locally westward. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. 
Summer. 

19. TISSA Adans. 

Low herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or setaceous leaves, often with others 
clustered in the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in terminal cymes. 
Stipules scarious. Sepals 5. Petals the same number, rarely fewer, or none, 
entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary i-celled, many-ovuled; styles 3, Pod 3-valved to 
the base. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. 
[Name unexplained.] About 20 species, of wide distribution, most of them on 
saline shores or salt marshes. 

Species of salt marshes or sea beaches ; leaves very fleshy. 

Pedicels iV^-i times the length cf the sepals; flowers pink. i. T. marina. 

Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the sepals ; flowers pale or white. 

2. T. Canadensis. 
Species mostly of dry sandy soil ; leaves scarcely fleshy. 3. T. rubra. 

1. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. Salt-marsh Sand Spurry. (I. F. f. 1514.) 
Annual to perennial, erect, ascending or nearly prostrate, 1-2 dm. high, branch- 
ing. Stipules ovate; leaves linear, terete, fleshy, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
often much fascicled in the axils; pedicels 4-10 mm. long; sepals ovate, 2-6 mm. 
long ; capsule equalling or longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, or roughened with 
projecting processes, wingless, or winged. In salt marshes, N. B. to Fla. Also 
in those of Salina, N. Y., the Pacific Coast, and of Europe and northern Asia. 
Summer. 

Tissa marina minor (Wats. & Coult.) Britton. Rarely over 6 cm. high; flowers 
smaller; pedicels 1-4 mm. long. Coast of New England. \Buda marina minor Wats. 
& Coult.]. 

2. Tissa Canadensis (Pers.) Britton. Northern Sand Spurry. (I. F. f. 
15 15.) Annual, diffuse and spreading, glabrous, 5-13 cm. high. Leaves linear, 
fleshy, teretish, 10-16 mm. long, mainly obtuse, generally not fascicled; stipules 
broadly ovate; pedicels slender, at length much exceeding the calyx; sepals 2 mm. 
long; flowers pale or white; capsule twice the length of the calyx; seeds smooth or 
papillose, usually wingless. On muddy shores, R. I. and Mass. to Lab. Summer. 

3. Tissa rnbra (L.) Britton. Sand Spurry. Purple Sandwort. (I. F. f. 
15 16.) Annual to perennial, depressed or ascending, very leafy, glabrous, or 
glandular-pubescent above, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy, 
4-8 mm. long; flowers bright pink, 2-3 mm. broad; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-8 mm. 
long; pods about equalling the calyx; seeds wingless, rough with projecting 
points. In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes maritime, Newf. to 
Penn,, western N. Y., Ohio and Va. Apparently adventive from Europe. Also 
in Cal. and Ore., Europe and Asia. Summer. 

20. LOEFLINGIA L. 

Low annual glandular-puberulent diffusely branched herbs, with small subulate 
or setaceous stipulate leaves, and very small sessile flowers in the axils. Sepals 5, 
rigid, keeled, acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer ones commonly with a tooth on 
each side. Petals 3-5, minute, or wanting. Stamens 3-5. perigynous. Ovary 
triangular-pyramidal, i -celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds attached 
near their bases; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Peter Loofling. 1720-1756, 
Swedish traveler.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am., Europe, and central Asia. 
Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 

I. Loeflingia Texana Hook. Texan Loeflin(;ia. (I. F. f. 15 17.) Bushy, 
7-15 cm. high, the branches slender, terete, ascending or those bearing flowers 
secund and recurved. Leaves 4-6 mm. long; flowers loss than 2 mm. broad; 
sepals nearly or (juite straight; stamens usually 3; capsule shorter tliau the calyx; 
seeds obovate, In dry soil, Neb. to Tex. April-June, 



404 FLORA, 

21. PARONYCHIA Adans. 

Perennial tufted herbs, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious 
stipules, and small clustered scarious-bracted apetalous flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, 
the segments bristle-pointed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, some- 
times alternate with as many staminodia. Ovary narrowed upward into the style; 
style 2-cleft at the apex; ovule solitary, amphiti-opous. Utricle membranous, in- 
cluded in the calyx, i-seeded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant 
supposed to cure it.] About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 
Besides the following about 5 others occur in the Southern States, one in the Rocky 
Mts. , and one in Cal. 

Awns of the calyx-segments erect. i. P. argyrocoma. 

Awns of the calyx-segments divergent. 

Stipules 2-cleft. 2. P. sessilijlora. 

Stipules entire. 

Lowest leaves obtuse, uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed. 

3. P. Jamesii. 
Leaves all acute, mucronate or bristle-pointed. 4. P. dichoto77ia. 

1. Paronychia argyrocoma (INIichx.) Nutt. Silver Whitlow- wort. 
(L F. f. 15 18.) Stem much branched, 0.7-2 dm. high, clothed with silvery ap- 
pressed scale-like hairs. Leaves linear, i -nerved, acute or mucronate; stipules 
silvery- white, entire; flowers in forking cymes, subtended by the large silvery 
bracts; calyx-segments 4-5 mm. long, their awns erect, nearly as long; style fili- 
form; staminodia minute and much shorter than the filaments or wanting. In 
rocky places. Me. and N. H. to Tenn. and Ga. July-Sept. 

2. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Low Whitlow-wort. (L F. f. 15 19.) 
Densely tufted from thick roots, low, the internodes very short and hidden by the 
imbricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subulate, the lowest erect and obtuse, 
the uppermost recurved-spreading, mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft; 
bracts entire; flowers sessile, solitary or several together; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its 
segments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent awns of nearly their own 
length ; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. 
and Wyo. Aug-Sept. 

3. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. James' Whitlow-wort. (L F. f. 1520.) 
Scabrous-pubescent; stems 0.7-2 dm. high, much branched. Leaves linear- subulate, 
the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules entire; 
flowers in small cymes; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx 2-3 mm. long, the 
segments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent awns of about one-fourth their 
length ; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil. Neb. and Colo, to 
Tex. Juiy-Oct. 

Paronychia Jamesii deprdssa Nutt. Lower, rarely over 0.7 dm. high, densely tufted ; 
internodes very short ; leaves imbricated. Neb. to Tex. 

4. Paronychia dichotoma (L.) Nutt. Forking Whitlow-wort. Nailwort, 
{I. F. f. 1521.) Much branched from the thick woody base, 1-4 dm. tall. Leaves 
subulate, acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules entire, often 10-12 mm. long; 
calyx 2-4 mm. long, the awns of its segments divergent, short; staminodia hardly 
one-fourth as long as the filaments; styles nearly as long as the perianth-segments. 
In dry soil, Md. to N. Car., Ark. and'Tex. July-Oct. 

22. ANYCHIA Michx. 

Annual herbs, with forking stems, elliptic oval or oblanceolate opposite, mostly 
punctate, short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetalous 
flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-5, 
inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 
subglobose, compressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitary, 
amphitropous. Utricle subglobose, as long as the calyx or longer. [Derivation 
same as the preceding genus.] Only the following species, natives of eastern N. 
Am. 

Pubescent; flowers sessile; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. i. A. dichotoma. 

Glabrous or nearly so ; flowers pedicelled ; stems usually erect, 2, A. Canadensis, 



RA MALES. 405 

1. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Forked Chickweed. (I. F. f. 1522.) Pubes- 
cent; stems mostly prostrate or ascending, much forked, 0.7-2 dm. high, the inter- 
nodes often shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 4-8 mm. long, 1-2 
mm. wide, mucronate or acute, sessile, or the base tapering into a very short 
petiole, usually numerous and crowded; flowers sessile in the forks, more or less 
clustered, scarcely i mm. high. In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Me. to 
Minn., Fla., Ala. and Ark. June-Sept. 

2. Anychia Canadensis (L.) B. S. P. Slender Forked Chickweed. (I. F. f. 
1523.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem very slender or filiform, usually erect, 1.5-3 
dm. tall, the internodes sometimes 2.5 cm. long, much longer than those of the 
preceding. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes oblanceolate, 6-16 mm. long, 2-8 
mm. wide, narrowed into petioles about 2 mm. long, not crowded; flowers more or 
less pedicelled. In dry woods, Ont. to Mass., Ga., Minn, and Ark. June-Sept. 

23. SCLERANTHUS L. 

Low annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at the 
base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted, 
deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube hardened. 
Stamens i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule 
solitai-y, pendulous, amphitropous. Utricle i -seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, 
referring to the hard calyx-tube.] About 10 species, of wide distribution in the 
Old World, the following nat. from Europe as a weed. 

I. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German Knotgrass. (I. F. f. 1524.) 
Much branched, the branches prostrate or spreading, 7-13 cm. long. Leaves subu- 
late, 4-25 mm. long, ciliate, light green, often recurved; tube of the calyx 10- 
angled, rather longer than the lobes, the lobes somewhat angled on the back and 
their margins incurved. In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and 
Ont. to Penn. and Fla. Nat. from Europe. March-Oct. 



Order 15. RANALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals. 
Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior, 
free from the calyx ; carpels i to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly 
hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals. 

* Aquatic herbs; floating leaves peltate, or with a basal sinus. 
Carpels 3 or more; petals large; floating leaves not dissected. Fam. i, Nymphaeaceae. 
Pistil i; petals none; leaves whorled, all submersed and dissected. 

Fam. 2. Ceratophyllaceae. 
* * Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic.) 
Stamens numerous ; sepals distinct ; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in 
Calycocarpum of the Menispermaceae). 
Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis). 

Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thalictrum). 

Fruit aggregate, cone-like; trees; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3. 

Fam. 3. Mag)ioliaceae. 
Fruit not aggregate; the carpels separate, at least when mature. 
Anthers not opening by valves; pistils usually more than i. 

Sepals 3; petals 6; shrubs or trees. Fam. 4. Anonaceae. 

Sepals 3-15; petals (when present) about as many ; our species herbs 
or vines {Xantliorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae. 

Anthers opening by valves (except in PodopJi\lliim)\ pistil i. 

Fam. 6. Berberidaceae. 
Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves; fruit drupaceous. 

Fam. 7. Menispermaceae. 
Receptacle hollow, enclosing the ^numerous pistils and achenes; opposite-leaved 
shrubs. Fam. S. Calycanthaceae. 

Stamens 9 or t2, in 3 or 4 series of 3; anthers opening by valves ; aromatic 'trees or shrubs 
with no petals, more or less united sepals, and i pistil. I'ani. 9. Lauraceae. 



406 FLORA, 



Family i. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. 

Water Lily Family. 

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, im- 
mersed or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 
3-5. Petals 5-00 . Stamens 5-00 ; anthers erect, the connective continu- 
ous with the filament. Carpels 3-00 , distinct, united, or immersed in the 
receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk; 
ovules i-oo , orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy 
arils, or rarely naked ; cotyledons fleshy ; hypocotyl very short. 

Eight genera and about 33 species, of wide distribution in fresh-water lakes and 
streams. 

Sepals and petals 3 ; stamens 6, hypogynous ; carpels distinct ; ovules few. 

Leaves dissected, excepting the small floating ones. i, Cabomba. 

Leaves peltate, entire, floating. 2. Brasenia. 

Sepals 4-6 ; petals numerous or several; carpels united; ovules numerous. 

Petals small or minute ; stamens hypogynou^. 3. Nymphaea. 

Petals large, numerous ; stamens epigynous. 4. Castalia. 

Sepals 4-5; petals numerous ; carpels distinct, immersed in the receptacle ; ovule i. 

5. Nelumbo. 
I. CABOMBA Aubl. 

Stems slender, coated with gelatinous matter, branching. Leaves petioled, 
peltate, the floating ones small, entire; submerged ones opposite, palmately dis- 
sected into capillary segments. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals and petals 
3. Stamens 6; filaments slender; anthers extrorse. Carpels 2-4, Stigmas small, 
terminal; ovules commonly 3, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, about 3- 
seeded. [Guiana name.] A genus of 2 or 3 species, natives of the warmer parts 
of America. 

I. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. Cabomba. Carolina Water-shield. 
(I. F. f. 1525.) Stem several feet long. Submerged leaves opposite or sometimes 
verticillate, 2-5 cm. broad, repeatedly divided; floating ones linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. 
long; flowers long-peduncled from the upper axils, 1-1.6 cm. wide, white, or yellow 
at base within; petals obovate; ripened carpels 3, separate, flask-shaped. In ponds 
and slow streams, Mo. and S. 111. to N. Car., Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. 

2. BRASENIA Schreb. 

Plant covered with gelatinous matter. Leaves alternate, oval, entire, 5-10 cm. 
long, long-petioled, floating. Flowers axillary, purple. Sepals and linear petals 3. 
Stamens 12-18; filaments filiform. Carpels 4-18, separate. Ovules 2 or 3, pendulous 
from the dorsal suture. Ripe carpels indehiscent, coriaceous, 1-2-seeded. [Name 
unexplained.] A monotypic genus of N. Am., Cuba, eastern and tropical Asia, 
west tropical Africa, and Australia. 

I. Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. Water-shield or -target. (I. F. f. 
1526.) Rootstock slender. Leaves thick, rounded at each end; flowers 1-1.6 cm. 
in diameter, on long stout peduncles; fruit oblong, 6-8 mm. long. In ponds and 
slow streams, N. S. to Fla., Man., Tex., Mex., and at a few stations on the Pacific 
Coast from Cal. to Wash. Summer. 

3. nymphaea L. 
Herbs, with cylindric thick horizontal rootstocks, and large cordate leaves with 
a deep sinus. Flowers showy, yellow, or sometimes purplish. Sepals 5 or 6, concave, 
thick. Petals 00 , small, stamen-like, hypogynous. Stamens 00 , hypogynous. Car- 
pels 00 , many-ovuled, united into a compound pistil. Stigmas disciform, 7-24- 
radiate. Fruit ovoid, naked. Seeds with endosperm. [Greek, water-nymph.] 
About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 

Leaves broadly ovate or oval. 

Leaves 1-3 dm. long ; stigma 12-24-fayed; petals truncate, fleshy, i. N. advena. 

Leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long; stigma 9-1 2-rayed; petals spatulate, fleshy. 

2. JS. hybrida. 

Leaves 0.5-1 dm. long; stigma 7-10-rayed; petals spatulate, thin. 3. N. Kalmiana. 
Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 4. N. sagtttae/olta. 



N YMPHA EA CEA E. 40/ 

1. Nymphaea advena Soland. Large Yellow Pond Lily. (T. F. f. 1527.) 
Floating and emersed leaves 1-2.5 d^- broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, the 
sinus generally open; submerged leaves, vi^hen present, thin-membranous, nearly 
orbicular; petioles, peduncles and lower surfaces of the leaves often pubescent; 
flowers 3-9 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose, yellow or tinged with purple; 
sepals 6, oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals oblong, 8-10 mm. long; stamens in 5-7 
rows; anthers about the length of the filaments; stigmatic disk undulate, yellow, or 
pale red; fruit ovoid, not deeply constricted into a neck, 3-5 cm. long. In ponds 
and slow streams, Labrador to the Rocky Mts., Fla., Tex. and Utah. April-Sept. 
Rev. Thos. Morong (Bot. Gaz. 11: 167) describes a var. (?) minor having smaller 
flowers, the margins of the stigmatic disk more crenate, rays 10, and fruit only 2.5 
cm. long. Called also Cow-lily and Spatter-dock. 

2. Nymphaea hybrida Peck. Red-disked Pond Lily. (L F. f. 1528.) Float- 
ing leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, sometimes pubescent beneath; submerged leaves 
generally present, membranous, orbicular; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, yellow; 
sepals 5 or 6; petals 6-8 mm. long, less fleshy than those of the last; anthers 
nearly the length of the filaments; stigmatic disk crenate, bright red or crimson; 
stamens in about 5 rows; fruit about 2.5 cm. long, contracted below into a neck. 
In ponds and slow streams, Vt. to Ont., N. Y., Penn. and Mich. May-Sept. 

3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims. Small Yellow Pond Lily. 
(I. F. f. 1529.) Leaves 0.5-1 dm. long, commonly pubescent beneath; submerged 
ones always present, membranous, orbicular, larger; flowers 2.5 cm. in diameter 
or less, yellow; sepals 5; petals 4 mm, long; stamens in 3 or 4 rows, narrowly 
linear, the anther one-fourth the length of the filament; stigmatic disk crenate or 
stellate, 4-6 mm. broad, dark red; fruit ovoid, with a short neck. In ponds and 
slow streams, Newf. to N. Y., Penn., Minn, and Saskatch. Summer, flowering later 
than the two preceding. 

4. Nymphaea sagittaefolia Walt. Arrow-leaved Pond Lily. (T. F. f. 1530.) 
Floating leaves glabrous, obtuse, 2-4 dm. long; submerged ones numerous, similar, 
but membranous and commonly larger; flowers yellow, about 2.5 cm. broad; 
sepals 5; petals broadened above, 6 mm. long; stamens in 4 or 5 rows, the fila- 
ments about equalling the anthers; stigmatic disk crenate, ii-15-rayed; fruit 
ovoid, not constricted into a neck. In ponds, S. Ind. and 111., and in the Atlantic 
States from N. Car. to Fla. Summer. 

4. CASTALIA Salisb. 

Herbs with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy flowers. 
Sepals 4. Petals imbricated in several rows, inserted on the ovary, gradually pass- 
ing into stamens ; stamens 00 , the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short 
anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels rx) . 
united into a compound pistil with radiating linear projecting stigmas. Fruit 
globose, covered with the bases of the petals, ripening under water. [A spring of 
Parnassus.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. 

Flowers 0.7-1.5 dm. broad, fragrant : leaves orbicular, purplish beneath, i. C. odorata. 
Flowers 1-2,5 dm. broad, not fragrant ; leaves orbicular, green both sides. 

2. C. tubffosa. 
Flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, not fragrant ; leaves oval or oblong. 3. C, tetragotta. 

1. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Sweet-scented White 
Water Lily. Pond Lily. (I. F. f. 1531.) Rootstock thick. Leaves 1-3 dm. 
in diameter, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, cordate-cleft or reni- 
form; petioles and peduncles with 4 main air-channels ; flowers white, or tinged 
with pink; petals narrowly oblong, obtuse; fruit globose, or slightly depressed; 
seeds stipitate, oblong, shorter than the aril. In ponds and slow streams, Newt, to 
Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 

Castalia odorata rc^sea (Pursh) Britton. Flowers large, deep pinK or red. E. Mass. 
to N. J., near the coast. 

2. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Tuberous White Water Lily. 
(I. F. f. 1532.) Rootstock with numerous lateral tuberous-thickened branches. 



40S FLORA, 

Leaves green both sides ; the veins very prominent on the lower surface; flowers pure 
white, inodorous or very slightly scented; petals oblong, broader than those of 
C. odorata, obtuse; fruit depressed-globose; seeds globose-ovoid, sessile, longer 
than or about equalling the aril. Lake Champlain, west through the Great Lakes 
to Mich., south to Del., Penn. and Ark. Summer. 

3. Castalia tetragona (Georgi) Lawson. Small White Water Lily. (L 
F. f 1533.) Leaves oval or oblong, 0.5-1 dm. long, green above, green or pur- 
plish beneath, the sinus narrow; petioles and peduncles nearly or quite glabrous; 
flowers white, inodorous ; petals in about 2 rows, faintly striped with purple, oblong 
or obovate, thin, about the length of the sepals. In the Misinaibi River, Ont. ; in 
ponds along the Severn River, Keewatin; near Granite Station, northern Idaho. 
Also in Siberia, Japan and the Himalayas. Summer. 

5. NELUMBO Adans. 

Large herbs, with thick rootstocks, long-petioled concave leaves, and small and 
scale-like submerged ones borne sessile on the rootstock. Flowers large, yellow, 
pink or white. Sepals imbricate. Petals and stamens 00, inserted on the calyx, 
caducous. Filaments more or less petaloid; anthers introrse. Carpels distinct, 
contained in pits in the large convex receptacle. Style short; ovules i or 2; endo- 
sperm none; cotyledons thick, fleshy. Nuts globose, ovoid or oblong. [Ceylon 
name for N. Neliimbo.\ A genus of 2 species, one North American, the other 
Asiatic and Australasian. 

Flowers pale yellow; -plant native. i. N.lutea. 

Flowers pink or white; plant introduced. 2. N. Nelumbo. 

1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Nelumbo or Lotus. (L F. f. 
1534.) Rootstock tuberiferous. Emersed leaves 3-6 dm. broad, nearly orbicular 
but often somewhat constricted in the middle, centrally peltate, prominently ribbed, 
glabrous above, more or less pubescent and lepidote beneath, the lower surface 
marked with an oblong, transverse area; petioles and peduncles thick, 0.9-2.2 m. 
long, with several large air-canals; flowers 1-2.5 ^"^- broad; petals concave, obo- 
vate, obtuse; anthers appendaged; fruit obconic or somewhat hemispheric, 7-10 
cm. long; seeds nearly globular. Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and Tex. July-Aug. 

2. Nelumbo Neliimbo (L.) Karst. Indian Lotus. (I. F. f. 1535.) Leaves 
6-9 dm. in diameter, concave, glaucous; petioles and peduncles 9-18 dm. long, 
glabrous or with scattered minute prickles; flowers 1-2.5 dm. broad, pink or some- 
times white; petals oblong or elliptic, obtuse; fruit obconic, 10-13 cm. long; seeds 
oblong or ovoid. Nat. in ponds about Bordentown, N. J. July-Aug. 



Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. 
Hornwort Fatnily, 

Submerged aquatics, with slender branching stems, and verticillate 
leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the 
axils. ' Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens 
numerous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or 
nearly so, linear-oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick 
appendage beyond the sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior i -celled 
ovary; ovule i, orthotropous, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the 
summit. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none ; embr^^o 
composed of 4 verticillate cotyledons, with a short hypocotyl and a 
plumule of several nodes and leaves. The family contains only the fol- 
lowing genus : 

1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 
Leaves crowded, linear or filiform, spin ulose- serrulate, forked. Sterile flowers 
with 10-20 stamens, the anthers about as long as the perianth. Fertile and sterile 
flowers generally at different nodes. Ovary and fruit somewhat longer than the 
perianth, the fruit beaked with the long persistent style. One species or possibly 
two, widely distributed in fresh water. 



MAGNOLIACEAE. 409 

1. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort. (I. F. f. 1536.) Stems 0.5-2.5 
m. long. Leaves 8-25 mm. long; ripe fruit oval, 4-6 mm. long with a spine-like 
beak 4-^ mm. long, smooth and spurless or with a long basal spur on each side, 
or tuberculate and with narrowly winged spiny margins or broadly winged without 
spines. In ponds and slow streams, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. 
June-July. 

Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Magnolia Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, large solitary flowers, and bitter 
aromatic bark. Sepals and petals hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 00 ; 
anthers adnate. Carpels 00 , separate or coherent, borne on the surface 
of the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of 
i-2-seeded follicles or achenes. About 10 genera and 70 species, of wide 
distribution. 

Anthers introrse ; leaves entire, or with 2 basal lobes. i. Magnolia. 

Anthers extrorse; leaves lobed or truncate. 2. Liriodendron. 

I. MAGNOLIA L. 

Leaves large and generally thick, entire. Buds covered with conduplicate 
sheathing stipules. Flowers fragrant. Sepals petaloid. Petals 6-12, imbricated 
in 2-4 series. Anthers linear, introrse. Carpels spiked or capitate on the elevated 
or elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. Seeds fleshy, sus- 
pended from the ripe pink or rose cones by slender filamentous threads. [In honor 
of Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, Professor of Botany in Montpellier. ] A genus of 
about 15 species, natives of eastern N. Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 

Leaves auriculate, glabrous. i. M. Frasej'i. 

Leaves cordate, white-pubescent beneath. 2. M. macrophylla. 

Leaves acute at the base. 

Leaves 2-j^ dm. long, light green beneath; corolla higher than broad. 

3. M. tripetala. 
Leaves 0.7-1.5 dm. long, glaucous beneath; corolla broader than high. 

4. M. Virginiana. 
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin, 5. M. aciimifiata. 

1. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fraser's Magnolia. Long- or Ear-leaved 
Umbrella-tree. (L F. f. 1537.) A tree 8-16 m. high, the branches spreading. 
Leaf- buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, auriculate, 1.5-4 
dm. long, elongated-obovate or oblong, contracted below, the lower surface light 
green, the upper darker; petioles 2-8 cm. long; flowers white, I-2 dm. broad; petals 
spatulate or obovate, obtuse, much longer than the sepals; cone of fruit 0.7-1 dm. 
long. In mountain woods, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Miss. May-June. 

2. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Great-leaved Magnolia. Large- 
leaved Umbrella-tree, or Cucumber-tree. (I. F. f. 1538.) A tree 6-20 m. 
high; bark gray. Leaf-buds silky-pubescent; leaves oblong or obovate. blunt, 
cordate, 3-11 dm. long, I-3.5 dm. broad, glaucous-white and pubescent beneath; 
petioles stout, 5-10 cm. long; flowers 2-4 dm. in diameter, white with a large pur- 
ple centre; petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, thrice the length of the rounded "sepals; 
cone of fruit ovoid-cylindric, 1-1.5 dm. long. In woods, Ky. to N. Car., Fla.. Ark. 
and La. May-June. 

3. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella-tree. Elk- wood. (T. F. f. 1530.) 
A tree 6-13 m. high. Leaf-buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the summits of the 
branches, 3-5 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide, obovate. acute, cuneate at the base, more 
or less pubescent beneath; petioles stout; flowers 2-2.5 *^hn. in diameter, white, 
slightly odorous; sepals broad, reflexed, early deciduous; petals oblong-lanceolate 
orobovate-lanceolate, acutish; cone of fruit 1-1.5 dm. king. Ii\ woods. Penn. toCa., 
Ark. and Miss. May. 

4. Magnolia Virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia. vSwket Bay. (1. F. f. 
1540.) A tree 5-23 m. high. Leaf-buds pubescent; leaves scattered, 0.7-1.5 dm. 



410 FLORA. 

long, 2-5 cm. broad, oval or oblong, obtuse or blunt-acuminate, acute at the base, 
coriaceous, dark green above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; flowers 
white, depressed- globose, deliciously fragrant, 5-8 cm. in diameter; sepals spread- 
ing, obtuse, nearly as large as the obovate rounded petals; cone of fruit oblong, 4-5 
cm. high. In swamps and swampy woods, eastern Mass. to Penn., Fla. and Tex. 
May-June. 

5. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber-tree. Mountain Magnolia. (I. F. 
f. 1541.) A tree 20-30 m. high. Leaf-buds silky-pubescent; leaves scattered, 1.5- 
2.5 dm. long, thin, oval, acute or somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the 
base, light green and more or less pubescent on the lower surface; flowers oblong- 
campanulate, greenish-yellow, 5 cm. high ; petals obovate or oblong, much longer 
than the spreading deciduous sepals; cone of fruit cylindric, usually curved, 0.7-1 
dm. long. In woods, N. Y. to 111., Ga., Ala. and Ark. May-June. 

2. LIRIODENDRON L. 

Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or rarely entire, 
recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules imited at 
the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 
6, connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated recep- 
tacle, 2-0 vuled, samaroid, 1-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender fimicukis 
at maturity. [Greek, a tree bearing lilies.] One or possibly two species, natives 
of eastern N. Am. and China. 

I. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree. White-wood. Yellow 
Poplar. (I. F. f. 1542.) A magnificent tree 20-65 m. high, with diverging 
curved branches. Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- 
line, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 0.7-1.5 dm. long with 2 apical and 
2-4 basal lobes with rounded sinuses; flowers about 5 cm. high, erect, greenish- 
yellow, orange-colored within; petals obovate, obtuse, about equalling the sepals; 
cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 7-8 cm. long. In woods, Vt. and R. I. to Fla., 
Mich, and Ark. May-June. 

Family 4. ANONACEAE DC. 

Custard-apple Family. 

Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. 
Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals 
about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens 00 ; anthers adnate, extrorse. 
Carpels 00 , separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, 
anatropous ; embryo minute ; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 
genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate 
zones. 

I. ASIMINA Adans. 

Small trees, or shrubs, with lateral or axillary nodding flowers. Buds naked. 
Sepals ovate, valvate. Petals 6, imbricated in the bud, those of the outer series the 
larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and carpels 3-15. Style 
oblong, stigmatic along the inner side ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit, large 
fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy 
arils. [From the aboriginal name Assimin.'] A genus of about 7 species, natives 
of eastern N. Am. 

I. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. North American Pap aw. (I. F. f. 1543.) 
A shrub or small tree 1-15 m. high. Shoots and young leaves dark-pubescent, 
becoming glabrous; leaves obovate or cuneate, acute, 1. 5-3 dm. long; petioles 
8-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preceding year, appearing with 
the leaves, 2-4 cm. in diameter, dark purple; sepals obovate, densely dark- 
pubescent; outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly exceeding the ovate 
inner ones; fruit 0.7-2 dm. long, 2-7 cm. thick, sweet and edible when ripe, 
pendulous, several together on a thick peduncle. Along streams, Ont. and N. Y. 
to Mich., Neb., Fla. and Tex. March-April. 



RANUNCULACEAE. 4II 

Family 5. RANUNCUlAcEAE Juss.* 

Crowfoot Family. 
Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid- sap. Leaves alternate 
(except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but the base 
of the petiole often sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed 
of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, im- 
bricate, except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number 
(occasionally more), or wanting. Stamens 00 , hypogynous, their anthers 
innate. Carpels 00 or rarely solitary, i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Ovules 
anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. 
About 35 genera and 1050 species, distributed throughout the world, not 
abundant in the tropics. 

* Carpels several-ovuled (1-2 ovuled in nos. I and 8); frnit a follicle or berry. 

Flowers regular ; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound. 
Petals wanting. 

Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. i. Hydrastis. 

Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltlia. 

Petals present, narrow or small, linear, flat. 3. Trollius. 

Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base. 

Sepals persistent ; stem tall, leafy. 4. Helleborus. 

Sepals deciduous ; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. 5. Cammarum. 

Flowers regular ; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound. 
Petals not spurred. 

Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers. 

Carpels and follicles stalked, 6. Coptis. 

Carpels and follicles sessile. 7. Isopyrum. 

Low shrub with racemose flowers. * 8. XantJiorrJiiza. 

Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers. 

Fruit berries. 9. Actaea. 

Fruit follicles. ic Cimicifuga. 

Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 11. Aquilegia. 

Flowers irregular. 

Posterior sepal spurred. 12. Delphmium. 

Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-like. 13. Acofiitum. 

* * Carpels i-ovnled ; fruit an achene. 

Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it; sepals petal- 
like. 

Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none. 

Involucre remote from the calyx ; styles short, subulate. 14. Aitevwne. 

Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower. 15. Hepatica. 
Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves ; leaflets stalked ; stigma sessile. 

16. Sytidesmon. 
Styles elongated, densely plumose. 17. Pulsatilla. 

Flowers not subtended by involucres. 
Leaves opposite; sepals petal-like. 

Petals wanting. 18. Clematis. 

Petals present, small, spatulate. 19. Atragene. 

Leaves alternate or basal. 

Small annual herbs ; leaves basal, linear ; sepals spurred. 20. Myostirus. 
Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves ; sepals spurless. 

Petals none ; leaves palmately lobed. 21. T)antvetteria. 

Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of tlie blade. 
Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny ; flowers yellow. 

22. Ranunculus. 
Achenes transversely wrinkled ; flowers white. 23. BatracJiium. 

Achenes swollen, smooth ; sepals 3 ; petals mostly 8. 

24. Ficaria. 
Achenes compressed or terete ; longitudinally nerved. 

Achenes terete ; leaves pinnately compound. 25. CyrtorJiyncJui. 
Achenes compressed ; leaves crenate or k)bed. 26. Oxygraptiis. 
Petals none ; leaves ternately decompound. 27. Thalictrum. 

Petals present, with no nectar-boaring pit ; leaves dissected. 

28. Adonis. 

* Revised by Dr. \\ A. RvnuKRC. 



412 FLORA, 

I. HYDRASTIS E>llis, 
Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with palmately lobed reniform leaves, and 
small solitary greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, falling away at anthesis. 
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 00 , each bearing two ovules near the 
middle, and in fruit forming a head of 1-2-seeded crimson berries. [Greek,* water- 
acting, from its supposed drastic properties.] Two known species, one of eastern 
N. Am., the other Japanese. 

- I. Hydrastis Canadensis L. Orange-root Golden-seal. (1. F. f. 1544.) 
Rootstock thick, yellow; stem erect, about 3 dm. high. Basal leaf long-petioled, 
12-20 cm. broad, 5-9-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply serrate; cauline leaves 
2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the greenish white 
flower, which is 8-10 mm. broad when expanded ; filaments widened, about 4 mm. 
long; anthers oblong, obtuse; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about 16 mm. long, the 
fleshy carpels tipped with a short curved beak. In woods, Conn, and southern 
N. Y. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark. April. 

2. CALTHA L. 

Succulent herbs, with simple mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves. Flowers 
yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Sta- 
mens numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 
rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles. [Latin name of the Mari- 
gold.] A genus of marsh plants, comprising about 10 species, of temperate and 
arctic regions. In addition to those here described, three others are found on the 
western side of the continent. 

Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers yellow. 

Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide. 

I. C. palustris. 
Leaves flabelliform with abroad sinus; flowers 1-2.5 cm. wide. 2, C. flabelli/olia. 
Stems floating or creeping, often rooting at the nodes. 

Flowers yellow, 1-2.5 cm. broad ; upper leaves more or less triangular-cordate, 

dentate. 3. C. radicans. 

Flowers white or pinkish, 8-16 mm. broad ; all the leaves reniform, wavy or entire. 

4. C. nutans. 

1. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. Meadow-gowan. (I. F. f. 
1545.) Stout, glabrous; stem hollow, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves on long and 
broad petioles, cordate or reniform, 5-18 cm. wide, the upper shorter-petioled or 
sessile, with nearly truncate bases; sepals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more, 
compressed, 10-12 mm. long, many-seeded. In swamps and meadows, Newf. to 
S. Car. and Neb. April-June. 

2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. (I. F. f. 1546.) 
Weak, slender, 3-4 dm. long, glabrous. Basal leaves 5-10 cm. broad, long- 
petioled; the upper sessile or short-petioled, similar or with truncate bases, all 
crenate or dentate; flowers solitary or 2-3 together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, 
about 8 mm. long, compressed. In cold shaded mountain springs, Penn. and 
northern N. J. to Md. June -July. 

3. Caltha radicans Forst. Rooting Marsh-marigold. Slender, prostrate 
or reclining, I-4 dm. long. Basal leaves 4-8 cm. brpad, reniform with a broad 
sinus, long-petioled; upper short-petioled, all dentate, thin and lighter-colored 
than in the preceding; sepals rounded, oval; follicles about 8 mm. long. In 
swamps, Woodlawn, N. Y., and West Hampton, Long Island. (Circumboreal). 

4. Caltha natans Pall. Floating Marsh-marigold. (I. F. f. 1547.) Stems 
slender, 1.5-3 dm. long, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, 
3-5 cm. wide, wavy or entire, thin, with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short- 
petioled, smaller ; sepals oval, obtusish ; follicles several or numerous, rather 
densely capitate, about 4 mm. long, the Ijeak short and straight. In pools and 
streams, Tower, Mf^. ; Athabasca; arctic Am. and northern Asia. Summer. 

^"^^ 3. TROLLIUS L. 

Perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened fibrous 

roots, and large usually solitary yellowish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-00 , 

petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-00 , small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous 

pit at the base of the blade. Carpels 5-00 , sessile, many-ovuled, forming a head 



RANUNCULACEAE, 413 

of follicles in fruit. Stamens numerous. [Old German, trol^ something round.] 
About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following and 
one from the Rocky Mts. are N. American. 

I. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe-flower. (I. F. f. 1548.) 
Stems slender, ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves all but the upper petioled, pal- 
mately 5-7-parted, 5-10 cm. wide, the segments obovate, cuneate, lobed, cleft or 
toothed; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, spread- 
ing; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the stamens; head of fruit about 
2 cm. broad, the follicles 10 mm. long, each tipped with a straight subulate beak of 
one-±burth its length. In swamps, N. H. to Del., west to Mich. May-July. 

4. HELLEBORUS L. 

Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long- 
petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, 
greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals small, 
unguiculate, tubular. Stamens 00 . Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit form- 
ing several- seeded capsules, which are dehiscent at the apex at maturity. [The 
classical name for H. orientalis ; derivation unknown.] About lo species, natives 
of Europe and western Asia. 

I. Helleborus viridis L. Green Hellebore. (I. F. f. 1549.) Stout, 3-6 
dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves 2-3 dm. broad, on petioles 15-25 cm. long, di- 
vided into 7-1 1 oblong acute sharply serrate segments; stem hardly exceeding the 
basal leaves, and bearing several sessile similar leaves near the top subtending the 
large flowers; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, spreading, about 2.5 cm. long; petals 
2-lipped, 4 mm. long; pods 16 mm. long, tipped with a slender beak one-third their 
length or longer. In waste places, locally adventive from Europe in N. Y., N. J., 
Penn., N. Car. and W. Va, May. 

5. CAMMARUM Hill. (^r««MzV Salisb.) 

Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dis- 
sected. Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexi- 
caul, immediately subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals narrow, petaloid, 
deciduous. Petals, small two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels 
commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, 
for aconite.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia. 

I. Cammarum hyemale (L.) Greene. Winter Aconite or Hellebore. 
(I. F. f. 1550.) Erect, simple, 12-20 cm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 
dm. broad, divided and cleft into numerous hnear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf 
similar, involucrate, sessile, clasping; flower solitary, 3-4 dm. wide, sessile; sepals 
5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse; stamens numerous; anthers obtuse; follicles 
compressed, l cm. long, tipped with a sharp beak. Nat. from Europe at Bartram's 
Garden, Philadelphia, and at Media, Penn. February. \ErantJiis hy emails Salisb.] 

6. COPTIS Salisb. 

Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, 
and scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-6, small, 
linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an 
umbel of follicles. [Name from the Greek, referring to the cut or divided leaves.] 
About 9 species, of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, throe 
others are found on the Pacific Coast. 

I. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. (I. F. f. 155 1.) Tufted, 
glabrous, 7-15 cm. high from a slender yellow rootstock. Leaves evergreen, long- 
petioled, the blade reniform, 3-5 cm. broad, 3 -divided ; segments broadly olx)- 
vate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently veined, crenate or slightly lobed. dark green 
and shining above, the teeth mucronate; scape i -flowered; sepals oblong, obtuse; 
follicles 3-7, about 6 mm. long, borne on stipes of about their own length, spread- 
ing, tipped with a beak 2-3 mm. long. In damp mossv woods and bogs, Newf. to 
Md., E. Tenn., Minn., Br. Col. and Alaska. May-Aug. 

7. ISOPYRUM L. 

Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompouiul leaves, and white tlowers. 
Sepals 5-9, petaloid, deciduous. Petals ^, nectariform, or none. Stamens nunuT- 



414 FLORA. 

ous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming 
a head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Funiaria.'\ About 15 
species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur 
in western N. Am. 

I. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue Anemone. (I. F. f. 
1552.) Erect, paniculately branching above ; roots fibrous and sometimes tuberifer- 
ous. Basal leaves long-petioled, thin, the ultimate segments broadly obovate, ob- 
tuse, lobed or divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short-petioled; flowers 
several, terminal and axillary, 10-18 mm. broad; sepals 5, oblong or somewhat 
obovate, obtuse; petals none; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 4 mm. long, several- 
seeded, tipped with a beak nearly one-half their length. In moist woods and 
thickets, Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May. 

8. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. 

Low shrubby plants, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and small compoundly 
racemose flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smallerthan the sepals, 
unguiculate, concave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 4-10, sessile, 2-ovuled, 
forming I -seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules. 
[Greek, yellow root.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yellow-root. (L F. f. 1553.) 
Glabrate, 3-6 dm. high, the bark and rootstocks yellow and bitter. Leaves clus- 
tered at the summit of the short stem, the blade 12-15 cm. long, slender petioled; 
leaflets 5, thin, 3-7 cm. long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile, ovate or 
oblong, acute, shining; branches of the raceme slender, drooping, 5-7 cm. long; 
flowers about 4 mm. broad, pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together, brownish purple; 
sepals ovate, acute; follicles 4-8, inflated, light yellow, i -seeded, diverging, curved 
at the apex, minutely beaked. In woods, southwestern N. Y, to Ky, and Fla. 
April-May. 

9. ACTAEA L. 

Erect perennial herbs, \^ith large ternately compound leaves, and small white 
flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid. Petals 4- 10, small, spatulate 
or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary i, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a 
large somewhat poisonous berry; stigma broad, sessile. [An ancient name of the 
elder.] About 6 known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the 
following, another occurs in the western United States. 

Pedicels slender. 

Berries red, spherical. i. A, arguta. 

Berries red, ellipsoid 2. A, rtibra. 

Berries white, ellipsoid. 3. A. eburnea. 

Pedicels stout ; berries white, ellipsoid. 4. A. alba. 

1. Actaea arguta Nutt. Western Red Baneberry. Erect, 6-8 dm. 
high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Basal leaf long-petioled, ternate, the 
divisions long petioled,. pinnate; leaflets ovate, 4-14 cm. long, generally more in- 
cised and thinner than those of the next; teeth mostly sharp; raceme ovoid, in fruit 
often elongated; petals spatulate; berry 5-7 mm. long. In rich woods, from Br. 
Col. to Mont., Black Hills of S. Dak., W. Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. [.4. rubra 
arguta (Nutt.) Greene.] 

2. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. (I. F. f. 1554.) Erect, 
bushy. 3-6 dm. high, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper ses- 
sile; leaflets ovate, or the terminal one obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, 
the teeth mainly rounded or mucronate, or acutish; raceme ovoid; petals 
spatulate, shorter than the stamens; berries red, oval, 10-12 mm. long and 6 mm. 
in diameter. In woods, N. S. to N. J. and Penn., west to S. Dak. and Neb. 
Most abundant northward. April-June. 

Actaea rubra diss^cta Britten. Leaflets all deeply incised, the lower compound or 
decompound. Lincoln Co., Ont. Perhaps not properly referable to this species. 

3. Actaea eburnea Rydb. Ivory Baneberry. Stout, 6-10 dm. high from a 
very thick knotted rootstock, with the habit and leaves oi A. arguta; sepals rhom- 
bic-spatulate; fruit 9-12 mm. long and about 6 mm. in diameter, aboiit 12-seeded, 



J? A NUNCULA CEA E. 4 1 5 

In rich woods from Idaho and Utah to the Black Hills of S. Dak. Also collected 
on Mt. Mackay, Ont., and Willoughby Mountains, Vt. 

4. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. (I. F. f. 1555.) Closely re- 
sembles A. rubra. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or 
acuminate; raceme oblong, petals truncate; fruiting pedicels as thick as the pedun- 
cle and often red ; berries white, often purplish at the end. In woods, N. S. and 
Anticosti to Ga., west to Minn, and La. April-June. 

10. CIMICIFUGA L. 

Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose 
flowers. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or 
none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, form- 
ing follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute. [Latin, to drive away bugs.] 
A genus of about 10 species, natives of N. Am., Asia and eastern Europe. Besides 
the following, there are 3 on the western side of the continent. 
Carpels i or 2, sessile ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth. 

Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. 

I. C. racemosa. 

Leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate. 2. C. cordifolia. 

Carpels 2-8, stalked ; seeds in i row, chaffy. • 3. C. America?ia. 

1. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh. 
(I. F. f. 1556.) Stem slender, I-2.5 m. high, leafy above. Leaves ternate, the 
divisions pinnate and the ultimate leaflets often again compound; leaflets ovate or 
oblong, or the terminal one obovate, incisely-toothed, cleft or divided, thickish, 
nearly glabrous; racemes compound, terminal, 1.5-6 dm. long; flowers 12-14 mm. 
broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; follicles oval, 6-8 mm. long, minutely beaked. 
In woods. Me. and Ont. to Wis., south to Ga. and Mo. June- Aug. 

Cimicifuga racemosa dissecta A. Gray. Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets all 
incised. Conn., S. Penn. and Del. 

2. Cimicifug-a cordifolia Pursh. Heart-leaved Snakeroot. (I. F. f. 
1557.) Tall, similar to the preceding species. ' Leaflets very broadly ovate or or- 
bicular, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, some- 
times 15 cm. wide; pistil I, sessile; follicles apparently very similar to those of 
C. racemosa. In woods, S. W. Va. to N. Car. and Tenn. June-July. 

3. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. American Bugbane. (I. F. f. 1558.) 
Stem slender, 1-1.5 m. high, leafy. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate, with many 
of the ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal one 
generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely toothed, cleft or divided, 3-7 
cm. long; racemes slender, compound, densely and finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. long; 
flowers pedicelled, 8-12 mm. broad; pedicels minutely bracted; pistils 3-8, stipi- 
tate; stigma minute; follicles inflated, membranous, 10 mm. long, narrowed be- 
low; beak short, oblique, subulate. Watkins, N. Y., to Blair Co., Penn., and Ga. 
Aug. -Sept. 

II. AQUILEGIA L. 

Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and large 
showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced 
backward between the sepals into a hollow spur; stamens numerous, the inner 
ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled. forming heads of 
follicles in fruit. [Latin eagle, from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the 
eagle's claws.] About 15 species, distributed throughout the north temperate zone 
and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 12 others 
occur in the western part of N. Am. 

Spur of petals nearly straight; flowers scarlet, white or in a variety yellow. 
Spur stout, abruptly narrowed near the apex; sepals ovate-lanceolate. 

1. A. coccinea. 
Spur slender, gradually narrowed from near the base, sepals broadly ovate. • 

2. A. Canadensis. 
Spur incurved ; flowers blue, white or purple. 

Flowers 15-18 mm.: style in fruit 2-4 mm. 3. A. brevistyla. 

Flowers 2-4 cm.; style in fruit 6-3 mm, 4. .■/. vulgaris. 



4l6 ■ FLORA. 

1. Aquilegia coccinea Small. Large Red Columbine. Tall, 3-8 dm. high, 
sparingly pubsecent at the nodes. Leaves larger than in the next; leaflets with 3 
main lobes, glaucous beneath, nearly orbicular in outline; sepals acute or acumi- 
nate, 17-21 mm. long; spur, 30-33 mm. long; follicles straight, 20 mm. long, tipped 
by a style shorter than the body. On cliffs and in rocky woods, Va. to Mo., Neb. 
and Ala. May-July. 

2. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Wild Columbine. (L F. f. 1559.) Glabrous 
or somewhat pubescent, 2-6 dm. high. Lower leaves slender-petioled, biternate, 
the ultimate leaflets cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath ; leaves of the 
upper part of the stem lobed or divided; flowers nodding, 3-4 cm. long, the spurs 
12 mm. long, thickened at the end; stamens and styles long exserted; follicles 
with spreading tips, about 16 mm. long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the 
same length. In rocky woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Car. and Kans. 
April-July. 

Aquilegia Canadensis flaviflbra (Tenney) Britton. Flowers yellow; foliage lighter 
green than in the type. Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Rare. 

3. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small-flowered Columbine. (I. F. f. 
1560.) Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, branching, 3-5 dm. high. Basal 
leaves long-petioled, biternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly obovate, 
lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few, nearly sessile, lobed or divided; flowers 
small, nodding; spurs about 4 mm. long; stamens and short styles barely exserted; 
follicles slightly spreading, 16 mm. long, pubescent. N. W. Terr, to S. Dak. and 
Alb. June-July. 

4. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European Columbine. (I. F. f. 1561.) Stout, 
erect, 3-6 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral 
divisions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate, glaucous beneath ; the upper 
few, lobed or divided; spurs 6-8 mm. long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spread- 
ing; stamens and styles hardly exserted. Escaped from gardens in the Eastern and 
Middle States, in N. S. and N. B. Adventive or nat. from Europe. May-July. 

12. delphi'nium l. 
Erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Leaves 
palmately lobed or divided. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. 
Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. 
Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the 
supposed resemblance of the flowers to a dolphin.] A genus comprising some 60 
species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 20 others 
in western N. Am. 

Annuals; pistil i. 

Follicle glabrous. i. D. Consoltda. 

Follicle pubescent. 2. D. Ajacis. 

Perennials; pistils 3. 
Follicles erect. 

Leaf-segments narrow, ultimate divisions linear or oblong linear. 
Raceme elongated, pedicels almost erect. 

Bractlets close under the usually bright blue flower. 

3. D. Carolinianum. 
Bractlets 2-4 mm. (in fruit even 10 mm.) below the almost white flower. 

4. D. albescens. 
Raceme short; pedicels spreading. 5. D. Nelsonti. 

Leaf-segments broad, ultimate divisions lanceolate. 6. D. urceolatum, 

FolHcles in fruit widely spreading. 7. D. tricorne. 

1. Delphinium ConsoHda L. Field Larkspur. Knight's-spur. Lark- 
heel. (I. F. f. 1562.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high, divaricately branched. Leaves 
short-petioled or sessile, all divided into narrowly linear cleft or toothed segments; 
racemes terminating the branches, rather loose and few-flowered; flowers blue or 
white, 3-4 cm. long; spur slender, bent near the middle; petals 2, united; follicles 
8-10, tipped with a short slender beak. In waste places, nat. from Europe in 
southern N. J. and Penn. to Va. and Kans.., locally adventive or fugitive north- 
ward. Summer. 

2. Delphinium Ajacis L. Garden Larkspur. Like the preceding, gen- 
erally taller, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves with shorter and more diverging divisions 5 



RANUNCULA CEAE. 4 1 7 

racemes longer, 1-3 dm. long, more densely flowered; follicle 12-15 nim., tipped 
with a short stout beak. Often escaped from gardens, from N. Y. to Va., Tenn. 
and Mo. 

3. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur. (I. F. f. 1564.) 
Stem slender, more or less glandular pubescent, 3-6 dm. high, from a cluster of 
thickened roots. Leaves deeply cleft into narrowly linear toothed or cleft segments ; 
flowers blue or the petals light brown, 2-3 cm. long, the spur curved upward, 
16 mm. long; follicles downy, 14-18 mm. long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed- 
coat rugose. Sandy soil, from N. Car. to Ark., La. and Fla. ; probably also in 
southern Va. May-June. 

4. Delphinium albescens Rydb. Prairie Larkspur. Stem stout and tall, 
5-10 dm. high, strigose below, more or less glandular above, from a thick, woody 
root. Leaves as those of the preceding, but generally larger and with broader 
segments, more or less puberulent; flowers white, slightly tinged with blue and 
bluish spots on the sepals; spur generally horizontal, 12-15 '^"^- ^o^g; straight or 
slightly curved upward; follicle 12-18 mm. long, puberulent. It has hitherto been 
confused with the preceding. Open prairies, from 111. to Manitoba, Kans. and 
Ark. May-July. 

5. Delphinium Nelsoni Greene. Nelson's Larkspur. (I. F. f. 1564a.) 
Finely puberulent, at least above; stem slender, simple, 2-4 dm. high from a 
cluster of tuberous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, divided into 
linear segments; flowers blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled; sepals oblong, 
shorter than the slender spur; lower petal 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the 
middle; appressed-pubescent; seeds wing-angled above. Wyo., western Neb. and 
Colo. May-June. 

6. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Tall Larkspur. (I. F. f. 1563.) Slen- 
der, 6-18 dm. high, glabrous below, densely and finely pubescent above. Leaves 
large, all but the upper petioled, deeply 3-5 -cleft, the divisions acuminate, upper 
ones reduced to small linear bracts; racemes dense, elongated; flowers purple or 
blue, 16-20 mm. long, downy-pubescent, the lower pedicels about 2 cm. long; spur 
nearly straight, 4 mm. long; follicles 8-10 mm. long, pubescent, tipped with a 
subulate beak. In woods, Penn. to Minn., south to N. Car., Ala. and Neb. 
July-Aug. 

7. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. (I. F. f. 1565.) Stout, 
simple, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, deeply 5-7-cleft or divided, the 
divisions linear or obovate, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed ; raceme loose, 
10-12 cm. long, mostly several-flowered; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, blue or white; 
spur generally slightly bent, ascending, 2-2.5 cm. long; follicles 10-12 mm. long, 
tipped with a short beak; seed-coat smooth, dark. Western Penn. to Ga., west to 
Minn, and Ark. Roots tuberous. April-June. 

13. ACONITUM L. 

Erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided 
leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one 
larger, hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, 
clawed, concealed in the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. 
Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at ma- 
turity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.] A genus of some 18 species, 
mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others are 
found in the Rocky Mts. and on the Pacific Coast. 

Flowers blue. 

Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. i. A. Noveboracense. 

Helmet conic, slightly beaked. 2. A. uncinatum. 

Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated-conic. 3. A. reclinatinn. 

I. Aconitum Noveboracense A. Gray. New York Monkshood. (I. F. f. 
1566.) Slender, erect, about 6 dm. high, leafy. Lower leaves all petioled, 7- 10 
cm. broad, nearly orbicular, deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cunoato, 
toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous, rather thin; upper leaves luarly 
sessile, 3-5-cleft, otherwise similar; flowers 15 mm. broad; follicles erect, o nun. 
long, subulate-beaked. (Grange, Ulster and Chenango Coui\tics, N. Y. Reported 
from Ohio. June- Aug. 



41 8 FLORA. 

2. Aconitum uncinatum L. Wild Monkshood. (I. F. f. 1567.) Slender, 
weak, 6-12 dm. long, ascending or climbing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than 
long, 7-10 cm. wide, deeply 3-5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent; 
flowers 20 mm. broad or more; follicles 3, 12-14 mm. ^o^^g? subulate-beaked. In 
woods, southern Penn. and Wis., to Ga. and Ky. June-Sept. 

3. Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray. Trailing Wolfsbane. (I. F. f. 1568.) 
Trailing, 6-25 dm. 'long. Leaves 3-7 -cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the 
lower 15-20 cm. broad, mainly obovate, acutt, toothed and cleft toward the apex; 
simple panicle or raceme loose, pubescent; flowers 16-20 mm. long; follicles 3, 10 
mm. long, with slender divergent beaks. In woods. Cheat Mountain, Va., 
south along the Alleghanies to Ga. July- Aug. 

14. ANEMONE L. 

Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the 
stem forming an involucre near to or remote from the flower. Sepals 4-20, 
petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 00 , shorter than the sepals. Carpels 00 . 
Achenes compressed, i -seeded. [From the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.] 
About 75 species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions 
of both hemispheres. About 18 species are natives of N. Am. 

* Acbenes densely woolly. 

Stem simple, slender, i-flowered. 

Root tuberous; sepals 6-20, narrow. 

Radical leaves or some of them simply ternate. 1. A. decapetala. 

Radical leaves repeatedly ternateiy divided, 2. A. Caroliniana. 

Rootstock slender ; sepals 5 6, oval. 3. A. pafvi/lora. 

Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several-flowered. 

Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled; sepals red or green; head of fruit 

globose or oval. 4. A. Hudsoniana. 

Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled; sepals white or green; head cylindric, oval, 
or oblong. 

Beak of fruit i mm. long; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 

5. A. cylindrica. 
Beak of fruit 2 mm. long ; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 

Flower greenish white, 1.5-3 cm. wide ; head of fruit oblong. 

6. A. Virginiana. 
Flower pure white, 3-5 cm. wide ; head of fruit short-cylindric. 

7. A. j-iparta. 
* * Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous. 

Leaves of the mvolucre sessile. 

Stout, 3-6 dm. high, branching and bearing several flowers; carpels nearly orbicular, 

8. A. Canadensis. 
Slender, .5-3 dm. high, i-flowered; carpels narrow. 9. A. Richardsonii 

Leaves of the involucre petioled. 

Involucral leaf-divisions lobed and incised ; plant 1-2 dm. high. 

10. A. quinquefolia. 
Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant 1.5-4 dm. high. n- A. trifolia, 

1. Anemone decapetala Ard. Ten-petaled Anemone. Appressed-pubes- 
cent or glabrate, 1-3 dm. high from a globose or cylindric tuber. Basal leaves 
slender-petioled, ternate, divisions broad, ovate to obovate, thick, crenate; those 
of the involucre on short, broad petioles, cleft into linear lobes ; sepals 10-20. blue, 
oblong, linear; head of fruit cylindric, 5-20 mm. long. Ala. to Kans. and Tex. 
Also in Mex. and southern S. Am. 

2. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Anemone, (I. F. f. 1569.) 
Sparsely hairy, IO-25 cm. high, arising from a tuber 8-12 mm. in diameter. 
Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the divisions variously lobed and parted, 
those of the involucre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect. 10-35 '^'^- broad; sepals 
6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white; head of fruit oblong. Open places, 
III. to Wis., S. Dak., Ga. and Tex'. April-May. 

3. Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (L F. f. 1570.) 
Sparingly hairy, I-2 dm. high from sJender rootstocks. Basal leaves long- 
petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, 
those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower 1-4 cm. in diameter or 



RANUNCULACEAE, ■ 419 

less; sepals oval, very obtuse, white; head of fruit short-oval or globose. Lab. 
and Newf. to Minn., and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also 
in northern Asia. May -June. 

4. Anemone Hudsoniana Richards. Cut-leaved Anemone. Red Wind- 
flower. (I. F. f. 1571.) Silky-hairy, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, sparingly branched, 
the lateral peduncles involucrate. Basal leaves long-petioled, reniform, 3-5 -parted, 
the divisions cleft into narrowly linear acute lobes, those of the involucres short- 
petioled and more or less cuneate, otherwise similar; sepals 5-9, greenish or red, 
oblong, forming a flower 10-15 mm. broad; head of fruit 1-2 cm. long. Anticosti, 
Hudson Bay and N. B. to northern N. Eng. and Minn. Has been confused with 
A. multifida Poir., a South American species. Summer. 

5. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. (L F. f. 1572.) 
Silky-hairy throughout, 3-6 dm. high, branched at the involucre. Basal leaves 
long-petioled, 3-5 -parted; those of the involucre similar, their petioles about 2 cm. 
long; sepals 5-6, greenish-white, oblong, generally obtuse; flowers 15-18 mm. 
broad, on elongated generally naked peduncles; head of fruit cylindric, 2-4 cm. 
long. Open places, N. B. and Ont. to Conn., N. J., N. Mex. and in Br. Col. 
June-Aug. 

6. Anemone Virginiana L. Tall Anemone. (I. F. f. 1573.) Hairy, 6-10 
dm. high, stout, branching at the involucre, the lateral peduncles bearing secondary 
involucres. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 -parted, cleft into acute serrate lobes, 
those of the involucres similar, on petioles 2-5 cm. long ; sepals generally 5 , acute 
or obtuse; head of fruit 1-2.5 ^m. long and 12-15 mm. thick. In woods, N. S. to 
S. Car., Kans=, Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky Mts. June-Aug. 

7. Anemone riparia Fernald. River-bank Anemone. Like the last but 
generally more slender; petals large and pure white, obtuse; head of fruit more 
cylindric, 2-3 cm. long and i cm. wide. On river banks, Me. and Ont. to Va. 
June-July. 

8. Anemone Canadensis L. Canada Anemone. (I. F. f. 1574.) Some- 
what hairy, especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branching at the in- 
volucre. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 -5 -parted, the divisions broad, acute, vari- 
ously cleft and toothed, those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, 
sessile; sepals white, oblong, obtuse; flower 2.5-4 cm. broad; head of fruit globose; 
achenes flat, tipped with the stout style of their own length. Low grounds, Lab. 
to the N. W. Terr., E. Mass., Md., 111. and Colo. May-Aug. 

9. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Richardson's Anemone. (I. F. f. 1575.) 
Low, slender, pubescent, from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves reniform, slender- 
petioled, 3-5-parted, the lobes acute, broadly oblong, dentate or crenate; those of 
the involucre similar, sessile; flower solitary, 18 mm. broad, white (?); sepals 
about 6, oblong; head of fruit depressed-spherical; achenes nearly glabrous, com- 
pressed, ovate-oblong, reflexed, tipped with a long hooked persistent style. Lab., 
Hudson Bay and in Arctic America. Also in Siberia. Summer. 

10. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-flower. (I. F. f. 1576.) Low. sim- 
ple, nearly glabrous, from thick rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, appearing 
later than the flowering stem, 5-parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; 
those of the involucre 3-5-parted; flower solitary, 2.5 cm. broad; sepals 4-0, ob- 
ovate or oval, white, or purplish without; head of fruit globose, inclined; achenes 
pubescent, oblong, tipped with the hooked styles. In low woods, N. S. to Ga., 
west to the Rocky Mts. April-June. 

11. Anemone trifolia L. Mountain Anemone. (I. F. f. 1577.) Stout, 
nearly glabrous. Basal leaves mostly 3-divided (sometimes 4-5-divided), long- 
petioled, dentate, often somewhat lobed; involucral leaves stout-petioled, 3-parted, 
the divisions oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long; flower solitary, white, 2.5-4 cm. 
broad when expanded; sepals oblong; head of fruit globose, 10-12 mm. in diam- 
eter; achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubescent, tipped with the liookod style. 
Southern Penn., Va., N. Car. and Ga. Also in Europe. May. 

15. HEPATICA Scop. 

Perennial scapose herbs, with long-petioled thick 3-lobcd ovorgrocn basal leaves. 
and large white or pur]-tle flowers, solitary on slender scapes. Involucre of 3 small 
sessile leaves close under the flowers, simulating a calyx. Sepals membranous, 



420 . FLORA. 

petal-like. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes short-beaked, pubescent. [Name 
ancient, from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to the liver, j About 4 species, 
natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following are known from N. Am. 
Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. i. H. Hepatica. 

Lobes of the leaves acute. 2. H. acuta. 

1. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Round-lobed or Kidney Liver-leaf. 
Noble Liverwort. (I. F. f. 1578.) Scapes 10-15 cm. high, villous; roots hbrous. 
Leaves long-petioled, renifbrm, 5-6 cm. broad when mature, spreading on the 
ground, 3-lobed, and the lobes sometimes toothed or again lobed. obtuse; involucral 
leaves obtuse; flowers blue, purple or white, 12-20 mm. broad; sepals 'oval or ob- 
long, obtuse, longer than the stamens; achenes several. 4 mm. long, oblong, acute, 
hairy. In woods, N. S. to northern Fla., west to Manitoba, Iowa and Mo. Also 
in Europe and Asia. Dec. -May. 

2. Hepatica aciita (Pursh) Britton. Sharp-lobed or Heart Liver-leaf. 
(I. F. f. 1579.) Scapes 1-2 dm. high, villous. Plant closely resembling the pre- 
ceding, differing in that the leaf-lobes and those of the involucre are acute or 
acutish. In woods, Quebec and throughout Ont.. south to Ga.. west to Iowa and 
Minn. Puzzling forms occur which are referable with about equal certaint}- to the 
preceding species. March-April. 

16. SYNDESMON Hoffmg-. 

A glabrous perennial herb from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots, with basal 
2-3-ternately compotmd leaves, those of the involucre similar but sessile, and large 
terminal umbellate slender-pedicelled white flowers. Sepals thin, petaloid. Petals 
none. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes terete, deeply grooved; stigma ses- 
sile, truncate. [Greek, bound together, the plant uniting many of the characters 
oi Anemone and Thaiictj'iwi.l A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.)Hoffmg. Rue-Anemone. (LF. f. 1580.J 
Low, glabrous, 10-35 cm. high, the flowering stem arising in early spring, the 
ternately-compound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of Thalic- 
trum; sepals 5-10, white or pinkish, longer than the stamens; flower 1-2 cm. 
broad; achenes sessile, pointed, 8-12 mm. long. In woods throughout the eastern 
U. S., west to Kans. and Minn., sparingly in Ont. March-June. 

17. PULSATILLA Adans. 

Perennial scapose herbs, with thick rootstocks, basal long-petioled digitately 
divided leaves, and large purple or white solitary flowers. Involucre remote from 
the flower, 3-leaved. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. Inner stamens anther-bear- 
ing, the outer ones often sterile. Achenes with long persistent plumose styles. 
[Latin name, unexplained.] About 18 species, of the north temperate and sub- 
arctic zones. Besides the following, 2 others occur in noi-thwestern N. Am. 

I. Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton. American or Nuttall's 
Pasque Flower. (L F. f. 1581.) Villous, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves much di- 
vided into narrow linear acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the 
involucre sessile and erect or ascending; sepals ovate-oblong, light bluish -purple; 
fruit a head of silky achenes like those of some Clematis. In dry soil, prairies of 
111. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Neb. and Tex. March-April. 

18. CLEMATIS L. 

Climbing vines, or perennial herbs, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, 
slender-petioled, pinnately compound, lobed. or in some species entire. Sepals 4 
or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens do . Pistils 00 
Achenes i -seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose, silky or naked. [Greek 
name for some climbing plant.] About 100 species of very wide geographic dis- 
tribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides the followmg, some 12 
others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 

* Climbing vines ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 
Flowers panicled, numerous: filaments glabrous. 

Leaves glabrate or nearly so ; achenes with a thick obtuse margin- 
Leaves 3-foliolate; eastern. i. C. Virginiana. 
Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate ; western. 2. C. Iigustic}/olia. 
Leaves decidedly silky beneath ; achenes marginless. 3. C, Alissouriensis. 



RANUNCULACEAE. 421 

Flowers solitary; filaments pubescent. 

Fruiting- styles silky, not plumose; sepals thin. 

Sepals conspicuously dilated ; leaflets thin, pinnately veined. 4. C. crispa. 
Sepals with recurved tips; venation strongly reticulated. 5. C. Simsii. 
Fruiting styles plumose. 

Leaflets thick, strongly reticulated, glaucous beneath. 6. C. versicolor. 

Leaflets thin, not strongly reticulated. 

Leaflets all simple, pubescent beneath. 7. C.-fiaccida. 

Lower leaflets ternate or 3-lobed, glabrate, or nearly so. 
Leaflets or their lobes rounded, ovate or subcordate. 

8. C. glaiicophylla. 
Leaflets or their lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 9. C. Viorna, 
* * Erect or ascending: perennial herbs ; leaves simple or pinnate. 
Glabrous, glaucous ; leaves simple, or pinnate and tendril-bearing. 10. 6". Addisonii. 
Pubescent; leaves simple or pinnate, not tendril-bearing. 
Leaves simple, entire or rarely lobed. 

Fruiting styles long, plumose; eastern species. 

Flowers yellowish-green; style-plumes brown, achenes straight. 

11. C. ochroleuca. 
Flowers purple ; style-plumes white ; achenes distinctly oblique. 

12. C. ovata. 
Fruiting styles short, i cm. , silky below, naked above ; western species. 

13. C. Fremontii. 
Leaves pinnate, or the lowest entire. 14- C. Scottii. 

1. Clematis Virginiana L. Virginia Virgin's Bower. (I. F. f. 1582.) 
Leaflets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes 
slightly cordate; flowers. white, in leafy panicles, polygamo-dioecious, 16-30 mm. 
broad when expanded; persistent styles plumose, 2-4 cm. long or more. In 
low woodlands and along fences and watercourses. Ga. to Kans., northward to 
N. S. and Manitoba. Leaves rarely 5-foliolate. July-Sept. 

2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western Virgin's Bower. (I. F. f. 
1583.) Leaves pinnately 5-folioliate; leaflets oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute and 
sometimes acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, toothed, lobed 
or divided; flowers white, in leafy panicles; persistent styles plumose throughout, 
nearly white, 3-5 cm. long. Neb., Mo. and throughout the Rocky Mts., west to 
the Pacific Coast. June -Aug. 

3. Clematis Missouriensis Rydb. n. sp. Missouri Virgin's Bower. 
Stem obtusely angled, silky-puberulent. Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets 
ovate or cordate, often 3-lobed and incised; flowers dull white, polygamo-dioecious 
in rather small panicles, the branches often subumbellate; achenes lanceolate-ovate, 
pubescent, 4 mm. long, with a plumose style 3 cm. long. Rich woods in the Mis- 
souri Valley from Mo. to Kans. and Neb. Type from Lincoln, Neb. July-Sept. 
Has been confused with C. Virginiana and C Catesbyana. 

4. Clematis crispa L. Marsh Clematis. (L F. f. 1584.) Leaves pinnate; 
leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate divisions entire or occasionally lobed, gla- 
brous and thin; flowers nodding, bluish-purple, 20-35 ^^im. long; calyx cylindric 
below, but the sepals thin and widely spreading above, their margins undulate; 
persistent styles silky, not plumose. In marshes, S. E. Va. to Fla. and Tex.' 
May-June. 

5. Clematis Simsii Sweet. Sims' Clematis. (L F. f. 1585.) High climb- 
ing, the branches more or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire^ lobed or 
trifoliolate, thick reticulated, generally mucronate; calyx campanulate, loss than 
2.5 cm. long, purplish, pubescent; persistent styles more or less pubescent. South- 
ern Ind. to Mo., Neb. and Tex. May-Aug. 

6. Clematis versicolor Small, n. sp. Pale Clematis. A branching >vine. 
glabrous or slightly pubescent below the nodes. Leaves pinnate; leaflets firm, 
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, conspicuously reticulate, verv glaucous 
beneath; sepals thin, lanceolate, about 2 cm. long, glabrous, slightlv recurved at 
the tip. Rocky ledges, Mo. and Ark. July. Type" from McDonald Co.. Mo. 

7. Clematis flaccida Small, n. sp. TuiN-LEAVEn Clknlvtis. Stem climbing 
over bushes, angled, pubescent or glandular. Leaves pimiate; leaflets oblong or 
ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, slender-stalked, apiculate or rarelv acumiiKite; 
calyx greenish to light lavender, 1.5 cm. long, nodding; sepals acutish, pubescent 



422 FLORA. 

without; achenes rhomboid, 6-7 mm. long; style of fruit 2.5-3 mm. long. In 
thickets, Ky. and Tenn. May. Type from Warren Co., Ky. 

8. Clematis glaucophylla Small. Glaucous Clematis. Stem 2-5 mm., 
climbing over bushes, glabrous. Leaves pinnate; leaflets simple, 3-lobed or 3- 
foliolate, ovate, 3-10 cm., prominently veined and glaucous beneath; sepals glossy 
purple, lanceolate-acummate, not very thick; styles in fruit 5-6 cm. long, tawny. 
River valleys, N. Car. and Ky., south to Fla. June-July. 

9. Clematis Viorna L. Leather-flower. (I. F. f. 1586.) A vine, climb- 
ing to the height of 3 m. or more over bushes. Leaves mostly pinnate; leaflets 
glabrous, entire, lobed or trifoliolate ; uppermost and lowest leaves often entire; 
calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple; persistent styles plumose throughout, 2 cm. long 
or more, brownish. In rich soil, S. Penn. to Ind. Mo., Ga. and Tenn. May- 
July. 

10. Clematis Addisonii Britton. Addison Brown's Clematis. (I. F. f. 
1587.) Ascending or erect, 3-10 dm. long, tufted. Lower leaves simple, entire or 
1-4-lobed, obtuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous beneath, sessile, clasping, 
5-10 cm. long; upper leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple; leaflets 2-4, ovate, ses- 
sile; flowers solitary, purplish, nodding; calyx ovoid, 18-30 mm. long, contracted 
near the summit; sepals thick, lanceolate, acute, their tips recurved; achenes flat, 
nearly orbicular, silky pubescent ; persistent styles, brown-plumose throughout. 
Banks near Roanoke, Va., and N. Car. May-June. 

Clematis viornioides Britton is a hybrid between this and C. Vior?ta. Roanoke, Va. 

11. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Erect Silky Clematis. (I. F. f. 1588.) 
An erect silky-hairy plant, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat woody at the base. Leaves 
sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, silky beneath, entire or 
occasionally lobed, mucronate; flower terminal, nodding, 2 cm. long; calyx cylin- 
draceous, green; sepals thick, very silky without, their tips recurved; head of fruit 
erect; achenes scarcely oblique; styles yellowish-brown, 3-4 cm. long. S. N. Y, 
and Penn. to Ga. May-June. 

12. Clematis ovata Pursh. Erect Mountain Clematis. (I. F. f. 1589.) 
Similar to the preceding species; stems stiff, 3-6 dm. tall, pubescent when young, 
becoming nearly glabrous when old. Leaves ovate, entire, 4-5 dm. long, strongly 
reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when mature; flowers solitary at the ends of 
the stem or branches, nodding, about 2 cm. long; styles 3-4 cm. long. Kate's 
Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., and Negro's Head in S. Car., or Ga. 
May-June. 

13. Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Clematis. (I. F. f. 1590.) 
Stout, erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, the stem villous-pubescent, especially at the nodes, 
simple or branched. Leaves sessile, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous 
except on the veins beneath, broadly ovate, entire or sparingly toothed; flowers 
terminal, nodding; calyx purple, 2.5 cm. long; sepals thick, tomentose on the mar- 
gins, their tips recurved. Prairies, Kans., S. Neb. and Mo. Rare and local. April- 
May. 

14. Clematis Scottii Porter. Scott's Clematis. (L F. f. 1591.) Some- 
what villous when young, nearly glabrous when old; stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall. 
Leaves petioled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, their segments entire or few- 
toothed, stalked, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 12-36 mm. 
long; lower leaves sometimes entire; flowers solitary, long-peduncled, nodding, 
about 2 cm. long, purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, thick; persistent styles plumose 
throughout, 2.5 cm. long or more, the plumes brown. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Neb., 
Colo, and Idaho. May-July. 

19. ATRAGENE L. 

Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large 
showy peduncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches.. 
Sepals very large, petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals 
small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened 
fllaments. Styles long, persistent, plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.] 
About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 
two occur in the Rocky Mts. and one in northwestern N. Am. 



RANUNCULACEAE. 423 

I. Atragene Americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. (I. F. f. 1592.) 
Leaves trifoiiolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire; petioles slender- 
flowers purplish blue, 5-10 cm. broad; sepals 4, thin and translucent, strongly 
vemed, silky along the margins and the veins; petals spatulate, 12-18 mm. long; 
persistent styles, plumose throughout. Hudson Bay to Manitoba, Conn., Va. and 
Minn. May-June. 

20. MYOSURUS L 

Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, basal linear entire leaves and i- 
flowered scapes; sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same 
number or none, when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nectar- 
iferous pit at the summit, the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the 
sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated 
in fruit. Ovule I, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.] 
A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic distribution, consisting 
of the species here described and 4 others found in western America and Australia. 

I. Myosurus minimus L. Mouse-tail. (I. F. f. 1593.) Low, glabrous, 
2-15 cm. high, the scape at length surpassing the leaves and the elongated recepta- 
cle attaining the length of 3 cm. or more. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, blunt; petals 
small; achenes glabrous, apiculate. In moist places, southern Ont. to Neb.', Kans. 
and Fla. Reported from the Pacific Coast. Also in central Europe. April-July. 
21. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. 

Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem 
distant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels 00 , i-ovuled. 
Achenes capitate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Em- 
bryo large. Flowers small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. 
Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.] A genus of two species in N. Am. and one in 
eastern Asia. 

I. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. (I. F. f. 
1594.) Stout, 6-10 dm. high, branching, nearly glabrous, except the lower sur- 
faces of the leaves. Basal leaves long-petioled, 15-20 cm. broad, 10-12 cm. long, 
deeply lobed, the lobes acute and sharply dentate; panicle ample, the flowers 
6-12 mm. broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of its branches; filaments 
slender, slightly widened; anthers oblong. Southwestern Penn., south to Fla., 
west to Ind. and Mo. June-July. 

22. RANUNCULUS L. 
Herbs, with alternate simple entire-lobed or divided or dissected leaves, and 
yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number 
or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at 
the base of the blade. Carpels 00 , i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, gener- 
ally flattened, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a small frog, 
in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 200 species, widely distrib- 
uted in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres and on mountain tops 
in the tropics. In addition to those here described, about 50 others inhabit the 
western and northwestern parts of the continent. 

t Aquatic or creeping mud plants with palmately lobed, divided or dissected leaves. 
Leaves orbicular, palmately divided. 

Achenes marginless, flowers 7-14 mm. broad. i. R. Purshii. 

Achenes callous-mars^ined. 

Flowers 15-30 mm. broad; leaves mostly finely dissected. 2.* R. delphitiifoliiis. 
Flowers 6-10 mm. broad ; leaves mostly thrice 3-cleft. 3. R. Missouriensis. 
Leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base. 4. R. Jiyfo boreus. 

ft Scapose plant from a filiform rootstock; leaves reniform, 3-parted. 

5. R. Lapponicus.. 
ttt Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate. 
Annuals ; achenes beakless ; tipped with the persistent style-base. 

Petals 2-4 mm, loni::: ; stamens few, i-io. 6. R, pusillus. 

Petals 4-6 mm. lent:: ; stamens numerous. 7. A*, oblougifclius. 

Perennials, rooting; from the nodes ; achenes beaked. 

Stems trailing; achenes minutely beaked. 8. R. rfptans. 

Stems ascending or erect ; achenes subulate-beaked, 9. A', obtusiiisculus. 



4^4 FLORA 

tttt Terrestrial species with some or all the leaves lobed or divided. 
Calyx conspicuously black-pubescent ; arctic ; flowers white or light yellow. 

10. R. nivalis. 
Calyx glabrous or pubescent ; flowers yello\\^ 

1. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny. 

Plants low, arctic-alpine ; leaves small, palmately lobed. 

Flowers 4-6 mm. in diameter ; sepals glabrous or slightly hairy. 

11. R. pygmaeus. 
Flowers about i cm. in diameter; sepals densely hairy. 

12. R. Sabini. 
Plants neither arctic nor alpine. 

Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate. 
Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. 

Flowers 4-12 mm, in diameter ; sepals glabrate or slightly hairy. 

13. R, pedatifidus. 
Flowers 1.5-2 cm. in diameter ; sepals densely villous. 

14. R. cardiophyllus. 
Head of fruit globose or subglobose. 

Petals large, oblong, longer than the sepals. 

Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 15. R. ovalis. 
Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 

16. R. Harveyi. 
Petals small, oblong, shorter than or equalling the sepals. 

Styles very short, curved. 

Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so. 

17. R. abort ivus. 
Basal leaves not cordate ; plant villous. 

18. R. tnicranthus. 
Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as the achene. 

19. R. Alleghaniensis. 
Leaves all lobed or divided. 

Plant glabrous ; stem hollow ; flowers very small. 20. R. sceleratus. 
Plants more or less pubescent. 

Beak of the achene strongly hooked ; flowers 8-10 mm. wide. 

21. R. recurvatus. 
Beak of the achene short. 

Erect plants, naturalized in fields ; flowers 25 mm. broad. 
Calyx spreading ; roots fibrous. 22. R. acris. 
Calyx reflexed ; stem bulbous-thickened at base. 

23. R. bulbosus. 
Erect or ascending plants of moist soil ; flov/ers 6-12 mm. 
broad. 

Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals ; head of fruit 
oblong to cylindric. 24. R. Pennsylvaiiicus , 

Petals longer than the sepels ; head of fruit spherical- 
ovoid. 25. R, Macounii. 
Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers 2.5 cm. broad. 

26. R. repe7is. 
Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 12-36 mm. 
broad. 

Beak stout, sword-shaped ; roots slender ; leaflets cuneate at 
base. 27. R. septentrionalis. 

Beak of achene slender, subulate ; roots thickened. 
Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 

28. R. hispidus. 
Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong. 

29. R.fascicularis. 

2. Achenes with a few scattered papillae near the margins. 30. R. parvnhis. 

3. Achenes rough-papillosed all over. 31. R. parvifloriis. 

4. Achenes muricate or spiny. 

Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse. 32. R. miiricatus. 

Leaf-lobes narrow, subacute. 2Z- ^- arvensis. 

I. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. (L F. f. 1596.) 
Aquatic or creeping, pubescent at least on the younger parts. Leaves slender- 
patioled, 6-24 mm. wide, palmately divided nearly to the base into obtuse lobes 
or segments; petals about 5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
long, In moist soil, N. S. to Mich., Minn., western Ont. and Arctic Am., west to 
Br. Col., Colo, and Utah. July-Aug. 



RANUNCULACEAE. 425 

2. Ranunculus delphinifoljus Torr. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 
1595.) Aquatic or partly emersed. Immersed leaves repeatedly divided into 
capillary segments, short-petioled, 3-7 cm. long ; emersed leaves 1-5 cm. broad, 
petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3-5 -divided, the divisions cleft into linear or 
cuneate segments; petals 5-8, much longer than the sepals; head of fruit globose 
or oblong, 6-10 mm. long. In ponds. Me. and Ont. to Mich., south to N. Car., 
Mo. and Kans. The so-called var. terrestris, appears to be an emersed form. 
June-Aug. 

3. Ranunculus Missouriensis Greene. Missouri Buttercup. (I. F. f. 
1597.) Perennial, sparingly pubescent; stems slender, decumbent, leafy, 3 dm. long 
or more, rooting at the low^er nodes. Leaves usually wider than long, thin, 3-7 cm. 
wide, palmately divided into 3 obovate-cuneate incised and lobed segments, the 
lobes obtuse; petals about 5; head of fruit oblong, about 8 mm. long; achenes 
compressed, somewhat wrinkled. In ditches and on borders of lakes, Mo. to N. 
Mex. July-Aug. 

4. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Arctic Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1598.) 
Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 5-15 cm. long. Leaves petioled, 
3 -lobed or cleft, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes ob- 
long, obtuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed; flowers few, 4-6 mm. broad; 
petals slightly shorter than the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. 
broad; achenes slightly compressed, with a minute blunt tip. Lab., Arctic 
Am., Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. 

5. Ranunculus Lapponicus L. Lapland Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1599.) 
Scapose from running rootstocks, 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the 
blade 3-4 cm. broad, reniform, 3 -parted, the divisions broadly obovate, cuneate, 
obtuse, crenate or lobed; scape i-flowered, slender, longer than the leaves; flower 
6-10 mm. broad; petals 5-6; sepals generally fewer and reflexed; head of fruit 
globose, 12 mm. broad; achenes flattened, ovate, with a slender hooked beak. 
Lab., Lake Nipigon and Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, northern Minn., Arctic 
Am. and in northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. 

6. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Spearwort. (I. F. f. 1600.) Slender, 
weak, glabrous, branching, 15-30 cm. high. Lower leaves oblong or ovate, on long 
petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile ; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad, the petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 
globose, 4 mm. broad. Marshes, southern N. Y. and N. J., Penn., south to Fla., 
and west through the Gulf States to Tex. and Mo. April-July. 

7. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Oblong-leaved Spearwort. (I. F. f. 
1 601.) Branched above, erect or ascending, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent. 
Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, the lower on long petioles, the blade some- 
times 7 cm. long, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear; flowers 10-12 mm. 
broad, the 5 petals much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 4 mm. broad. In 
swamps, southern Va., southern 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April-Sept. 

8. Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort. (I. F. f. 1602.) The 
flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear, lanceolate or spatulate, 
2-5 cm. long, mainly entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers 8-10 mm. 
broad, solitary on peduncles 2-7 cm. long; petals 4-7, much exceeding the calvx; 
achenes flatfish; stamens numerous. On shores, Newf. and Arctic Am., south 
to N. J., Penn. and Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Summer. 

Ranunculus reptans intermedius (Hook.) T. & G. Larger; leaves longer and 
wider, 7-13 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. Newf. to the shores of the Great Lakes, and Ore. 

9. Ranunculus obtusiiisculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. (I. F. f. 
1603.) Stout, 3-10 dm. high, ascending^ glabrous; stem hollow, sometimes nearly 
2 cm. thick at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 
10-12 mm. wide, denticulate or entire, all but the uppermost on broad petioles; 
flowers 12-16 mm. broad; petals 5-7, much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit glo- 
bose or slightly elongated, 10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes i mm. long. Marshes. 
Me. and Onf. to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. June-Aug. 

10. Ranunculus nivalis L. Snow Butikrcup^ (1. K. f. 1O04.) Stem 
simple, 1-2 dm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-7-lobed, or crenate. thick, 
glabrous, the blade about 2 cm. broad, those of the stem short-petioled or sessile, 



426 . FLORA. 

deeply lobed; flowers solitary, 12- 18 mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 12 m, long; 
achenes tipped with the subulate style. Lab. and Arctic America; also in northern 
Europe and Asia. Summer, 

11. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Pigmy Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1605.) 
Small, 2-5 cm. high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves slender- 
petioled, deeply 3-5-lobed or divided, the blade 6- 12 mm. wide; those of the stem 
similar and nearly sessile; the petals slightly exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 
short-oblong, 4 mm. long; achenes i mm. long, lenticular, tipped with a slender 
beak. Lab., Arctic Am., and in the Rocky Mts. Also in Europe and Asia. 

12. Ranunculus Sabini R. Br. Sabine's Buttercup. Small, 6-10 cm. 
high, glabrous, and upper portion hairy. Basal leaves petioled, orbicular-reniform, 
deeply 5 -cleft, about 15 mm. wide, lobes obovate-cuneate 3-lobed; stem leaves .-es- 
sile, deeply 3-divided into oblong segments; petals 5-8, about half longer than 
the orbicular sepals. Melville Island and Lab. Also in the northern Rocky Mts. 

13. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith. Northern Buttercup. (I. F. f. 
1606.) Erect, 1-3 dm. high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate or 
nearly orbicular, about 2 cm. broad, obtuse, crenate or often lobed, those of the 
stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes narrow, obtuse; the petals slightly ex- 
ceeding the spreading sepals; head of fruit oblong, 5-10 m. long, 4-5 mm. in 
diameter; achenes oval, tipped with a short -beak, often hairy. Lab. and Quebec 
to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in northern Asia. Summer. 

14. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. Heart-leaved Buttercup. Stout, 
1-3 dm. high, more or less villous. Basal leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 
often subcordate at the base, and upper portion crenate or lobed; stem leaves ses- 
sile, pedately 3-7 divided into oblong divisions; petals one-half or more longer than 
the sepals; head of fruit 10-15 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter; achenes oval, 
tipped with a short curved beak. Lab. to Br. Col., south to Quebec, S. Dak. 
and Colo. June. 

15. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Prairie Crowfoot. (L F. f. 1607.) Pubes- 
cent, branching, 1.5-4 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves ovjal, oblong, or ovate- 
oblong, long-petioled, the blade 2-3 cm. in length or more, crenate or slightly 
lobed, obtuse, the base more or less cuneate; upper cauline leaves sessile or short 
petioled, deeply divided into 3-7 linear or oblong obtuse lobes; flowers 18-24 n^ni- 
broad; carpels and achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. In fields and on 
prairies. Lab. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 111. and Neb. March-May. 

16. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Britton. Harvey's Buttercup. (I. F. f. 
1608.) Glabrous; stem erect, slender, branched, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves thin, the 
basal and lower ones long-petioled, obtusely crenate or somewhat lobed, 1-3.5 cmi. 
wide, cordate, truncate at the base, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3- cleft or 
3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong segments; flowers bright yellow, 12-18 mm. 
broad; petals 4-8, 4 or 5 times as long as the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 
4 mm. in diameter; achenes oblique, compressed, tipped with a minute straight 
style. On dry hillsides. Mo. and Ark. April-May. 

17. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 1609.) 
Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high, branched. Basal leaves 
long-petioled, bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, 
obtuse, and generally cordate or reniform, the cauline sessile or nearly so, divided 
into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate lobes; receptacle short, pubescent; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad. In woods and moist grounds, Newf., Lab. and N. S. to Manitoba, 
Fla,, Ark. and Colo. April- June. 

Ranunculus abortivus euc^clus Fernald. Stem and branches more slender, the 
latter flexuous ; leaves thin, shining, some of the basal ones orbicular ; flowers and 
achenes smaller. Me. and Quebec to Mass. ■ 

18. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. (L F. f. 1610.; 
Similar to the preceding species but usually smaller, villous with spreading hairs, 
flowering when very young, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves thin, dull green, the basal 
ones ovate or suborbicular, 3-lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at 
the base ; segments of the upper leaves narrow ; flowers about 6 mm. broad ; sepals 
narrowed into a short claw; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle 
linear, glabrous or very nearly so. In rich woods, often on rocks, range appar- 
ently nearly that of R. abortivus. Roots tuberous. April-May. 



J^A NUNCULA CEA E. 427 

19. Ranunculus Alleghaniensis Britton, Mountain Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 
161 1.) Similar in aspect to K. abortivus and R. micranthus, glabrous; stem 
widely branched, 3-6 dm. tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular, 1.5-5 cm. 
wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; 
stem leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided into linear acute segments; 
flowers about 6 mm. broad; petals glandular; head of fruit 4 mm. in diameter; 
achenes slightly compressed and margined; styles of about one-half their length. 
Mountains of Va. andN. Car. to Penn., the Catskills, and eastern Mass. April-May. 

20. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery-leaved or Ditch Crowfoot. 
(I. F. f. 1612.) Stout, 1.5-6 dm. high, freely branching. Basal leaves thick 3-5- 
lobed, on long and broad petioles, the blade 3-5 cm. broad, reniform or cordate, 
those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided; flowers 6-8 
mm. broad, the petals about equalling the calyx; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 
8-12 mm. long; achenes I mm. long, very numerous, merely apiculate. In 
swamps and wet ditches, N. B. to Fla., Kans. and Minn. Also in Europe and 
Asia. April-Aug. 

21. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. (1. F. f. 1613.) 
Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, usually hirsute, branching. Leaves all petioled, broadly 
reniform, 5-7 cm. wide, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate, acute, 
toothed and lobed; flowers light yellow, the petals not exceeding the reflexed 
calyx; head of fruit globose, 12 mm. wide; achenes cdmpressed, margined. In 
woods, N. S. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Mo. April-June. 

22. Ranunculus acris L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1614.) 
Hairy, branched above, 6-9 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, 3-7-divided, 
the divisions sessile and cleft into numerous narrow mainly acute lobes; upper 
leaves short-petioled and merely 3 -parted; flowers about 2 cm. broad; petals twice 
or thrice the length of the calyx, obovate; head of fruit globose, 12-14 i^m. broad. 
In fields and meadows, common, especially in the Northern States and Canada. 
Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

23. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1615.) Erect, 
hairy, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the terminal division stalked, 
the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, all variously lobed and cleft, flowers about 
2 cm. broad; petals much longer than sepals, obovate, rounded; head of fruit 
globose, 10-12 mm. broad; achenes compressed, very short-beaked. In fields and 
along roadsides, in the Eastern States. Nat. from Europe. May -July. 

24. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup. (I. F. f. 
1616.) Erect, branching, pilose-hispid, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves thin, 3- 
divided; divisions deeply 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate,, cuneate, acute, incised; 
flowers 6-8 mm. wide; head of fruit 6 mm. thick, sometimes 12 mm. long; achenes 
smooth, pointed with a sharp beak one-third their length; receptacle hairy. In 
wet, open places, N. S. to Ga. and west to the Rocky Mts. and Br. Col. June-Aug. 

25. Ranunculus Macounii Britton. Macoun's Buttercup. (I. F. f. 16 17.) 
Erect or difflise, hairy, branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 3-divided, the blade 
5-8 cm. long, the divisions broadly oblong, acute, cuneate,. variously cleft and 
lobed; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 8 mm. thick; achenes 
smooth, pointed with a sharp beak about one-fourth their length. Western Ont., 
Iowa and west to the Pacific Coast, extending south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. 
Summer. 

26. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1618.) Gen- 
erally hairy, sometimes only slightly so. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the terminal 
division, or all three stalked, all ovate, cuneate or truncate, acute, cleft and k)bed, 
often blotched; petals obovate, much exceeding the spreading sepals; head of fruit 
globose, 8 mm. in diameter; achenes margined, tipped with a stout short slightly 
bent beak. Fields and roadsides, Newf. to Va. and locally in the interior. Mainly 
introduced from Europe. May- July. 

27. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp or Marsh Buttercup. (I. 
F. f. 1619,) Roots fibrous; plant branching, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous, or some- 
times pubescent, the later branches procumbent and sometimes rooting at the 
nodes. Leaves large, petioled, 3-divitkHl; divisions mostly cuneate cleft into 
broad lobes; petals obovate, twice the length of the spreading sepals: head 
of fruit globose or oval, 8 mm. in diameter; achenes flat, strongly marguied. 



42S FLORA, 

Mainly in swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Manitoba, Ga., Ky. and Kans., 
April-July. 

28. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1620.) 

Densely villous when young, sometimes merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate 
when old; stems ascending or spreading, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves pinnately 3-5- 
divided, the divisions sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin, flowers 12-35 ^^i- 
broad; petals about twice as long as the spreading sepals; head of fruit globose- 
oval or globose; achenes broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined. In dry 
woods and thickets, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Ark. March-May. 

29. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early or Tufted Buttercup. (I. F. 
f. 1621.) Pubescent; plant generally low, 1.5-3 dm. high, tufted. Leaves petioled, 
3-5-divided; divisions stalked (especially the terminal one), deeply lobed and cleft, 
the lobes oblong or linear; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading sepals, 
rounded, truncate or even emarginate; head of fruit globose, about 8 mm. in diam- 
eter; achenes flat, slightly margined. Woods, Ont. and N. Eng. to N. Car., west 
to Manitoba, Kans. and Tex. April-May. 

30. Ranunculus parvulus L. Hairy Buttercup. (I. F. f. 1622.) Erect, 
hairy, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, branching. Basal and lower leaves broad-petioled, the 
blade about 5 cm. broad and long, 3 -divided or cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, 
cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed, the upper sessile or nearly so. deeply cleft 
into linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers yellow, 10-15 mm. broad; petals 
much exceeding the reflexed calyx; head of fruit oblong, 4-6r mm. thick; achenes 
flat, strongly margined, short-beaked. In ballast grounds and waste places, N. B. 
to Va. and Fla. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

31. Ranunculus parviflorusL. Small-flowered Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 
1623.) Hairy, slender, diffuse, branching from the base, 15-25 cm. high. Basal 
leaves long-petioled, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, 2.5 cm. broad or less, 
3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and toothed; upper leaves short-petioled 
or nearly sessile, 3-5 -parted into linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, 2-4 mm. wide, 
the petals not longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. broad; achenes 
flat, margined, densely papillose, 3 mm. long, tipped with a sharp beak of about 
one-fourth their length. In waste places, Md. and eastern Va. to Fla., Ark. and 
Tex., and in ballast grounds about the northern seaports. Nat. or fugitive from 
Europe. Summer. 

32. Ranunculus muricatus L. Spiny-fruited Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 1624.) 
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched from the base, 3-6 dm. high. Lower 
and basal leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, 3- 
5 cm. wide, 3-lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided. cuneate, short-petioled 
or sessile; flowers light yellow, 6-10 mm. wide, the petals exceeding the calyx; 
head of fruit globular, 10-12 mm. wide; achenes flat, 4 m. long, tipped with a stout 
slightly curved beak. Waste places, eastern Va. and southward, naturalized or 
fugitive from Europe. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native also in Asia and natu- 
ralized in tropical America. Summer. 

33. Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn Crowfoot. Hunger- w^eed. (I. F. f. 
1625.) Erect, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, 3 dm. or more 
high. Lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply cleft or divided into 
linear-oblong, obtuse cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the lowest entire; 
flowers 12-16 mm. broad, pale yellow, the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 8- 
16 mm., flattened, margined, 4 mm. long, tipped with a subulate beak. In waste 
grounds. Tom's River and Passaic, N. J., and in ballast about the northern sea- 
ports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

23. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. 

Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed 
leaves, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small 
white flowers, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves; sepals and petals usually 5. 
Petals oblong or oval, the base sometimes yellowish, thp claw bearing a small pit. 
Stamens several or numerous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, nearly 
or quite beakless. transversely wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] 
About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 
others occur in northwestern N. Am. 



RANUNCULACEAE. 429 

Leaves all reniform, 3-5-lobed, about i cm. wide: receptacle glabrous. 

I. B. hederaceum. 
Leaves all dissected into filiform segments ; receptacle hairy. 

Leaves sessile, circmate, the segments short, spreading around the stem nearly in 

one plane ; beak of achene minute. 2. B. divaricatum. 

Leaves more or less petioled, not circinate. 

Beak of achene nearly i mm. long. 3. B. longirostris. 

Beak of achene minute or none. 

Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate ; stamens many. 

Segments of the leaves 10-15 mm. long, rather rigid, scarcely collaps- 
ing when withdrawn from water. 4. B. trichophylliun. 
Segments of the leaves 15-30 mm. long, flaccid, collapsing when with- 
drawn from water. 5. B. flaccidum. 
Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate, stamens 5-12. 

Stem slender ; leaves not very flaccid. 6. B. Dronetii. 

Stem filiform; leaves very flaccid. 7. B. cojifervoides. 

1. Batrachium hederaceum (L. ) S. F. Gray. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. 
(I. F f . 1628.) Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints, branching, entirely 
glabrous. Leaves floating, or spreading on the mud, the lobes obtuse; flowers 
white, 4-6 mm. broad; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. wide; achenes rugose, mi- 
nutely beaked. In ponds and pools, Newf. and southeastern Va. Nat. from 
Europe. June- Aug, 

2. Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm. Circinate White Water- 
Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 1627.) Submerged, 3 dm. or more. Leaves distant, 1-2 
cm. broad, with very short lobes; stipules membranaceous, very short and broad, gla- 
brate; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; petals broadly obovate, about 5 mm. long; head 
of fruit globose. Very rare; most specimens referred here belong to the next. 
Lakes and ponds, N. Eng. to Minn. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 

3. Batrachium longirostris (Godr.) F. Schultz. Long-beaked White 
Water-Crowfoot. Stem very leafy, submerged. Petioles short; stipules broad 
and hairy; segments very numerous, about 15 mm. long, not flaccid; peduncles 
2-4 cm. long; petals broadly ovate, 5-7 mm. long; head globose. Has been 
confused with the preceding. In ponds and streams, Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn., 
N. Mex. and Mo. June-Aug. 

4. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch. White Water-Crowfoot. 
(I. F. f. 1626.) Submerged; stems usually 3 dm. long or inore. Leaves petioled, 
3-5 cm. long, stipules broad and short, hairy; flowers white, 12-18 mm. broad, 
on stout peduncles 2-5 cm. long, blooming at the surface of the water; head 
of fruit globose, 4 mm. broad; receptacle hairy; achenes apiculate but beakless. 
In ponds and streams, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. Car. and Cal. Also in Europe 
and Asia. The so-called var. caespitosus is a small mud form with rather fleshy 
leaf-segments. June-Sept. 

5. Batrachium flaccidum (Pers. ) Rupr. Flaccid White Water-Crowfoot. 
Like the next preceding except the leaves, which have longer, more slender petioles 
and very long flaccid leaf-segments, collapsing when withdrawn from water. In 
streams, Mass. to Wash., south to N. Car. and Lower Cal, Also in Europe, Asia 
and South Africa. May-Sept. 

6. Batrachium Drouetii (F. Schultz) Nym. Drouet's White Water-Crow- 
foot. Like B. Irichophylhwi, but more slender and with smaller flowers, fewer and 
more slender leaf-segments, narrower and glabrous stipules and fewer stamens. In 
streams, Vt. and R. I. to Alaska, south to Lower Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, 
Africa, and Bolivia. 

7. Batrachium confervoides Fries. Filiform White Water-Crowfoot. 
Resembling the last, but stem filiform, 1-2 dm. long; leaves very flaccid and the 
receptacles conic, not ovoid. In cold pools, from Lake Winnipeg (according to 
Hiern) to Alaska, and south to the Yellowstone Park. Also northern Europe. 

24. FICARIA Huds. 

Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, 
branched or simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate 
leaves, and large solitary yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or some 
times 5, deciduous. Petals 7-12 (commonly 8), yellow, or red at the base, bearing 



430 FLORA. 

a small pit at the base of the blade. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes 
slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed. Cotyledon only one. [Latin, 
fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. 
I. Ficaria Ficaria (L.) Karst. Lesser Celandine. (I. F. f. 1629.) Gla- 
brous; flowering stems scapose, 10-12 cm. high, bearing I or 2 leaves or naked. 
Leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on broad petioles, the blade 
3-5 cm. long; flowers yellow, 2.5 cm. broad; head of fruit globose, i cm. broad; 
carpels beakless, truncate. College Point, Long Island; Staten Island; Philadelphia 
and D. C. Fugitive from Europe; also in western Asia. April-May. 

25. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. 

A glabrous perennial herb, with fibrous roots, slender erect stems, crenate or 
lobed leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals 5, spreading, deciduous. Petals 
5, narrowly spatulate or oblong, bearing a small pit near the base. Stamens and 
pistils numerous. Head of fruit globose. Achenes terete, longitudinally ribbed or 
nerved, tipped with the inflexed style. [Greek, curved-beak.] The genus as here 
recognized consists of the following species only. 

I. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt. Nuttall's Buttercup. (I. F. f. 
1630.) Slender, glabrous, erect, branched above, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Basal 
leaves on long slender petioles, bipinnate, parted into oblong or linear, acutish 
lobes; stem-leaves few, ternately or pinnately parted into linear lobes; flowers few, 
corymbose, about 12 mm. broad; sepals yellow, petaloid, spreading; petals spatu- 
late; achenes 2-3 mm. long, in a globose head, glabrous, oblong-cylindric. In 
gravelly soil, Wyo. and Colo. Reported from Neb. June. 

26. OXYGRAPHIS Bunge. 

Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed -long-petioled leaves, and small 
yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals 
usually 5, spreading, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each bearing a small nectar- 
pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or 
subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, with- 
out a hard coat. [Greek, sharp-style.] About 10 species, the following of North 
America, A'sia and southern South America, the others Asiatic. 

I. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. Seaside Crowfoot. (I. F. f. 
163 1.) Low, glabrous, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly basal, slender- 
petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reniform, crenate, 4-18 mm. long; flowers I-7, 
about 6-8 mm. broad, borne on scapes 2 -12 cm. long, these sometimes bearing one 
or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long; achenes 
compressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. On 
sandy shores, N. J. to Lab., west to Alaska, Cal.j Mex. and Kans. Also in Asia 
and S. Am. Summer. 

27. THALICTRUM L. 

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and caulme, the 
latter alternate. Flowers perfect, pol3'^gamous or dioecious, generally small, green- 
ish-white, panicled or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals none. Carpels commonly 
few, one-seeded, ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. Stamens 00 , ex- 
serted. [Derivation doubtful.] A genus of about 75 species, most abundant in 
the north temperate zone, a few in the Andes of South America, India and South 
Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 8 others occur in south- 
ern and western N. Am. 

Flowers perfect. 

Stem simple, scape-like; achenes sessile ; filaments slender. i. T. alpinum. 
Stem branched, leafy ; achenes long-stipitate; filaments spatulate, petal-like. 

2. T. clavatuni. 
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. 

Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers. 

Flowers strictly dioecious ; lower stem leaves distinctly petioled. 
Achenes terete ; eastern species. 

Leaflets thin, orbicular or broader ; roots not yellow. 

3. T. dioicutn. 
Leaflets thick, obovate or reniform ; roots bright yellow. 

4. T. coriaceum. 



RA N UNCULA CEA E. 43 1 

Achenes 2-edg-ed ; western species. 5. T. venulosum. 

Flowers polygamous ; leaflets usually glandular, or waxy ; stem leaves almost 
sessile. 6. 7. purpurascens. 

Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers ; plant not glandular. 

7. T. polygamum. 

1. Thalictrum alpinum L. Arctic or Dwarf Meadow-Rue. (I. F. f. 
1632.) Smooth or slightly glandular, 3-10 cm. high. Leaves small, tufted at' the 
summits of scaly rootstocks, biternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 
3-5-lobed at the apex, margins revolute; panicle very simple, often racemose; 
stamens about 10; anthers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes 3 mm. 
long, obliquely obovoid. Anticosti, Newf. and. Arctic Am. Also in the Rocky 
Mts., Cal. and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Mountain Meadow-Rue. (I. F. f. 1633.) 
Glabrous, branching, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate- 
cuneate, basal and cauline, large, .biternate; leaflets thin, stalked, with 3 main 
lobes and a few secondary ones, their margins not revolute; inflorescence cymose; 
anthers oblong, blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their stipes or longer, obliquely 
ovoid, narrowed at each end, flattened ; stigma minute. Mountains of Va. and W, 
Va. to Ga., Ala, and Tenn. May-June. 

3. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow-Rue. (LF. f. 1634.) Glabrous, 
erect, 3-6 dm. high, slender, leafy; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets pale beneath, often 
cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate, 5-9-lobed; flowers greenish; pani- 
cle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; filaments longer than the 
sepals; achenes ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate, deeply grooved, much longer 
than the style. In woods, Lab. and Anticosti to Ala., west to Saskatch. and Mo. 
April-May. 

4. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. Thick-leaved Meadow-Rue. 
(L F. f. 1635.) Tall, 1-1.5 m. high. Stem striate, paniculately branched above; 
leaves 3-4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower petioles expanded at the base into 
stipule-like appendages; leaflets nearly white beneath, usually deeply and sharply 
incised, the veins prominent on the lower surface; staminate flowers nearly white; 
pistillate flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid, subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, 
longer than the persistent style. In open places, mountains of Va,, N. Car. and 
Ky. May-June. 

5. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. Veiny Meadow-Rue. (L F. f. 1636.) 
Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem purplish, erect, or assurgent at the base, 
1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm, obovate or sub- 
orbicular, rounded at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base. 8-16 mm. 
long, 3-5-lobed, the lower surface rather prominently rugose-veined; anthers linear, 
slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile, tapering into a short beak, thick- 
walled, 2 -edged. In dry soil, Manitoba and S. Dak. to the N. W. Terr, and Wash., 
south to Colo. May-June. 

6. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Purplish Meadow-Rue. (I. F. f. 1637.) 
Stout, erect, 1-2 m. high, leafy, branching above, glandular, pubescent or even 
glabrous; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, dark green above, 
commonly waxy beneath, with revolute margins; anthers linear or linear-oblong, 
cuspidate; stigma linear, persistent; achenes ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, short- 
stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. In copses and woodlands, N. S. and Anticosti 
to Fla., west to Saskatch. and Ariz. Stems often purplish, June-Aug. 

7. Thalictrum pol^g-amum Muhl. Tall Meadow-Rue. (I. F. f. 1638.) 
Stout, 1-2.5 ""•• l^ig^^' branching, leafy, smooth or pubescent but not glandular nor 
waxy. Leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light green above and paler 
beneath, oblong, obovate or orbicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes; 
flowers polygamous, wliite; anthers oblong, short; achenes ovoid, stipitate, 6-8- 
winged, glabrous or pubescent. Lab. and Quebec to Fla,, west to Ohio. 

28. ADONIS L. 

Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments Fkiwcrs 
yellow or red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, C(Mispicuous. Carpels oc , I ovulcd. 
Achenes capitate or spicate, tipped with the persistent stylos. [Mythological name 



432 FLORA, 

for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.] A genus of Europe and Asia, 
consisting of the following and about five other species. 

1. Adonis annua L. Pheasant's Eye. (I. F. f. 1639.) Annual, erect, 
3-6 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves finely dissected, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile, the segments acute ; sepals smooth, deciduous ; flowers 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, 
nearly globular, the petals obovate, and darker colored at the base ; achenes 
spicate, rugose or angular. Occasional in waste places, especially southward. 
Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

Family 6. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. 
Barberry Family. 
Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, with or without 
stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and 
petals generally imbricated in several series. Stamens as many as the 
petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one 
in our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podo- 
phylliini). Style short ; ovules 2-00 , anatropous. Fruit a berr}- or capsule. 
About 20 genera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temper- 
ate zone, the Andes and temperate S. Am., a few in tropical regions. 

Shrubs ; fruit baccate. i. Berberis. 

Herbs. 

Anthers opening by valves. 

Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling 

berries. 2. Catilophylhim. 

Fruit baccate ; stamens 6. 3. Diphylleia. 

Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 4. Jeffersonia. 

Anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; fruit baccate ; stamens 6-18. 

5. Podophyllum. 
I. BERBERIS L. 
Shrubs with yellow wood, simple or compound often spiny leaves, and yellow 
racemose (rarely solitary) flowers. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted. Petals 6. im- 
bricated in 2 series, each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6. irritable, closing 
around the stigma when shocked ; anthers dehiscent by valves opening fi-om the 
apex. Pistil i ; stigma peltate. Berry i-few-seeded. [From the Arabic name.] 
A genus of about 75 species, natives of N. Am., Europe, northern Asia and S. Am. 
Besides the following, about 10 others are found in the western parts of N. Am. 
Leaves simple ; racemes drooping ; berries scarlet. 

Twigs ash-colored ; racemes many-flowered ; petals entire. i. B. vulgaris. 
Twigs dark brown ': racemes few-flowered ; petals notched. 2. B. Canadensis. 
Leaves pinnate ; racemes erect ; berries blue or purple. 3. B. Aquifolium. 

T. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. (I. F. f. 1640.) A glabrous 
shrub, 2-3 m. high, the branches arched, the twigs gray. Leaves alternate or 
fascicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, bristly serrate, 
many of those on shoots reduced to 3-pronged spines ; racemes lateral, many- 
flowered, 2-10 cm. long ; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. broad ; petals entire ; berries 
oblong, scarlet when ripe, acid. In thickets, nat. from Europe in the Eastern 
and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. May-June. 

2. Berberis Canadensis Mill. American Barberry. (I. F. f. 1641.) A 
shrub. 0.3-2 m. high, w^ith slender, reddish brown branchlets. Leaves similar 
to those of B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and distant teeth, or sometimes 
nearly entire ; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched or emarginate at the apex ; 
berries scarlet, oval or subglobose. In woods, mountains of Ya. to Ga., and in 
Mo. June. * 

3. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. Trailing Mahonia. (I. F. f. 1642.) A 
trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate ; leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval, or 
nearly orbicular, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, sessile, 
thick' persistent, finely reticulated, dentate with spine-bearing teeth, 2-5 cm. 
long ; racemes several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flowered ; flowers yellow, 
6-8 mm. broad, short-pedicelled ; bracts ovate, persistent : berry globose, blue or 
pvu-ple, about 6 mm. in diameter. W. Neb., Ari2:. and Br. Col. April-May. 



BERBERIDACEAE, 433 

e 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 

Erect herbs, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. Sepals 
6, the calyx 3-4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucuUate, opposite the sepals. Sta- 
mens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral ; 
ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate seeds, resembling berries, which in 
growth soon rupture the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem- leaf.] 

I. Caulophyllumthalictroides(L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. ( I. F. f. 1643.) 
Glabrous, glaucous when young, 3-9 dm. high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing scales 
at the base, a large triternate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and generally a 
smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long 
petioled, the ultimate segments thin, 2-8 cm. long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5- 
lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 5-8 cm. long; flowers greenish purple, 8-12 
mm. broad; seeds 8 mm. in diameter, blue, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 
6 mm. long. In woods, N. B. to S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Mo. April-May. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. 

Herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flowers. 
Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pis- 
til i; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. 
[Greek, double-leaf.] Two species, one of eastern N. Am., the other of Japan. 

I. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Umbrella- leaf. (I. F. f. 1644.) Erect, 
stout, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves solitary, long-petioled, 3-6 
dm. in diameter, peltate, deeply 2-cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, 
sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, petioled, constricted in the 
middle and generally peltate near the margin; cyme many-flowered, 5-8 cm. 
broad; petals oblong, obtuse; fruiting pedicels slender, 2 cm. long or more; berries 
blue, oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long. In woods, Va. to Tenn, and Ga. along the moun- 
tains. May-June. 

4. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 

Glabrous herbs, with basal palmately -veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and 
solitary white flowers on slender scapes. Sepals 4, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, 
flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil i, 
many-ovuled. Capsule leathery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. 
Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.] Two species, one of 
eastern N. Am., the other of Mantchuria. 

I. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin -leaf. (I. F. f. 1645.) Scape 
erect, 1.5-2 dm. high when in flower, attaining 4-4.5 dm. in fruit. Leaves glau- 
cous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 7-15 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, 
parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; flowers 
about 2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong; stigma peltate, undulate; capsule about 2.5 
cm. long, short-stipitate. In woods, Ont. to Wis., Va. and Tenn. May. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM L. 

Erect herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmatelv" 
lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 
9-6, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as 
the petals; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil i (rarely several), 
many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, en- 
closed in fleshy arils. [Greek, duck-foot leaf.] About 4 species, one of eastern 
N. Am., the others Asiatic. 

I. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. (I. F. f. 
1646.) Erect, 3-4 dm. high. Basal leaves centrally peltate, iiearlv :; dm.' in di- 
ameter, long petioled, deeply 5-7-l()bed, glabrous,' or pubescent 'on the lower 
surface; lobes 2-cleft arid dentate at the apex; flowering stems bearing \--^ similar 
leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower stout-peduncled. nodding, 5"" cm", broad, 
appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generallv fron\ immodiatelv between 
the two leaves; fruit ovoid, yellowish 5 cm. long, edible. In low woods, Quebec 
and Ont. to Minn., Fla., La. and Tex. May, " ■ 



434 FLORA. 

Family 7. MENISPERMACEAE DC. 
Moonseed Family. 

Vines with alternate entire or lobed leaves, no stipules, and small 
dioecious panicled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, 
imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the 
same number as the petals. Carpels 3-x) (generally 6), i-ovuled sepa- 
rate ; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo long, 
curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribu- 
tion, a few extending into the temperate zones. 

Petals none. i. Calycocarpum. 
Petals present. 

Stamens 6 ; drupe red. 2. Cebatha. 

Stamens 12-many ; drupe black. 3. Menispermum. 

I. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. 

Leaves large, petioled, palniately lobed. Flowers greenish in long narrow 
drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Stamens about 12, nearly equalling 
the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval, the stone 
flattened and hollowed out on one side. [Greek, cup-fruit, in allusion to the cup- 
like stone. ] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Cup-seed. (I. F. f. 1647.) Climb- 
ing to the tops of trees, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves thin, broadly 
ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 1-2 dm. long, cordate with a broad sinus, 
5-7-lobed, glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath; lobes 
ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, repand, dentate or entire; panicles axillary, 
1-2.5 dm. long; flowers 4 mm. broad; drupe nearly 2.5 cm. long, black, the stone 
toothed or erose along the margin of its lateral cavity ; pistillate flowers sometimes 
containing abortive stamens. In rich woods, 111. to Mo., Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
May-June, the fruit ripe in August. 

2. CEBATHA Forsk. 

Flowers small, dioecious, panicled. Sepals 6, in two series. Petals 6, shorter 
than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Pistils 3-6, 
sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments; styles erect; stigma entire. Drupe 
globose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Name Arabic] About 10 species, 
mainly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones. 

I, Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton. Carolina Moonseed. (L F. f. 1648.) 
Trailing or climbing, the stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, 5- 10 
cm. long, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or lobed, sometimes densely pu- 
bescent beneath, mainly glabrous above; petioles 2-10 cm. long; panicles loose, 
2-13 cm. long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; drupe red, laterally flattened, 4-6 mm. 
in diameter, the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the sides and back. 
Along streams, Va. to 111., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 

3. MENISPERMUM L. 

Flowers small, panicled. Sepals 4-8, in two series, longer than the 6-8 petals. 
Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, on a slightly elevated receptacle, 
generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Drupe nearly globular, or ovoid, 
laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the sides and back. 
[Greek, moonseed.] Two species, one of eastern N. Am., the other of eastern 
Asia. 

I. Menispermum Canadense L. Canada Moonseed. (I. F. f. 1649.) 
Stem slender, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly 
ovate, 1-2 dm. wide, cordate or sometimes nearly truncate at base, entire, df with 
3-7 lobes, pale beneath, peltate near the base; flowers greenish white. 4 mm. 
wide; panicles loose, bracteolaie; drupe bluish black, globose-oblong. 6-8 mm. in 
diameter. In woods, Quebec to Manitoba, Ga, and Ark. June-July. 



CALVCAN THA CEA E—LA URA CEA E. 435 



Family 8. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. 
Strawberry-shrub Fatnily. 
Shrubs, with opposite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and 
terminal solitary large flowers on leafy branches. Sepals and petals im- 
bricated in many series. Stamens oo , the inner sterile, short, inserted on 
the receptacle; anthers innate. Pistils oo , nearly enclosed in the hollow 
receptacle; ovules i or 2, anatropous. Fruit accessory, consisting of the 
enlarged ovoid oblong or pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of 
petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, enclosing few to many smooth shin- 
ing achenes. Seed erect ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. A family of 
2 genera and about 5 species, natives of N. Am. and eastern Asia. 

I. BUTNERIA Duham. 

Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the 
family. [Name in honor of Butner or Buettner.] The genus comprises 3 species, 
one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific Coast. Chimonan- 
thus Lindl. of Japan and China comprises 2 species. 

Leaves pubescent beneath; flowers fragrant. i. B.flo7'ida. 

Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above ; flowers not fragrant. 

2. B.fer tills. 

1. Butneria florida (L.) Kearney. Hairy Strawberry-shrub. (I. F. f. 
1650.) A branching shrub, 1-3 m. high, the branchlets and petioles pubescent. 
Leaves ovate or oval, rough above; flowers dark purple, about 2.5 cm. broad, with 
a strong odor of strawberries when crushed; sepals and petals linear or oblong, 
l2-i6 mm. long. In rich soil, Va. (?), N. Car. to Ga., Ala. and Miss. April-Aug. 

2. Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney. Smooth Strawberry-shrub. (I. F. f. 
165 1.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lan- 
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rough and dark green above, 
glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath or bright green and smooth on 
both sides; sepals and petals linear or linear- lanceolate, acute; flowers greenish- 
purple, inodorous. In rich woods, Penn. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. March- Aug. 

Family 9. LAURACEAE Lindl. 
Laurel Family. 

' Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) 
mostly thick, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polyg- 
amous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or 
greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbles. Calyx 4-6-parted, 
the segments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens 
inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them com- 
monly imperfect or reduced to staminodia ; anthers opening by valves. 
Ovary superior, free from the calyx, i -celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, 
pendulous; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a i-seeded drupe or berry. 
Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 
genera and 900 species, widely distributed in tropical regions ; a few in 
the temperate zones. 

Flowers perfect, panicled, not involucrate : leaves evergreen. i. Fersea. 

Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate, involucrate ; leaves deciduous. 
Anthers 4-celled. 

Flowers in umbelled racemes ; leaves, or some of them, lobed. 2. Sassafras. 
Flowers in capitate umbels ; leaves all entire. 3- ^latapoevna. 

Anthers 2-celled ; leaves entire. 4- Benzoin. 

I. PERSEA Gaertn. f. 

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire. Calyx 6-p.utoa. persisteiU. 
Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced \o gland-like staminodia, the 



43^ FLORA. 

3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valvedi those of the third 
series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, 
stalked. Fruit a berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.] About 50 species, 
natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Fla. 

Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. i. P. Borbonia. 

Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. 2. P. pubescens, 

1. Per'sea Borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red Bay. Isabella-wood. (I. F. f. 1652.) 

A tree, with dark red bark. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright 
green above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 2-5 cm. wide, obscurely veined, 
narrowed at the base; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; pedimcles short, axillary, often little 
longer than the petioles, bearing few-flowered panicles ; calyx puberulent, spread- 
ing in fruit, its inner segments longer than the outer; berries dark blue, about 12 
mm. in diameter, their pedicels thick, red. Along streams and borders of swamps, 
Del. (?), Va. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. April-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swamp Bay. (I. F. f. 1653.) Bark 
brown ; leaves oval, oblong or lanceolate, glabrous and shining above when mature, 
pubescent beneath or also tomentose on the veins, strongly veined, 1-4 cm. wide; 
petioles 0.8-1.6 cm. long ; peduncles tomentose, mostly longer than the petioles, 
sometimes 5-8 cm. long; calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than the outer; 
berry dark blue, 12-18 mm. in diameter. In swamps and along streams, S. Va. 
to Fla. and Miss. May-July. Fruit ripe Sept. 

2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. 

A rough- barked tree, with broad entire or 2-6-lobed leaves, and yellow dioe- 
cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding 
season, unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persist- 
ent bud-scales. Calyx 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its seg- 
ments equal. Stamina te flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with 
glandless filaments, those of the inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the 
base. Anthers introrse, 4-valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 staminodia and 
an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong -globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.] 
A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. (I. F. f, 
1654.) A tree sometimes 40 m. high, the twigs and leaves mucilaginous, pubescent 
when young but becoming glabrous. Leaves oval or often as wide as long, mem- 
branous, pinnately veined, petioled; racemes several or numerous in the umbels, ped- 
uncled ; flowers about 6 mm. broad; stamens about equalling the calyx-segments; 
fruiting pedicels red, much thickened below the calyx; drupe nearly 1.2 cm. high. 
In dry soil. Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 

3. MALAPOENNA Adans. 

Leaves entire, deciduous in our species. Flowers small, greenish or yellow, in 
umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud -scales, axillary, or in the follow- 
ing species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous season. 
Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 
series of 3 stamens, their anthers all 4_celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate 
flowers with 9 or 12 staminodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small drupe. 
[Malabar name.] About 100 species, natives of tropical and warm regions of both 
the Old World and the New, only the following known in N. Am. 

I. Malapoenna geniculata (Walt.) Coulter. Pond Spice. (I. F. f. 1655 ) 
A much-branched shrub, with terete smooth zigzag twigs. Leaves oblong, firm, 
1-5 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, narrowed at the base, glabrous above, paler aiid 
puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, or quite glabrous when mature; umbels 
2-4-flowered, sessile ; involucres of 2-4 scales ; flowers yellow, less than 4 mm. 
broad ; drupe globose, red, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, 
S Va. to Fla. March-April. 

4. BENZOIN Fabric. 

Leaves alternate, pinnately veinej and in our species deciduous. Flowers 
clioecious or polygamous, yellow, in lateral sessile involucrate clusters unfolding 



PA FA VERA CEA E. 43 ^ 

before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx-segments 6, equal, 
deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the filaments ol the 
inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the two outer series 
giandless; anthers introrse, 2 valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-15 staminodia 
and a globose ovary. Fruit a red drupe. [Named from Benzoin gum, from its 
similar fragrance.] About 7 species, of eastern N. Am. and Asia. Only the 
following are North American. 

Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout ; leaves narrowed at the base. 

1. B. Benzoin. 
Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent ; leaves rounded or subcordate at the 
base. 2. B. melissaefolium. 

I. Benzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. (I. F. f. 
1656.) A shrub, 1-7 m. high, with smooth bark. Leaves obovate, oval or elliptic, 
5-13 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, or those of shoots much larger, acute, short-acuminate 
or some of them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base; petioles 6-12 mm. 
long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, fragrant; pedicels about equalling the calyx- 
segments; ovary about as long as the style; drupe 8-10 mm. long, about 6 mm. in 
diameter. In moist woods, thickets and along streams, Me. to Ont., Mich., N. Car., 
Tenn. and Kans. March-May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

2.' Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Hairy Spice-bush. (I. F. f. 
1657.) Similar to the preceding, but the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces 
of the leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3.6 
cm. wide; petioles 2-6 mm. long; pedicels equalling or slightly longer than the 
calyx- segments; drupe 6-10 mm. high. In swamps and wet soil, III. and Mo. 
to N. Car., Ala. and Fla. Feb.^March. 



Order 15. PAPAVERAlES. 

Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with 
very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens 
hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed 
of two united carpels, or more. 

Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy. Fam. i. Papaveraceae. 

Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none. 

Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent ; 

sepals and petals 4. Fam. 2. Cruciferae. 

Capsule I -celled, of 2-6 carpels. 

Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular ; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved. 

Fam. 3. CapparidaiWie. 
Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular ; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6 valved at the top ; 
disk large. Fam. 4. Resedaceae. 

Family i. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. 
Poppy Fa?nzly. 

Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper 
rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular. 
Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, 
often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, distinct; filaments 
filiform; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i. many-ovuled. 
mainly i-celled ; style short ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, gen- 
erally dehiscent by a pore, or by valves, rarelv iudehiscent. About 26 
genera and 200 species, widely distributed, most abimdant in the north 
temperate zone. 



43^ FLORA. 

* Flowers regular. 
Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle. 

Leaves not spiny-toothed. 1. Papaver. 

Leaves spmy-toothed. ' 2. A?ge?no7te. 

Pod dehiscent to the base. 

Flowers white; juice red. 3. Sanguijiaria. 

Flowers and juice yellow. 

Capsule oblong- or short-linear, bristly. 4. Stylophorum. 

Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 5. Glauciinn. 

Capsule linear, smooth, lipped with a subulate style and minute stigma. 

6. Chelidonium. 
** Flowers irregular. Family FumariaceaE DC. 

Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. 

Corolla deeply cordate at base; petals slightly coherent. 7. Bicuculla. 

Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent, persistent. 

8. Adlumia. 
One of the outer petals spurred at base. 

Capsule 2 -valved, few-several-seeded. 9. Capjioides. 

Fruit globose, indehiscent, i-seeded. 10. Fu?naria. 

I. PAPAVER L. 

Sap milky. Leaves lobed or dissected, alternate. Flowers and flower-buds 
nodding. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens 00 . Anthers ex- 
trorse. Ovules 00 , borne on numerous internally-projecting placentae. Stigmas 
united into a radiate persistent disk. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, de- 
hiscent near the summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin 
name of the poppy.] About 25 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 2 or 
3 indigenous in western America. 

Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. somniferum. 
Green, hirsute; leaves pmnately divided. 

Stems branching, leafy; weeds of waste or cultivated ground. 
Capsule glabrous. 

Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. RJioeas. 

Capsule oblong, narrowed below-. 3. P. dubiiim. 

Capsule oblong, hispid with a few^ erect hairs. 4. P. Argemone. 

Leaves all basal ; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs: arctic. 

5. P. alpmufn. 

1. Papaver somniferum L. Opium or Garden Poppy. (L F. f. 1658.) 
Erect, glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves clasping by a cordate base, 1-2 dm. long, 
oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 7-10 cm. broad, bluish-white with a 
purple centre; filaments somewhat dilated upward ; capsule glabrous. Occasional 
in waste groimds and on ballast. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn Poppy. (I. F. f. 1659.) Erect, 
3-9 dm. high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 1-1.5 
dm. long, the upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, acute, serrate; 
flowers 5-10 cm. broad, scarlet with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule 
glabrous, the disk with lo or more stigmatic rays. In waste places and on ballas-t, 
Me. to Va. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-fruited Poppy. (I. F. f. 1660.) 
Slender. 3-6 dm. high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 
1-1.5 dm. long, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; 
lobes oblong, pinnatifid. cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 5 cm. broad, scarlet, 
sometimes darker in the centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, glabrous, 
1.6-2 cm. long, narrowed below; stigmatic rays 6-10. In waste and cultivated 
grounds. Penn. to Va. and southward. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

4. Papaver Argemone L. Pale or Long Rough-fruited Poppy. (I. F. f. 
1661.) Slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves all but the upper petioled. lanceolate in 
outline, pinnately divided, the divisions pinnatifid and toothed; flowers 2-5 cm. 
broad, pale red, often with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, 
1.6-2 cm. long, narrowed at the base, bristly-hair}-. Waste grounds, Philadelphia, 
and in ballast about the seaports. P'ugitive from Europe. Summer. Old name 
Wind-rose. 



PA PA VERA CEA E. 439 

5. Papaver alpinum L. Arctic Poppy. (I. F, f. 1662.) Perennial, more or 
less hirsute. Leaves all basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear-oblong; 
scape erect, slender, 0.5-3 dm. tall, much exceeding the leaves; flower solitary, 
2-8 cm. broad, yellow or red; filaments filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, 1-1.6 
cm. high, about 8 mm. in greatest diameter, densely beset with erect bristly hairs. 
Greenland and Lab. to Alaska and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. ARGEMONE L. 

Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny -toothed leaves and large flowers. Sep- 
als 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens 00 . Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very 
short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the 
apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, supposed 
to be relieved by the plant so called. ] A genus of about 10 species, natives of the 
warmer parts of America. 

Petals yellow or ochroleucous. i. A. Mexicana. 
Petals white or pinkish. 

Stem spiny or unarmed, not hispid-pubescent. 

Horns of the sepals nearly erect, the terminal spine 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers 

peduncled. 2. A. alba. 
Horns of the sepals diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long ; flowers usually 

sessile. 3- •'"^' intermedia. 

Stem spiny and also hispid-pubescent. 4. A. Jnspida. 

1. Argemone Mexicana L. Mexican or Prickly Poppy. (1. F. f. 1663.) 
Stem 3-6 dm. high, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasping 
by a narrowed base, 1-2.5 dm. long, glaucous, runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed 
and more or less spiny on the veins; flowers orange or yellow, sessile or subsessile, 
2-8 cm. broad; sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed ; capsule 2.5 cm. long or more; 
stigma sessile. In waste places, N. J, and Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Also in ballast 
about the northern seaports. Adventive from tropical America. June-Sept. 

Argemone Mexicana ochroleuca Lindl. Flowers ochroleucous ; style distinct. Oc- 
casional with the type. 

2. Argemone alba Lestib. White Prickly Poppy. (L F. f. 1664.) Similar 
to the preceding species, but commonly stouter and taller. Leaves pinnatifid or 
pinnately lobed, sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers white, usually larger, 
7-10 cm. broad, distinctly peduncled; petals generally cuneate-obovate ; terminal 
spine of the nearly erect, flattened sepal-tips, 1-1.5 mm. long ; capsules oval-ellip- 
soid, 2.5-4 cm. long. Fla. to Mo. and Tex. May -Aug. 

3. Arg-emone intermedia Sweet. Leafy, the flowers usually sessile or nearly 
so. Petals broadly obovate. often as wide as long; horns of the sepals pyramidal, 
not much flattened, diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long; capsule cylindric- 
ellipsoid. Plains, S. Dak. to Idaho, Tex, and Mex. May-Aug. 

4. Argemone hispida A. Gray. Plant spiny, and also densely hispid-pubes- 
cent. Petals obovate; horns of the sepals triangular -lanceolate, more or less spiny 
and hispid. Kans. to N. Mex. and Cal. 

3. SANGUINARIA L. 

Rootstock horizontal, thick ; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and 
lobed, cordate or reniform. Scape i -flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 
2, fugacious. Petals 8-12, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens c» . Stigmas 
grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule oblong, dehiscent to the base, the valves persist- 
ent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name from the red juice.] A monotypic genus of 
eastern N. Am. 

I. Sanouinaria Canadensis L. Ploodroot. (I. F. f. 16O5.) Glabrous, 
glaucous, especially when young. Rootstock several inches long! clothed with 
thick fibrous roots; petioles 1.5-3.5 <^^n"»- l<^"g; leaves T.5-3 dm. broad, 12 dm. 
long, palmately 5-Q-lobed, the lobes repand, or cleft at the apox; flower 2.5-4 cm. 
broad; petals oblong or obovate, early deciduous; capsule oblong, narrow. 1 -celled. 
2-valved, 2-3 cm. long. In rich woods, N. S. to Manitoba. Neb.. Fla. and 
Ark. April-May. 



440 FLORA, 

4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. 

Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or 
solitary flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 00 . Placentae 2-4; stigma 2-4- 
lobed, radiate. Capsule dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name 
Greek, style-bearing.] About 4 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Asia. 

I. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Yellow or Celandine Poppy. 
(I. F. £ 1666.) Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, sparingly 
pubescent, 3-4-5 dm. high. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, slender-petioled, 1-2-pinnat- 
ifid, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or irregularly crenate, those of the stem 
2-4, the upper opposite ; flowers 2-4, terminal, about 2.5 cm. broad, deep yellow; 
sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate, rounded; capsule 2.5 cm. long, ovoid, 
acute at each end, hirsute, tipped with the persistent style. In low woods, western 
Penn. (?), Ohio to Tenn., Wis. and Mo. March-May. 

5. GLAUCIUM Juss. 

Glaucous herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and saflron-colored 
sap. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 00 . Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, 
dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the 
base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.] 
About 6 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy. (I. 
F. f. 1667.) Stout, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, ovate or oblong, 0.7-2 dm. 
long, scurfy, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, clasping, all pinnatifid, the divi- 
sions toothed; flowers axillary and terminal, yellow, 2-5 cm. broad; capsule nar- 
rowly linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, tipped with the persistent stigma. In waste places, 
R. I. to Va. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

6. CHELIDONIUM L. 

Erect branching herbs, with alternate, deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and 
yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 00 . Placentae 2. Styles distinct; 
stigma not dilated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, dehiscent to the base. Seeds smooth, 
shining, crested. [Name Greek for the swallow.] A monotypic genus of Europe 
and Asia. 

I. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. (I. F. f. 1668.) Weak, 3-6 dm. 
high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, 1-2 dm. long, glaucous beneath, 1-2- 
pinnatifid, the segments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed ; petioles often dilated 
at the base ; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, in axillary pedunculate umbels ; petals 
rounded ; pedicels slender, elongating in fruit ; capsule glabrous, 2-5 cm. long, 
tipped with the persistent style and stigma. Waste places, roadsides and woods, 
common in the East. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. April-Sept. 

7. BICUCULLA Adans. 

Herbs, with dissected leaves, and clustered irregular flowers. Pedicels 2- 
bracted. Sepals 2. scale-like. Corolla cordate at base ; petals 4, in 2 pairs, con- 
nivent, slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, 
spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged 
on the back. Stamens 6, in two sets placed opposite the outer petals ; filaments 
more or less diadelphous. Placentae 2; style slender; stigma 2-4- lobed. Capsule 
oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Name from 
the Latin, double-hooded.] About 14 species, natives of N. Am. and western Asia. 

Raceme simple; flowers white or whitish. 

Spurs divergent ; inner petals minutely crested. i. B. Cucullaria. 

Spurs short, rounded ; inner petals Conspicuously crested. 2. B. Canadensis. 

Raceme compound ; flowers deep pink. 3. B. eximia. 

T. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. Soldier's 
Cap. (I. F. f. 1669.) Delicate, glabrous, 1-2.5 ^^- ^^^-^ from a bulbous base. 
Leaves basal, pale beneath, slender-petioled, ternately compound, the divisions 
stalked and dissected into linear or oblanceolate segments; scape slender; raceme 
secund, 4-10-flowered; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 12-16 mm. long, 6-20 mm. 



PAPAVERACEAE. 44 1 

broad at the base, white, or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; spurs widely 
divergent. In woods, N. S. to Minn., Wash., N. Car., Neb. and Mo. April-May. 

2. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Squirrel Corn. (I. F. f. 1670.) 
Similar, the rootstock bearing numerous small tubers. Leaves decidedly glaucous 
beneath; flowers nodding, short-pedicelled, 14-18 mm. long, 10 mm. broad at the 
base, greenish white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant; spurs short, rounded. 
In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Va., Ky., Neb. and Mo. May-June. 

3. Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millsp. Wild Bleeding-heart. (I. F. f. 167 1.) 
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 3-6 dm. high; rootstock scaly. Leaves larger than 
those of the preceding species, ternately parted, the divisions stalked, finely 
pinnatifid into oblong or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling the leaves; 
raceme compound; flowers clustered in cymes, slender-pedicelled, pink, nodding, 
16-20 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad at the base; spurs short, rounded, incurved; 
outer petals spreading at the apex. In rocky places, W. N. Y. to Ga. and 
Tenn. May-Sept. 

8. ADLUMIA Raf. 

A glabrous climbing vine, with decompound leaves. Sepals 2, scale-like. 
Petals 4, permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy 
corolla 4-lobed at the apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, 
adherent to the petals. Capsule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds 
crestless. Closely ' related to certain Asiatic species of Bicuculla. [In honor of 
John Adlum, a gardener of Washington. ] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. Alleghany 
Vine. (I. F. £ 1672.) Weak, slender, climbing by slender petioles. Leaves 
bipinnate, the divisions slender-stalked ; ultimate segments lobed or entire, very 
thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath ; flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, 
10-14 n^"^- long, 6 mm. broad at the base, greenish purple; capsule 2-valved, few- 
seeded. In moist woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., N. Car. and Tenn. June-Oct. 

9. CAPNOIDES Adans. 

Herbs, with decompound leaves, and racemose flowers. Sepals 2, small. 
Corolla irregular, deciduous; petals 4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair spurred 
at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, 
opposite the outer petals. Placentae 2 ; style entire, dilated or lobed, persistent. 
Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in allusion to the smoke- 
like odor of some species, as in Fuma7-ia.\ About 1 10 species, natives of the north 
temperate zone and South Africa. 

Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. i. C. sempervirens. 

Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow. 
Flowers 6-8 mm. long; spur short. 

Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled; pods drooping or spreading. 

2. C. flavulum. 
Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining; pods ascending. 3. C. micranthuin. 
Flowers 8-16 mm. long ; spur conspicuous. 
Pods smooth. 

Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated ; pods spreading or pendulous. 
Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly torulose ; eastern. 

4. C. aureum. 
Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose; western. 

5. C. mont anion. 
Seeds finely reticulated ; pods ascending. 6. C. curvisi/iqum. 

Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. 7. C. crystallinum. 

I. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pink Corvdalis. (I. F. f. 1673.) 
Glabrous, glaucous, 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves 2-10 cm. long, short -potioled, 
the upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments obovate or 
cuneate, toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numerous, 10-16 mm. 
long, pink with a yellow tip; spur rounded, about 2 mm. long; capsules narnnvly 
linear, erect, 2-5 cm. long, nodose when mature ; seeds shining, minutely reticu- 
lated. In rocky places, N. S. to Alaska, N. Car. and Minn. April-Sept. 



442 FLORA. 

2. Capnoides*flavulum(Raf.)Kvmtze. Pale Corydalis. (I. F. f.1674.) Slen- 
der, glabrous, diffuse or ascending. I-5-3.5 cim. high. Lower leaves petioled. the 
upper nearly sessile, all finely dissected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate, seg- 
ments ; pedicels very slender; bracts conspicuous, broadly oblong, acute or acumi- 
nate, 4-8 mm. long; spur I mm. long, rounded ; outer petals sharp-pointed; crest 
dentate ; pods torulose ; seeds sharp-margined, finely reticulated. In rocky 
woods. S. N. Y. to S. W. Ont., Minn., Va., Kans. and La. May-June. 

3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton. Small-flowered Corydalis. 
(I. F. f. 1675. j Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding, the ultimate leaf- 
segments generally slightly broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire ; or some- 
times cleistogamous and minute, spurless; pods ascending, short-pedicelled, torulose; 
seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining. In woods, Minn, to Mo., Kans., Tex., 
Va. and Fla. Feb. -April. 

4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze. Golden Corydalis. (I. F. f. 1676.) 
Glabrous. 1-3.5 dm. high, diffuse. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely 
dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate segments ; flowers 12 mm. long ; spur one- 
half the length of the body of the corolla, or more, rounded ; outer petals keeled, 
not crested ; pedicels short, slender ; pods spreading or pendulous, torulose ; seeds 
obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely reticulated. In woods, N. S. to iNIinn., Penn. 
and Wis. March-May. 

5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton. Mountain Corydalis. 
(I. F. f. 1677.) Closely resembles C. aureiun, but lighter green, and the leaves 
rather more finely divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose, the pedicels usually 
very short; flowers 12-16 mm. long; spur of the corolla as long as its body, or 
less; capsules spreading or somewhat ascending; seeds sharp margined, shining or 
obscurely reticulated. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Kans., Tex., Ore. (?), Utah and 
Ariz. April-Aug. 

6. Capnoides curvisiliqum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Curved-fruited Cory- 
dalis. (I. F. f. 1678.) Similar to the two preceding species, often rather taller 
than either. Flowers spicate or spicate-racemose, about 16 mm. long, conspicuous; 
spur of the corolla conspicuous ; pods curved upward, very short-pedicelled, stout, 
somewhat 4-sided; seeds sharp-margined, finely muriculate. S. Dak. to Neb., 
Tex., and Chihuahua. April-June. The plant of our area is perhaps specifically 
distinct from the Texan type. 

7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Vesicular Corydalis. 
(I. F. f. 1679.) Erect or ascending, glabrous. 2-5 dm. high. Lower leaves 
slender-petioled. the upper sessile, all finely dissected into oblong or cuneate 
segments; pedicels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 12-16 mm. long; spur 
6-8 mm. long; crest large, dentate; capsules 18 mm. long, ascending or erect, 
densely covered with transparent vesicles; seeds acute-margined, reticulated. 
Prairies, jNIo., Kans. and Ark. April-Jime. 

10. FUMARIA L. 

Herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Sepals 2, 
scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, i of them spurred, the 
inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6., 
diadelphous. opposite the outer petals. Ovule i; st>-le slender; stigma entire or 
lobed. Fruit i-seeded. nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from the Latin, 
smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 15 species, all natives 
of the Old World. 

I. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Hedge Fumitory. (I. F. f. 1680.) 
Glabrous; stems diffuse or ascending, 1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves petioled, finely 
dissected into entire or lobed linear oblong or cuneate segments; racemes 2-8 cm. 
l(jng, narrow; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, axillary to small bracts; flowers purplish, 
4-6 mm. long, darker at the summit; spur rounded, i mm. long; nut 2 mm. in 
diameter, depressed-globose. In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to Fla. and 
the Gulf States, and locally in the interior. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. 
Summer. 



CRUCIFERAE. 443 

Family 2. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. 
Mustard Family. 

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate 
leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or 
rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or 
saccate at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, gen- 
erally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. 
Pistil I, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae 
united by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; 
stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, 
generally 2-celled, rarely i -celled, in a few genera indehiscent. Seeds 
attached to both sides of the septum ; endosperm none ; cotyledons 
incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate. About 185 genera and 1500 
species, of wide geographic distribution. 

The following wholly artificial key is designed to apply only to the species and genera 
of our Flora. The natural alliances of the genera are largely based on minute charac- 
ters. The family is also known as Brassicaceae. 

* Pod a siliaue or silicle, dehiscent into two valves to the base. 

f Pod an elongated-linear silique^ or at least twice as long as wide. (See also 
species of No. 29.) 

1, Silique borne on a long stipe. i. Stanleya. 

2. Silique terete, 4-sided, or compressed, very short-stipitate, or sessile on the receptacle. 

a. Silique tipped with the short slender style, or style none. 

Seeds globose or oblong, wingless. 

Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 

Pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. 17. Roripa. 

Pubescence of forked hairs ; leaves finely dissected. 

30. Sophia. 
Seeds in only i row in each cell. 

Leaves auricled at the base ; flowers violet. 17. Ioda?ithtis. 

Leaves reniform or cordate, undulate or repand ; flowers white. 

8. Alliaria. 
Leaves dentate or pinnatifid ; hairs simple; flowers yellow. 

9. Sisytnbriian. 
Leaves finely dissected ; pubescence of forked hairs ; flowers yellow. 

31. Sophia. 
Leaves entire, or slightly toothed. 

Stigma nearly entire, discoid ; plant glabrous. 2. Thelypodinm. 
Stigma 2-lobed ; plants inore or less pubescent. 
Flowers white or pink. 

Valves of the silique nerved. 

Leaves dentate to pinnatifid. 9. Sisymbriutn. 

Leaves entire, cordate. 39. Co7iringia. 

Valves of the silique nerveless, rounded. 

32. Stenophragma. 
Flowers yellow. 34. Erysimuvi. 
Flowers large, purple, purplish or white. 38. Ilespeiis. 

Seeds flat, wingless or winged. 

Siliques 4-angled, the viilves keeled ; flowers yellow. 16. Ba}barea. 
Siliques flat or flattish. 

Valves of the silique nerveless. 

Seeds winged ; stem scape-like ; flowers few. 23. Leaveriworthia. 
Seeds wingless ; valves of the silique elastically dehiscent. 

Stems leafy below or throughout. 19. Caidamitie. 

Stems leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 20. Dentaria. 
Valves of the silique i-nerved or veiny, not elastically dehiscent. 

^T^. Arabis. 

b. Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves. 

Beak conic, very short in no. 13. 

Silique terete ; seeds in 1 row. 13. Brassica, 

Silique flat : seeds in 2 rows. 14. Diplotiixis. 

Beak flat, sword-shaped. 12. Sinapis. 



444 FLORA. 

3. Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as broad, dearly stipitate. 
Flowers violet ; funiculus of the seed adnate to the septum of the pod. 

21. Ltmaria. 
Flowers yellow ; funiculus of the seed free from the septum. 22. Selenia. 

f"!" Pod an orbicular globose or oblong silicle, or but little 77iore than twice as long 
as wide (except in some species of no. 29). 

1. Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum. 

a. Plants terrestrial, or not strictly aquatic. 

-f- Silicle globose, or terete-oblong, little or not at all compressed. 
Plants not maritime. 
Petals not 2-cleft. 

Seeds minute, round, not flattened, in 2 rows in each cell. 

18. Roiipa. 
Seeds flat ; silicle inflated ; plants stellate-pubescent. 

25. Lesqtierella, 
Petals 2-cleft. 37. Berteroa. 

Plants maritime, fleshy, northern. 7. Cochlearia. 

++ Silicle didymous, its cells globose-inflated. 24. Physaria. 

-|— h-f Silicle compressed or flat, many-seeded. 30. Draba. 

2-8-seeded. 

Flowers yellow. 35. Alyssum. 

Flowers white. 36, Koniga. 

-f-f-H — h Silicle pear-shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded. 28. Catneh'na. 

1). Wholly submersed small aquatic ; silicle globose or oblong. 3. Subularia. 

2. Silicle flattened at right angles to the narrow septum. 

Seeds several in each cell of the silicle. 

Silicle triangular, obcuneate. 27. Bursa. 

Silicle elliptic, wingless, its valves with a strong midvein. 26. Hutchinsia. 

Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around. 6. I'hlaspi. 

Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed. 4. Lepidium. 

* * Pod indehiscent, short or elongated. 

Pod broader than long, more or less didymous. • 5. Coronopus. 

Pod globose, reticulated. 29. Neslia. 
Pod elongated. 

Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity ; plants maritime. 10. Cakile. 

Pod constricted between the seeds, not jointed, beaked; 15. Raphanus. 

Pod obcuneate to spatulate, flattened. 11. Myagrum. 

I. STANLEYA Nutt. 

Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall herbs, with large yellow bractless flowers 
in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long- 
clawed. Stamens 6, very nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate; 
style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, some- 
what compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in i row 
in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight, incumbent. [Named for 
Lord Edv/ard Stanley, President of the Linnaean Society.] About 3 species, of 
western N. Am. 

I. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stanleya. (I. F. f. 1681.) Stems 
0.6- 1.5 m. tall, sometimes decumbent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately 
divided, or entire, 1-2 dm. long, long-petioled; upper leaves similar, or less di- 
vided, or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled; petals 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long; filaments filiform, exserted; siliques 5-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, 2-3 
times as long as their stipes, downwardly curved, somewhat constricted between 
the seeds when dry. In dry soil, S. Dak. and Neb. to Cal., N. Mex. and Ariz. 
May-July. 

2. THELYPODIUM Endl. 

Erect biennial or perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and 
racemose flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in some species; 
valves I -nerved, dehiscent ; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in i row in each cell of 
the pod, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek, female- 
stalk, from the stiped ovary.] About 18 species, natives of N. Am. 

I. ThelyDodium integrifdlium (Nutt.) Endl. Entire-leaved Thely- 
PODIUM. (I. F. f. 1682.) Glabrous, 0.9-1.8 m. high. Leaves entire, thickish, 



CRUCIFEKAE. 445 

the basal and lower ones petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, 5-10 cm. long, the 
upper sessile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; flowers 
pink, in short racemes; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long.; petals obovate or spatulate, 
long-clawed ; pods about 2.5 cm. long and i mm. wide ; stipe very short ; style 
slender, nearly 2 mm. long. Neb. and Wyo. to Ore., Utah and N. Mex. July- 
Sept. 

3. SUBULARIA L. 

Small annual aquatic submersed herbs, with basal linear subulate leaves, and 
minute racemose white flowers. Silicles short-stipitate, oblong or elliptic, the 
valves convex, ribbed on the back. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, in 2 rows 
in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent, curved above their base. [Latin 
awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic genus of the northern hemis- 
phere. 

I. Subularia aquatica L. Water Awlwort. (I. F. f. 1683.) Tufted, 
glabrous, 2-10 cm. high, growing in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, 
lateral; leaves nearly cylindric, 1-3 cm. long; flowers few, distant; pedicels slender, 
2-6 mm. long in fruit; pods 2-3 mm. long. In clear, cold lakes, Newf. to Br. Col., 
Me., Vt. and Ont., south in the Rocky Mts. to Wyo., and to Cal. Also in Europe 
and Siberia. June-Sept. 

4. LEPIDIUM L. 

Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and race- 
mose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, some- 
times none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, winged 
or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, flattened; coty- 
ledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale - 
like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, 
about 16 others occur in western N. Am. 

Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base. 

Pods broadly ovate, winged. \. L. cajiipestre. 

Pods wingless, broader than long. 2. L, Draba. 

Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. 

Pods and seeds entirely wingless ; petals none. 3. L, ruderale. 

Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about 2 mm. broad ; petals present or 
none. 

Cotyledons accumbent; petals generally present, 4. L. Virgtnicnm. 

Cotyledons incumbent; petals minute or wanting. 5. L. apetalum. 

Pods oblong, winged all around, longer than wide, about 4 mm. high. 

6. L. sativum. 

1. Lepidium campestre (L.) R, Br. Field or Cow Cress. (I. F. f. 1684.) 
Annual or biennial, erect, 2-4.5 ^"^- high, branching above, hoary- pubescent with 
scale-like hairs or rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves entire, or pinnatifid \\\ the 
lower part, obtuse, petioled, 5-8 cm. long; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire 
or slightly dentate, sessile, clasping ; flowers white or yellowish ; pedicels rather 
stout, spreading, 4-8 mm. long in fruit ; pods forming dense elongated racemes, 
broadly ovate, slightly curved upward, broadly winged at the apex, notched, tipped 
with a minute style. In fields and waste places, N. S. and Ont. to Va., Kans., 
and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed in the Middle States. Nat. from Europe. 
May-July. 

2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. (I. F. f. 1685.) Perennial, erect or 
ascending, 2-4.5 ^""^- high, hoary-pubescent. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 
obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, 3-5 cm. long, the lower petioled. the upper sessile 
and clasping; pedicels 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; 
pods broadly ovate, or cordate, 3 mm. long, in short racemes ; valves papillose, 
keeled, tipped with a style 1-2 mm. long. Near Astoria and Syracuse. N. V., 
and on ballast about the seaports. Also in Colo, and Cal. Fugitive from Europe. 
April-June. 

3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside Pepper-grass. (I. F. f. 16S6.) An- 
nual, 1.5-4 dm. high, glabrous, wiry. Basal and lower leaves oblong in outline. 
2-10 cm. long, i-2-pinnatifid into linear or oblong iibtusc segments ; upper loaves 



44^ FLORA. 

smaller, entire or with a few lobes ; flowers i mm, broad or less, greenish ; petals 
none ; stamens 2 : pods flat, not margined, about 2 mm. in length, short-oval or 
suborbicular; pedicels slend.er, 3-4 mm, long in fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely 
winged ; cotyledons incumbent. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides, 
N. S, to Tex. Nat. from Europe. Summer. 

4. Lepidium Virginicum L, Wild Pepper-grass. (I, F, f, 1687,) Similar 
to L. ruderale. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, less pinnatifid, gen- 
erally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, gla- 
brous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong -linear, sessile, or the 
lower stalked; flowers 1-2 mm. broad, white ; petals generally present, sometimes 
wanting in the later flowers; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; 
pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above ; cotyledons accumbent. 
In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minn., Neb., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in 
the West Indies, May-Nov. 

5. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous Pepper-grass. (I. F. f. 1688.) 
Much' like L. riideraie and L. Virginicum. Basal leaves pinnatifid. Pods nearly 
orbicular, slightly wing-margined above, about 2 mm. in diameter; flowering pedi- 
cels ascending, forming narrow racemes, or in fruit spreading ; petals minute or 
wanting; cotyledons incumbent. In dry soil. Me. and Ont. to Cal., D. C. and Tex. 
Apparently nat. from Asia. May-Aug. 

Lepidium medium Greene, with rather large white petals, orbicular pods, 3 mm. 
broad, . and incumbent cotyledons, is found by Mr. Bicknell near New York city, 
and on Mt. Desert Island, Me. It is native of Western N. Am. 

6. Lepidium sativum L, Garden, Town, or Golden Pepper-grass. (I. 
F. f. 1689.) Glabrous, bright green ; stem about 3 dm, high. Lower leaves 2- 
pinnate, or pinnate with the segments lobed or pinnatifid, 0.7-2 dm. long ; upper 
leaves sessile or nearly so, much smaller; flowers in loose elongated racemes, about 
2 mm. broad; petals present, often pinkish ; silicles oval, about 2 mm. wide, equal- 
ling or longer than their pedicels, emarginate, winged all around; style very short. 
In waste places, Quebec to N. Y. and Br. Col. Escaped from gardens. Native of 
Europe. May-Aug. 

5. CORONOPUS Gaertn. 
Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whit- 
ish flowers. Silicles small, didymous. laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often 
only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, in- 
dehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds i in each cell; cotyle- 
dons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate. [Greek, crow-foot, from the shape of 
the leaves.] About 6 species, of wide distribution. 

Pod rugose, not crested. i, C. didymus. 

Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coj-onopus. 

1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. Lesser Wart-cress. (I. F. f. 
1690.) Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pubescent. Stems 0.5-4 dm. 
long; leaves deeply i-2-pinnatifid ; flowers white, racemose ; pedicels slender, 2-3 
mm. long in fruit ; pod about 2 mm. broad and slightly more than i mm. high ; 
valves obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. In waste 
places. Newf. to Fla., Mo. and Tex., west to Cal. Summer. Nat. from the south. 

2. Coronopus Coronopus (L. )Karst. Wart or Swine's Cress. (I. F. f. 
1691.) Tufted, spreading on the grotmd, succulent, glabrous and glaucous, 
or with a few spreading hairs. Leaves similar to those of the last species, gen- 
erally larger, sometimes less divided; flowers similar; pedicels stout, 2 mm, long or 
less ; pod 4 mm. broad and about 3 mm. high, flatfish, rounded, apiculate at the 
summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form a crest around the margin; valves 
not distinctly separate. In waste places and on ballast, N, B, to Fla. and Tex., 
and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 

6. THLASPI L. 

Erect glabrous herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, those of the stem, or at least 

the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Siliques ob- 

cuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emarginate. flattened at right 

9,ngles to the narrow septum, crested or winged, Valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or 



CR UCIFERA E. 447 

several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from 
the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine 
regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in western N. Am. 

Lower stem-leaves not clasping; seeds rugose. \. T. arvense. 

All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping ; seeds smooth. 2. T. perfoliatum. 

1. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny-cress. (I. F. f. 1692.) Annual, gla- 
brous, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous; 
stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly dentate, the upper clasping the stem 
by an auricled base; flowers white, about i mm. broad; pedicels spreading or 
curved upward, slender, 1-2 cm. long in fruit; pods nearly orbicular, 8-12 mm. 
broad, very flat, broadly winged all around, notched at the apex, in long racemes; 
style minute, or none; seeds about 6 in each cell. In waste places and on ballast, 
Quebec to Man., the N. W. Terr., N. Y. and Kans. June- Aug. 

2. Thlaspi perfoiiatum L. Perfoliate Penny-cress. (I. F. £ 1693.) An- 
nual, glabrous; stems 0.5-2 dm. tall. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular; stem- 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, clasping, 1-2.5 cm. long; pedicels 
filiform, spreading; silicle obovate-orbicular, 4-6 mm. broad, rather narrowly 
winged, broadly notched at the summit; style short but manifest; seeds usually 
4 in each cell. Near Hamilton, Ont. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. 
May-Aug. 

7. COCHLEARIA L. 

Maritime herbs, with simple mostly fleshy leaves, and white or rarely purplish 
or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicle inflated, oblong or globose. Valves very 
convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each cell 
of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbent. 
[Greek, spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] About 25 species, natives of the 
colder parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about three 
others are found on the arctic and northern Pacific coasts of N. Am. 

Stem-leaves oval or oblong, subsessile or with a broad- winged petiole, i. C. officinalis. 
Stem- leaves deltoid to hastate, all except the uppermost slender petioled. 

2. C. Danica. 

1. Cochlearia officinalis L. Scurvy -grass. (I. F. f. 1694.) Annual to 
perennial, diff"use, branching, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 15-30 cm, 
long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbicular or reniform, obtuse, 1-3 cm. 
long, dentate or entire; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; petals emarginate, or 
entire; pods globose or ovoid, 4-6 mm, long, smooth or reticulated. Along sea- 
coasts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland and arctic America. Also in arctic Europe 
and Asia. Summer. 

2. Cochlearia Danica L. Danish Scurvy-grass. Annual with slende.r 
diffuse branches, I -2 dm. long. Lower leaves rounded, reniform, 3-6 mm. in diam- 
eter, subentire; flowers about 3 mm. broad, white; petals entire. Fruit ellipsoid, 
about 4 mm. long. Along seacoast, Newf. to Greenland and the arctic coast; also 
in Europe. Summer, 

8. ALLIARIA Adans. 

Biennial or perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous herbs, with broad den- 
tate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals 
short. Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6. Style short, conic, Siliqucs linear, 
slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with a strong mid- 
nerve, dehiscent from the base. Seeds oblong, striate, in I row in each cell; coty- 
ledons flat, incumbent. [From Allium, garlic, on account of its similar odor.] 
About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

T. Alliaria Alliaria (L.) Britton. Hedge-garlic. Garlic Mustard. 
(I. Y. f. 1695.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous, or with a few hairs on the petioles 
and leaf-margins. Leaves crenate or undulate, the lower 0.5-2 dm. broad on long 
petioles, the upper smaller, sessile or nearly so; pedicels 46 mm. long, spreading 
and very stout \w fruit; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; pods glabrous, stifl, 2-5 cm. long, 
2 mm. (hick, jioinled. 4-sidod when 'Irv. Waste places, woods ;\nd along road- 
sides, Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Va. May-June. 



44 8 FLORA. 



9, SISYMBRIUM L. 

Annual or biennial, mostly tall herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid 
leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated. 
Siliques elongated, linear, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3 -nerved, dehiscent. 
Sligma nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in i row in each cell of the 
pod, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Ancient Greek name of some crucifer.j 
A genus of about 50 specie;:, of wide distribution. In addition to the following, 
about 8 others are found in western N. Am. 

Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid. 

Flowers yellow ; pods 1-1.5 cm. long, appressed. i, S. officinale. 

Flowers cream-color ; pods 5-10 cm. long, divergent. 2. S. alttssimum. 

Leaves oblong or spatulate, dentate ; flowers white or pink, 3. S. humile. 

1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. (I. F. f. 1696.) 
Erect, 3-9 dm. high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 
the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; lobes oblong, ovate or lanceolate, the 
lower ones often recurved ; pedicels 2 mm. long, erect in fruit ;' flowers yellow, 3 
mm. broad, pods linear, acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy, closely appressed;- 
valves with a strong prominent midrib. In waste places, common throughout our 
area, except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. May- Nov. 

2. Sisymbrium altissiraum L. Tall Sisymbrium. (I. F. f. 1697.) Erect, 
6-12 dm. high, freely branching, glabrous or nearly so. Lowest leaves runcinate- 
pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes often auriculate; upper leaves shorter petioled, deeply 
pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, often with a narrow projection on the 
lower side near the base ; uppermost leaves often reduced to linear bracts ; flowers 
yellowish, about 6 mm. broad ; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, spreading or ascending, 
thickened in fruit ; pods narrowly linear, divergent, I mm. wide ; valves with a 
prominent midrib. In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Alberta, D. C. and Mo. 
Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

3. Sisymbrium humile Meyer. Low or Northern Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 
1698.) Perennial, erect, 1-2.5 ^^- ^ig^^? sparingly pubescent, with branched 
hairs. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed 
into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, often acute ; 
flowers white or pink, 3-4 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pods nearly 
terete, narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, i mm. wide ; valves finely nerved ; style I 
mm. long. In rocky places, Anticosti, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., Lake Superior, 
to Alaska and Oregon. July. 

10. CAKILE Gaertn. 

Annual, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with purplish flowers. Siliques 
elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-iointed, the joints I -celled and 
I -seeded. Style none; cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of 
about 3 species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and N. Am. 

I. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. American Sea Rocket. (I. F. f. 1699.) 
Bushy-branched from a deep root, the lower branches spreading or ascending, the 
central ones erect, 3 dm. in height or less. Leaves oblanceolate, or obovate, ob- 
tuse, sinuate-dentate or lobed, narrowed at the base, the lower 7-13 cm, long ; 
flowers light purple, 4-6 mm. broad; petals long-clawed, more than twice the length 
of the sepals ; pod 1-2 cm. long, upper joint slightly longer than the lower, ovoid, 
flattened, narrowed into a beak above; lower joint obovoid, not flattened. In sands 
of the seashore, Newf. to Fla., and along the Great Lakes, N. Y. to Minn. Also on 
the California coast. Summer. 

II. MYAGRUM L. 

An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to 
lanceolate leaves, the lower petioled. the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the 
base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes ; pedicels short, erect-ascend- 
ing, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short ; longer stamens somewhat con- 
nate in pairs. Silicle obcuneate to spatulate. flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-celled, 
I -seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous ; cotyledons incumbent. 
[Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 



CRUCIFERAE. 449 

1. MyagTum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. (I. F. f. 1699^,) Lower leaves 
narrowed into petioles ; upper leaves 5-13 cm. long, the basal auricles mostly 
rounded ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods ; longer stamens 
about equalling the petals. In waste places about Quebec. Fugitive or adventive 
from Europe. Summer. 

12. SINAPIS L. 

Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with 
pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal 
racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in 
the calyx, densely hispid in our species, tipped with a very long flat sword-like 
beak which sometimes contains a seed near its base. Seeds oblong or subglobose, 
not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, said to come 
from the Celtic for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Only 
the following is known from N. Am. 

I. Sinapis alba L. White Mustard. (I. F. f. 1700.) Erect, 3-6 dm. 
high, more or less pubescent with stiff spreading hairs. Lower leaves 1.5-2 dm. 
long, obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, with a large terminal leaflet 
or lobe and several pairs of smaller lateral ones, dentate all around ; uppermost 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, merely dentate, short-petioled ; flowers yellow, 14-18 
mm. broad; pedicels rather stout, spreading, 10-14 mm. long in fruit; pods spread- 
ing or ascending, terete, constricted betv/een the seeds ; beak flat, equalling or 
sometimes longer than the pod ; seeds light brown. In waste places and fields, 
occasional, mostly escaped from cultivation. Adventive from Europe. Native also 
of western Asia. Summer. 

13. BRASSICA L. 

Erect branching herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy yellow flowers 
in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided, tipped with 
an indehiscent conic usually i -seeded beak. Valves convex, 1-3-nerved. Seeds 
in I row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name 
of the Cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. 

None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile. 

Pods slender, 1-2.5 cm. long-, appressed. i. B. nigra. 

Pods rather slender, 2-5 cm. long, erect, not appressed, on slender pedicels 6-10 mm. 
long. 

Leaves merely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. Juncea. 

Leaves laciniate, at least marginally. 3. B. Japo7iica. 

Pods spreading or ascending at maturity, on stout pedicels 4-6 mm. long. 

4. B. arvensis. 
Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 5. B. campestris 

1. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. (I. F. f. 1701.) Erect, 
0.5-2,1 m. high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender-petioled, with I terminal 
large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral ones, dentate all around, the uppermost reduced 
to lanceolate or oblong entire blades; flowers bright yellow, 6-10 mm. broad; pedi- 
cels slender, appressed, 4 mm. long in fruit; pods narrowly linear, 4-sided. 1-1.5 
cm. long, I mm. wide, appressed; beak slender, 2-4 mm. long; seeds dark brown. 
In fields and waste places, common throughout our area. Nat. from Europe. 
June-Nov. 

2. Brassica jiincea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. (I. F. f. 1702.) Pale, 
glabrous, or slightly pubescent, somewhat glaucous; stem erect, 3-12 dm. tall. 
Lower leaves long-petioled, 1-1.5 dm. long, the uppermost sessile or nearly so, 
lanceolate or line:ar, commonly entire, much smaller; flowers 1,2-1,8 cm. wide; 
pedicels 6-10 mm. long, not appressed; pods 2-5 cm. long, rather more than 2 mm. 
wide, the conic-subulate empty beak one-fourth to one-third the length of the 
body. In waste places, N. H. to Penn., Mich., Va. and Kans. Adventive or 
nat. from Asia. May-July. 

3. Brassica Japonica Siebold. Similar to the preceding, but the loaves 
laciniate, sometimes deeply so, often much crisped. In waste places. Me. to Ga. 
Adventive from Asia. 



450 FLORA. 

4. Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P. Charlock. Wild Mustard. (I. F. f. 
1703.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate. Leaves 
similar to those of B. nigra but generally not so much pinnatifid; flowers 1-1.6 
cm. broad; pedicels stout; pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, somewhat con- 
stricted between the seeds, 1-1.6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, tipped with a flattened 
elongated-conic often i -seeded beak 10-12 mm. long, the valves strongly nerved. 
In fields and waste places, frequent or occasional. Adventive from Europe. May- 
Nov. 

5. Brassica campestris L. Turnip. Wild Navew. (I. F. f. 1704.) Stem 
3-9 dm. high, glabrous and glaucous, or sometimes slightly pubescent. Lower 
leaves petioled, pubescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid; upper leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, sessile and clasping by an auricled base; glabrous; flowers bright 
yellow, 8-10 mm. broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, often 2.5 cm. long in 
fruit; pods 3-5 cm. long, tipped with a beak 8- 10 mm. long. In cultivated 
grounds, sometimes persisting for a year or two, and occasional in waste places. 
Fugitive from Europe. April-Oct. 

Brassica Nkpus L. (Rape) has all the leaves glabrous, and is sometimes found in 
waste places. 

Brassica oler^cea L. (Cabbage) is occasionally found in waste places. 

14. DIPLOTAXIS DC. 

Herbs similar to the Mustards, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large 
yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, 
short-beaked or beakless, the valves mostly i -nerved. Style usually slender. 
Seeds in two complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, marginless; 
cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 
20 species, natives of the Old World, the following fugitive or adventive in our 
territory. 

Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. i. D. tenuifoha. 

Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D. muralis. 

1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall Rocket. (L F. f. 1705.) Gla- 
brous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous; stem bushy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
pinnatifid, thin, the lower 7-15 cm. long, the lobes mostly narrow; flowers 1.5-2 
cm. broad; pods 2-3 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, nearly erect; pedicels slender, 
2-4 cm. long in fruit. In waste places and ballast, N. S. to N. J. and Penn. 
Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sand Rocket. (I. F. f. 1706.) Branched 
from the base, sparingly hispid or glabrous, leafy only below. Leaves oblanceo- 
late, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed at the base,- mostly 
slender-petioled; flowers 12-16 mm. broad ; pod about 2.5 cm. long and 2 mm. 
wide, erect, flattish; fruiting pedicels 8-16 mm. long. In waste places and 
ballast, range of the preceding. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

15. RAPHANUS L. 

Mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated - 
linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between 
the seeds, indehiscent. Style slender. Seeds subglobose ; cotyledons conduplicate. 
[Greek, quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] A genus of about 6 
species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. 

Flowers yellow, fading white ; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-10-seeded . 

1. R. Raphanistrum. 
Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3-seeded. 

2. R. sativiis. 

I. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Jointed or White 
Charlock. (I. F. f. 1707.) Biennial or annual from a slender root, 3-7.5 dm. 
high, sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous. Basal and lower leaves lyrate-pin- 
natifid, 1-2 dm. long, with a large terminal lobe and 4-6 pairs of successively 
smaller lateral ones, all crenate or dentate; upper leaves small, oblong; flowers 
1-2 cm. broad, yellow, fading to white, purplish-veined; pedicels 6-16 mm. long 



CR UCIFERA E. 45^ 

in fruit; pods 2,5-4 cm. long, 6-io-seeded, nearly cylindric when fresh, constricted 
between the seeds when dry, tipped with a conic beak 1-2 cm. long. In fields and 
waste places, Penn. to Ont. and N. B. Introduced also in Br. Col. Nat. from 
Europe. Summer. 

2. Raphanus sativus L. ' Garden Radish. (I. F. f. 1708.) Similar to the 
last, but flowers pkik or white. Root deep, fusiform or napiform, fleshy. Pods 
fleshy, 2-3 -seeded, not longitudinally grooved, often equalled or exceeded by the 
long conic beak. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a year or two in 
gardens or fields, rarely in waste places. Natives of Asia. June-Oct. 

16. BARBAREA R. Br. 

Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs, with angled stems, pin- 
natifid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Stamens 6. Silique elongated, 
linear, 4-angled. Valves keeled or ribbed. Style short. Seeds in i row in each 
cell, flat, oblong, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from St. Barbara.] 
About 6 species, natives of the temperate zones. 

Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled ; leaf-segments 1-4 pairs. 

Pods divergent or ascending. i. B. Barbarea, 

Pods erect, appressed. 2. B, stricta. 

Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled ; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B. praecox. 

1. Barbarea Barbarea (L. ) MacM. Yellow Rocket or Cress. (I. F. f. 
1709.) Tufted; stems 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves petioled, 5-13 cm. long, pinnat- 
ifid; terminal division much larger than the 1-4 pairs of lateral ones, all oval or 
obovate ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; pods spread- 
ing or ascending, about 2.5 cm. long, obscurely 4-angled; pedicels about 4 mm. 
long. In fields and waste places. Lab. to Va. and locally in the interior. Also on 
the Pacific coast. Nat. from Europe. April-June. 

2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. Erect-fruited Winter Cress. (I. F. f. 
1710. ) Similar to the preceding. Lateral segments of the leaves comparatively 
larger ; pods obtusely or obscurely 4-angled, about 2.5 cm. long, erect and ap- 
pressed against the rachis of the raceme on erect or ascending slender pedicels. In 
fields and waste places, Quebec to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Neb. Nat. 
from Europe. April-June. 

3. Barbarea praecox (J. E. Smith) R. Br. Early Winter or Belle Isle 
Cress. (I. F. f. 1711.) Closely resembles the last species. Divisions of the leaves 
more numerous; pods sharply 4-sided, slightly compressed, 3-8 cm. long, on stout 
pedicels. In waste places, S. N. Y. to Fla. Adventive from Europe. April-June. 

17. lODANTHUS T. & G. 

A glabrous erect perennial herb, with dentate leaves auricled at the base, or the 
lower and basal ones lyrate-pinnatifid, and violet or white flowers in panicled ra- 
cemes. Sepals much shorter than the petals, the inner ones slightly gibbous at the 
base. Petals long-clawed. Style stout; stigma subcapitate. Silique linear-cylindric, 
somewhat constricted between the seeds. Seeds oblong, rounded, in I row in each 
cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, violet-colored flower.] A monotypic genus 
of S. N. Am. 

I. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purple or False Rocket. 
(I. F. f. 17 12.) Stem slender, 3-10 dm. high. Lower leaves ovate or oblong (oc- 
casionally cordate), 0.5-2 dm. long, dentate, tapering into a margined petiole which 
is clasping and auriculate at the base, the lower part of the blade often pinnatifid 
into 2-6 pairs of small segments; stem-leaves similar or merely dentate, narrower, 
sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper nearly sessile; flowers luimerous. 6-8 mm. 
broad; pedicels spreading, 2-4 cm. long in fruit; pods linear, 4-6 mm. long, i mm. 
wide, spreading or ascending; style 2 mm. long. On river banks, W. Penn. to 
Minn., Tenn., Kans., La. and Tex. May-June. 

18. RORIPA Scop. 

Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or i-arely entire leaves. 
Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short or elongated, terete or nearlv so. 
Stipe none. Valves generally i -nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-robed 



452 FLOFA. 

or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell (very rarely in i 
row). Cotyledons accumbent. [Name unexplained.] About 25 species, of wide 
geographic distribution. Besides the following, there are about 5 other North 
American species, natives of the southern and western parts of the continent. The 
white-flowered species perhaps represent different generic types. 

Flowers yellow. 

Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled. 

Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. 

Leaves pinnately divided; style very short; naturalized European species. 

I. R. sylvestris. 
Leaves pinnatiiid ; style slender; native western species. 

Pedicels and pods glabrous or nearly so. 2. R. sinuata. 

Pedicels and pods scurfy-puberulent. 3. R. calycina. 

Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots. 
Pods 2-10 mm. long, straight. 

Fruiting pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; stem diffuse. 

Pods linear to oblong, 6-10 mm. long. 4. R. obtusa. 

Pods subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter. 5. R. sphaerocarpa. 
Fruiting pedicels 4-8 mm. long; stem erect. 

Stem nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong. 

6. R. palust?-is. 
Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 7. R. hispida. 
Pods 8-14 mm. long, strongly curved upward. 8. R. curvisiliqua. 

Flowers and pods very nearly sessile. 9. R. sessiliflora. 

Flowers white. 

Leaves pinnately divided ; pods linear. 10. R. Nasturtium. 

Leaves simple or the lower pinnatifid ; pods oblong or globose. 

Terrestrial, tall ; leaves crenate, or the lower lobed or pinnatifid. 

II. ^. Armor acta. \ 
Aquatic ; immersed leaves finely dissected. 12. R, Americana. 

1. Roripa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Creeping Yellow Water-cress. (I. F. f- 
17 13.) Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches ascending. Leaves pin- 
nately divided or deeply pinnatifid, petioled, 7- 13 cm, long, 2-5 cm. broad, the 
divisions obovate, or oblong, toothed or lobed; pedicels slender, about 6 mm. long; 
flowers yellow, 6-10 mm. broad; pod linear, 8- 12 mm. long; style very short. In 
low grounds and waste places, Newf. to Mass., Va. and Mich, Adventive or nat. 
from Europe, Summer. 

2. Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Spreading Yellow-cress. 
(I. F. f. 1 7 14.) Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves ob- 
long, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2,5 ^'^- wide, pinnatifid, the lobes 
linear or oblong, obtuse; pedicels slender, 6 mm. long; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. 
broad; pods linear-oblong, often curved, 8-15 mm, long; style slender, 2-4 mm, 
long. Minn, to S, Dak,, Mo,, west to the Sierra Nevada, June-Sept. 

3. Roripa calycina (Engelm.) Rydb, Scurfy Yellow-cress, Similar to 
R. sinuata^ the leaves rather more deeply pinnatifid; flowers about one-half the 
size, and pods and pedicels scurfy-puberulent. W. Neb., Wyo, and Mont. Has 
been referred to R. airvisiliqua. June-Aug. 

4. Roripa obtnsa (Nutt.) Britton, Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress. (L F. f. 
1 7 15.) Annual or biennial, diffuse. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5- 10 cm. long, 
pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse, repand-toothed, or sometimes en- 
tire; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers yellow, 2-3 mm. broad or less; pods narrowly 
oblong, or linear, 6- 10 mm. long, ascending; style I mm. long. In low grounds, 
Mich, to Tex. , west to the Pacific coast, April-Aug. 

5. Roripa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Britton. Round- fruited Cress. (I. F. f. 
17 16.) Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the lower lyrate-pin- 
natifid or incised, the upper sometimes nearly entire, petioled or the upper sub- 
sessile; petioles narrowly margined, somewhat clasping; flowers 2 mm. broad or 
less; petals yellow, about equalling the sepals; silicle globose, about 2 mm. in di- 
ameter, about as long as its pedicel; style very short. 111. to Kans,, Tex. and 
Cal. June-July. 

6. Roripa palristris (L,) Bess. Marsh or Yellow Water-cress. (I. F. f. 
1717.) Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. 
Lower leaves petioled, 7- 17 cm. long, oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes 
repand or toothed; upper leaves nearly sessile, dentate or somewhat lobed; pedi- 



CRUCIFERAE. 453 

eels slender, 6 mm. long in fruit; flowers yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; pods linear, or 
linear-oblong, 2-6 times as long as thick, about equalling the pedicels, spreading 
or curved; style I mm. long or less. In wet places, nearly throughout N. Am. ex- 
cept the extreme north. Apparently nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 

7. Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton. Hispid Yellow-cress. (I. F. f. 1718.) 
Resembling the preceding, but often stouter, sometimes 12 dm. high, the stem, 
branches, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves hirsute. Leaves 
lyrate-pinnatifid ; pedicels slender, spreading, about 6 mm. long, longer than the 
globose or ovoid pod, which is 1-2 times as long as thick. In wet places, N. B. to 
Br. Col., Fla. and N. Mex. Summer. 

8. Roripa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. Curved-fruited Cress. (I. F. f. 
1719.) Annual or biennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; stems 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high. Leaves oval or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or toothed, the 
lower 2-8 cm. long; flowers light yellow, 4 mm. broad in short racemes; petals 
rather longer than the sepals; style short; pods linear, 8-16 mm. long, less than 
2 mm. wide, strongly curved upward; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2-4 mm. 
long. In moist soil, Mont, to Br. Col. and Cal. Not certainly known within our 
range. May-Aug. 

9. Roripa sessilifldra (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. Sessile-flowered Cress. 
(I. F. f. 1720.) Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
petioled, the lower 7-10 cm. long, obovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or 
pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, 2 mm. broad, nearly sessile; pods 
very slightly pedicelled, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, narrowly oblong; style 
very short. In low grounds, Tenn., 111. and Iowa to Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
April-June. 

10. Roripa Nastiirtium(L.)Rusby. Water-cress. (LF. f. 1721.) Aquatic, 
glabrous, rooting from the nodes. Leaves odd-pinnate, of 3-9 segments, the 
terminal one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval, or the terminal one 
nearly orbicular; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; pods I-3.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, 
slightly curved upward, on pedicels of about their length ; seeds in 2 rows. In 
brooks and streams, N. S. to Manitoba, Ore., Va. and Neb. and Ariz. Nat. from 
Europe. April-Nov. 

11. Roripa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Horseradish. (I. F. f. 1722.) 
Erect, 6-10 dm. high, from deep thick roots. Basal leaves on thick petioles 
1.5-3 dm. long, the blade oblong, often nearly as long, crenate, sinuate or even 
pinnatifid, rough but glabrous; upper leaves sessile, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 
crenate or dentate; racemes paniculate; pedicels slender, ascending, 4-6 mm. 
long; flowers white, 4-8 mm. broad; pods oblong or nearly globose; style very 
short. Escaped from gardens into moist grounds, especially along streams. 
Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

12. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton. Lake Water-cress. (I. F. f. 
1723.) Aqviatic, branching, 3-6 dm. long. Immersed leaves 5-8 cm. long, 
pinnately dissected into numerous filiform divisions; emersed leaves oblong, 2-8 
cm. long; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, slender, spreading; flowers white; style slender, 
about 2 mm. long; pods ovoid, 4 mm. long, i-celled. In lakes and slow streams, 
Vt. and Quebec to Ont., Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. Summer. 

19. CARDAMINE L. 

Erect or ascending herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks or fibrous roots, 
entire lobed or divided leaves, and racemose or corymbose white or purple flowers. 
Stamens 6, rarely 4. Siliques elongated, flat; valves nerveless or faintl)- nerved, 
elastically dehiscent at maturity. Stipe none. Seeds in i row in each cell, 
compressed, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Creek, heart-strengthening.] 
About 75 species, natives of temperate regions. 

* Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal segment. 
Flowers 1-2 cm. broad, white or purplish. i. C. ptiitensis. 

Flowers 2-8 mm. broad, white. 

Leaf-segments numerous, small, the terminal one 4-20 mm. wide, narrowed, rounded 
or subcordate at tlie base. 

Leaves nearly all basal, pubescent. 2. C. hit suta. 

Stem leafy ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 



454 FLORA. 

Mature pods erect, 0.5-1 mm. wide. 

Flowers 4-5 mm. wide; plants of swamps, streams, or wet grounds. 
Segments of basal leaves 4-25 mm. wide; plant 2-9 dm. tall. 

3. C. Pennsylvanica. 
Segments of basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide; plant 1-3 dm. tall. 

4. C. arenicola. 
Flowers 2-3 mm. wide; plant of dry rocky situations. 

5. C. parviflora. 
Mature pods divergent or ascending, more than i mm. wide. 

6. C. flexuosa. 
Leaf-segments few, large, the terminal one 2-5 cm. wide, deeply cordate. 

7. C. Clematitis, 

** Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with i or 2 lateral segments. 

Dwarf, alpine ; leaves nearly entire, long-petioled. 8. C. bellidifolia. 
Erect or decumbent ; leaves more or less toothed or lobed. 

Flowers purple ; stem erect. 9. C. purpurea. 
Flowers white. 

Stem erect from a tuberous base. 10. C. bulbosa. 

Stem decumbent, stoloniferous; roots fibrous. 11. C. rotundi/olia. 

1. Cardaraine pratensis L. Meadow Bitter-cress. Cuckoo-flower. 
(I. F. f. 1724.) Glabrous, 2-5 dm. high; roots fibrous. Leaves pinnately divided, 
lanceolate or oblong in outline, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; divisions 3-7 
pairs and an odd one; petals three times the length of the calyx; pedicels slender, 
8-12 mm. long in fruit; pods 1.5-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; style 1-2 mm. long, 
thick. In wet meadows and swamps, Lab. to N. J., Br. Col. and Minn. Also in 
Europe and northern Asia. April-May. 

2. Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter-cress. (I. F. f. 1725.) More or 
less pubescent; stem usually little branched, 1-2.5 dm. tall. Leaves nearly all 
basal, 2-10 cm. long, pinnate, the terminal segment orbicular or broader than long, 
entire or few-toothed, the lateral ones 2-5 pairs; stem leaves few, their segments 
linear, or linear-oblong; flowers 4 mm. broad, white; .pods linear, about 2.5 cm. 
long and I mm. wide, erect on ascending pedicels 4-8 mm. long when mature; 
style almost none. In moist places, Penn. to Mich., Neb. and N. Car. Also in 
Europe and Asia. March-May. 

3. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bitter-cress. (I. F. 
f. 1726.) Glabrous or rarely with a few hairs; stem erect, 2-9 dm. tall, usually 
much branched, leafy. Basal leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, the terminal segment obo- 
vate, oval or suborbicular, the lateral 4-8 pairs oblong, oval, or obovate; flowers 
about 4 mm. broad, white; pods narrowly linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, less than I mm. 
wide, erect when mature on ascending or divergent pedicels 4-6 mm. long ; style 
about I mm. long. In swamps and wet places, Newf. to Minn., Mont, Fla., Tenn. 
and Kans. April-June. 

4. Cardamine arenicola Britton. Sand Bitter-cress. (I. F. f. 1727.) 
Glabrous, usually branched from the base, leafy, erect, 1.5-3 dm. high. Segments 
of the leaves numerous, linear or linear-oblong, 1-3 mm. wide, obtusish, entire, or 
with 1-3 small teeth; flowers about 4 mm. broad, white; mature pods erect, about 
2 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, their pedicels iascending; style almost wanting. In 
moist or wet sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. March-April. 

5. Cardamine parviflora L. Small-flowered Bitter cress. (I. F. f. 
1728.) Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stem weak, erect or ascending, very 
slender or almost filiform, 0.5-4 dm. long, usually leafy up to the racemes, the 
leaves scattered. Segments of the leaves numerous, oblong or linear, or the ter- 
minal one sometimes orbicular, 1-4 mm. wide; mature pods 2-5 cm. long or less, 
rather less than I mm. wide, erect on ascending pedicels, 4-10 mm. long, the axis 
of the racemes commonly zigzag ; flowers scarcely more than I mm. broad, white; 
style almost wanting. On rocks, Quebec to W. Ont., Ore., south to Mass. and Ga. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-May. 

6. Cardamine flexuosa With. Wood Bitter-cress. (I. F. f. 1729.) Gla- 
brous; stem leafy, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaf- segments obovate, oval, oblong or linear, 
the terminal one sometimes orbicular, narrowed rounded or subcordate at the base, 
1-2 cm. wide, the lateral ones usually much narrower; flowers white, 4 mm. broad; 
pods ascending or divergent, on spreading or ascending pedicels, 1.5-3 cm. long, 
I mm. wide or rather more ; style minute or none. In wet woods, streams and 



CRUCIFERAE. ' ' 455 

mountain swamps, Me, to Mich, and N. Car. Also in Europe and Asia May- 
Aug. 

7. Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw. Mountain Bitter-cress. (I. F. f. 
1730.) Glabrous, dark green; stem weak, slender, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves various, 
some of them of a single orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate terminal segment, 
some of them with two additional ovate oblong or rounded lateral segments, the 
uppermost occasionally linear-oblong and entire; flowers in short racemes, white, 
6-8 mm. wide; pedicels ascending, 6-12 mm. long; pods ascending or divergent, 
2-4 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide; style 2-4 mm. long, subulate. In wet woods, 
high mountains of Va. and N. Car. to Ala. May-July. 

8. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Alpine Cress. (I. F. f, 173 1.) Tufted, 
glabrous, 5- 13 cm. high; roots fibrous. Lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, 
the blade 8-12 mm. long, abruptly contracted into the petiole, entire, or with a 
few rounded teeth; upper leaves similar, shorter-petioled; flowers I-5, white; 
petals about twice the length of the calyx; pods erect,' linear, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. 
wide, narrowed at each end; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; style stout, less than 2 mm. 
long. Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. ; Mt. Katahdin, Me. ; Green- 
land and arctic Am. ; the Canadian Rocky Mts. ; Cal. Also in Europe. July. 

9. Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Purple Cress. (I. F. f. 1732.) 
Glabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high from tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves slender- 
petioled, 2-3 cm. broad, ovate or orbicular, cordate, thickish, the upper sessile, 
dentate or entire; pedicels 8-25 mm. long; flowers purple, 1-2 cm. broad; pods 
nearly erect, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, pointed at each end; style 4 mm. long. 
Li cold, springy places, Quebec and arctic Am. to the Canadian Rocky Mts., 
Md. and Wis. April-May. 

10. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P. Bulbous Cress. (I. F. f 1733.) 
Glabrous, erect from a tuberiferous base, 2-4.5 ^^* ^ig^i' Basal leaves oval, or 
nearly orbicular, 2-4 cm. long, sometimes cordate, angled or entire, long-petioled; 
stem-leaves sessile or the lower petioled, oblong or lanceolate, dentate or entire; 
pedicels 8-25 mm. long; flowers white, 1-1.5 cm. broad; petals three or four times 
the length of the calyx; pods 2.5 cm. long, erect, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at 
each end; style 2-4 mm. long; stigma prominent; seeds short-oval. In wet 
meadows and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 

11. Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Rqund-leaved or American Water- 
cress. (I. F. f. 1734.) Weak, ascending or decumbent, forming long stolons; 
roots fibrous. Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile, ovate, oval, or orbicular, obtuse, undulate angled or entire, thin; pedicels 
1-2.5 cm. long in fruit; flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; pods linear, 14-16 mm. 
long, I mm. wide, pointed; style 2 mm. long; stigma minute; seeds oblong. In 
cold springs, N. J. to Ohio, N. Car. and Ky. May-June. 

20. DENTARIA L. 

Perennial herbs, with horizontal scaly or toothed rootstocks, erect, mostly un- 
branched stems leafless below, 3 -divided or palmately laciniate petioled leaves, and 
corymbose or short racemose white rose-colored or purple flowers. Petals much 
longer than the sepals. Stamens 6. Style slender. Silique linear, flat, elastic 
ally dehiscent from the base, its valves nerveless or with a faint midnerve; stipe 
none. Seeds in i row in each cell, thick, oval, flattened, wingless; cotyledons 
thick, accumbent. [Greek, tooth, from the toothlike divisions of the rootstock.] 
About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 
some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 
Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar. 

Leaf-divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or cleft. i. £>. laciniata. 

Leaf-divisions ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate or lobed. 

Stem-leaves 2, opposite, or close together ; rootstock continuous. 

2. n. dif^hylla. 
Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate ; rootstock jointed. 3. D. maxima. 

Divisions of the stem-leaves linear or lanceolate ; those of the basal leaves ovate, much 
broader. 4. D. heterophylla . 

I. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepper-root. 
(I. F. f. 1735.) Pubescent or glabrous, scapose, 2-4 dm. high; rootstock deep. 



45^ ' FLORA. 

tubercled, jointed. Leaves 5-I3 cm. broad, those of the stem generally 3 and ap- 
proximate or verticillate, 3-parted nearly to the base; divisions lanceolate, linear 
or oblong, the lateral ones often deeply 2-cleft, all incisely toothed or lobed; basal 
leaves similar, rarely developed at flowering time; pedicels ascending, stout, 1.5-2 
cm. long in fruit; flowers 1.4-2 cm. broad, white or pink; pods linear, ascending. 
2-4 cm. long; styde 6-8 mm. long. In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Fla., Minn,, 
Kans. and La. April-June. 

2. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two-lea^^d Toothwort. (I. F. f. 1736.) 
Stout, scapose, glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; rootstock continuous, toothed. Basal 
leaves long-petioled, 1-1.3 dm. broad, ternate, the divisions short-stalked, broadly 
ovate, dentate, or somewhat lobed, about 5 cm. long; stem-leaves generally 2, op- 
posite or nearly so; pedicels 2-4 cm. long; flowers white, 1.4-1.6 cm. broad; pods 
2.5 cm. long or more. Li rich woods and meadows, N. S. to Minn., S. Car. and 
Ky. May. 

3. Dentaria maxima Nutt. Large Toothwort. (L F. f. 1737.) Similar 
to the preceding but larger; rootstock jointed, tubercled. Stem-leaves 2-7 (gen- 
erally 3), alternate, similar to the basal ones; flowers pale purple, 1.5-2 cm. 
broad. Vt. to N. Y. and Penn. May. 

4. Dentaria heterophylia Nutt. Slender Toothwort. (L F. f. 1738.) 
Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2.5-3.5 dm. high; rootstock jointed. 
Basal leaves long-petioled, ternate; divisions ovate, the terminal one cuneate or 
rounded at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral, the lobes or teeth mucronate; 
stem-leaves generally 2, opposite or nearly so, ternate, the divisions linear or lan- 
ceolate; pedicels 2.5 cm. long in fruit; flowers light purple, 1. 6-1. 8 cm. broad; pods 
ascending, 2.5 cm. long. In woods, N. J. and Penn. to Ga. and Tenn. April- 
May. 

21. LUNARIA L. 

Pubescent erect herbs, with broad dentate or denticulate mostly cordate leaves, 
and large violet flowers in terminal racemes. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. 
Petals obovate, clawed. Siliques long-stipitate, very flat, oblong or elliptic, dehis- 
cent, the papery valves reticulate- veined. Style filiform; septum hyaline, trans- 
lucent, shining. Seeds circular or reniform, very large, winged, borne on long 
funiculi, which are adnate to the septum ; cotyledons large, accumbent. [Latin, 
moon, in allusion to the shining partition of the pod.] Two known species, natives 
of Europe and Asia. 

Siliques oblong, pointed at both ends ; perennial. i. Z. rediviva. 

Siliques elliptic, rounded at both ends; annual or biennial. 2. L. annua. 

I. Lunaria rediviva L. Perennial Satin-pod or Satin-flower. (I. F. f. 
1739.) Pubescent with short simple hairs; stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves broadly 
ovate, acuminate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin, the lower long- 
petioled, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; flowers 1. 5-2. 5 cm. broad, slender-pedicelled; pods 
oblong, 5-8 mm. long, drooping, borne on slender stipes of about one-half their 
length; seeds reniform, broader than long. In thickets, Canadian side of Niagara 
Falls. Escaped from gardens or fugitive from Europe. May-July. 

2 Lunaria annua L. Honesty. (I.E. f. 1740.) Resembles the preceding 
species when in flower, but the root is annual or biennial. Siliques elliptic or 
broadly oval, 3-5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide or rather more, rounded at both ends; seeds 
suborbicular, cordate, about as long as wide. Escaped from gardens to roadsides 
in southwestern Connecticut. Both this species and the preceding are occasionally 
cultivated for their remarkably large pods, which are gathered for dry bouquets, 
the valves falling away at matturity and leaving the septum as a shining membrane, 
May-June. 

22. SELENIA Nutt. 

Annual tufted glabrous herbs, with pinnatisect leaves, and racemose leafy- 
bracted yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Petals narrow, erect, wdth 10 hypogy- 
nous glands at their bases. Silique stalked, very flat, oblong, narrowed at each 
end, dehiscent ; valves nerveless, thin, finely veined. Style long, slender. Seeds 



CRUCIPERAE. 457 

few, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, orbicular, flat, broadly winged, free from the 
septum. Cotyledons accumbent, [Greek, moon, from the resemblance of this 
genus to LunariaJ\ Two or three species, natives of the south-central United States 
and northern Mexico. 

I. Selenia aurea Nutt. Selenia. (I. F. f. 1741.) Stems simple, numer- 
ous, 0.5-2 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, narrow, 1-2 pinnatifid into numer- 
ous oblong dentate segments ; stem-leaves similar, smaller ; bracts of the raceme 
pinnatifid, resembling the upper leaves; flowers 6-8 mm. high, numerous; pedicels 
1-1.5 cm. long in fruit, spreading or ascending; pod 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 cm. broad; 
style 4 mm. long, very slender. In open places, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. March- 
April. 

23. LEAVENwdRTHIA Torr. 

Low annual glabrous scapose herbs, with lyrate-pinnatifid persistent basal 
leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers. Petals wedge-shaped. Siliques flat, 
broadly linear or oblong, short-stipitate, dehiscent ; valves nerveless, finely retic- 
ulate-veined. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, flat, winged or margined; 
radicle short, slightly bent toward the cotyledons. [In honor of Dr. M. C. Leaven- 
worth, U. S. A. ] A genus of about 4 species, natives of southeastern North Am. 

Pods not constricted between the seeds. i. L. unijlora. 

Pods constricted between the seeds. 2. Z,. torulosa. 

1. Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton. Michaux's Leavenworthia. 
(I. F. f. \'J^2.) Tufted, 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, 2-10 cm. long, the 
segments 5-17, dentate or angled, 4-6 mm. long, the terminal one somewhat larger, 
all narrowed near the base; stem-leaves none, or 1-3, smaller; flowers about 6 mm. 
broad; petals white or purplish with a yellow base, about twice the length of the 
sepals ; pods oblong or linear, I-3 cm. long, 4 mm. wide when mature ; seeds 
winged; style about i mm. long. In open, dry places, S. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. 
April, 

2. Leavenworthia torulosa A. Gray. Necklace Leavenworthia. (I. F. 
f. 1743.) Closely resembles the preceding, but the pods are narrower and con- 
stricted between the seeds. Style 3-4 mm. long ; seeds sharp-margined, barely 
winged ; terminal segment of the basal leaves decidedly broader than the lateral 
ones. Barrens of Ky. and Tenn. April. 

24. PHYSARIA A. Gray. 

Low perennial stellate-canescent herbs, with usually simple stems, spatulate 
mostly entire leaves, the basal ones tufted, and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 
Petals longer than the sepals. Style filiform. Silicles membranous, stellate-pubes- 
cent, their cavities inflated, subglobose, the septum narrow. Seeds not margined; 
cotyledons accumbgnt. [Greek, bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated fruit.] 
About 4 species, natives of western N. Am. 

I. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Double Bladder-pod. (I. F. 
f. 1744.) Root long and deep. Stems slender, 0.7-3 dm. long; leaves spatulate, 
the basal ones obtuse, entire, or few-lobed, narrowed into margined petioles; blade, 
or terminal segment, 2-13 cm. long; stem-leaves nearly sessile, acute or subacute, 
much smaller; flowers 1-1.3 cm. broad; pods didymous, variable, often I cm. thick 
through the strongly inflated cavities, emarginate at base and summit, commonly 
broader than high; seeds numerous. In dry soil, N. VV. Terr, to Br. Col., Neb., 
Colo, and Nev. May-Aug. 

25. LESQUERELLA S.Wats. 

Low herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose mainlv vellow 
flowers. Petals ' entire. Anthers sagittate. Pod generally inflated, gloU^se or 
oblong; valves nerveless; septum translucent, nerved from the apex to the middle. 
Seeds several or many in each cell of the pod, flattened, marginloss or narrow- 
margined; cotyledons accumbent. [Dedicated to Leo Lesquereux, 1805- 1S80, 
Swiss .and American botanist.] About 35 species, natives of America, and mainly 
of the western parts of the U. S. 



458 FLORA. 

Pods densely stellate-pubescent. 

Pods oblong- to globose, acute, 4 mm. long ; low perennial. 1. L. spathulata. 

Pods globose, 2 mm. in diameter ; tall annual. 2. L. globoia. 

Pods oval or globose, 4-5 mm. long ; tall biennial or perennial. 3. L, argentea. 
Pods glabrous or very nearly so. 

Annual, sparingly pubescent ; stem slender, 3-6 dm. tall, much branched ; south- 
western. 4. L. gracilis. 

Perennial, densely stellate ; stem rather stout, 1.5-3 dm. tall, simple ; western. 

5. L. ovalifolia. 

Perennial, 2-15 cm. tall ; stem simple ; arctic, 6. L. arctica. 

1. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. Low Bladder-pod. (I. F. f. 1745.) 
Perennial, 1-1.3 dm. high; stems slender, simple. Lower leaves oblanceolate or 
spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish, narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear; 
flowers about 4 mm. broad; pedicels 6-12 mm. long, recurved in fruit; pods 
oblong or nearly globose, finely canescent, about 4 mm. long, few-seeded, tipped 
with a style of about their own length. Dry hills. Neb. and S. Dak. to Mont, and 
the N. W. Terr. June. 

2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S. Wats. Short's Bladder-pod. (I. F. f. 
1746.) Slender, sparingly branched, 1.5-5 dm. high. Basal leaves obovate, 
2-4 cm. long, obtuse; stem-leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller, sessile; 
petals 4-6 mm. long; pedicels slender, spreading, 8-10 mm. long in fruit; pod 
nearly globular, 2 mm." in diameter, glabrous when mature; seeds i or 2 in each 
cavity; style slender, 4 mm. long. In open places, Ky. and Tenn. to Mo. April. 

3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh) MacM. Silvery Bladder-pod. (I. F. f. 
1747.) Tufted, nearly simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, oblong or ob- 
lanceolate, the lower 5-8 cm. long, blunt, entire or sparingly repand-toothed; 
petals 6 mm. long; pedicels slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long in fruit, spreading or re- 
curved; pod slightly stipitate, stellate-pubescent, globose to oval, 4-5 mm. long; 
style about equalling the pod. On plains, Minn, to Neb., Kans., Dak. and Ariz. 
May -June. 

4. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. Slender Bladder-pod. (I. F. f. 
1748.) Weak; stem slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, freely branching, sparsely stellate- 
pubescent. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, their margins often 
undulate; petals about 6 mm. long; pedicels spreading, sometimes 2.5 cm. long in 
fruit, ascending or upwardly curved; pod globose, glabrous, 4 mm. in diameter, 
stipitate; style 4 mm. long. Prairies, Neb. to Tex. March-May. 

5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydberg. Oval-leaved Bladder-pod. (L F, f. 
1749.) Basal leaves tufted, broadly oval to nearly orbicular, entire, pale, 2-5 
cm. long, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves distant, linear-oblanceolate or 
narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedicels comparatively stout, ascending, 1-2 cm. long; 
pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, glabrous; style about 
6 mm. long. In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. 

6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats. Arctic Bladqer-pod. (I. F. f. 
1750.) Tufted; stem nearly or quite simple, 2-15 cm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate. 
spatulate, or oblong, 2.5 cm. long or less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed 
into broad petioles, the upper sessile ; petals about 4 mm. long ; pods oval or sub- 
globose, 4-6 mm. high ; septum perforated ; style 2 mm. long or less. Greenland 
and arctic Am. Summer. 

Lesquerella arctica Piirshii S. Wats. Taller, sometimes 1.5 dm. high ; septum of 
the sparsely stellate-pubescent pod unperforated. Anticosti. 

26. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. 

Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species 
annual, the small white flowers in terminal racemes, the axis elongating in fruit. 
Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short. Silicles oval, compressed at right 
angles to the partition, the valves with a strong midvein. Seeds numerous; 
cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins. of 
Bantry, Ireland, an eminent botanist.] About 8 species, natives of the northern 
hemisphere, only the following known in N. Am. 

I. Hutchinsia prociimbens (L.) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. (I. F. f. 
1751.) Tufted, branching near the base, the branches slender, 5-15 cm. long. 



CRUCl'FERAE. 459 

Lower leaves short-petioled, pinnatifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, 1-2.5 
cm. long; upper leaves sessile or very nearly so; flowers about i mm. broad; 
pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 6- 12 mm. long in fruit; pods elliptic or 
oval, mostly obtuse or emarginate, 3-4 mm. long. In moist ground, often in 
saline situations, Lab. to Br. Col., and widely distributed in the Pacific ■ States. 
Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug. 

27. BURSA Weber. 

Annual or winter-annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, the basal 
leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or 
triangular, compressed at right angles with the septum, their valves boat-shaped, 
keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous, marginless ; cotyledons accumbent. 
[Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.] About 4 species, natives of the 
northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, another occurs in western 
N. Am. 

1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Shepherd's Purse. (I. F. f. 1752.) 
Branching, 1.5-5 d"^- ^^ig^ from a deep root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous 
above. Basal leaves lobed, pinnatifid, or rarely entire, 5-15 cm. long; stem-leaves 
few, lanceolate, auricled; flowers about 2 mm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long in 
fruit; pods triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emarginate, 4-8 mm. long; 
seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. In fields and waste places, very common. Nat. from 
Europe. Jan. -Dec. 

28. CAMELINA Crantz. 

Erect annual herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellow- 
ish flowers. Silicles obovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very con- 
vex, I -nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 2 rows. Stigma entire; style slender. 
Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, low flax.] About 5 species, natives of Europe 
and Asia. 

Glabrous or nearly so ; pod 6-8 mm. long-. ■ i. C. sativa. 

Pubescent, at least below ; pod 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. rnicrocarpa. 

T. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of-Pleasure. False Flax. 
(I. F. f. 1753.) Glabrous, or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high. Lowest leaves petioled, 
5-8 cm. long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves sessile, smaller, clasping by a 
sagittate base, mostly entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 1-2 cm. 
long in fruit; flowers numerous, about 6 mm. long; pod obovoid or pyriform, mar- 
gined, slightly flattened, 6-8 mm. long; style slender, 3 mm. long. In fields and 
waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive or nat. from 
Europe. June-July. 

2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz! Small-fruited False-flax. (I. F. f. 
1753a.) Stem pubescent, at least below. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, auricled, or 
the lower narrowed at the base; fruiting racemes much elongated, often 3 dm. 
long or more; pedicels relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sativa; pod 
rather more flattened, 4-6 mm. long, strongly margined. In waste places, R. I. 
to W. Va., Idaho, Br. Col. and Kans. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May-July. 

29. NESLIA Desv. 

Annual erect branching herbs, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, 
and small yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, 
indehiscent, I -celled, i -seeded or rarely 2-seedcd. Style filiform. Seeds horizon- 
tal; cotyledons incumbent. [Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle. a French botanist.] 
A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. 

I. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Ball Mustard. (I. F. f. 1754.) Slender, 
rather densely rough-hispid, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate-clasping 
at the base, 2-6 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow, 
nearly 2 mm. broad; pedicels filiform, ascending. 6-10 mm. long in fruit; silicles 
about 2 mm. in diameter. In waste places, Ont., Manitoba and Br. Col., and in 
ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-Sept. 



460 FLORA. 



Rapistrum rugbsum (L.) All., a plant with 2-jointed indehiscent pods, erect on 
appressed pedicels, in long racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn., and 
plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is nearly related to Raphanus, 

30 DRABA L. 

Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with simple leaves, and mainly 
racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded. 
Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numer- 
ous; valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some 
plant of this family.] Species about 150, mainly natives of temperate and arctic 
regions. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in western N. Am. 

Flowers white or whitish. 

Petals deeply 2-cleft. i. D. verna. 

Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate. 

Flowering stems scapose, leafy only below. 
Plants annual, not arctic. 

Leaves entire, obovate or oblong. 2. D. Caroliniana. 

Leaves dentate, cuneate to spatulate. 3. D. cimeifolia. 

Low arctic perennials. 

Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous. 4. D. Flad7iizensis, 

Leaves stellate-canescent. 5. D. nivalis. 

Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence. 

Leaves entire or sparingly dentate. 6. D. incana. 

Leaves sharply dentate. 7. D. ramosissima. 

Flowers yellow ; stems leafy. 

Pods oblong, 2-4 mm. long. 8. D. brachycarpa. 

Pods hnear or lanceolate, 6-14 mm. long. 

Annual ; pods 6-8 mm. long ; pedicels divaricately spreading. 

9. D. nemorosa. 
Perennial ; pods 8-14 mm. long ; pedicels erect. 10. D. aurea. 

Flowers yellow ; stems scapose. 11. D. alpina. 

1. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlow-grass. (1. F. f. 1755.) Annual, 
the leafless scapes numerous, 2-13 cm. high, arising from a tuft of basal leaves, 
which are oblong or spatulate-oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish and pubescent 
with stellate hairs; flowers 3-4 mm. broad; pedicels I -2. 5 cm. long in fruit; pods 
oblong, glabrous. 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, obtuse, shorter than their pedicels; 
style minute; seeds numerous. In fields, common except in the extreme north. 
Nat. from Europe. Feb. -May. 

2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. (L F. f. 1756.) 
Annual; scapes 2-13 cm. high from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, obovate, 
8-20 mm. long, obtuse, entire or rarely with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stellate 
hairs; scapes nearly glabrous ; flowers 3-4 mm. broad ; petals entire, sometimes 
wanting in the later flowers; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; pods linear, 8-12 mm. 
long, nearly 2 mm. broad, glabrous ; style none. In sandy fields, Mass. to Ont., 
Minn., Neb., Ga. and Ark. March-June. 

Draba Caroliniana micrdntha (Nutt.) A. Gray. Differs from the type in the ap- 
pressed-hispid pods. Petals often wanting. Prairies, 111. to Tex., N. Mex. and Wash. 

3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Wedge leaved Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1757.) 
Annual, stellate-pubescent, I-2 dm. high, branching and leafy below. Leaves 
obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, dentate tov/ard the 
apex ; flowers 4 mm. broad ; petals emarginate, twice or thrice the length of the 
calyx; pedicels ascending or spreading, 4-8 mm. long in fruit; pods linear-oblong, 
obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely hairy; style none. Infields, Ky. 
to Kans., Fla. and Cal. Feb.-April. 

4. Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. White Arctic Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 
1758.) Tufted. Leaves oblanceolate, basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate- 
canescent or with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, 8-16 mm. 
long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascending, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; 
pods oblong, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide; style almost wanting. 
Gaspe, Quebec, and through arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 
Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 



CRUCIFERAE, 46 1 

5. Draba nivalis Lilj. Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass. (I. F. £ 1759.) 
Perennial by a short caudex; scapes tufted, pubescent, slender, 2-10 cm. high, 
sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 
4-14 mm. long, entire, acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole, 
stellate-canescent; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods 
oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but little pubescent, on 
ascending pedicels 2-6 mm. long. Lab. through arctic. America to Alaska, south 
in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and in the Sierra Nevada to Nev. Also in northern 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

6. Draba incana L. Hoary or Twisted Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1760.) 
Perennial or biennial, leafy, stellate-pubescent, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
oblanceolate or ovate, 8-25 mm. long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; 
flowers 2-3 mm. broad; petals notched, twice as long as the calyx; pods oblong or 
lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short pedicels, densely pubescent or nearly 
glabrous; style minute. In rocky places, Vt., Quebec to arctic America, Br. 
Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
Summer. 

Draba incana ardbisans (Michx.) S. Wats. Stem branched below, bearing tufts of 
spatulate narrow leaves; pods glabrous, twisted; style i mm. long. Me., Vt., and N. Y. to 
Lab., west along the Great Lakes to Minn, and Manitoba. 

7. Draba ramosissima Desv. Branching Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1761.) 
Erect, much branched below, 1.5-3-5 dm. high, stellate-pubescent, the branches 
bearing tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymbose-paniculate. Lower leaves 
spatulate or oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth; upper 
leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate; flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals 
entire or erose, twice or thrice the length of the sepals; pedicels 6-8 mm. long in 
fruit; pods oblong or lanceolate, hairy, 6-8 mm. long, twisted; style slender, 2-4 
mm. long. Mountains of Va., Ky., N. Car. and Tenn. April-May. 

8. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-fruited Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 
1762.) Annual, tufted, 4-13 cm. high, loosely stellate-pubescent, leafy. Basal 
leaves ovate or obovate, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, sparingly dentate or entire; stem- 
leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, entire; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; flowers yel- 
low, 2 mm. broad ; petals somewhat longer than the calyx, sometimes wanting; 
pods oblong, acute, 2-4 mm. long, I mm. broad ; style minute. Dry hills and 
fields, Va. to 111., Kans., Ga. and La. March- May. 

9. Draba nemorosa L. Wood Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1763.) Annual. 
loosely stellate-pubescent, 1.5-3 cm. high, branching below, leafy. Leaves oblong- 
ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate, the lower 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. 
wide, the upper smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, 2 mm. broad; petals 
notched, slightly exceeding the calyx ; pedicels spreading in fruit, glabrous, 6-20 
mm. long; pods pubescent, or nearly glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long; style 
none. W. Ont., Mich, and Minn, to Ore., arctic Am. and in the Rocky Mts. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia, Summer. 

10. Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1764.) Peren- 
nial, pubescent with stellate and simple hairs; stem 1.5-2.5 dm. high, leafy. Basal 
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 1-2.5 c^- ^O'^g' slightly dentate or entire, often 
ciliate at the base ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute; pods lanceolate or ob- 
long-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long ; flowers yellow, 4 mm. broad ; petals twice the 
length of the calyx ; pods acute, pubescent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly 
twisted, 8-14 mm. long, on erect pedicels; style i mm. long. Mignon Island, Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, to Greenland ; arctic Am. and in the Rocky ^Its. south to Ariz. 
Summer. 

11. Draba alpina L. Alpine Whitlow-grass. (I. F. f. 1765.) Perennial 
by a branched caudex, densely tufted; scapes pubescent, 1-15 cm. high. Leaves 
basal, entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the 
base, ciliate, or villous-i)ubescent, sometimes with some stellate hairs, 4-I2 mm. 
long, sessile or short-]ietioled ; flowers about 6 mm. broad; calyx ]tubescent or 
villous; style i mm. long or less; pod oval or ovate, narrowed at lx)th ends, 5-S 
mm. long; pedicels 2- 10 mm. long. Hudson Bay to Br. Col. and Alaska. Also 
in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 



4^2 FLORA. 

31. SOPHIA Adans. 

Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with short forked 
hairs, with slender stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, and small yellow 
flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short. Siliques 
linear or linear-oblong, the valves i-nerved. Seeds small, oblong, wingless; coty- 
ledons incumbent. [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.] About 15 
species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands, and the Andes 
of S. Am. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 

Pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, i mm. wide, curved upward ; pedicels ascending. 

I. .i\ Sophia. 
Pods linear-oblong, 5-14 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, straight or nearly so. 

Densely and finely canescent; pedicels horizontal; pods ascending. 2. S. pinnata. 
Glabrate or somewhat canescent. 

Pedicels and pods horizontal. 3. S. myriophylla. 

Pedicels ascending or erect ; pods almost erect. 
Pedicels mostly longer than the pods. 

Leaves oblong or oblanceolate in outline; terminal segment of the pin- 
nae not very broad; style evident but short. 4. 6". intermedia. 
Lower leaves obovate in outline; terminal segment of the pinnae much 
broader than the others; style obsolete. 5. S. b7-achycarpa. 
Pedicels shorter than or equalling the pods. 6. S. Hartwegiana. 

1. Sophia Sophia (L.)Britton. Flixweed. Herb-Sophia. (I. F. f. 1766.) 
Minutely hoary-canescent; stem usually much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves 
2-3-pinnatifid into narrowly linear or linear-oblong segments; flowers numerous, 
about 6 mm. long ; pedicels ascending, slender, 12-16 mm. long, glabrous or 
nearly so; seeds in I row in each cell of the pod. In waste places, N. B. to Ont., 
N. Y., 111. and Neb. Nat. from Europe. June- Aug. 

2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Tansy-Mustard. (I. F. f. 1767.) 
Densely canescent ; stem 2-6 dm. tall, the branches ascending. Leaves 5-10 cm. 
long, oblong in outline, 2-pinnatifid into numerous small obtuse segments; pedicels 
slender, spreading nearly or quite at right angles to the axis, 10-14 mm. long, 
usually longer than the pods; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; pods ascending, oblong or 
linear-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; style minute; seeds in 2 rows in each 
cell. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. May-July. 

3. Sophia myriophylla (DC.) Rydb. Southern Tansy-Mustard. Gener- 
ally taller and less leafy than the preceding, with broader leaves, oval in outline, 
less dissected, very thin; whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; pedicels 15-20 
mm. long; pods club-shaped, less than i cm. long; style short; seeds in 2 rows. 
[Sisymbrium ??iyriophyIhwi DC] Ky. to Tex. May-June. 

4. Sophia intermedia Rydb. Western Tansy-Mustard. (I. F. f. 1768.) 
Resembles S.pinnaia, but is greener, nearly glabrous, or the pubescence mixed with 
short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided, and the pinnae I -2-pinnatifid 
into linear-oblong entire or toothed segments; fruiting pedicels widely ascending, 
1-2 cm. long, usually longer than the pods; pods 8-14 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
thick, almost erect; seeds in i row. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Br. 
Col., Tenn., Kans., Tex. and Cal. Has been mistaken for .5". pinnata and 
S. incisa. May -Aug. 

5. Sophia brachycarpa (Richards.) Rydb. Northern Tansy-Mustard. 
In general habit and form of the leaves closely resembling S. Sophia^ but the leaf 
segments are shorter, broader and more obtuse; pods short, clavate. 5-8 mm= long, 
with an obsolete style \_Sisymbriti7n brachycarpon Richardson], Canada (Pursh .^ 
ard Presque Isle, Mich. (Houghton), to Assiniboia and northward. May-July. 

6. Sophia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene. Hartweg's Tansy-Mustard. 
(I. F, f. 1769.) Minutely canescent or puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
pinnately divided into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid, with obtuse segments and 
lobes: fruiting pedicels erect-appressed, 3-8 mm. long, shorter than or equalling 
the pods: pods erect or nearly so, linear, 8-10 mm. long, about i mm. thick; seeds 
in I row. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Ore., Utah, Mex. and Cal. 
May-July. 



CK UCIFERA E. 463 

32. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. 

Herbs with the aspect of some species of Arabis, pubescent with forked hairs, 
with slender stems, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Style very 
short; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear, dehiscent, the valves rounded, 
nerveless. Seeds in i row in each cell in the following species, in some European 
species in 2 rows; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, narrow septum.] About 10 
species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following are annual weed. 

I. StenophragmaThaliana(L.) Celak. Mouse-ear Cress. (I. F. f. 1770.) 
Stem erect, 2-40 cm. high, freely branching, pubescent, especially below. Basal 
leaves 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed into a petiole, entire 
or slightly toothed; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, often entire; pedicels slender, 
spreading or ascending, 4-8 mm. long in fruit; flowers white, about 3 mm. long; 
petals about twice the length of the sepals; pods 8-20 mm. long, acute, often 
curved upward, glabrous. In sandy fields and rocky places, Mass. and S. Ont. to 
Minn., Ga. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. April-May. 

33. ARABIS L. 
Glabrous or pubescent herbs, with white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, 
elongated, flat; valves smooth, keeled or ribbed, mostly I -nerved, not elastically 
dehiscent. Seeds in i or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged; cotyledons accum- 
bent. [Name from Arabia.] About 80 species, mainly natives of the northern 
hemisphere. In addition to the following, about 26 others occur in the northern 
and western parts of the continent. 

Seeds in i row, or in 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod. 
Basal leaves pinnatifid ; pods ascending. 

Seeds about 2 mm. broad, orbicular, wing-margined ; stem-leaves pinnatifid. 

1. A. Virginica. 
Seeds minute, oblong, wingless ; stem-leaves entire, or dentate. 

2. A. lyrata. 
Leaves small, mostly entire ; pods drooping ; seeds oblong, wingless ; arctic. 

3. A. arenicola. 
Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate. 

Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 4. A. dentata. 

Seeds larger, oblong, winged or margined. 

Pods curved upward, nearly 2 mm. broad. 5. A. alpma. 

Pods nearly erect, i mm. broad. 

Flowers white, 8 mm. broad ; pods not appressed ; style i mm. long. 

6. A. patens. 
Flowers white or greenish- white, 4-6 mm. broad ; pods appressed ; style 
none. 7. A. hirsuta. 

Pods recurved-spreading. 

Plant glabrous throughout. 8. A. laevigata. 

Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 9. A. Canadensis. 

Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. 

Pods spreading or ascending; seeds winged. \o. A. brachycarpa. 

Pods erect, appressed ; seeds wingless or narrowly winged. 11. A. glabra. 

Pods refiexed ; seeds winged. 12. A. Holboellii. 

1. Arabis Virginica (L.) Trelease. Virginia Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 177 1.) 
Annual or biennial, diffuse, glabrate; stems ascending, 1.5-3 d^^- high. Leaves 
oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long, the lower petioled. the upper 
nearly sessile, sometimes reduced to lobed or entire bracts; pedicels 4 mm. long in 
fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 
2 mm. broad; seeds nearly as broad as the pod. In open places, Va. and Ky. to 
Kans., Fla. and Tex., west to Lower Cal. March-May. 

2. Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 1772.) Tufted, 
perennial or biennial, erect, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous, or pubescent below. Basal 
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 2-5 cm. long, spatulate or oblanceolate; stem-leaves spatu- 
late or linear, 1-2.5 cm. long; pedicels 6-8 mm. long in flower; flowers white. 6-S 
mm. broad; petals much exceeding the calyx; pods 1.5-3 cm. long, linear, less 
than 2 mm. broad, their valves firm, nerved; style I mm. long; seeds 0.5 mm. 
long. Rocky and sandy places, Ont. to Va., Tenn., Manitoba\ind Mo. April- 
Sept. * 



464 FLORA. 

Arabis lyrata occidentMis S. Wats. Valves of the pod thin, faintly nerved ; stigma 
sessile or very nearly so. Lake Erie ; Br. Col. to Alaska. 

3. Arabis arenicola (Richards.) Gelert. Arctic Rock cress. (I. F. f. 1773.) 

Perennial, pubescent below, or glabrous; stems diffuse or ascending, 0.7-1.5 dm. 
long. Leaves spatulate or oblong, nearly entire, 8-16 mm. long, the lower petioled; 
flowers purplish or white, about 6 mm. broad; style very short; pods linear, flat, 
at length drooping, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, rather more than i mm. wide, the valves 
very faintly nerved; seeds in 2 incomplete rows in each cell; cotyledons imper- 
fectly accumbent. Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr. 
Summer, [yi. hiimifusa S. Wats.] 

4. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 1774.) Slender, 
3-6 dm. high, finely rough -pubescent. Basal leaves with margined petioles, obovate, 
dentate, 5 -10 cm. long, obtuse ; stem -leaves sessile, clasping by an auricled base, 
dentate ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers greenish-white, 2-4 mm. broad, the petals 
hardly exceeding the calyx ; pods narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, spreading ; style 
almost none. W. N. Y. to Minn., Tenn., Mo. and Kans. April -June. 

5. Arabis alpina L. Alpine Rock cress. (L F. f. 1775.) Densely and 
finely pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, obovate or spatulate, 
obtuse, dentate, on margined petioles ; stem-leaves ovate, sessile, clasping by an 
auricled base, dentate; flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals much exceeding the 
calyx; pedicels 8 mm. long in fruit; pods 2-4 cm. long, curved upward, narrowly 
linear, 2 mm. broad. Quebec to Lab. and Alaska. Europe and Asia. Summer, 

6. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 1776.) Erect, 
3-6 dm. high, pubescent at least below. Basal leaves dentate, 2-8 cm. long, on 
margined petioles ; stem -leaves 2-5 cm. long, ovate or oblong, acute or acutish, 
sessile, dentate or nearly entire, partly clasping; pedicels 12-16 mm. long in fruit; 
pods 2-4 cm. long, i mm. broad, not appressed. E. Penn. to Minn., Ala. and Mo. 
Summer. 

7. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock-cress, (L F. f. 1777.) Stem 
erect, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with margined petioles, obovate or spatulate, 
obtuse, dentate or repand, 2-5 cm. long ; stem-leaves sessile, clasping, lanceolate 
or oblong ; pedicels nearly erect, 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; pods narrowly linear, 
erect, 2-5 cm. long, about I mm. wide; seeds i-rowed, or when young obscurely 
2-rowed, oblong or nearly orbicular. In rocky places, N. B. to Br, Col., Ga., Ariz, 
and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 

8. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Pom. Smooth Rock-cress. (I, F, f. 1778,) 
Glaucous, glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate or obovate, 
sharply dentate, 5-8 cm. long ; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, or the upper linear, 
acute, clasping by an auricled or sagittate base ; pedicels 8-10 mm. long in fruit ; 
petals nearly twice the length of the calyx; pods 7-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, re- 
curved-spreading ; seeds broadly winged; style almost none. In rocky woods, 
Quebec to Minn., Kans., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 

Arabis laevigata lacini^ta T. & G. Stem-leaves deeply and narrowly laciniate-toothed 
Ky. 

Arabis laevigata Biirkii Porter. Leaves linear or lanceolate, elongated, entire or 
sparingly toothed, not auricled at the base; flowers one-half the size of the type; petals 
equalling the sepals. Penn. to N. Car. 

9. Arabis Canadensis L. Sickle-pod. (L F. f. 1779.) Stem 3-9 dm. 
high, pubescent below. Basal leaves narrowed into a petiole, dentate or lyrately 
lobed, 7-16 cm. long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at each 
end, toothed, or the upper entire, pubescent ; pedicels spreading or recurved and 
8-12 mm, long in fruit ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; pods 5-9 cm, long, 
3 mm. broad, scythe-shaped, pendulous ; style almost none. In woods, Ont. to 
N. H., Ga., Minn., Kans. and Tex. June-Aug. 

10. Arabis brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. Purple Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 
1780.) Glaucous, generally purplish, glabrous except at the base, 3-9 dm. high. 
Basal leaves stellate-pubescent, obovate or spatulate, 2-8 cm, long, dentate, 
narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves sessile, auricled, lanceolate or oblong-linear, 
entire or with a few teeth; pedicels 6-10 mm. long in fruit; flowers white or pink, 
8 mm, broad; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods narrowly linear, nearly 



CR UCIFERA E. 46 5 

straight, 2-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, spreading or ascending. Quebec to Manitoba, 
the N. W. Terr., Mass., N. Y., 111. and Minn. June-July. 

11. Arabis glabra (L.) Bemh. Tower Mustard. (I. F. f. 1781.) Gla- 
brous, glaucous above, pubescent at the base, 6-12 dm. high. Basal leaves pet- 
ioled, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, 
hairy; stem-leaves sessile, with a^ sagittate base, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong, 
acutish; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, erect; flowers yellowish-white, 4 mm. broad; 
petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 5-8 cm. long, i mm. 
wide, erect and appressed; style none. In fields and rocky places, Quebec to S. 
N. Y., Penn., west to the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and Asia. May- Aug. 

12. Arabis Holboellii Hornem. Holboell's Rock-cress. (I. F. f. 1782.) 
Erect, 2-6 dm. high. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, tufted, petioled, 
1-5 cm. long, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed; stem-leaves sessile, erect, clasp- 
ing; pedicels reflexed or the upper ascending, 6-10 mm. long in fruit; flowers 
purple or whitish, 6-8 mm. long; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods linear, 
2-5 cm. long, slightly more than I mm. wide, reflexed; style very short or none, 
Manitoba and Arctic Am. to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. Summer. 

34. ERYSIMUM L. 

Annual or biennial herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary, with simple leaves. 
Flowers mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; 
valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in 
I row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at the top; cotyledons incum- 
bent. [Greek, name of a garden plant, meaning, perhaps, blister-drawing.] 
About 85 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the follow- 
ing, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mts. and one on the Californian coast. 

Flowers 4-8 mm. high. 

Pedicels slender, spreading ; pods very narrow, 1-2.5 cm. long. 

1. E, cheiranthoides. 
Pedicels stout, short ; pods 1.5-5 cm. long. 

Pods 2-5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. thick ; plant green, appressed-pubescent. 

2. E. inconspicuum. 
Pods 1.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; plant pale, appressed-canescent. 

3. E. syrticolum. 
Flowers 16-25 mm. high, conspicuous. 

Stem-leaves linear, grayish strigose ; pods widely spreading. 4. E. asperum. 
Stem-leaves lanceolate, green ; pods less spreading. 5. E. Arkansanum. 

1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed or Treacle Mustard, 
(I. F. f. 1783.) Minutel)'- rough-pubescent, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, entire or slightly dentate, tapering into a short 
petiole or the upper sessile; pedicels spreading or somewhat ascending, 6-8 mm. 
long in fruit; flowers about 5 mm. high; pods linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, 
1-2.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. broad, nearly erect on spreading pedicels; style 
I mm. long. Along streams and in fields, Newf. to Br. Col., Tenn. Also in 
northern Europe. June-Aug. 

2. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. Small Erysimum. (I. F. f. 
1784.) Roughish puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, 
2-8 cm. long, obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper sessile, the lower slender- 
petioled; flowers about 8 mm. high; pedicels stout, about 4 mm. long in fruit, 
ascending; pods narrowly linear, minutely rough-puberulent, ascending or erect; 
style very stout, 1-2 mm. long. In dry soil, Ont. and Minn, to Manitoba. Alaska, 
Kans., Colo, and Nev. July- Aug. 

3. Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon. Sand Erysimum. (I. F. f. 1785.) 
Similar to the preceding, but pale and finely appressed-canescent, the stems 3-8 
dm. tall. Leaves firm, linear-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, early falling awav; 
stigma conspicuously 2-lobed; style less than 2 mm. long; pods linear, erect or 
nearly so on ascending pedicels; seeds oblong, i mm. long. On drv sandy banks, 
Minn, to the N. W. Terr. July-Aug. 

4. Erysimum asperum DC Western Wall-flowkr. (I. F. f. 17S6.) 
Rough-pubescent or hoary, 2-5 dm. high. Lower leaves lanceolate or oblanceo- 
late, tapering into a petiole, dentate or sometimes entire ; upper leaves sessile or nearly 



4^6 FLORA. 

so, entire or rarely toothed; flowers orange-yellow, 12-20 mm. high and nearly as 
broad; pedicels stout, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pods linear, rough, 5-8 cm. 
long, nearly 2 mm. wide, 4-sided; style short, thick. Dry plains, Ark. to Minn., 
Cal. and the N. W. Terr. May-July. 

5. Erysimum Arkansanum Nutt. Yellow Phlox. Taller and greener 
than the preceding, 6-10 dm. high, with a more leafy and branched stem, slightly 
strigose with branched hairs; flowers 20-25 "^^- high ; pod linear, tapering at the 
summit, about i dm. long. Open places, Ohio and 111. to Tex. May-June. 

35. ALYSSUM L. 

Low stellate -pubescent herbs, with small racemose yellow or yellowish flowers. 
Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Silicle ovate, 
oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma 
nearly entire. Seeds 1-8 in each cell, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, 
curing madness.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. Yellow or Small Alyssum. (I. F. 
f. 1787.) Densely stellate-pubescent, tufted, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, obtuse, entire, 0.6-3 cm. long; flowers 
2 mm. broad; pedicels 4 mm. long in fruit; pods orbicular, 3 mm. in diameter, 
margined, minutely pubescent, notched, tipped with the minute style ; sepals per- 
sisting around the base of the pod; seeds 2 in each cell. In fields, Ont. to N. H., 
N. Y., N. J. and Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far West. 
Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. 

36. KONIGA Adans. 

Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire 
leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Fila- 
ments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicle com- 
pressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds I in each ceil. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name 
in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] About 4 species, 
natives of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Koniga mantima (L.) R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Seaside Koniga. 
(1. F. f. 1788.) Procumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent. 
Stem-leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, 1-5 cm. long ; basal leaves oblan- 
ceolate, narrowed into a petiole; flowers fragrant, about 4 mm. broad; pedicels 6- 
8 mm. long in fruit ; pods glabrous, pointed, 2-3 mm. long ; calyx deciduous ; sta- 
mens not appendaged. In waste places, occasional. Escaped from gardens. 
Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

37. BERTEROA DC. 

Herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, the leaves mostly narrow and 
entire, and the flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft. Fila- 
ments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, little compressed. Seeds 
several in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist 
of Piedmont, 1739-1831.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. (I. F. f. 1789.) Erect or 
ascending, 3-6 dm. high, hoary-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 1-4 cm. 
long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate; flowers white, 2-3 mm. broad; pedicels 
4-6 mm. long in fruit; pod pubescent, oblong, 6-8 mm. long; cells several-seeded; 
style 2-3 mm. long. In waste places. Me. to Ont, Minn., N. J., and Mo. 
Adventive or nat. from Europe. Racemes elongating, the flowers and pods very 
numerous. June-Sept. 

38. he'speris l. 

Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, with simple 
leaves and large racemose purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. 
Siliques elongated, nearly cylindric, the valves keeled, dehiscent, i -nerved. 
Seeds in I row in each cell, globose, wingless; cotyledons incumbent. [Name 
from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most fragrant.] About 20 species, 
natives of Europe and Asia. 



CA PPA RID A CEA E. 467 

I. Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's Rocket or Dame's Violet. (I. F. f. 
1790.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent. Lower leaves 1-2 dm. long, tapering 
into a petiole, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate with minute teeth, pubes- 
cent on both sides; upper leaves smaller, sessile or short- petioled; flowers 1.5-2.5 
cm. broad ; blade of the petals spreading ; pods 5-10 cm. long, spreading or 
ascending, contracted between the seeds when ripe. In fields and along roadsides, 
Me. to Penn. and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia. May- Aug. 

39. CONRINGIA Link. 

An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and 
cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal racemes. 
Sepals and petals narrow, Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elongated-linear, 
angled, the valves firm, 1-3 -nerved. Seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, margin- 
less; cotyledons incumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, -1606-1681, Professor 
at Helmstadt.] 

I. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare's-ear. Treacle Mustard. 
(I. F. f. 1790a.) Stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, obtuse, 5-13 cm. long; 
racemes elongating in fruit; pedicels 8-16 mm. long; petals about 1.2 cm. long, 
nearly twice as long as the sepals ; pods 7-13 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 
4-angled, spreading. In waste places, Mich, and Minn, to the N. W. Terr., and 
on the Atlantic Coast from N. B. to Penn. 

Family 3. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. 

Caper Family. 

Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with alternate or very rarely opposite 
leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8. 
Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 6-00 , 
not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers oblong. Style 
generally short, ovules 00 , on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds mainly reniform in our species ; endosperm none ; embryo 
generally coiled. About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of warm 
regions. 

Pod long-stipitate on its pedicel. 

Pod linear-elongated ; petals generally clawed. 

Petals entire. i. Cleome. 

Petals laciniate. 2, Cristatella. 

Pod short, rhomboid ; petals sessile. 3. Cleomella. 

Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel. 4. Polanisia. 

I. CLEOME L. 

Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers 
mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cru- 
ciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly pro- 
longed above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the receptacle. 
Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. 
[Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, 
especially American and African. In addition to the following, 4 others occur in 
the western part of the United States, 

Leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers pink, or white. i. C. serrtilata. 
Leaves, at least the lower, 5-7-foliolate. 

Flowers pink, or white. 2. C. spinosa. 

Flowers yellow. 3. C. lutea. 

I. Cleome serrulata Pursh. Pink Cleome. (I. F. f. 1701.) Erect, gla, 
brous, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower slender-petioled. the upper 
sessile or nearly so; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or distantly serru- 
late, 2-8 cm. long; bracts lanceolate or linear; pedicels spreading or recurved. I-2 
cm. long in fruit; stipe of the pod about equallint; the pedicel; petals oblong, 
slightly clawed, 10-12 mnu long, obtuse; pods linear, acute, 2-5 cm. long. 



FLORA. 

Prairies, 111. to Minn., the Canadian Rocky Mts., Kans., N. Mex. and Ariz. Nat. 
from the west in its eastern range. July-Sept. 

2. Cleome spinosa L. Spider-flower. (I. F. f. 1792.) Erect, 6-12 dm. 
high, clammy-pubescent. Leaves 5-7-foliolate, the lower long-petioled, 1-2 dm. 
in diameter, the upper passing into the simple bracts of the raceme; petioles spiny 
at the base; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate; flowers long-pedicelled, purple or 
whitish, 2-3 cm. broad; petals obovate, long-clawed; stipe of the linear glabrous 
pod at length 5-15 cm. long; stam.ens often long-exserted. In waste places, S. 
N. Y. to Fla., 111. and La. Adventive from tropical America. Summer. 

3. Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Cleome. (I. F. f. 1793.) Erect, glabrous, 
4-10 dm. high. Leaves 5-foliolate, slender-petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and 
nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-stalked or sessile, 
1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong, mucronate; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long; 
flowers yellow; petals about I cm. long; pod linear, 3-8 cm. long, acute, borne on 
a stipe becoming longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Neb. to Wash, and Ariz. 
June-Sept. 

2. CRISTATELLA Nutt. 

Annual viscid glandular-pubescent herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and 
small white or yellowish flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, 
slightly united at the base. Petals 4, laciniate or fimbriate at the summit, borne 
on long slender claws, the two lower smaller than the two upper. Receptacle 
short, with a short petaloid nectary between the ovary and the upper sepal. Sta- 
mens 6-14; filaments slender, declined. Ovary stalked, also declined. Capsule 
linear, nearly terete, many-seeded. [Diminutive of cristatiis, crested.] Two 
species, natives of the south-central U. S. 

I. Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. James' Cristatella. (I. F. f. 1794.) 
Erect, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled; leaflets nearly sessile, linear or 
linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, 8-25 mm. long; flowers slender-pedicelled; bracts 
mostly 3-foliolate; claws of the larger petals 3-5 mm. long; pod much longer than 
its stipe and somewhat longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Neb. to La. and Tex. 
June-Dec. 

3. CLEOMELLA DC. 

Annual glabrous herbs, with small yellow flowers and 3-foliolate leaves. Calyx 
of 4 sepals. Petals 4, sessile, not clawed. Receptacle short, glandless. Stamens 
6, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary short, long-stalked. Capsule short, rhom- 
boid or trapezoid, often broader than long, 4-10-seeded. [Diminutive of Cleofne.^ 
About 8 species, natives of southwestern N. Am. and Mex. 

I. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Northern Cleomella. (I. F. f. 1795.) 
Branching above, 3-5 dm. high. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; bracts 
linear, simple ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long in fruit ; pod 
rhomboid, 4-6 mm. broad, pointed, raised on a slender stipe 4-8 mm. long, its 
valves almost conic; placentae persistent after the valves fall away, each bearing 
about 3 seeds. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex. Summer. 

4. POLANISIA Raf. 

Annual herbs, mainly glandular-pubescent, with whitish or yellowish flowers. 
and palmately compound or rarely simple leaves. Sepals 4, lanceolate, deciduous. 
Petals slender or clawed. Receptacle depressed, bearing a gland at the base of 
the ovary. Stamens 8-00 , unequal. Pod nearly or quite sessile, elongated, cylin- 
dric or compressed, its valves dehiscent from the summit. Seeds rugose or reticu- 
lated. [Greek, very unequal, referring to the stamens.] About 14 species, of 
temperate and tropical regions. 

Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; flowers 4-6 mm. long. 

1. P. graveolens. 
Stamens much exceeding the petals ; flowers 8-12 mm. long. 2. P. tj-ac/iysperma. 

I. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed. (I. F. f. 1796.) Viscid, 
1-4.5 d^- high- Leaves 3-foliolate, slender-petioled; leaflets oblong, obtuse, entire, 
1-2.5 cm. long; sepals purplish, slightly unequal; petals cuneate, emarginate or 
Obcordate ; stamens 9-12, purplish, equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; 



RESED A CEA E— SA R RA CENIA LES. 469 

style about 2 mm. long; pod lanceolate-oblong, slightly compressed, 2-4 cm. long, 
6-8 mm. wide, slightly stipitate, rough, reticulated; seeds rough. Sandy and 
gravelly shores, Quebec to Manitoba, the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Penn., Kans. and Colo. 
Summer. 

2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Large-flowered Clammy-weed. 
(I. F. f. 1797.) Similar to the last, but flowers twice the size; style 4-6 mm. long; 
stamens much exserted; filaments purple, conspicuous; pod slightly larger, nearly 
or quite sessile. Prairies, Iowa to Tex., Br. Col., Nev. and Ariz. Summer. 

Family 4. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray. 
AHg7ionette Family. 

Herbs, rarely woody, with alternate or fascicled leaves, gland-like 
stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers un symmetri- 
cal. Calyx 4-7-parted, inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, hypogynous. 
Disk fleshy, hypogynous, i-sided. Stamens 3-40; filaments generally 
unequal. Ovary i, compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 
3-6 ; ovules co . Fruit capsular in all but i genus. Seeds reniform, with- 
out endosperm ; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about 65 species, 
natives of the Old World. 

I. RESEDA L. 

Herbs, with small spicate or narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed 
or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on one side of the 
flower and on the inner surface of the disk. Capsule 3-6-lobed, horned, opening 
at the top. [Ancient Latin name.] About 55 species, natives of the Old World. 

Leaves entire ; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. R. Luteola. 

Leaves lobed or pinnatifid. 

Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. . 2. R. lutea. 

Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba. 

1. Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Yellow-weed. (L F. f. 1798.) 
Glabrous, erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, obtuse, ses- 
sile or the lower narrowed into petioles; flowers greenish -yellow, 2-4 mm. broad, 
in long narrow spikes; sepals 4; petals 4 or 5, very unequal; capsule globose, 4-6 
mm. in diameter, with 3 or 4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges. In waste places, 
N. Y., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 

2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Cut-leaved Mignonette. (I. F. f, 1799.) 
Ascending or decumbent. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovate or oblong in out- 
line, deeply lobed or divided, sometimes pinnatifid, their segments linear or ob- 
long, obtuse; flowers greenish-yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; pedicels about 4 mm. long 
in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly cleft; capsule oblong, about 
8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, with 3 or rarely 4 short teeth. In waste places, 
Mass. to N. J. and Mich., and in ballast about the seaports, Adventive from 
Europe. Summer. 

3. Reseda alba L. White Cut-leaved Mignonette. (I. F. f. 1800.) 
Erect, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, 
the segments 9-12, linear or lanceolate, obtusish, 8-25 mm. long; flowers nearly 
or qviite white, 4-6 mm. broad, in dense spike-like racemes; petals 6 or 5, 3-cleft 
at the summit; capsule ovoid-oblong, usually 4-toothed, 10-12 mm. long. In 
waste places. Conn., N. Y., Ohio, in ballast about the eastern seaports and in Br. 
Col. Adventive from S. Eux-ope. July-Aug. 

Order 17. SARRACENIALES. 

Insectivorous plants secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and per- 
fect scapose flowers. Corolla choripetalous. Sepals mostly distinct. 
Stamens usually hypogynous. Ovary compound, superior. 

Ovary 3-s-celled ; leaves hollow. Fam. i. Sarraceuiaceae, 

Ovary i-celled ; leaves circinate in unfolding-, the blade flat. I^ani. 2. Droseraceaf. 



47^ FLORA. 

Family I. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. 

Pitcher-Plant Famzlv. 

Marsh herbs, with tubular or pitcher-shaped leaves, and large scapose 
nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbricated, persistent. 
Petals 5, imbricated, hypogynous, deciduous or none. Stamens 00; 
anthers versatile. Ovary i, 3-5-celled ; ovules 00, in many rows. Cap- 
sule 3-5-ceIled, loculicidally dehiscent ; style terminal, peltate, lobed» or 
in one genus simple. Seeds small, the testa reticulated ; embryo small ; 
endosperm fleshy. Three genera and about 10 species, all natives of 
America. 

I. SARRACENIA L. 

Leaves hollow, with a lateral wing and a terminal lid or lamina. Sepals 5, 
with 3 or 4 bracts at the base. Petals ovate or oblong. Ovary 5 -celled. Style 
dilated into a peltate umbrella-like structure with 5 rays which terminate under its 
angles in hooked stigmas. Capsule 5 -celled, granular, rugose. Seeds anatro- 
pous. [Named in honor of Dr. Jean Antoine Sarracin, a botanist of Quebec] 
About 8 species, natives of N. Am. 

Leaves pitcher-shaped, curved ; flower purple or greenish (rarely yellow). 

I. S. purpurea. 
Leaves tubular-trumpet-shaped ; flower yellow. 2. S. flava. 

1. Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Side-saddle Flower. (L F. £ 
1801.) Glabrous, except the inner side of the lamina and inner surface of the 
pitchers, which are clothed with reflexed hairs. Leaves tufted, ascending, 1-3 dm. 
long, inflated, narrowed into a petiole, broadly winged, persistent; scapes 3-6 dm. 
high, bearing a nodding nearly globose flower 5 cm. in diameter or more; petals 
obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved over the style. In peat-bogs, Lab. to 
the Canadian Rocky Mts., Fla., Ky. and Minn. May-June. 

Sarracenia purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. Flowers yellow ; leaves slightly or 
not at all purple-veined, light green or yellowish. Mass. and N. Y. to N. J. 

2. Sarracenia flava L. Trumpets. Trumpet-leaf. (I. F. f. 1802.) Gla- 
brous throughout. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 3-9 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide at the 
orifice, narrowly winged, prominently ribbed, the lid 2-10 cm. wide, erect, con- 
tracted at the base; scape 3-6 dm. high, slender; flower 5-8 cm. broad; petals 
oblanceolate or obovate, drooping, slightly contracted at the middle. Li bogs, Va. 
to Fla. and La. April. 

Family 2. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. 

Su7idew Family. 

Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a viscid se- 
cretion, mostly with basal leaves, circinate in the bud, and fugacious per- 
fect flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx persistent, 4-8-parted or 
the sepals distinct and imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute, 
marcescent, distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 4-20; fila- 
ments subulate or filiform ; anthers usually versatile. Disk none. 
Ovary free, or its base adnate to the calyx, 1-3-celled ; styles 1-5, simple, 
2-cleft or multifid ; ovules numerous. Capsule 1-5-celled, loculicidally 
dehiscent. Endosperm fleshy; embryo straight, cylindric. Six genera 
and about 125 species, of wide geographic distribution. 

I. DROSERA L. 

Bog herbs, with leaves clothed with glandular hairs which secrete a fluid that 
entraps insects, and scapose racemose flowers. Calyx-tube short, free from the 
ovary, deeply 4-8-parted (commonly 5 -parted). Petals usually 5, spatulate. 
Stamens as many as the petals; anthers short, extrorse. Ovary I -celled; styles 
2-5, usually 3, distinct or united at the base, often 2-parted so as to appear twice 



RO SALES. 47^ 

as many, or fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved (rarely 5-valved), many-seeded, generally 

stipitate in the calyx. [Name from the Greek, dew.] About 1 10 species, most 

abundant in Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern 
States. 

Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white. 1, I>. rotundifolia. 

Blade of the leaf Imear, or longer than wide. 

Leaves linear or spatulate with a distinct petiole ; petals white. 
Blade of the leaf spatulate. 

Blade 2-3 times as long as wide. 2. D. intermedia. 

Blade 6-8 times as long as wide. 3. D. longifolia. 

Blade linear, 10-15 times as long as wide. 4. A linearis. . 

Leaves fiUform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple. 

5. D. filiformis, 

1. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew or Dew-plant. 
(I. F. f. 1803.) Scape glabrous, 1-2.5 ^'^' ^^g^- Leaves orbicular or broader, 
spreading, the blade 6-12 mm. long, abruptly narrowed into a flat pubescent 
petiole ; raceme i -sided; pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; flowers white, about 4 m.m. 
broad; petals oblong; seeds fusiform, pointed at both ends, the testa loose. In 
bogs or wet sand, Lab. to Alaska, Fla. and Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. 
July-Aug. 

2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. Spatulate-leaved Sundew. (I. F. f. 1804.) 
Rootstock elongated ; scape glabrous, 0.7-2 dm. high. Blades of the leaves 
ascending, spatulate, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, gradually narrowed 
into a glabrous petiole; raceme i -sided; pedicels about 3 mm. long; petals white; 
seeds oblong, the testa close, roughened. In bogs, N. B. to Sask., Fla. and La. 
Also in the W. I. and Europe. July-Aug. 

3. Drosera longifolia L. Oblong-leaved Sundew (I. F. f. 1805.) Simi- 
lar to the preceding, but the leaf-blade erect, longer (1.5-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
wide), elongated-spatulate ; pedicels 1-6 mm. long; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; 
seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends, the testa loose. In bogs, Newf. and arctic 
America to Br. Col., Ont. and Cal. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender-leaved Sundew. (I. F. f. 1806.) 
Scape low but sometimes exceeding the leaves, glabrous. Petioles erect, glabrous, 
5-10 cm. long ; blade linear, 2-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse ; flowers 
few, or solitary, white; seeds oblong, the testa close, smooth and somewhat shin- 
ing. In bogs, shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, west to the Canadian 
Rocky Mts. 

5. Drosera filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. (I. F. f. 1807.) Scape 
glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Early leaves lanceolate, the apex glandular; later leaves 
filiform, glandular-pubescent, 1.5-4 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, woolly with 
brown hairs at the base; racemes I -sided, lO-30-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; 
flowers purple, 8-25 mm. broad; petals obovate; seeds fusiform, the testa minutely 
punctate. In wet sand, E. Mass. to Fla. July-Sept. 



Order i8. ROSALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals 
distinct. Stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous. Sepals mainly 
united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, 
distinct or sometimes united into a compound ovary. 

* Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3-celled capsule ; 
perianth none. Fani. \. l\niostcmjCi\u\ 

* * Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre. 

t Endosperm present, usually copious and flesh\> ; leaves ynostlv unthout stipules. 
Herbs. 

Carpels as many as the calyx-segments; stamens as many or twice as many. 

'Plants succulent ; carpels distinct or united at the base, in ours dehiscent length* 

wise. Fani. 2. Crassu/aceae.^ 

Plants not succulent; carpels united to the middle, circumscissile. 

Fatn. 3. Penthoraceae. 



472 FLORA. 

Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments. 

Staminodia present; carpels 3 or 4, wholly united into a one-celled ovary. 

Fam. 4. Parnassiaceae. 
Staminodia none; carpels mostly 2, their upper part at least distinct. 

Fam. 5. Saxifragaceae. 
Shrubs or trees. 

Leaves opposite. Fam. 6. Hydrangeaceae. 

Leaves alternate. 

Fruit a 2-celled, thin-walled capsule; its base adnate to the calyx. 

Fam. 7. Iteaceae. 
Fruit a i-celled berry. Fam. 8. Grossulariaceae. 

Fruit a 2-celled woody or hard capsule. Fam. 9. Hamamelidaceae. 

t + Endosperm none^ or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrub of the Rosa- 
ceae) ; leaves mostly with stipules. 
X Trees with broad leaves and small moncecious densely capitate flowers. 

Fam. TO. Platanaceae, 
X X Flowers perfect, or if dioecious or monoecious not densely capitate, 
a. Flowers regular. 
Pistils usually several or numerous; if one only (as in Cercocarpus and sometimes in 
species of Alchemilla and Sa7iguisorbd\ it becomes a dry i-seeded achene. 
Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes. 

Fam. II. Rosaceae. 
Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome. 

Fam. 12. Pomaceae. 
Pistil only i. 

Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, Fam. 13. Drupaceae. 

Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume ; leaves 2-3-pinnate. 

Petals valvate in the bud. Fam. 14. Mimosaceae. 

(Petals imbricated in the bud: Gleditsia and Gymnocladus in the Caesalpiniaceae.) 
b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocladus^ 
trees of the Caesalpiniaceae). 
Fruit a legume; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; leaves com- 
pound, mostly stipulate. Fam. 15. Caesalpiniaceae. 
Fruit spiny, indehiscent; leaves simple, estipulate. Fam. 16. Krameriaceae. 
Fruit a legume or loment ; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud; leaves 
compound (sometimes i-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 17. Papilionaceae. 

Family i. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. 

River-weed Family 

Small aquatic herbs, the leaves usually poorly differentiated from the 
stem, the whole structure commonly resembling the thallus of an alga or 
hepatic, the small usually perfect flowers devoid of any perianth and sub- 
tended by a spathe-like involucre, or in some genera with a 3-5-cleft 
membranous calyx. Stamens hypogynous, only 2 in the following genus, 
numerous in some others ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- 
hiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules, usually numerous in each cavity, anat- 
ropous ; styles 2 or 3, short. Capsules 2-3-celled, ribbed. Seeds nu- 
merous, minute, without endosperm ; embryo straight. About 21 genera 
and 175 species, mostly in the tropics. 

I. PODOSTEMON Michx. 

Flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spathe-like involucre. Perianth none. 
Stamens 2, their filaments united to near the summit; anthers 2, oblong or oval. 
Staminodia 2, filiform. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; stigmas 2, short, subulate. Cap- 
sule ovoid, 6-io-ribbed, 2-valved. [Greek, stalked-stamens.] About 12 species 
of wide geographic distribution. 

I. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. River-weed. Thread-foot. 
(I. F. f. i8c8.) Plant dark green, rather stiff, firmly attached to stones in running 
water, densely tufted, 2-25 cm. long, the leaves sheathing at the base, commonly 
split above into almost filiform segments. Flowers less than 2 mm. broad, at length 
bursting from the spathes ; capsule oblong-oval, rather more than 2 mm. long, ob- 
tuse, borne on a stipe of about its own length, 8-ribbed. In shallow streams, Mass, 
to N, Y., Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky. July-Sept. 



CRA SS ULA CEAE. 473 

Family 2. CRASSULACEAE DC. 

Orpine Family. 

Herbs, or somewh shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with 
cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. 
Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted in 
our species. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or 
slightly united at the base, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens 
of the same number or twice as many as the petals ; anthers longitudi- 
nally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Car- 
pels equal in number to the sepals, distinct, or united below ; styles sub- 
ulate or filiform ; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral 
suture. Follicles i -celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds 
minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short, obtuse. 
About 15 genera and 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. 

Stamens of the same number as the sepals ; minute herbs. i. Tzllaea. 
Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; succulent herbs. 

Flowers 4-5-parted. 2. Sedum. 

Flowers 6-20-parted. 3. Sempervivum. 

I. TILLAEA L. 

Minute aquatic or mud-loving herbs, with opposite entire leaves and very 
small flowers. Calyx 3-5 -parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. 
Carpels 3-5, distinct. Styles short, subulate. Ovules usually few. [Named 
after Michael Angelo Tilli, 1653-1740, an Italian botanist.] About 20 species of 
wide distribution. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the western 
States. 

I. Tillaea aquatica L. Pigmy-weed. (I. F. f. 1809.) Stem 1-8 cm. high, 
glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, connate at the base, 4-6 mm. long; 
flowers solitary, axillary, sessile or short-peduncled, I mm. broad; calyx-lobes, 
petals, stamens and carpels 4, rarely 3; petals greenish, about twice the length of 
the calyx-lobes; follicles ovoid, longer than the calyx-lobes, 8-io-seeded. Muddy 
banks of streams, N. S. to Mass. and Md. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 

2. SEDUM L. 

Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, mainly with alternate, often imbricated leaves, 
and perfect or dioecious flowers in terminal often l-sided cymes. Calyx 4-5 -lobed. 
Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to 
the petals. Carpels 4-5, distinct, or united at the base; styles usually short; 
ovules 00 . [Latin, to sit, from the lowly habit of these plants.] About 150 
species, mostly natives of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. 
Besides the following, about 20 others occur in western N. Am. 

Cyme regular, compound, the flowers not secund ; leaves broad, flat. 

Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-parted. i. S. rosetim. 

Flowers perfect, 5-parted. 

Petals purple ; plant somewhat glaucous ; petals twice as long as the sepals. 

2. .S". l^eh'phium. 
Petals pink ; plant very glaucous ; petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals. 

3. S. telephioides. 
Flowers secund along the branches of the cyme. 

Petals yellow. 

Leaves short, thick, ovate, densely imbricated. 
Leaves linear or terete, scattered on the stems. 
Annual ; petals little longer than the sepals. 
Perennial ; petals twice as long as the sepals. 
Plant 0.7-1.5 dm. high ; native, western. 
Plant 2-3 dm. high, introduced in a few places. 
Petals purple or white. 

Leaves terete ; petals purple, pink, or white. 
Leaves flat, spatulate or obovate ; petals white. 
Lower leaves verticillate in 3's. 
Leaves all alternate. 



4- 


.S". 


acre. 


5- 


s. 


Torreyi. 


6. 

7- 


s. 
s. 


sicnopetaluni. 
rcfiexum. 


8. 


s. 


ptilchellutn. 


0. 
10. 


s. 
s. 


tt-rftatum. 



k 



474 FLORA. 

1. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. Roseroot. Rosewort. (I. F. f. i8io.> 
Perennial, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves sessile, oval 
or oboval,e, dentate or entire, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower ones smaller; cyme dense, 
1-5 cm. broad; flowers yellowish-green or purplish, 5-8 mm. broad; sepals oblong, 
narrower and shorter than the petals; follicles about 4 mm. long, their tips spread- 
ing. In rocky places. Lab. and arctic Am. to Me., E. Penn. and on the southern 
Alleghanies. Also in the Rocky Mts. south to Colo., and in Europe and Asia. 
May-July. 

2. Sedum Telephium L. Orpine. Live-forever. (L F. f. 1811.) Peren- 
nial ; stems stout, tufted, glabrous and slightly glaucous, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves 
alternate, ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm.' long, coarsely dentate, the upper 
sessile, the lower larger; cyme dense, compound, 5-8 cm. broad; flowers 5-8 mm. 
broad; petals purple, twice as long as the ovate acute sepals; follicles about 4 mm. 
long, tipped with a short style. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ont., Md. 
and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Blooms sparingly, but spreads freely by its joints. 
June-Sept. 

3. Sedum telephioides Michx. American Orpine. (I. F. f. 1812.) Similar 
to the preceding, but more slender, seldom over 2.5 dm. high, glaucous and 
purplish. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate or entire, 2-5 cm. long, 
narrowed at the base; cyme dense, 5-10 cm. broad; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; petals 
pale pink, much longer than the lanceolate sepals ; follicles about 4 mm. long, 
tipped with a slender style. On dry rocks, S. Penn. to W. N. Y., S. Ind., N. Car. 
and Ga. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Sedum acre L. Wall-pepper. Mossy Stonecrop. (I. F. f. 1813.) 
Perennial, densely tufted, matted, glabrous; sterile branches prostrate, the flowering 
ones 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, alternate, ovate, thick, imbricated, yellowish 
green, entire, about 3 mm. long ; cyme 2-3 -forked, its branches 1-2.5 cm. long ; 
flowers sessile, about 8 mm. broad ; petals yellow, linear- lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 
times as long as the ovate sepals ; follicles spreading, 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a 
slender style. On rocks and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., N. Y. and Penn. 
Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

5. Sedum Torreyi Don. Torrey's Stonecrop. (I. F. f. 1814.) Annual, 
low, tufted, glabrous, 5-8 cm. high. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, teretish, 
sessile, entire, 4-8 mm. long; cyme 2-5 -forked, its branches 1-5 cm. long; flowers 
sessile or very short-pedicelled, about 7 mm. broad ; petals yellow, lanceolate, 
acute ; follicles divergent, tipped with the short subulate style. In dry, open 
places, Mo., Kans. and Ark. to Tex. May. 

6. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Narrow-petaled Stonecrop. (I. F. £ 
1815.) Perennial, tufted, glabrous ; flowering branches 8-18 cm. high. Leaves 
alternate, crowded but scarcely imbricated, except on the sterile shoots, sessile, 
linear, 6-16 mm. long, entire ; cyme 3-7-forked, compact ; flowers mostly short- 
pedicelled, 8-10 mm. broad ; petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute, yellow ; fol- 
licles about 4 mm. long, the subulate style-tip at length somewhat divergent. In 
dry, rocky places. Neb. and Colo, to Dak., the N. W. Terr., Utah, Ore. and Br. 
Col. May-June. 

7. Sedum reflexum L. Crooked Yellow or Reflexed Stonecrop. 
Dwarf Houseleek. (I. F. f. 18 16.) Perennial by a creeping stem producing 
numerous short barren shoots ; flowering branches erect ; leaves alternate, sessile, 
imbricated on the sterile shoots, terete, somewhat spurred at the base, 6-18 mm. 
long ; cyme 4-8-forked, its branches recurved in flower ; flowers 8-12 mm. broad ; 
petals linear, yellow, two to three times as long as the short ovate sepals ; follicles 
about 3 mm. long, tipped with a slender somewhat divergent style. E. Mass. and 
W. N. Y., escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. Summer. 

8. Sedum pulchellum Michx. Widow's Cross. (I. F. f. 1817.) Glabrous, 
ascending or trailing, branched, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves crowded, terete or linear, 
sessile, obtuse, slightly auriculate at the base, 6-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; 
cyme 4-7-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower ; flowers sessile, 
close together, 8-12 mm. broad ; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice the 
length of the lanceolate obtusish sepals ; follicles 4-6 mm. long, tipped with a 
slender style. On rocks, Va. to Ga., Ind., Kans. and Tex. May-July. 

9. Sedum ternatum Michx. Wild Stonecrop. (I. F. f. 1818.) Perennial, 



PEN THORA CEA Er-PA RNA SSI A CEA E. 47 5 

glabrous, tufted ; stems creeping, flowering branches, 0.7-2 dm. high. Lower 
leaves and those of sterile shoots flat, obovate, entire, 1-2.5 cm. long, sometimes 
2 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base or narrowed into a petiole, 
verticillate in 3's ; upper leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate, sessile ; cyme 
2-4-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower ; flowers rather distant, 
often leafy -bracted, about I cm. broad; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly twice 
the length of the oblong obtuse sepals ; follicles 5 mm. long, tipped with the 
slender style. On rocks, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., Ind. and Tenn. Also escaped 
from gardens to roadsides in the Middle and Eastern States. April-June. 

10. Sedum Nevii A. Gray. Nevius' Stonecros. (I. F. f. 181 9.) Tufted, 
glabrous; stems spreading or decumbent, flowering branches ascending, 8-13 cm. 
high. Leaves of the sterile shoots densely imbricated, spatulate or obovate, nar- 
rowed or cuneate at the base, mostly sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 6- 12 mm. 
long; leaves of the flowering branches spatulate or linear-oblong, alternate; cyme 
about 3-forked; flowers close together, 6-8 mm. broad; petals linear, acuminate, 
longer than the sepals ; follicles about 4 mm. long, divergent, tipped with the short 
style. On rocks, Va. to Ala. May-June. 

3. SEMPERVIVUM L. 

Perennial herbs, the succulent leaves imbricated on the short sterile shoots and 
scattered on the erect flowering stems, with compound cymes of showy flowers. 
Flowers 6-20-parted. Petals distinct, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 
Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles filiform; ovules 00 . Follicles many- 
seeded. [Latin, always living.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Sempervivum tectorum L. Houseleek. (L F. f. 1820.) Flowering 
stems about 3 dm. high, the barren shoots forming lateral nearly globular tufts. 
Leaves oval or ovate, the lower 2.5-4 cm. long, thick, short-pointed, bordered by a 
line of stiff" short hairs; cyme large, dense; flowers sometimes 2.5 cm. broad, pink, 
sessile along its branches; petals lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 times as long as the ob- 
tuse ciliate sepals. Essex Co., Mass.; Somerset Co., N.J. Native of continental 
Europe. Summer. 

Family 3. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. 

Erect perennial scarcely succulent herbs, with alternate sessile serrate 
thin leaves, and greenish perfect flowers in forked secund cymes. Calyx 
5-parted. Petals usually wanting, if present 5. Stamens 10, hypogy- 
nous ; filaments filiform. Carpels 5, united to the middle, ovules 00 . 
Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-beaked, the lobes tipped with divergent 
styles, many-seeded. Only the following genus. 

I. PENTHORUM L. 

[Greek, five, from the symmetrical flower.] About 3 species, natives of eastern 
N. Am., Japan and China. 

I. Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop. (L F. {. 1821.) 
Glabrous, erect; stem 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 
acuminate at each end, finely serrate, 5-10 cm. long; cymes 2-3-forke'd; flowers 
short-pedicelled, about 4 mm. broad; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the 
flattish capsule; petals often or generally wanting. \i\ ditches and swamps, N. B. 
to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Family 4. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. 

Grass-of -Parnassus Fanii/y. 

Glabrous bog herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generallv one or 
a few alternate stem-leaves, and solitary terminal flowers. Flowers per- 
fect. Calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base, free from or adnate to 
the ovary. Petals 5. Fertile stamens 5 ; staminodia (imperfect stamens) 
in clusters at the base of each petal. Ovary i -celled with 4 parietal 



47^ FLORA. 

placentae ; style one ; stigmas 4. Seeds numerous. Seed-coat winged. 
Only the following genus. 

I. PARNASSIA L. 

[From the Greek mount ; the plant called Grass -of- Parnassus by Dioscondes.] 
About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the 
following, another occurs in northwestern America. 

Petals sessile; leaves ovate, oval, orbicular or cordate. 
Staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal- 
Flower 2-4 cm. broad ; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes. 

Staminodia not longer than the stamens, stout. i. F. Carohmana. 

Staminodia longer than the stamens, slender. 2. P. grandijolia. 

Flower 8-10 mm. broad ; petals equalling the calyx-lobes. 3. F. Kotzebuei. 
Staminodia 5-15 at the base of each petal, slender. 

Flower 8-10 mm. broad ; leaves narrowed at base. 4. P. parvifiora. 

Flower 25 mm. broad; leaves cordate at base. 5. P, palustris. 

Petals clawed ; leaves reniform ; staminodia 3 at each petal. 6. P. asarifolia. 

1. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Carolina Grass of- Parnassus. (I. F. 
f. 1852.) Scape 2-3 dm. high, with a nearly sessile ovate clasping leaf below the 
middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oval or orbicular, obtuse, rounded or 
sometimes cordate at the base, or decurrent into the petiole, 2-5 cm. long; calyx- 
lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals broadly oval, white, greenish-veined; stamino- 
dia generally 3 in each set; capsule 8-10 mm. long. In swamps and low meadows, 
N. B. to Manitoba, N. Car. and Iowa. June-Sept. 

2. Parnassia grandiiolia DC. Large-leaved Grass-of-Parnassus. (I. F. 
f. 1853.) Similar to the preceding, the scape bearing an ovate clasping leaf at the 
middle or below. Basal leaves often larger and narrowed at the base ; petals 
white; staminodia 3-5 in each set, slender or almost filiform, exceeding the anther- 
bearing stamens. In moist soil, Va. to Fla., Mo. and La. July-Sept. 

3. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Kotzebue's Grass-of-Parnassus. 
(I. F. f. 1854.) Scape slender, 7-15 cm. high, leafless, or sometimes with a sin- 
gle sessile oval leaf near the base. Basal leaves short-petioled, membranous, ovate 
or oval, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, 6-24 mm. long; calyx-lobes 
oblong; petals white, 3-5-veined, sessile; staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal. 
Quebec, Lab., arctic Am. to Alaska and in the Canadian Rocky Mts. Summer. 

4. Parnassia parvifiora DC. Small-flowered Grass-of-Parnassus. 
(I. F. f. 1856.) Scape 1-3 dm. high, slender, usually bearing a clasping oval leaf 
at the middle. Basal leaves petioled, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base, not cor- 
date, 12-25 n^^^' loii^gl sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic 
sessile petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each petal. In wet places, Quebec to 
Lab. and the Pacific Coast, south to Mich, and Utah. July-Sept. 

5. Parnassia paliistris L. Marsh or Northern Grass-of-Parnassus. 
(I. F. f. 1855.) Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, bearing a clasping ovate leaf below 
the middle, or rarely leafless. Basal leaves slender-petioled, ovate, obtuse at the 
apex, usually cordate at the base, 18-35 ™"^^- l<^^g; calyx ^| shorter than the 
elliptic few-vemed sessile petals; staminodia 9-15 at the base or each petal. In 
wet places, Newt, and Lab. to Alaska, Mich, and Wyo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
July-Sept. 

6. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Kidney-leaved Grass of-Parnassus. 
(I. F. f. 1857.) Scape 2.5-5 <^"^- tiigh, bearing a clasping nearly orbicular leaf at 
about the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, rounded, kidney-shaped, often 5 -8 cm. 
wide; flower 25-35 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oval, much shorter than the strongly 
veined elliptic petals; staminodia 3 in each set, slender, about the length of the 
stamens. In wet places, mountains of Va. , Tenn., Ga., and N. Car. July-Get. 

Family 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort.* 

Saxifrage Family. 

Herbs. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 5-lobed or 

5-parted (rarel 12-lobed or parted), free, or adnate to the ovary, 

* Revised by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. 



SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 477 

asually persistent. Petals usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal 
in number to or twice as many as the petals, in apetalous species as many 
or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, perigynous or epigynous ; filaments 
distinct. Disk generally present. Carpels usually 2, distinct or united, 
but upper portion free, mostly fewer than the stamens. Seeds commonly 
numerous ; endosperm generally copious, fleshy ; embryo small, terete. 
About 70 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution. 

Large herbs; leaves 3-ternate; flowers polygamous. i. Asttlbe. 

Leaves simple, cleft, lobed or 3-foliolate; flowers perfect. 
Placentae axial. 

Ovary superior or nearly so; stamens 10. 2. Saxifraga. 

Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 
Stamens 5, in our species. 

Petals deciduous. 3. Therofon. 

Petals persistent. 4- Sullivantia. 

Stamens 10. ■ 2. Saxtjraga. 

Placentae almost basal. 5- Tiarella 

Placentae parietal. 

Petals present (in our species) ; terrestrial plants. 

Petals entire. 6. Heuchera. 

Petals lobed or pinnatifid. 7. Mitella. 

Petals none; small aquatic plants. 8. Chrysosplenium. 

I. ASTILBE Hamilt. 

Erect perennial herbs, with small spicate flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 
campanulate, 4-5-lobed. P.etals 4 or 5 (in our species), linear-spatulate, inserted at 
the base of the calyx. Stamens 8- 10; filaments elongated. Ovary superior or 
nearly so, 2-3-celled, deeply 2-3-lobed at the apex; styles 2-3; ovules 00. Capsule 
2-3-lobed, separating into 2 or 3 follicle-like carpels, each usually few-seeded. 
Seeds small, the testa loose, tapering at each end. [Greek without brightness.] 
About 7 species, natives of eastern N. Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 

I. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. False Goat's Beard. Astilbe. 
(I. F. f. 1822.) Erect, 1-2 m. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves petioled, 
often 6 dm. broad; leaflets thin, stalked, ovate, the lateral ones usually oblique, 
acuminate, sharply serrate or incised, 5 -12 cm. long; panicles often 3 dm. long; 
flowers sessile or nearly so, about 4 mm. broad, yellowish white; petals of the 
staminate flowers spatulate, those of the perfect ones much smaller or none ; 
stamens 10 ; follicles 2, acute, glabrous, about 3 mm. long. In woods, mountains 
of Va. to Ga. and Tenn. Plant with the aspect of Aruncus. June. 

2. SAxiFRAGA L. 

Perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and perfect flowers. 
Calyx-tube free, or adnate to the base of the ovary, 5 -lobed. Petals 5, perigynous. 
Stamens 10, inserted with the petals; anthers didymous. Ovary superior or partly 
inferior, usually 2-celled, 2-lobed at the summit; styles short; ovules oc, on axial 
placentae. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded. Seeds small, the testa smooth or 
roughened. [Greek, stone-breaking, from reputed medicinal qualities.] About 
210 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 
about 50 others occur in western N. Am. 

* Stems prostrate ; leaves rounded, opposite; petals purple. 

I. 6". oppositifol'ia. 

♦ * Stems erect or ascending; leaves alternate; petals white or yellow. 
Flowers yellow; leaves entire. 

Stems several-flowered; leaves linear. 2. 5. autuvmalis. 

Stems i-flowered; leaves oblong. 3. ^. Ilh cuius. 

Flowers white; leaves 3-7-lobed, mostly wider than long. 

Stems 10-25 cm. tall; flower commonly solitary, nodding. 4. .S". cernua. 
Stems weak, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 1-5, erect.' 5. .S". rnularis. 

* * * Stems scapose, naked or bracted, the leaves clustered at the base. 

t Leaves stiff, oblong or oblanceolate ; petals yellow or yellowish. 



47^ FLORA. 

Leaves sharply 3-toothed at the apex. 6. S. irtcuspidata. 

Leaves with white denticulate margins. 7. S. Aizoon. 

t t Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft ; petals white. 8. ^. caespitosa. 

t t + Leaves soft, obovate or oval with narrowed or spatula^e base. 
Flowers regular; petals all nearly alike. 

Plants large, 3-10 dm. tall, growing in wet places. 

Leaves merely denticulate or repand; follicles ovoid. 9. 6". Pennsylvanica. 
Leaves coarsely and sharply dentate; follicles lanceolate. 

10. S. mtcranthidifolia. 
Plants low, 5-45 cm. tall, growing in dry or rocky places. 
Petals sessile, not clawed. 

Flowers in cymose or at length panicled clusters. 11, .S". Virginiensts. 
Flowers capitate; arctic and alpine species. 12. S. nivalis. 

Petals narrowed into a claw. 

Flowers few, most or all of them replaced by tufts of leaves. 

13. S. comosa. 
Inflorescence loose, cymose-paniculate. 

Follicles erect, united to near their summits; styles short. 

14. S. stellaris. 
FolHcles divergent, united only at base; styles filiform. 

15. S. Grayana. 
Flowers irregular, 3 petals large, 2 smaller. 16. S. Michauxn. 

t t t t Leaves soft, orbicular, cordate, dentate all around. 

17. S. Geum. 

1. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. Purple or Mountain Saxifrage. (L F. f. 
1823.) Tufted, stems densely leafy, 5-25 cm. long. Leaves sessile, persistent, 
keeled, fleshy, obtuse, punctate with 1-3 pores, 2-5 mm. long, the margins ciliate; 
flowers solitary, peduncled or nearly sessile, 8-12 mm. broad; calyx-lobes obtuse, 
much shorter than the obovate purple petals; calyx free from the ovary and cap- 
sule; follicles abruptly short-pointed; seeds rugose. On wet rocks. Vt., Anticosti, 
and Newf. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Wyo. and Ore. Also in Europe 
and Asia. Summer. 

2. Saxifraga autumnalis L. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 
1824.) Tufted, glabrous; stems 5-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, fleshy, mucronate- 
tipped, sessile, 8-18 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, the margins often sparingly ciliate; 
flowers corymbose. 8-14 mm. broad; petals oblong, sometimes spotted with orange, 
exceeding the ovate-oblong calyx-lobes; carpels abruptly acuminate; base of the 
capsule adnate to the calyx; seeds minutely rugose. On wet rocks, Newf. and 
Lab. to Vt., western N. Y., arctic Am. and Mich. Also in alpme and arctic 
Europe and Asia. Summer. \^S. aizoides L.] 

3. Saxifraga Hirculus L. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1825.) 
Erect, 10-25 cm. high. Leaves I-4 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile; flower terminal, with scarlet spots; calyx-lobes obtuse, reflexed; petals 
obovate or oblong, about 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; capsule free from the 
calyx or nearly so, about 8 mm. long, its beaks at length diverging. In bogs, Lab. 
and arctic America, Also in northern an.d alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. Saxifraga cernua L. Nodding or Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage. 
(I. F. f. 1826.) Stem weak, ascending, pubescent but scarcely glutinous, 1-3 dm. 
long. Basal and lower leaves petioled, broadly reniform, palmately 5-7-lobed, 
usually less than 25 mm. wide; upper leaves smaller, sessile, 3-lobed or entire and 
bract-like, often bearing bulblets in their axils; flowers 1-3, terminal, 8-10 mm. 
broad; petals obovate. 3-4 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Newf., Lab. 
and arctic America to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
Summer. 

5. Saxifraga rivularis L. Alpine Brook Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1827.) 
Tufted, matted, 2-7 cm. high. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, reniform, 
3-5-lobed, seldom more than 6 mm. wide; petioles dilated at the base; upper leaves 
lanceolate or ovate, sessile; flowers 1-5, terminal, white, 6- 10 mm. broad; calyx- 
lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals; base of the cap- 
sule adnate to the calyx. White Mts., Lab., arctic Am. and south in the Rocky 
Mts. to Colo. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 

6. Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz. Three-toothed Saxifrage. (L F. f. 
1828.) Tufted; flowering stems 5-20 cm. high, the leaves oblong or oblong- 



SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 4/9 

spatulate, parchment-like, 8-14 mm. long, narrowed at the base, sessile, the mar- 
gins ciliate; flowers corymbose, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, coriaceous, much 
shorter than the petals; lower part of capsule adnate to the calyx. In rocky 
places, Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, south to Lake Superior and in the Canadian 
Rocky Mts. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. 

7. Saxifraga Aizoon Jacq. Livelong Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1829.) Leaves 
in a rosette; plant spreading by offsets. Leaves 8-24 mm. long, spatulale, thick, 
obtuse; scape viscid-pubescent, I-2.5 dm. high; flowers corymbose, about 6 mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, viscid, shorter than the obovate, often 
spotted petals; base of capsule adnate to the calyx. On dry rocks, Vt.; Quebec to 
Lab., Lake Superior and Manitoba. Also in Europe. Summer. 

8. Saxifraga caespitosa L. Tufted Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1830.) Tufted; 
leaves spatulate or fan-shaped, 6-18 mm. long, glabrous; flowering stem 5-20 cm. 
high, viscid-pubescent, at least above, linear-bracted or with several 3-lobed leaves; 
flowers 1-8, corymbose, 8-14 mm. broad; calyx-lobes qvate-oblong, obtuse or ob- 
tusish,. much shorter than the petals; base of the capsule adnate to the calyx. On 
rocks, Quebec, Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, Ore. and Colo. Also in Europe and 

■ Siberia. Summer. 

9. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Pennsylvania or Swamp Saxifrage. 
(I. F. f. 183 1.) Scape stout, terete, viscid-pubescent. Leaves oval to oblanceolate, 
10-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a broad 
petiole; cymes in an elongated panicle; flowers greenish, regular, 3-5 mm. broad; 
calyx-tube nearly free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, obtusish, reflexed, one-half 
shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals ; filaments subulate or filiform. In swamps 
and on wet banks. Me. to Ont., Minn., Va., Iowa and Mo. May. 

10. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B. S. P. Lettuce Saxifrage. 
(I. F. f. 1832.) Scape slender, viscid. Leaves oblanceolate or oval, sometimes 3 
dm. long, obtuse, tapering downward into a long margined petiole; panicle loose, 
elongated; flowers white, regular, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes reflexed, slightly 
shorter than the oval or oblong obtuse petals; calyx-tube free from the ovary; fila- 
ments club-shaped. In cold brooks, Penn. to N. Car. May-June. 

11. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1833.) 
Scape viscid-pubescent, I -3 dm. high. Leaves obovate or oval, narrowed into a 
margined petiole, dentate or crenate, 2-7 cm. long or longer; flowers white, 
regular, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes erect, triangular-ovate, much shorter than the 
obtuse petals; ovary nearly free from the calyx; carpels nearly separate. In dry 
or rocky woodlands, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Tenn. March-May. 

12. Saxifraga nivalis L. Clustered Alpine Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1834.) 
Resembling the preceding, but seldom over 15 cm. high. Scape viscid, naked, or 
bracted at the base of the capitate inflorescence; leaves ovate or oval, narrowed 
into a margined petiole, thicker; flowers white, 6-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate 
or oblong, obtuse, about one-half the length of the petals; ovary half-inferior; 
follicles deep purple, divergent. Lab. and arctic Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to 
Ariz. Also in Europe and Siberia. Summer. 

13. Saxifraga comosa (Poir.) Britton. FoLiosE Saxifrage (I. F. f. 1835.) 
Scape slightly viscid, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate, den- 
tate and mostly obtuse, 8-18 mm. long; flowers white, regular; calyx nearly free 
from the ovary, its lobes reflexed. much shorter than the sagittate' petals. ' Mo. ; 
Lab. and arctic America; Mt. Evans, Colo. Also in Asia and Europe. Summer. 

14. Saxifraga stellaris L. Star or Starry Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1836.) 
Scape bracted at the inflorescence, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or 
obovate, sharply dentate, tapering into a broad petiole, 1-5 cm. long; flowers about 
I cm. broad; petals white, yellow-spotted at the base; calyx noarfy free from the 
ovary, its lobes reflexed, lanceolate, obtusish, about one-half the length of the tib- 
long petals ; capsule 4-6 mm. long. In rocky places, reported from Lab. and 
Greenland. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

15. Saxifraga Grayana Britton. Gray's Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1837.) Cilan- 
dular-pilose, scapose from a corm-like rootstock ; scape 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Basal 
leaves oblong to nearly orbicular, 2-12 cm. long, crenate-dentate, narrowed intt^ 
margined petioles, mostly shorter than the blade ; flowers white, 8-10 mm. broad; 
calyx-tubc adnate to the ovary, its segments ovate-oblong, reflexed, obtuse; petals 



48o FLORA. 

ovate, obtuse, 2-spotted; filaments club-shaped; follicles oblong, 4-6 mm. long. In 
rocky situations, mountains of Va. and N. Car. June-July. 

16. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton. Michaux's Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1838.) 
Erect, viscid-pubescent, 15-50 cm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 
7-17 cm. long, narrowed into a margined petiole, coarsely dentate; scape leafy- 
bracted above; inflorescence paniculate; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, irregular; petals 
clawed, white, the 3 larger ones sagittate or truncate and usually v>ath a pair of 
yellowish spots at the base, tne other 2 spatulate and unspotted; calyx-tube free 
from the ovary, its lobes reflexed; follicles lanceolate, about 5 mm. long. In dry 
rocky places, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. May-Sept. 

17. Saxifraga Geum L. Kidney-leaved Saxifrage. (I. F. f. 1839.) 
Glandular-pubescent, scapose ; scape 7-25 cm. high. Leaves clustered at the 
base, 1-2.5 cm. wide; petioles stout, densely pubescent, 2-6 cm. long; inflores- 
cence paniculate ; bracts small, linear ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; petals white, 
oblong or ovate-oblong, with a yellow spot at the base and several smaller purplish 
spots at the middle; calyx-lobes lanceolate or reflexed; capsule oblong. Newf. 
and in Europe. June-July. 

3. THEROFON Raf. 

Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs, with alternate petioled orbicular or 
reniform leaves, and small white perfect flowers in panicles. Calyx-tube top- 
shaped or subglobose, adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, deciduous, 
inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); 
styles 2, rarely 3. Capsule 2-celled, the beaks of the carpels divergent. Seeds 
numerous, the testa shining, minutely punctate. [Greek, beast-killing ; an old 
name of aconite.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am. 

I. Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Milbp. Aconite Saxifrage. (I. F. 
f. 1840.) Stem 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled, reni- 
form-orbicular, cordate or truncate at the base, palmately 5-7-lobed, sharply in- 
cised-serrate; upper leaves short-petioled; cymes panicled; pedicels and calyx 
viscid; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect; petals 
oblanceolate; capsule adnate to the calyx-tube, only its divergent beaks free. In 
woods, southwestern Va. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. July. 

4. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. 

Slender perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled reniform-orbicular 
crenate or slightly lobed leaves, and small white cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx- 
tube campanulate, adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes erect. 
Petals 5, spatulate, marcescent. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx-lobes. 
Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, 2-beaked, ripening into a 2-beaked capsule. 
Styles 2. Ovules 00 . Seeds winged. [In honor of William Starling Sullivant, 
1803-1873, American botanist.] Three known species, of North America. 

I. Sullivantia Sullivantii (T. & G.) Britton. Sullivantia. (I. F. f. 
1841.) Stem scapose, nearly leafless, reclined, slightly glandular-pubescent, 15- 
35 cm. long. Leaves long-petioled, 2-7 cm. wide, reniform, sparingly pubescent 
or glabrous; panicle ample, sometimes leafy-bracted, glandular; pedicels recurved 
in fruit; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; petals entire, 
exceeding the stamens. On cliffs, Ohio to Minn, and Iowa. June. 

5. TIARELLA L. 

Perennial erect herbs, with the leaves mainly basal, long-petioled, lobed or 3- 
foliolate, small stipules adnate to the petiole, and white pedicelled racemose or 
paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, nearly or quite free from the base of 
the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10 ; filaments elongated. 
Ovary i-celled; styles 2; ovules cx3 . Capsule membranous, i -celled, 2-valved, the 
valves usually unequal. Seeds usually few, smooth, not winged. [Diminutive of 
tiara, from the form of capsule.] About 6 species, natives of N. Am., Japan and the 
Himalayas. Besides the following, 3 others occur in western N. Am. 

I Tiarella cordifoliaL. Coolwort. False Mitrewort. (I. F. f. 1842.) 
Scape 15-30 cm. high, slender, pubescent; plant producing runners later in the 



SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 48 1 

season. Leaves longpetioled, broadly cordate, 3-7-lobed, obtuse or acutish at the 
apex, 5-10 cm. long, crenate or dentate all around, pubescent with scattered hairs 
above, glabrate or downy along the veins beneath; inflorescence racemose, glandu- 
lar-puberuient; flowers white, about 6 mm. broad; petals oblong, entire or slightly 
dentate, clawed, somewhat exceeding the white calyx-lobes; capsule reflexed, about 
6 mm. long, its valves very unequal. In rich, moist woods, N. S. to Ont. and 
Minn., south to Ga. and Ind. April-May. 

6. HEUCHERA L. 

Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled ovate or 
orbicular leaves, and small, paniculate or racemose, white green or purple flowers, 
on naked or leafy-bracted scapes. Calyx-tube campanulate, often oblique, adnata 
to the base of the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals small, spatulate, often shorter than the 
calyx-lobes", entire, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted with 
the petals. Ovary i -celled; styles 2, slender. Ovules 00 . Capsule 2-valved, 2- 
beaked. Seeds minutely hispid or muricate. [Named for Johann Heinrich von 
Heucher, 1677-1747, a German botantist.] About 34 species, natives of N. Am. 
and Mex. Besides the following, about '20 others occur in western and southern 
N. Am. 

Stem with 1-3 leaves (seldom 4 or 5). 

Stamens slightly if at all exceeding the petals ; calyx in flower 5-8 mm. long, deci- 
dedly turbinate at the base. i. H. pubescens. 
Stamens about twice as long as the petals ; calyx in flower campanulate or shghtly 
turbinate. 

Stem and petioles glabrous or puberulent. 

Calyx 5-7 mm. long, cylindric-campanulate. 2. H. roseola. 

Calyx 3-4 mm. long, open-campanulate. 3. H. Curtisii. 

Stem and petioles villous; calyx in flower about 2 mm, 5. H. crinita. 

Stem strictly scapose. 

Flowers small ; calyx in flower 2-5 mm. long, only slightly oblique. 
Petioles and scape hirsute or villous, seldom glabrate. 

Lobing of the leaves rather deep ; lobes acute ; calyx in flower about 2 mm. 
Leaves cordate ; lobes and teeth triangular. 4. H. villosa. 

Leaves mostly reniform ; lobes broadly ovate; teeth rounded, mucro- 
nate. 5. H. crimta. 

Lobing of the leaves shallow ; lobes obtuse ; teeth rounded, mucronate. 
Calyx in flower about 2 mm. long, petals white. 6. H. parvijlora. 
Calyx in flower 4-5 mm.; petals greenish or purplish. 

7, H. hirsuticaulis. 
Petioles glabrous or puberulent ; scape rarely slightly hirsute. 

Petals spatulate, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes. 8. H. Americana. 
Petals oblanceolate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. 9. H. Ia7tcipetala. 
Flowers large; calyx in flower 6-10 mm, long, decidedly oblique. 

Leaves sinuately lobed, crenate with very shallow and broad mucronate teeth, 

10. H. lotigiflora. 
Leaves more deeply lobed; teeth broadly ovate. 11. H. hispida. 

1. Heuchera pubescens Pursh. Downy Heuchera. (I. F, f. 1846.) Stems 
rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, densely glandular-pubescent, at least above. Basal 
leaves slender-petioled, broadly cordate, 5 -10 cm. wide, 5-7 lobed, the lobes 
rounded or acute, crenate or dentate; panicle loose; calyx minutely glandular, its 
lobes usually unequal ; petals broadly spatulate, purplish, slightly exceeding the 
calyx-lobes. In rich woods, mountains of Pcnn. to Ky. and N. Car. May-june. 

2. Heuchera roseola Rydb. Pink Heuchera. Stem 5-6 dm. high, ghuul- 
ular-puberulent, or glabrate below. Basal leaves round-cordate, 4-6 cm. wide. 
5-7-lobed with rounded lobes, crenate with mucronate teeth, minutely hispid above, 
hirsute on the veins beneath and ciliate on the margin; stem-leaves small, broadly 
ovate, with sharp acuminate teeth; panicle loose, simple ; calyx glandular puber- 
ulent, its lobes oblong, obtuse, slightly unequal; petals light pink, oblanceolate. 
about \ lorigcr than the cal)x-lobes. In woods, \\)rk Furnace, Penn. Ma v. 

3. Heuchera Ciirtisii T. & G, Ci'Rris" Heuchera. Stem 5-10 dm. high, 
glabrous below, puberulent above. Basal leaves round-cordate or reniform. 3-S 



482 FLORA. 

cm. broad, rounded -lobed and crenate, glabrous or slightly hispidulous above, cili- 
ate on the margins ; stem-leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, sharply toothed with 
acuminate teeth ; panicle lax, open, with divergent branches ; calyx puberulent, its 
lobes oblong, obtuse ; petals piirple, puberulent, spatulate, scarcely exceeding the 
calyx-lobes. Rich woods of Va. and N. Car. June. 

Heuchera Curtisii crenata Rydb. Stem more leafy, with 3-5 rounded cordate or 
orbicular, crenate leaves ; panicle narrower and petals minute. Va. to N. Car. Type 
from Peaks of Otter, Va, 

4. Heuchera villosa Michx. Hairy Heuchera. (I, F. f. 1844.) Stem erect, 
2-6 dm. high, leafless, or bearing a few small bracts, generally villous-pubescent with 
brownish hairs, as are also the long petioles and the veins on the lower surfaces ol 
the leaves. Basal leaves 7-12 cm., wide, orbicular or sometimes longer than broad; 
flowering calyx campanulate, regular; petals linear-spatulate, white or nearly so, 
about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens much exserted. In rocky places, 
Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Sept. Called also American Sanicle. 

5. Heuchera crinita Rydb. Large Hairy Heuchera. Stem 5-7 dm. 
high, stout, bearing some bracts or often 1-3 leaves, villous, as well as the petioles, 
with brownish hairs. Basal leaves rounded, reniform, 10-22 cm. in diameter, 
glabrous or slightly hispidulous above, more or less hairy beneath, especially on 
the veins; flowering calyx campanulate, almost regular, strigose-villous; petals 
spatulate, pinkish, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens about twice as 
long. In the form of the leaves it is intermediate between the preceding and the 
next, but it is much larger than either. In rocky places, from Ky. and 111. to Va. 
Type from Ky. 

6. Heuchera parviflora BartL Rugel's Heuchera. (I. F. f. 1843.) Stems 
slender, 1.5-6 dm. long, weak, glandular-hirsute or villous, leafless, often bearing 
a few bracts. Basal leaves with long slender glandular-villous petioles, broadly 
reniform, 5-13 cm. wide, with 7-9 broad lobes; inflorescence very loosely paniculate; 
flowermg calyx regular, campanulate; petals linear-spatulate, 2-3 times as long as 
the calyx-lobes; stamens somewhat exserted. Shaded cliffs, Mo. and 111. to western 
N. Car. July-Sept. The name H. Rugelii Shuttlw., of 1847, must give place to 
the older H. parviflora Bartl., of 1839. 

7. Heuchera hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. Hirsute Heuchera. Stem 
stout, 5-6 dm. high, leaflets long-hirsute. Leaves reniform, 5-10 cm. broad, 
glabrate or sometimes hirsute above, hirsute on the veins beneath; flowering 
calyx campanulate, glandular-puberulent, somewhat oblique ; petals spatulate, 
greenish or purplish, generally shorter than the oblong obtuse calN'x- segments; 
stamens fully twice as long. Rocky banks, Mo., III. and Ind. May- June. \^H. 
hispida hirsnticaulis Wheelock.] 

8. Heuchera Americana L. Alum-root. (I. F. f. 1845.) Stem 6-9 dm. 
high, leafless, more or less glandular-hirsute. Basal leaves long-petioled, 7-10 
cm. wide, with 7-9 rounded crenate-dentate lobes, the older ones glabrous, or 
with scattered hairs on the upper surface ; flowering calyx broadly campanulate, 
nearly regular, 3-5 mm. long ; petals small, greenish ; stamens much exserted ; 
anthers orange. In dry or rocky woods, Ont. to Conn., Minn., Ala. and La. 
May-Aug. 

9. Heuchera lancipetala Rydb. Long-petaled Alum-root. Stem, stout, 
about 6 dm. high, naked, sparingly glandular-hirsute. Leaves round-reniform, 
resembling those of the preceding, rather firm, glabrous except the ciliate margins 
and the veins beneath; panicle narrower and more simple than in the preceding; 
flowering calyx open campanulate, but decidedly turbinate at the base, nearly 
regular; petals whitish or pinkish; stamens about twice as long. Type from Ky. 

10. Heuchera longiflora Rydb. Long-flowered Heuchera. Stem about 
5 dm. high, glandular-puberulent above, naked or with a few small bracts. 
Leaves firm, glabrous, except the ciliate margins, reniform, 5-8 cm. in diameter; 
flowering calyx deeply campanulate, obliqiie, gibbous at the base on the shorter 
side, glandular-puberulent, its lobes oblong, very obtuse; petals spatulate with a 
slender claw, yellow at the base, purple-tipped, about equalling the calyx-segments; 
stamens and style included. Hills bordering Mudlick Bath, Ky. May. 



SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 48 3 

II. Heuchera hispida Pursh. Rough Heuchera. (I. F. f. 1847.) Stem 
6-12 dm. tall, hirsutely-pubescent, glandular-puberulent, usually leafless. Leaves 
4-7 cm. wide, with long petioles, broadly ovate-orbicular. 5-9 lobed ; panicle 
narrow; flowering calyx deeply campanulate, very oblique, its lobes unequal; pet- 
als spatulate, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens slightly exserted. In 
woods, Va. to W. Ont, Kans. and the N. W. Terr. May-June. 

Heuchera hispida Richardsonii (R. Br.) Rydb. Very sparingly hairy; leaves smaller, 
about 4 cm. in diameter ; flowering calyx longer, fully 10 mm. long ; stamens scarcely at 
all exserted. Manitoba, N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. 

7. MITELLA L. 

Erect perennial herbs, with long petioled ovate to reniform basal leaves, naked 
or 2-leaved scapes, and small white or greenish flowers in elongated spiciform 
racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5 -lobed. Petals 
5, 3-cleft or pinnatifid. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5); filaments short. Ovary glo- 
bose, I -celled; styles 2, short; ovules 00 . Capsule I -celled, 2-valved at the apex, 
many-seeded. Seeds smooth, shining. [Diminutive of mitra, a cap, from the 
form of the young pod.] About 12 species, natives of N. Am. and E. Asia. Be- 
sides the following, about 7 others occur on the Pacific Coast. 

Basal leaves ovate, cordate ; scape with 2 opposite leaves. 1. M. diphylla. 

Basal leaves reniform; scape naked or i-Ieaved near the base. 2. M. nuda. 

1. Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved Bishop's Cap, or Mitrewort. (I. 
F. f. 1848.) Scape 2.5-4.5 dm. high, pubescent, bearing a pair of opposite leaves 
near its middle. Basal leaves acute or acuminate, 3-5 -lobed, dentate, scabrous 
and with scattered hairs on both sides, 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves of the scape sim- 
ilar, usually smaller; raceme 0.7-2 dm. long; calyx-lobes and petals white; cap- 
sule flattish, broad, dehiscent above. In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., N. H., N. 
Car. and Mo. April-May. 

2. Mitella nuda L. Stoloniferous or Naked Bishop's Cap or Mi- 
trewort. (I. F. f. 1849.) Usually stoloniferous; scape erect, slender, pubescent, 
7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves crenate or doubly crenate, 2-4 cm. wide, pubescent 
with scattered hairs; stem-leaves usually none; flowers pedicelled, greenish, about 
4 mm. broad. In cold woods and peat-bogs, Newf. and Lab. to the Pacific coast, 
N. Eng., Penn., Mich, and Mont. Also in Asia. Apnl-June. 

8 CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. 

Low somewhat succulent mainly semi aquatic herbs, with petioled crenate leaves 
with no stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, perfect. Calyx-tube urn- shaped or 
obconic, adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5 -lobed. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 
(rarely 4 or 5), inserted on the margin of a disk; filaments short. Ovary i-celled, 
flattish, 2- lobed; styles 2, short, recurved; ovules 00 . Capsule membranous, short, 
inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above. Seed-coat muricate or pilose. [Greek, 
golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal quality.] About 15 species, natives of the 
north temperate zone and southern S. Am. Besides the following, 2 others occur in 
northvi^estern America. 

Lower leaves opposite; flowers mostly solitary. i. C. Americanum. 

Leaves all alternate ; flowers corymbose. 2. C. lowensis. 

1. Crysosplenium Americanum Schwein. Golden Saxifrage. Water 
Carpet. (I. F. f. 1850.) Stems decumbent, forked above, glabrous or very 
nearly so, 7-20 cm. long. Lower leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, broad- 
ly ovate, orbicular or somewhat reniform, obtuse or trui.cate at the base, rounded 
at the apex, 4-20 mm. wide; flowers sessile, axillary, about 2 mm. broad; calyx- 
lobes commonly 4, yellowish, or purplish within; stamens commonly 8; anthers 
orange-red. In wet, shaded places, N. S. to the Sask. region, south to Ga., and to 
Ohio and Minn. March-June. 

2. Chrysosplenium lowensis Rydb. Iowa Golden Saxifr.vge. (I. F. 
f. 185 1.) Flowering stems, 1-7 cm. high, branched above. Leaves reniform, 
thin, shining above, pale beneath, 4-10 mm. wide, or crenate with 5-7 rather 
broad lobes ; upper stem-leaves larger than the lower ; calyx-lobes commonly 



4^4 FLORA. 

4, orange-yellow within; stamens usually 8, rarely 4-6. Decorah, Iowa. May- 
June. It has been confused with C. alternifoHum L. with dull punctate leaves 
with truncate lobes and C. teh-andrum P>ies, with thick 3-5-lobed leaves and 4 
stamens. 

Family 6. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. 

Hydrangea Fatntly. 

Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers 
perfect or the exterior ones of the clusters sterile and conspicuous. Petals 
and sepals generally 5. Stamens twice as many or numerous, epigynous. 
Carpels 2-10, wholly united or the apex free, the lower half at least en- 
closed by and adnate to the calyx. Seeds numerous ; endosperm gen- 
erally copious ; embryo small. About 16 genera and 80 species, of tem- 
perate and tropical regions. 

Stamens 8-10; exterior flowers of the corymb usually nputral. i. Hydrangea. 
Stamens 20 40 ; all flowers perfect. 

Vines; style i ; petals small. 2. Decumaria. 

Shrubs ; styles 3-5 ; petals large. 3. Philadelphus. 

1. HYDRANGEA L. 

Shrubs, or some Asiatic species small trees, with opposite simple petioled leaves 
and terminal corymbose flowers. Exterior flowers of the corymb often apetalous, 
slender-pedicelled, sterile, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes; fer- 
tile flowers small. Calyx-tube hemispheric or obconic, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. 
Stamens inserted on the disk. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2- (seldom 3-4-) celled; 
styles 2-4, distinct, or united at the base; ovules 00 . Capsule membranous, usually 
2-celled, ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscent at the bases of the styles. [Greek, water- 
vessel, from the shape of the capsule.] About 35 species, natives of eastern N. 
Am. , Asia and S. Am. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern 
States. 

Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath. i, B. arborscens. 

Leaves grayish-tomentose beneath. 2. H. cinerea. 

1. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. (L F. f. 1858.) A 
shrub, 1-3 m, high. Petioles 3-10 cm. long; leaves ovate, thin, 7-15 cm. long, 
acute or often acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate or rarely broadly cuneate 
at the base, sharply dentate, green both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath; 
cymes 5-13 cm. broad; marginal sterile flowers usually few or none, but some- 
times numerous. On rocky stream or river banks, southern N. Y. and N. J. to 
Iowa, Fla. and Mo. June-July. 

Hydrangea arborescens Kanawhkna Millsp. Leaves pale or somewhat glaucous be- 
neath. W. Va. 

2. Hydrangea cinerea Small. Gray Hydrangea. ((L F. f. 1859.) A 
shrub 2-3 m. high. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 
acute or acuminate at the apex, 7-15 cm. long, green and nearly glabrous above; 
marginal flowers, or at least some of them, sterile and conspicuous. Has been 
confused with H. radiata. Mo. to Tenn. and Ga. June-July. 

2. DECUMARIA L. 

Woody climbing vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and terminal corymbose 
flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovar}--, its limb 
7-10-toothed. Petals 7-10, narrow. Stamens inserted on the disk ; filaments 
subulate. Ovary 5-10-celled, io-15-ribbed, its apex conic; style thick; stigma 
capitate, 5-10-lobed ; ovules 00 . Capsule fragile, ribbed, opening between the 
ribs. . Seeds numerous, the testa membranou':, reticulated, produced into a club- 
shaped appendage. [Latin, decern, ten; the parts being often in lo's.] A mono- 
typic genus of southeastern N. Am. 

I. Decumaria barbara L. Decumaria. (L F. f. i860.) Climbing by 
aerial rootlets. Petioles 1-3 cm. long ; leaves ovate, 5-10 cm. long, entire or 



ITEACEAE. 485 

repand-denticulate, glabrous and shining above ; corymbs 5-8 cm. broad; flowers 
white, fragrant, 6-8 mm. broad; calyx-teeth deciduous; capsule top-shaped, 4-6 
mm. high, tipped with the conic persistent style. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. 
May-June. 

3. PHILADELPHUS L. 

Shrubs, with petioled simple deciduous leaves. Flowers large, terminal or 
axillary, corymbose, racemose or solitary, white or cream-colored. Calyx-tube 
top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, convolute, rounded or 
obovate. Stamens inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5 -celled; styles filiform, dis- 
tinct, or united at the base; ovules 00 . Capsule top-shaped, 3-5 -celled, at length 
loculicidally dehiscent by 3-5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, the testa 
membranous, produced at each end. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.] 
About 15 species, natives of N. Am., Mex., Asia and Europe., Besides the follow- 
ing, about 5 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Flowers inodorous, solitary or few. 

Calyx-lobes about equalling the tube, acute. i. P. inodorus. 

Calyx-lobes about twice as long: as the tube, acuminate. 2. P. grandiflorus , 

Flowers racemose, numerous, fragrant. 3. P. coronarius. 

1. Philadelphus inodorus L. Scentless Syringa. (I. F. f. 1861.) A 

shrub, 2-3 m. high, glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, 5-12 cm. long, 
strongly 3-nerved, serrate with small distant teeth, or entire; flowers about 3 cm. 
broad. In thickets, Va. to Ala. and Ga. Escaped from cultivation in Perm. 
May. 

2. Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. Large-flowered Syringa. (I. F. f. 
1862.) A shrub, 2-3 m. high, resembling the preceding. Leaves broadly ovate 
or oval, more or less pubescent, especially beneath, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate at 
the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply dentate, 3-nerved; flowers 4- 
5 cm. broad. In low grounds, Va. to Tenn. and Fla. April-May. 

3. Philadelphus coronarius L. Garden Syringa. Mock Orange. (I. 
F. f. 1863.) A shrub 0.5-3 m. high. Leaves short-petioled, oval, elliptic or ovate- 
elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, denticulate with distant teeth, 3-nerved; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, creamy 
white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. Escaped from gardens in 
Va. and Ohio, and sparingly in the Middle and Eastern States. Native of Europe. 
May-June 

Family 7. ITEACEAE Agardh. 

Virginia Willow Ftunily. 

Shrubs or small trees with simple alternate leaves, no stipules and 
racemose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 
5. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk. Carpels 2, united to or near the apex. 
Capsule membranaceous, 2-celled, mostly superior, only the base enclosed 
in the calyx. Seeds several with a copious endosperm. 

T. ITEA L. 

Shrubs or small trees, with petioled deciduous leaves, and small white flowers. 
Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate. Petals linear, their apices inflexed. Stigma 
2-grooved in our species; ovules few or numerous. Capsule oblong or narrowly 
conic, 2-valved. Seeds narrow, flatfish, the testa produced at each "end. [Greek 
for willow, which its leaves resemble.] About 5 species, natives of the eastern U. 
S. and Asia. The following is the only one known to occur in N. Am. 

I. Itea Virginica L. Itea. Virginia Willow. (I. F. f. 1S64.) A shrub 
10-25 cm. liigh, the twigs and inflorescence finally pubescent. Leaves short-peti- 
oled, narrowly oval, oblanceolate or rarely obovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous, or with a few 
hairs along the veins beneath; racemes terminal, dense, 5-15 cm long; flowers 



486 FLORA. 

short-pedicelled ; petals linear, erect or slightly spreading, about 5 mm, long; cap- 
sule 4-6 mm. long, pubescent, narrow. In wet places, pine barrens of N. J., and 
eastern Penn. to Fla., western N. Car. and La. May-June. 

Family 8. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. 

Gooseberry Family, 

Shrubs, with often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race- 
mose or subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed, often colored. 
Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often 
included. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary i-celled ; styles 
2, distinct or united. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent 
on its summit. Seeds obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the 
inner crustaceous. Only the following genus, having the characters of 
the family. 

I. RIBES L. 

About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. 
besides the following some 40 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaves plicate in vernation. 

Racemes 1-4-flowered; stems generally with subaxillary spines {Gooseberries). 

Calyx-lobes oblong, shorter than the tube ; berry often spiny or bristly ; stamens 
not exserted. 

Calyx-tube ovoid-campanulate, green ; berry spiny, i. R. Cvnosbati. 
Calyx-tube tubular; berry bristly or glabrous. 

Flowers purplish ; spines slender; plant very hairy. 

2. R. Huronense. 
Flowers whitish; spines stout; plant slightly pubescent. 

3. R. setosum. 
Calyx-lobes equalling or exceeding the tube ; berry glabrous. 

Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube and ovary; peduncles short. 
Stamens scarcely exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes. 

Spines stout, usually 3 together; raceme usually i-flowered. 

4. R. Uva-crispa. 
Spines small, slender or none; raqeme 2-flowered. 

5. R. oxyacanthoides. 
Stamens somewhat exceeding the linear calyx-lobes. 

6. R. rotundifoHum. 
Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube and ovary; peduncle slender; 

stamens long-exserted. 

Spines slender; bark purplish. 7. R. gracile. 

Spines stout; bark light gray. 8. R. Missouriensis. 

Racemes many-flowered; stem with spines and bristles, calyx saucer-shaped, glan- 
dular-bristly. 9. R. lacustre. 
Racemes many-flowered; stem unarmed; calyx campanulate to tubular. {Currants.) 
Calyx-tube campanulate. 

Berry glandular-bristly, red. 10. R. prostratum. 

Berry glabrous. 

Calyx-tube open-campanulate. 

Raceme erect or ascending; berry black. 11. R. Hudsonianutn. 
Raceme pendulous; berry red. 12. R, rubrutn. 

Calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate; berry black. 13. R. fioridum. 
Calyx-tube tubular, glandular; berry red, more or less glandular. 

14. R. cereum. 
Leaves convolute in bud; stem unarmed ; calyx-tube tubular, bright yellow. 

15. R. aureum. 

I. Ribes Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry. Dogberry. (L F. f. 1865.) 
Infra-axillary spines slender, solitary or sometimes 2-3 together, erect or spread- 
ing, 6--10 mm. long, or often wanting. Prickles few and weak or none; petioles 
12-35 mm. long, slender, generally pubescent; leaf-blade nearly orbicular, 3-5 cm. 
broad, somewhat pubescent, at least when young, truncate or cordate at the base, 
deeply 3-5 -lobed, the lobes crenate-dentate or incised; peduncles and pedicels 



GROSSULARIA CEA E. 4^7 

slender; berry 8-12 mm. in diameter, with subulate prickles. In rocky woods, 
N. B., south to N. Car., west to Manitoba and Mo. April-June. 

2. Ribes Huronense Rydb. Lake Huron Gooseberry. Infra-stipular 
spines slender, solitary, 8-10 mm. long, ascending; prickles few and weak; stem 
finely pubescent; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long, very pubescent; leaf-blade 
rounded, obtuse at the base, deeply 5-lobed, incised, densely and rather coarsely 
pubescent; peduncles slender but short, about 15 mm. long, generally 3-flowered; 
calyx very pubescent; petals broadly cuneate, white; styles distinct to the middle; 
berry bristly or weakly spiny. Intermediate between the preceding and the fol- 
lowing, but more pubescent than either. Type from Lake Huron [A*. Cynosbati 
y Hook]. 

3. Ribes setosum Lindl. Bristly Gooseberry. (I. F. f. 1866.) Infra- 
axillary spines 1-3 together, slender or rather stout, 5-10 mm. long, spreading. 
Bristles usually numerous and stout; leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely 
pubescent, at least when young, 1-3 cm. in width, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-5- 
lobed, the lobes incised-dentate ; flowers 1-4, 6-10 mm. long; fruit sparingly 
bristly, or often glabrous, dark blue, very sour. On lake shores and in thickets, 
Manitoba to Mont., Neb. and Wyo. May. 

4. Ribes Uva-crispa L. Garden Gooseberry. (I. F. f. 1870.) Spines 
stout, spreading or reflexed, usually 3 together. Prickles scattered or none; leaves 
short-petioled, orbicular or broader, pubescent, at least when young, seldom over 
2.5 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse and crenate-dentate; peduncles short, 
i-2-flowered, usually pubescent; flowers green, about 6 mm. long. Along road- 
sides in N. J. and N. Y., escaped from gardens. Native of Europe and Asia. 
May. 

5. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Hawthorn or Northern Gooseberry. 
(I. F. f. 1868.) Spines generally solitary, light colored, 4-10 mm. long, often 
short. Prickles commonly wanting; leaves petioled; petioles and lower leaf- 
surfaces commonly pubescent; flowers greenish-purple or white, 6-8 mm. long; 
berry 8-12 mm. in diameter, reddish purple when ripe. In wet woods and low 
grounds. Lab. and Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J. and Neb. May-July. 

6. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. (I. F. f. 
L869.) Closely resembling the preceding, the spines commonly shorter, or often 
altogether wanting, and the prickles none. Leaves similar, but more shining 
beneath when young; flowers greenish-purple, 6-8 mm. long; stamens exserted 
for about \ their length; berry usually not more than 8 mm. in diameter. In rocky 
woods, Mass. and N. Y. to N. Car. May-July. 

7. Ribes gracile Michx. Slender Gooseberry. (I. F. f. 1867.) Branches 
slender and generally purplish. Spines slender, solitary, or 2 or 3 together, purp- 
lish, 6-10 mm. long or more. Prickles none; leaves slender-petioled, somewdiat 
pubescent when young, orbicular, 2-30.5 cm. wide, truncate or obtuse at the base, 
3-5-lobed, the lobes rather blunt, dentate ; pedicels very slender, 1-2 cm", long; 
flowers white, drooping, 10-12 mm. long; calyx-tube narrow, very short; berry 
reddish purple, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, 111. and Kans. to 
La. and Tex. May. 

8. Ribes Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry. Branches stout, 
gray or whitish with shreddy bark; spines usually 3 together, stout, 8- 15 mm. 
long; bristles numerous on the young shoots, rather stout, usually none on the 
older stems and their branches; leaves with stouter petioles, pubescent especially 
when young, 2-6 cm. in diameter; flowers white, 10-15 mm. long; fruit purple, 
10-15 ™^"^- i'^ diameter. It has been confused with the preceding. River banks 
and plain thickets, from 111. and Penn. to Minn., Black Hills of S. Dak., and Kans. 
March-May. 

9. Ribes lacustre(Pers.)Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. (I. F. f. 1S71.) Spines 
slender, weak, generally clustered. Branches usually densely bristly; petioles 
slender, pubescent ; leaves nearly orbicular, thin, pubescent along the veins be- 
neath, deeply 5-7-lobed, 3-5 cm. wide, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate; flowers 
green; pedicels slender, bracted at the base, about 4 mm. long; cal}'x-lobes short, 
broad, spreading; stamens very short, not exserted; berry about 4 mm. in diam- 
eter, reddish, covered with weak bristles. In swamps and wet woods. Newf. to 
Mass., Penn., Mich., Br. Col. and Wash. May June. 



488 FLORA, 

10. Ribes prostratum L'Her. Fetid Currant. (I. F. f. 1872.) Branches 
decumbent or spreading. Petioles slender, 3-7 cm. long, the dilated base some- 
times ciliate; leaves nearly orbicular, sharply and deeply 5-7-lobed, 3-7 cm. wide, 
usually somewhat pubescent along the veins beneath, the lobes acute or acutish, 
dentate-serrate ; flowers racemose, about 5 mm. broad ; pedicels 4-5 mm. long, 
glandular, bracted at the base; stamens short, not exserted. In cold wet places, 
Lab. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to N. Car., Mich, and Colo. Plant 
wi4:h a disagreeable odor. May-June. 

11. Ribes Hudsonianum Richards. Northern Black Currant. (I. F. 
f. 1873.) Branches erect. Petioles slender, 3-10 cm. long; leaves broader than 
long, 3-10 cm. wide, more or less pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, 3-5- 
lobed, the lobes obtuse or acutish, coarsely dentate; pedicels 4 mm. long or less; 
flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oval, obtuse; stamens short, not exserted; 
bracts setaceous, deciduous; fruit black, glabrous, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Hudson 
Bay and western Ont. to N. W. Terr. May-June. 

Ribes nigrum L., the Black Currant of the gardens, with similar leaves, but loosely 
flowered drooping racemes, is beginning to escape from cultivation. 

12. Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant. (I. F. f. 1875.) Petioles slender, 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 3-8 cm. long; leaves pubescent beneath, at least 
when young, orbicular or broader, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acutish, 
sharply dentate ; pedicels longer than the ovate bractlets ; flowers greenish or 
purplish, about 4 mm. broad; calyx flat-campanulate; stamens short; fruit 4-8 
mm. in diameter. In cold woods. Lab. to Alaska, northern N. Eng , N. J., Ind. 
and Minn., and escaped from cultivation in the Middle and Eastern States. Also 
in Europe and Asia. May-June. 

13. Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild Black Currant. (I. F. f. 1874.) Branches 
erect. Petioles slender; leaves nearly orbicular, glabrous above, somewhat pubes- 
cent and resinous- dotted beneath, 3-8 cm. wide, sharply 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
dentate-serrate, acutish; bractlets linear, much exceeding the pedicels, or shorter; 
flowers greenish- white, 8-10 mm. long; calyx-lobes short, broad, obtuse; stamens 
not exserted; fruit globose-ovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter. In woods, N. S. to 
Va., Manitoba, and Neb. April-May. 

14. Ribes cereum Dougl. White-flowered Currant. Squaw Currant. 
(I. F. f 1876.) Petioles more or less glandular-pubescent, 6-20 mm. long; leaves reni- 
form-orbicular, cordate at the base, 1-4 cm. wide, sparingly glandular-pubescent, or 
glabrate on both sides, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, crenate or crenulate; racemes 
short, pubescent, pendulous; bractlets persistent; flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, 
pink or greenish- white; petals minute, nearly orbicular; stamens short; fruit insipid, 
about 6 mm. in diameter. Dry hills, from S. Dak. and Neb., to Br. Col., Ariz, 
and Cal. May-June. 

15-. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden, Buffalo or Missouri Currant. (I. 
F. f. 1877.) Petioles slender, pubescent, at least when young; leaves pubescent 
and ciliate, or at length glabrous and shining, often broader than long, thick, 3- 
lobed or sometimes 5.1obed, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, the lobes 
obtuse; racemes leafy-bracted, few-flowered; flowers spicy-scented, 12-25 mm. 
long; calyx-tube cylindric, glabrous, 3-4 times as long as the oval spreading lobes; 
stamens slightly exserted; fruit black, glabrous, 6-10 mm. in diameter. Along 
streams, Minn, to Mo,, Tex., Cal., Ore. and the N. W. Terr. April-May. 

Ribes aureum chrysoc6ccum Rydb. Fruit yellow when mature, more acid. West- 
ern Neb. to Mont. 

Family 9. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. 

Witch Hazel Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and perfect or 
polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Perianth often imperfect, or 
sometimes none. Calyx-tube, when present, more or less adnate to the 
ovary, its limb truncat'^ or 5-lobed. Petals, when present, 4-00 , perigy- 



HA MA MELIDA CEAE. 4^9 

nous. Stamens 4-00 , perigynous ; filaments distinct. Disk circular or 
none. Ovary compound, of 2 carpels united below, 2-celled ; styles 2, 
subulate, erect or recurved ; ovules i-oo . Fruit a 2-celled 2-beaked 
woody or cartilaginous capsule, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds i-sev- 
eral, anatropous ; embryo large ; endosperm scanty. About 1 5 genera 
and 35 species, natives of N. Am., Asia and South Africa. 

Ovules I in each cavity; flowers perfect or polygamous; shrubs or small trees; fruit not 
spiny. 

Flowers white, in catkin-like spikes; petals none. i. Fothergilla. 

Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters ; petals long. 2. Hamamelis. 

Ovules several in each cavity; flowers monoecious; large trees ; fruit globular, spiny. 

3. Lzquidatnbar. 

I. FOTHERGILLA Murr. 

Shrubs, the foliage somewhat stellate -pubescent. Leaves alternate, obovate. 
Flowers in catkin-like bracted terminal spikes, appearing a little before the leaves. 
Calyx campanulate, slightly 5-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, inserted 
on the edge of the calyx; anthers subglobose. Ovary 2-celled; styles slender. 
Capsule cartilaginous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony, pendulous. [Named for 
Dr. John Fothcrgill, 1 712-1780, an English naturalist.] Two or three species of 
eastern N. Am. 

I. Fothergilla Carolina (L.) Britton. Fothergilla. (I. F. f. 1878.) A 
shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the young twigs densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves short- 
petioled, 5-8 cm. long, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, 
usually inequilateral, coarsely dentate-crenate above the middle, or entire; spikes 
erect, 3-5 cm. long; bracts densely pubescent, the .lower ones sometimes lobed; 
stamens white or pinkish, 4-8 mm. long ; capsule very pubescent. In wet grounds, 
Va. to Ga. April. 

2. HAMAMELIS L. 

Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and clustered lateral yellow bracted flowers, ap- 
pearing in late summer or autumn. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, adnate to the 
lower part of the ovary. Petals 4, elongated, linear, persistent, or in the staminate 
flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodia; 
filaments very short; anthers dehiscent by a valve. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, short; 
ovules I in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody, at length 2-valved at the sum- 
mit. Seed oblong, its testa shining. [Greek, with the apple, flower and fruit be- 
ing borne together.] Three known species, one native of eastern N. Am., the 
others of Japan. 

I. Hamamelis Virginiana L. Witch-Hazel (I. F. f. 1879.) A shrub. 
or rarely a small tree. Leaves short-petioled, obovate or broadly oval, somewhat 
cordate and inequilateral at the base, stellate-pubescent, at least when young, 5-12 
cm. long, thick, repand-dentate; flowers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile; petals 
about I mm. wide, 12-18 mm. long; capsule maturing the next season, 6-8 mm. 
high, at length bursting elastically; seeds large, bony. In low woods, N. B. and 
N. S. to Minn., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Dec. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. 

Large trees with resinous sap, simple alternate lobed petioled leaves, and small 
monoecious flowers in heads, the staminate clusters racemose, the pistillate ones 
usually solitary. Calyx and corolla of the staminate flowers none; stamens numer- 
ous ; filaments short; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Calyces of the pistillate 
flowers confluent; petals none; anthers rudimentary, borne on the edge of the calvx; 
•ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules several or numerous; styles 2. Capsules 2- 
beaked, 2-valved at the summit, dry, hard, forming a dense spinose gU->bular head. 
[Name Latin-Arabic referring to the fragrant sap.] 

I. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweet Gum. Star-leaved or Red 
Gum. Bilsted. Allicator-tree. (I. F. f.' i88o.) A forest tree, maximum 
height about 45 m. ; bark very rcnigh, branches usually winged with corky ridges. 
Leaves broader than long, 7-20 cm. wide, subcordate at base, deeply 3-7-lobed, 



490 FLORA. 

often pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the lobes triangular-ovate, acute, 
sharply and finely serrate; sterile flower-clusters erect, of numerous small heads, 
greenish; fertile heads long-peduncled, at length drooping, borne near the base of 
the sterile; head of fruit about 3-4 cm. in diameter, the fertile seeds few, with nu- 
merous minute sterile ones. In low woods. Conn, and southern N. Y. to Fla., 
111., Mo. and Mex. April-May. 

Family 10. PLATANACEAE Lindl. 

Pla7ie-tree Family. 

Large trees, with alternate petioled palmately lobed and veined leaves, 
the hollowed petiole bases enclosing the buds for the following season, 
and small green monoecious flowers in dense globular heads. Recep- 
tacle somewhat fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally pubescent minute sepals. 
Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate flowers with stamens 
as many as the sepals and opposite them ; filaments short ; anthers ob- 
long or linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct 
pistils ; ovary linear, i -celled ; style elongated ; stigma lateral. Ripened 
head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly obpyramidal nutlets 
which are densely pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs. Seed 
pendulous ; endosperm thin ; cotyledons linear. Only the following 
genus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 

I. PLATANUS L. 

Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] Besides the following species, 2 
others occur in the western U. S. and I or 2 in Mex. 

I. Platanus occidentalis L. Button-wood. Button-ball. Plane-tree. 
(I. F. f. 1881.) A large tree; maximum height about 40 m. ; outer bark freely 
peeling off in thin plates, uncovering the bright white inner layers. Leaves 
orbicular, or wider than long, 10-25 cm. wide, cordate or truncate at the base, 
3-5 -lobed, densely floccose- pubescent with whitish branched hairs when young, 
becoming nearly glabrous when old, the lobes sharply serrate, or rarely entire ; 
stipules with broad spreading toothed borders, conspicuous on young shoots; fruit- 
ing heads 2 cm. in diameter, usually solitary, hanging on a long peduncle, persist- 
ent through the winter. Along streams and in wet woods, Me. to Ont. and Minn., 
Fla., Kans. and Tex. May. 

Family 11. ROSACEAE * B. Juss. 
Rose Family. 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some exotic genera 
opposite) leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious 
flowers. Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from 
or adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4-9-lobed), often bracteolate. 
Disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the 
calyx-lobes, distinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct ; 
anthers small, 2-celled. Carpels i-oo , distinct, or adnate to the calyx. 
Ovary i -celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled ; style terminal or lateral. 
Ovules I, 2, or several, anatropous. Fruit mostly follicles or achenes ; 
endosperm none, or rarely copious. About 65 genera and 1200 species, 
of wide geographic distribution. 

I. Fruit not enclosed in a hollow receptacle, the so-called calyx. 

Pistils few, seldom more than 5, ripening; into 2-4-seeded follicles. 

Follicles dehiscent along; both sutures; seeds shining, i. Opulaster. 

Follicles dehiscent along- one suture ; seeds dull. 
Pistils alternate with the calyx-lobes. 

Flowers perfect ; leaves simple ; shrubs. 2. Spiraea. 

Flowers dioecious ; leaves 2-3-pinnate ; tall herbs. 3. Aruncus. 



* Revised by Dr, P= A. Rydberg. 



ROSACEAE. 491 

Pistils opposite the calyx-lobes ; petals white. 

Follicles united at the base ; petals obovate or oblong ; leaves pinnate. 

4. Sorbaria. 
Follicles free; petals strap-shaped; leaves trifoliolate. 

5. Porteranthus. 
Pistils numerous or rarely few, ripening into 1-2-seeded drupelets or achenes. 

Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on the receptacle. 

Drupelets very pulpy. 6. Rubus. 

Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx. 7. Dalibarda. 

Pistils ripening into achenes. 
Style deciduous. 

Style nearly basal ; ovules ascending or nearly erect, orthotropous ; 

leaves pinnate. 8. Drymocallis. 

Style lateral; ovules ascending and amphitropous. 
Achenes hairy ; low shrubs. 
* Leaves pinnate ; style club-shaped ; flowers yellow. 

9. Dasiphora. 
Leaves trifoliolate ; style filiform; flowers white. 

10. Sibbaldiopsis. 
Achenes glabrous ; herbs. 

Achenes 10-15; stamens 5; leaves trifoliolate. 

11. Sibbaldia. 
Achenes numerous; stamens about 20. 

Receptacle much enlarged and red in fruit ; leaves trifolio- 
late. 

Receptacle pulpy, edible; petals white. 

12. Fragaria. 
Receptacle not pulpy ; petals yellow. 

13. Duchesnea. 
Receptacle in fruit somewhat enlarged, spongy ; leaves 

pinnate; petals red. 14. Cotna?'tt?tt. 

Receptacle not enlarged in fruit; leaves interruptedly pin- 
nate ; petals yellow. 15. Argentina. 
Style terminal or nearly so. 

Pistils numerous; ovules pendulous and anatropous. 

16. Potentilla. 
Pistils 2-6; ovules basal, erect. 17. Waldsteinia. 

Style persistent on the achene. 
Pistils numerous; herbs. 

Calyx-lobes and petals 5; leaves interruptedly pinnate. 
Style jointed above, the upper portion deciduous. 

18. Geum. 
Style not jointed. 19. Sieversia. 

Calyx-lobes and petals 8 or 9; leaves simple; styles plumose 

20. Dry as. 
Pistil solitary; achene with a long plumose style; shrubs. 

21. Cercocarptis. 
Pistils 5-15; fruit resembling a follicle, but indehiscent and i-seeded ; 

style not plumose; herbs. 22. Ulmaria. 

2. Fruit, 1-4 achenes, enclosed in the persistent dry receptacle; herbs. 

Calyx with 4 or 5 bractlets; petals none. 2;^. Alchevu'lla. 

Calyx not bracteolate. 

Calyx bearing hooked prickles; petals 5. 24. Ap'imonia. 

Calyx not prickly; petals none. 25. Sangidsorba. 

3. Fruit, numerous achenes, enclosed in the fleshy receptacle; shrubs with pinnate 

leaves. 26. Rosa. 

I. OPULASTER Medic. 

Branching shrubs, with petioled simple palmately lobed leaves, and white flow- 
ers in terminal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, in- 
serted in the throat of the calyx, Stamens 20-40, inserted with the petals. Pistils 
1-5, short-stipitate, when 5 alternate with the calyx-lobes. Stigma terminal, capi- 
tate. Pods 1-5, inflated, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globi>se, crustaceous. shin- 
ing; endosperm copious. [Greek, a wild Opulus, or cranberry-tree.] Species 
about 8, 3 of eastern N. Am., 4 of the Rocky Mts. and Pacific Coast, i ii\ INIant- 
churia. 

Follicles mostly 5, glabrous. i. O. of'ulifolius. 

Follicles 2-4, finely pubescent. 2. O. intermedins. 



49^ FLORA. 

1. Opulaster opulifolius(L.) Kuntze. Eastern Ninebark. (I. F. f. 1882.) 
A shrub, P-3 m. high, with recurved branches, glabrous twigs and foliage, the 
bark peeling off in thin strips. Stipules caducous; leaves ovate-orbicular, generally 
acutely 3-lobed, cordate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 
crenate-dentate; pedicels slender, 10-16 mm. long; flowers white or purplish; ca- 
lyx glabrous or nearly so; follicles 5, glabrous, shining, 8-10 mm. long, acute, 
obliquely subulate-tipped, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks and in rocky 
places, Quebec to Ky. and Ga. June. 

2. Opulaster intermedins Rydb. Prairie Ninebark. Like the preceding, 
but generally lower, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves orbicular in outline, with rounded lobes, 
2-6 cm. long, obtuse or subcordate at the base, crenate; pedicels and calyx finely 
pubescent; ovaries 3 or 4, rarely 2, pubescent, united below, follicles 6-7 mm. long, 
rounded or obtuse at the apex, tipped with a subulate style. River banks from 111. 
and Mo. to Colo, and S. Dak. 

2. SPIRAEA L. 

Shrubs. Flowers racemose, cymose, corymbose or paniculate, white or pink, 
perfect. Calyx persistent, its tube 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, 
short-clawed. Stamens 20-60, distinct, inserted on the calyx; filaments filiform. 
Disk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pistils commonly 5 (rarely 1-8), superior, alter- 
nate with the calyx-lobes. Stigmas capitate or discoid; ovules 2-00 . Follicles 
usually 5, not inflated. Seeds linear, pendulous, the testa dull. [Greek, twisting, 
the pods twisted in some species.] About 60 species, natives of the north temper- 
ate zone. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in western N. Am. 
Flowers in dense terminal panicles. 

Glabrous or nearly so throughout. i. S. salicifolia. 

Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly-pubescent. 2. S. tomentosa. 

Flowers in terminal corymbs. 

Leaves broadly oval or ovate, thick, serrate. 3. S. corymbosa. 

Leaves oblong, thin, nearly entire. 4. S. Vtrginiana. 

1. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willow-leaved or American Meadow-sweet. 
Quaker Lady. (I. F. f. 1883.) An erect shrub, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 
oblanceolate, obovate, lanceolate or oval, sharply serrate, especially above the 
middle, 3-5 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, or on young shoots much larger, mainly 
cuneate at the base, pale beneath; flowers white or pinkish-tinged, 4-6 mm. broad; 
follicles glabrous. In swamps or moist ground, Newf. to the Rocky Mts., Ga. and 
Mo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

2. Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack. Steeple-bush. (I. F. f. 1884.) 
Erect, shrubby, usually simple, the stems floccose-pubescent. Leaves short- 
petioled, ovate or oval, 3-5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide, unequally serrate, gla- 
brous and dark-green above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs beneath; flowers 
pink or purple, rarely white, about 4 mm. broad ; follicles pubescent. In swamps 
and low grounds, N. S. to Manitoba, Ga. and Kans. July-Sept. 

3. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Corymbed Spiraea. (I. F. f. 1885.) A shrub, 
3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves petioled, rounded or slightly 
cordate at the base, serrate, especially above the middle, green above, paler and 
sometimes minutely pubescent beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; flowers white, 
about 4 mm. broad; follicles glabrous. On banks or in rocky places, mountains 
of Ga. to N. J., Ky. May-June. 

4. Spiraea Virginiana Britton. Virginia Spiraea. (I.F. f. 1886.) A gla- 
brous much-branched shrub, the branches forming wands 3-12 dm. long. Leaves 
petioled, cuneate or rounded at the base, 4-5 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, green 
above, pale or slightly glaucous beneath, entire, or with a few low teeth above the 
middle; flowers white, about 6 mm. wide; pedicels and calyx glaucous; follicles 
glabrous. On rocks, W. Va., to the mountains of N. Car. and Tenn. June. 

Spiraea Japonica L. f., with oblong-lanceolate acuminate cut-toothed leaves, the 
branches and corymbose inflorescence finely pubescent, occurs as an escape from cultiva- 
tion in E. Penn. 

3. ARUNCUS Adans. 

Tall perennial herbs, with large 2-3 -pinnate leaves, stipules minute or wanting, 
and very numerous white dicecious flowers in panicled spikes. Calyx mostly 



J^OSA CEAE. 493 

5-lobed. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, inserted on the 
calyx ; filaments filiform. Pistils usually 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. 
Follicles glabrous, at length reflexed, usually 2-seeded. Seeds minute, not 
shining. Two known species, the following of the north temperate zone, the 
other Japanese. 

I. Aruncus Ariincus (L.) Karst. Goat's-beard. (I. F, f. 1887.) Glabrous 
throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 1-2 m. high. Leaves long-petioled, 
the lower 3 dm. long or more; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oval, thin, acuminate or 
acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate, sharply doubly serrate or incised, 
3-7 cm. long; inflorescence compound, branches spike-like, elongated; flowers 
2-4 mm. wide; follicles short. In rich woods, Penn. to Iowa, Ga. and Mo. Also 
from Ore. to Alaska, and in northern Europe and Asia. May-July. 

4. SORBARIA A. Br. 

Shrubs with stipules, odd-pinnate leaves and white flowers in terminal panicles. 
Calyx openly campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate or oblong. Stamens 20- 
40; pistils mostly 5, united at the base. Carpels not inflated. Seeds several, pen- 
dulous, with endosperm. About 4 Asiatic closely related species. 

I. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. Mouintain-ash Spiraea. Large shrub, 
pubescent when young, glabrate in age. Leaflets 13-21, lanceolate, acuminate, 
sharply and doubly serrate, dark green. Native of Siberia, often cultivated for 
ornament and escaped in the Middle States. June-Sept. 

5. PORTERANTHUS Britton. 

Erect perennial herbs, with nearly sessile stipulate 3-foliolate or 3-parted 
leaves, and white or pinkish perfect flowers in loose terminal panicles. Calyx 
cylindric, persistent, narrowed at the throat, lO-nerved, 5 -toothed, the teeth im- 
bricated, slightly glandular. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, spreading, convolute in 
the bud, somewhat unequal, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 10-20, included; 
filaments short; anthers large. Carpels 5, villous-pubescent, opposite the calyx- 
lobes. Ovules ascending; style filiform. Follicles 5, 2-4-seeded. Seeds with 
endosperm. [In honor of Thomas Conrad Porter, Professor in Lafayette College.] 
Only the following species. 

Leaflets serrate; stipules subulate, mainly entire. i. P. trifoliatus. 

Leaflets incised; stipules broad, foliaceous, incised. 2. P. stipulatus. 

1. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Indian Physic. Bowman's- 
ROOT. (I. F. f. 1888.) Herbaceous from a perennial root, erect, branching, 
6-12 dm. high, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; leaflets short-stalked, oval, ovate, 
lanceolate or slightly obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-7 cm.' 
long, irregularly serrate; upper leaves often 3-lobed, or sometimes merely serrate; 
pedicels slender ; petals white or pinkish, 10-12 mm. long; pods pubescent, subu- 
late-tipped, little exceeding the calyx. Woodlands, N. \. to Mich., Ga. and Mo. 
May-July. 

2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.) Britton. American Ipecac. (I. F. f. 
1889.) Resembling the preceding species, but generally more pubescent. Stipules 
foliaceous, broad, ovate, acuminate or acute, 8-25 mm. long, sharply incised-ser- 
rate; leaflets commonly narrower than those of the preceding, incis'ed-serrate, or 
those of the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid; pods less pubescent or sometimes quite 

'glabrous. In woods, western N. Y. to Ind. and Kans., south to Ala., La. and the 
Ind. Terr. June-July. 

6, RUBUS L. 

Perennial herbs, shrubs or trailing vines, often prickly, with alternate simple 
lobed or 3-7-foliolate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers terminal 
or axillary, solitary, racemose or panicled, white, pink or purple, perfect or some- 
times dioecious. Calyx persistent, not bracted, deeply 5 -parted, its tube short and 
broad. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 00 . usually numerous, inserted on the 
calyx, distinct. Carpels 00 , rarely few, inserted on a convex or elongated recep- 
tacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2, one al-K'»r- 
tive. Style nearly terminal, slender. Seed pendulous. [The ancient name of the 



494 FLORA. 

bramble, from ruber ^ red.] x\bout 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, 
most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 10 others 
occur in N. Am. beyond our area. The stems of many species are biennial. 

A. Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lolied. 

Shrubby, 6-15 dm. high, branched; flowers corymbose. 
Flowers numerous, red-purple. 

Lobes of the leaves broadly triangular, dentate. \. R. odoratus. 

Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, incised-dentate. 2. R. Columbianus. 

Flowers few, white; western. 3. R. parvifiorus. 

Herbaceous, 8-25 cm. high, simple ; flowers solitary, white. 4. R. Chamaemorus. 

B. Leaves 3-7-foliolate. 

I. Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle. RASPBERRIES. 

Herbaceous, usually unarmed, 1-3-flowered; leaves not white beneath. 

Petals pink, spreading. 5. R. arcticus. 

Petals white, erect. 6. R. Ajnericanus. 
Shrubby; many-flowered; leaves white- pubescent beneath. 

Stems bristly, not glaucous; fruit light red. 7. R. strigostts. 

Stems prickly, slightly glaucous ; fruit dark red. 8. R. neglectus. 

Stems prickly, very glaucous; fruit purple-black. 9. R. occidentalis. 

2. Fruit persistent on the fleshy receptacle. BLACKBERRIES and DEWBERRIES, 

* Erect ^ recurved or ascending ; fruit black. 

Leaflets laciniate or deeply incised. 10, R. laciniatus. 

Leaflets serrate or slightly incised. 

Leaves white-woolly beneath. 11. R. cuneifolius. 

Leaves not white-woolly beneath. 

Inflorescence distinctly glandular. 

Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, very pulpy. 

12. R. nigrobaccus. 
Fruit narrowdy oblong or thimble-shaped. 13. R. Allegheniensis. 

Inflorescence and leaves decidedly villous, scarcely glandular. 

Terminal leaflet one-half longer than the lateral ones, oblong or oblong- 
ovate. 14. R- ostryif alius. 
Terminal leaflet slightly larger than the lateral ones, obovate or rhombic- 
obovate. 15. R./rondosus. 
Inflorescence shghtly villous. 

Plant low, almost herbaceous, weakly prickly. 16. R. Randti. 
Plants tall and shrubby. 

Plant strongly prickly. 17. R. argutus. 

Plant unarmed or with a few weak prickles. 18. R. Canadensi 

* * Trailing or decumbent. 

t Stem prickly (no. 19 also bristly) ; fruit black. 
Leaves thick, coriaceous, persistent. 

Flowers corymbose; stem very bristly; leaves, except those of the flowering 

branchlets, 5-foliolate. 19. R. rubrisetus. 

Flowers 1-3; stem scarcely bristly; leaves mostly 3-foliolate. 

20. R. trivialis. 
Leaves thin, deciduous. 

Inflorescence usually many-flowered. 

Flowers generally over 3 cm. in diameter; inflorescence generally glan- 
dular ; terminal leaflet of sterile shoots rounded or cordate at the base. 
Leaflets simply serrate. 21. R. invisus. 

Leaflets sharply doubly serrate. 22. R. roribaccus. 

Flowers generally less than 3 cm. in dianleter; inflorescence not glan- 
dular; terminal leaflet of the sterile shoots cuneate or obtuse at the base. 
Terminal leaflet one-half longer than the lateral ones, oblong or 

oblong-ovate, acute. 14. R. ostryifolius. 

Terminal leaflet only slightly longer than the lateral ones, ovate, 
acuminate. 23. R. procumbens. 

Inflorescence usually 1-2-flowered. 

Leaflets cuneate at the base; glabrous. 

Leaflets sharply serrate with triangular teeth. 

24. R. subuniflorus. 
Leaflets crenate serrate with ovate teeth. 25. R. Ensleni. 
Leaflets rounded or cordate at the base, pubescent beneath. 

26. R. Bailey anus. 



ROSACEAE. 495 

t t Stem bristly or weakly prickly; fruit red or, when ripe, almost black. 

Leaflets thick; inflorescence stout, strongly bristly or weakly prickly. 

27. R. nigricans. 
Leaflets thin ; inflorescence sparingly and weakly bristly. 

Some of the leaves quinate; leaflets of the flowering shoots oblan- 

ceolate or narrowly cuneate. 28. R. setosus. 

All leaves ternate; leaflets of the flowering shoots broadly obovate. 

29. R. hhpidus. 
+ 1 1 Stem unarmed; fruit red. 6. R. Americanus. 

1. Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. (I. F. f. 1890.) 
Erect, branched, shrubby,' glandular-pubescent and somewhat bristly, not prickly, 
I -1.5 m. high. Stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate; leaves simple, petioled, 
sometimes nearly 3 dm. broad, 3-5-lobed, cordate at the base, pubescent, the lobes 
acuminate, finely serrate; flowers 3-5 cm. broad; bracts membranous; calyx-lobes 
tipped with a slender appendage ; fruit red when ripe, depressed-hemispheric, 
scarcely edible. In rocky woods, N. S. to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Tenn. A form 
with white flowers has been found at Pine Hill, Ulster Co., N. Y. June- Aug. 

2. Rubus Columbianus (Millsp.) Ryd\). Maple-leaved Raspberry. Erect, 
shrubby, glandular-pubescent, rarely bristly. Leaves simple, slender-petioled, 
5-7-lobed to near the middle, cordate at the base; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 
doubly and sharply dentate; flowers smaller than in the preceding, 2-3 cm. broad; 
calyx-lobes ovate, with almost subulate tips; fruit red, small, depressed, of a 
very musky taste. Mountains of W. Va. July. [7?. odoratus var. Columbianus 
MiUsp.] 

3. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Salmon-berry. White-flowering Rasp- 
berry. (I. F, f. 1891.) Similar to R. odoratus but usually less glandular and 
scarcely bristly. Leaves petioled, simple, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
acute or obtusish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate; flowers few, 
corymbose, white, terminal, 3-5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes tipped with a long, slender 
appendage ; fruit depressed-hemispheric, scarcely edible, red when ripe. In 
woods, Mich., Minn, and western Ont. to Alaska, Cal., Utah and Colo. May- 
July. 

4. Rubus Chamaemorus L. Cloudberry. Knotberry. Mountain 
Bramble. Mountain Raspberry. (I. F. f. 1892.) Herbaceous; rootstock 
creeping; branches erect, 4-25 cm. high, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous, 
Bcaly below; leaves orbicular or broader, 5-9-lobed, cordate or reniform at the 
base, "pubescent or glabrous, 3-7 cm. broad, the lobes usually short, broad, den- 
tate; flowers dioecious, solitary, terminal, white, 12-25 nin^- broad: sepals ovate, 
shorter than the petals, sometimes toothed toward the apex; fruit red at first, yel- 
low when ripe, composed of few drupelets, edible and pleasant. In peat-bogs 
and swamps, Me. and N. H. to Arctic Am., Alaska and Br. Col. Also in northern 
Europe and Asia. June-July. 

5. Rubus arcticus L. Arctic Raspberry or Bramble. (I. F. f. 1893.) 
Stems erect, herbaceous. 7-25 cm. high, unarmed, finely pubescent, sometimes 
leafless below. Leaves 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets sessile or short- 
stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate or slightly lobed, 
18-25 "^•''^- lo^g; flowers solitary, or occasionally 2, slender-peduncled, pink. 
12-25 mm. broad, sometimes dioecious; sepals acute, equalling or shorter than the 
obovate petals; fruit light red, of several or numerous drupelets, edible, fragrant. 
In peat-bogs and damp woods, Quebec to Manitoba and Br. Col., and throughout 
Arctic Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

6. Rubus Americanus (Pers.) Britton. Dwarf Raspberry. (I. F. f. 
1897.) Stem trailing or ascending, unarmed, annual, herbaceous, or slightly 
woody, 15-45 cm. long, somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, rarely 
5-foliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones 
mostly rounded, the terminal one cuneate at the base, all sharply serrate ; 
peduncles slender, I-3 flowered, glandular-pubescent; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; 
petals 5-7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acuminate 
reflexed sepals; fruit rod-piu-ple, about 12 mm. kmg. In swamps, Nowf. to 
Manitoba, N. J. and Neb. Intermediate between Blackberries and Raspberries. 
May-July. 



49^ FLORA. 

7. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. (I. F. f. 1894.) 
Stems shrubby, biennial, branched, 5-20 dm. high, usually densely clothed with 
weak glandular bristles, or the older stems with small hooked prickles. Leaves 
pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and 
irregularly serrate or slightly lobed, rounded at the base, 3-7 cm. long; inflores- 
cence racemose or paniculate, loose; pedicels slender, curving in fruit; flowers 
8-12 mm. broad; petals white, ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate 
sepals; fruit elongated-hemispheric, light red, white in a cultivated form. In 
dry or rocky situations, Newf. and Lab. to Manitoba, Br. Col., N. Car., and N. 
Mex. IMay-July. 

8. Rubus neglectus Peck. Purple Wild Raspberry. (I. F. f. 1895.) 
Intermediate between the preceding species aind the next. Stems recurved and 
rooting at the tip, glaucous, sparingly bristly and prickly; leaflets ovate, sharply 
and irregularly incised-serrate, 2-8 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose, rather 
compact; pedicels erect or ascending even in fruit; flowers 8- 10 mm. broad; 
petals white, erect; fruit nearly hemispheric, dark-red or purple (yellowish in a 
cultivated form). In dry or rocky soil, N. Eng. to Penn. June-July. Fruit ripe 
July-Aug. 

9. Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Black- 
cap. (I. F. f. 1896.) Very glaucous; stems cane-like, recurved, often rooting at 
the tip, sometimes 3-4 m. long, sparingly armed with hooked prickles, rarely 
slightly glandular-bristly above. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); 
leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely incised-serrate; flowers as in the preceding 
species; inflorescence corymbose, compact, usually only terminal; pedicels short, 
ascending or erect in fruit; fruit purple-black, depressed-hemispheric. Quebec 
and Ont., to Ga. and Kans. May-June. 

10. Rubus laciniatus Willd. Cut-leaved Blackberry. Stem ascending, 
2-3 m. high, pale green or purplish, angled, with stout flat recurved prickles; 
the young shoots villous. Leaves pedately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets often again pin- 
nately 3-5-foliolate, laciniate or deeply incised and serrate, villous beneath; inflo- 
rescence cymose-paniculate; flowers 2-3 cm. wide ; petals white, obovate-cuneate, 
often lobed at the apex; sepals more or less foliaceous and lobed; fruit large, black, 
hemispheric. Escaped from cultivation in S. N. Y. and Penn. ; also in Ore. and 
Wash. Supposed to be a native of Europe. June-Aug. 

11. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. Sand Blackberry. Knee-high Black- 
berry. (I. F. f. 1901.) Shrubby, 3-10 dm. high, much branched, armed with 
stout straight or recurved prickles. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets thick, rugose 
above, 2-5 cm. long, obovate or rarely oval, obtuse, dentate, especially above the 
middle, the terminal one cuneate; peduncles mainly terminal, 2-5 -flowered; flow- 
ers white or pinkish, nearly 2.5 cm. broad; petals exceeding the sepals; fruit 
brownish-black, often 2.5 cm. long, delicious. In sandy soil. Conn, to Fla., Mo. and 
La. May-July. 

12. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. High Bush Blackberry. (I. F. f. 1898.) 
Shrubby, branched, glandular-pubescent ; stems erect or recurved, I-3 m. long, 
armed with stout recurved prickles. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or ovate- 
oblong, acute or acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate, pubescent beneath, the 
terminal one stalked ; inflorescence mainly terminal, racemose-paniculate; bracts 
small; flowers 18-25 ^^- broad; petals white, obovate, much exceeding the sepals; 
fruit black, pulpy, 12-25 "^™^- lo^g- I^ ^^7 soil, N. Eng. to Fla. and Ark., mostly 
at low altitudes. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. A form with small white fruit 
occurs in Michigan, [i?. villosus Gray and of 111. Fl. ; not Ait. ] 

R. nigrobaccus sativus Bailey is a form with short flower clusters and fewer and larger 
drupelets. 

13. Rubus Allegheniensis Porter. Mountain Blackberry. (I. F. f. 
1899.) Glandular, resembling the preceding species. Stems rather more slender, 
red or purple, very prickly, erect or ascending, 6-25 dm. high. Leaflets usually 
narrower, ovate-lanceolate; fruit 16-28 mm. long. 6-8 mm. in diameter, much less 
pulpy and of a peculiar flavor; racemes sometimes very long, and pubescent; 
drupelets oblong when dry. In dry soil, Ont. and northern N. Y. to Penn. and 
Va., mostly at high altitudes. May-July. 



ROSACEAE, 497 

14. Rubus dstryifolius Rydb. Coast Blackberry. Ascending or de- 
pressed, 6-12 dm. high. Stems brownish purple; prickles stout, broad, flat at the 
base, recurved; younger parts finely villous; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or 
oblong-ovate, rather simply serrate, finely villous belov^^, slightly pubescent or 
glabrate above ; corymb small, I-5 -flowered, villous-pubescent and somewhat 
prickly; flowers 1-2 cm. in diameter; sepals ovate, with a short subulate tip; 
fruit hemispherical, black, rather dry, less than i cm. high. Near the seashore 
fr(3m N. J. to N. Car. Type from Atlantic Highlands, N. J. May-Aug. In habit 
intermediate between a blackberry and a dewberry. 

15. Rubus frondosus Bigel. Leafy-bracted Blackberry. Erect, about 
I m. high, decidedly villous, especially when young. Stems stout, angled, with 
rather stout, straight prickles; leaves mostly 3-foliolate, especially on the flowering 
branches, leaflets short-obovate, doubly and sharply serrate; terminal one generally 
short-petioled; inflorescence dense, generally leafy-bracted and subtended by 
unifoliolate leaves; flowers about 3 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate. N. Eng. 
to Ohio and Va. [i?. villosiis y\T. frondosus Torr.] 

16. Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Rand's Blackberry. Low and difi~use, 
almost glabrous, 3-5 dm. high, A'ith very few and weak prickles, not rarely un- 
armed and only slightly shrubby. Leaves very thin, those of the sterile shoots 
5-loliolate, those of the flowering stems mostly 3-foliolate, ovate or lance-ovate, long- 
acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the terminal one slender-petioled; in- 
florescence elongated, many-flowered, bristly but not glandular; flowers 15-25 mm. 
broad; fruit hemispheric, small, less than I cm. long. Me. to Lake Superior and 
Va. June-Aug. \R. villosus var. Randii Bailey.] 

17. Rubus argutus Link. Tall Blackberry. Resembling the last, but 
stems tall, I-2 m. high, stout, angled, purple, with strong and slightly recurved 
prickles; inflorescence corymbose, many-flowered, short; leaves of the flowering 
branches often small and the uppermost unifoliolate; flowers 2-3 cm. broad; petals 
oval or narrowly obovate; fruit hemispheric, about I cm. high. It has been 
confused with R. frondosus, but is glabrate, its sterile shoots have larger, long- 
acuminate leaflets, and the petals are narrower. Prince Edward Island to Ga., 
Ala. and Penn. May-July. 

18. Rubus Canadensis L. Millspaugh's Blackberry. (I. F. f. 1900.) 
Ascending, wand-like, entirely unarmed, or with a few weak prickles, glabrous or 
the younger shoots scurfy-pubescent; stems 15-35 d^"*- long. Leaves long-petioled, 
pedately 5-foliolate, or some 3-foliolate; leaflets oval, thin, glabrous on both sides, 
long-acuminate or acute, rounded or narrowed at the base, often 15 cm. long and 
5 cm. wide, sharply but not very deeply serrate; stalk of the terminal leaflet 4-10 
cm. long; inflorescence loosely racemose; pedicels slender, ascending; fruit black, 
very pulpy, 15-25 mm. long. In thickets and rich woods, mountains of N. Eng., 
the Adirondacks, and in the higher southern Alleghanies. June-Aug. \_J\.J\Jiils- 
paiighii Britt. ] 

19. Rubus rubrisetus Rydb. Red-bristled Dewberry. Stems 6-12 dm. 
long, trailing, weakly prickly and densely clothed with red or purplish bristles. 
Leaves 5-foliolate, or some of the flowering branches 3-foliolate, thick, evergreen, 
glabrous and shining; leaflets all petiolate, obovate or oval, acute or acuminate, 
dentate with broad teeth ; inflorescence corymbose, 3-7-flowered, prickly and 
bristly; flowers 15-25 mm. wide; sepals ovate, with a short subulate tip. In 
the Mississippi Valley from Mo. to La. Feb. -June. Type from New Orleans. 

20. Rubus trivialis Michx. Southern Dewberry. (I. F. f. 1904.) Stem 
trailing or procumbent, I m. long or more, beset with stout hooked prickles, and 
sometimes slightly bristly. Branches erect. 3-15 cm. high, prickly; leaves pctioled, 
3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets oval or sometimes ovate lanceolate, coriaceous, 
evergreen, glabrous or very nearly so, acute or obtusish at the apex, serrate- 
dentate; pe(luncles terminal, prickly, 1-3 flowered; flowers often 25 mm. broad, 
white; petals much exceeding the reflexed sepals; fruit black, often 25 mm. long, 
well flavored. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla.. west to Tex. March-May. 

21. Rubus invisus Bailey. Itiiaca Dfavberry. Stems stout and partly 
ascending, terete, armed with straight, slightly reflexed prickles. Leaves of the 
sterile shoots 5-foliolate, those of the flowering shoots generally 3-foliolate, glabrous 
or nearly so; leaflets broadly ovate, more or less acuminate, especially those of the 



498 FLORA, 

sterile shoots; corymbs few-flowered, with rather elongated pedicels; sepals with 
long tips; fruit globular-oblong. N. Y. to Ala. and Kans. June-July. \R. Cana- 
densis var. invisus Bailey.] 

22. Rubus roribaccus (Bailey) Rydb. Lucretia Blackberry. Stem very 
stout, terete, with weak straight prickles. Young shoots and inflorescence decidedly 
villous-glandular; leaves as those of the preceding, but less acuminate, sharply 
doubly serrate, thinner and greener; inflorescence many-flowered, leafy-bracted; 
flowers large, 3-5 cm. in diameter; petals generally broadly obovate ; sepals nearly 
always foliaceous with a lanceolate base; fruit oblong-globose. Ya., W. Ya. and 
Penn. May-July. \_R. Canadensis var. roribaccus Bailey.] 

23. Rubus procumbens Muhl. Low Running Blackberry. Dewberry. 
(I. F. f. 1906.) Trailing, shrubby; stem armed with scattered prickles or nearly 
naked. Branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, more or less pubescent, 
sometimes slightly glandular; leaves petioled, 3-7-foliolate; leaflets ovate, oval or 
thin, obovate, acute or sometimes obtusish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the 
base, sharply dentate-serrate, usually sparingly pubescent; white, about 25 mm. 
broad; fruit black, delicious, often 25 mm. long. In dry soil. Xewf. and Ont. to 
Lake Superior, Va., La. and the Ind. Terr. April-May. Fruit ripe June-July. 
[R. Canadensis T. & G., not L.] 

24. Rubus subuniflorus Rydb. One-flowered Dewberry. Like the pre- 
ceding, but soon glabrate throughout; branches very slender; flowers 3-4 cm. 
broad, mostly solitary, on long axillary peduncles in fruit fully as long as the 
leaves; prickles very weak; fruit small, hemispheric, i cm. long or less, of few 
large grains. In habit intermediate between the preceding and the following, 
but the flowers larger than in either. Sandy or dry soil, near the coast from 
Me. to S. Car. May-July; fruit July-Sept. [R. zn/losus Ait. 1789; not Thunb. 

1784.] 

25. Rubus Ensleni Tratt. Enslen's Dewberry. Slender, trailing, glabrous 
throughout, sparingly armed with reflexed prickles. Leaves small, 2-4 cm. long, 
obovate- cuneate or the terminal one rhombic-cuneate, entire at the base, crenate- 
dentate or crenate-serrate above, acute; flowers small, about 15 mm. broad; sepals 
narrowly ovate, mucronate; fruit small, of few drupelets. \Yoods in the South 
from Kans. (?) to Miss, and Ala. March-April. 

26. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. Bailey's Blackberry. (I. F. f. 1905.) 
Stem trailing or ascending, sparingly prickly, 1-2 m. long. Leaflets broadly 
ovate or oval, pubescent, at least on the lower surface, mostly rounded or cordate 
at the base, acute or obtuse, the uppermost leaves almost invariably unifoliolate ; 
flowers few, rather large, 2-3 cm. broad; fruit small. In dry woods and thickets. 
Me. to N. Y. and Va. May-June. 

27. Rubus nigricans Rydb. Peck's Dewberry. (I. F. f, 1903.) Decum- 
bent, with stout bristles. Shoots suberect, often 3 dm. high, the sterile ones very 
bristly, with stout reflexed bristles or slender prickles; leaves of the sterile shoots and 
the lower ones of the fertile 5-foliolate; leaflets petioled or the lower subsessile. obo- 
vate or oval, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green; inflorescence racemose, leafy- 
bracted; flowers about 15 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate; fruit hemispheric, about 
I cm., at first red, but nearly black when fully ripe. Open grounds, Xewf. t5 
Mich., south to Penn. [R, hispidus var. suberectus Peck; not R. siiberectus An- 
ders.; R. setosus of 111. FL, in part] 

28. Rubus setosus Bigel. Bristly Blackberry. Similar to the next 
following species but stouter; stems ascending or decumbent, the older parts 
densely clothed with slender slightly reflexed bristles. Lower leaflets generally 5, 
3 in those of the flowering branches, oblanceolate. mostly acute or short-acuminate 
sometimes 5 cm. long, short-stalked or sessile; flowers 12-18 mm. broad, race 
mose; fruit small, sour. E. Mass. July- Aug. 

29. Rubus hispidus L. Hispid or Running Swamp Blackberry. (I. F. f. 
1902. ) Stems slender, slightly woody, creeping, more or less densely beset with 
weak bristles. Branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, naked; leaves petioled, 
3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, obtuse, thick, persistent, narrowed at the base, 1-4 
cm. long, sharply serrate above the middle; peduncles terminal or axillary, nearly 
or quite leafless; flowers corymbose, white, 10-14 nim. broad; petals exceeding 
the sepals; fruit red, nearly black when ripe, sour, usually less than i cm. long, 



ROSACEAE. 499 

composed of few drupelets. In swamps or low grounds, rarely in dry soil, N. S. 
to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Kans. June-July. 

7. DALIBARDA L. 

A low tufted perennial downy-pubescent herb, with simple long-petioled ovate- 
orbicular cordate and crenate leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing i or 2 white 
flowers. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, its divisions somewhat unequal, the 3 larger 
ones commonly toothed. Petals 5, sessile, soon deciduous. Stamens numerous. 
Pistils 5-10 ; style terminal. Drupelets 5-10, nearly dry, enclosed at length in 
the connivent calyx-segments. [Named in honor of Thos. Fran. Dalibard, a 
French botanist of the eighteenth century.] A monotypic genus of northeastern 
North America. 

I. Dalibarda repens L. Daltbarda. (I. F. f. 1907.) Plant commonly 
bearing cleistogamous flowers. Stems slender, unarmed, much tufted, several 
inches long ; leaves pubescent on both sides, 2-5 cm. .in diameter, the crenations 
low, obtuse or sometimes mucronulate; stipules setaceous; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; 
peduncles slender, 4-12 cm. long; drupelets oblong, pointed, slightly curved, 
minutely roughened. In woods, N. S. to Minn., south to southern N. J., Ohio 
and Mich. June-Sept. 

8. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. 

Perennial, more or less glandular or viscid, erect herbs with pinnate leaves. 
Flowers irregularly cymose; calyx 5-bracteate; sepals 5; petals 5, obovate, elliptic 
or orbicular, not emarginate, yellow or white. Stamens 20-30, in five festoons on 
the much thickened margins of the pentagonal disk around the receptacle; anthers 
flattened. Receptacle hemispheric with numerous pistils; style nearly basal and 
generally thickened near the middle; seed attached near the base of the style, as- 
cending, orthotropous. A genus of 18 or 20 species of the north temperate zone; 
of these 13 are found in America. 

1. Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb. Tall, or Glandular Cinque- 
foil. (I. F. f. 1 913.) Erect, stout, glandular and villous-pubescent, 3-10 dm. 
high. Basal leaves pinnately 7-11-foliolate; leaflets ovate, oval or rhomboid, ob- 
tuse at the apex, the terminal one cuneate, the others rounded at the base and com- 
monly oblique, all sharply incised-serrate ; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, 
with fewer leaflets; flowers white, densely cymose, 10-18 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 
ovate, acute, shorter than the obovate petals; stamens 25-30. [FotentiHa arguta 
Pursh.] On dry or rocky hills, N. B. to the Rocky Mts., south to Tenn. and Kans. 
June-July. 

9. DAsfPHORA Raf. 

Shrubs with scarious sheathing stipules and pinnate leaves. Flowers solitary or 
in small cymes; bractlets, sepals and petals 5. Petals orbicular, not emarginate, in 
ours yellow. Stamens about 25, in 5 festoons on a disk as in Drymocallis ; style 
lateral, club-shaped, thick and glandular above; stigma four-lobed. Achenes nu- 
merous, densely covered with long straight hairs; seed ascending and amphitro- 
pous. A genus of 8 or 9 species, all Asiatic, but the following also natives of North 
America and Western Europe. 

T. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1932.) 
Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 1.5-12 dm. high, the 
bark shreddy. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, entire, acute or acutish at each end, I-2 cm. 
long, silky-pubescent, the margins revolute; flowers bright yellow, 1.5-3 cm. broad; 
calyx-lobes ovate; bractlets oblong. [Folcfifilla fntficosa L.] In swamps or moist 
rocky places, Lab. and Greenland to Alaska, N. J., Ariz, and Cal. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 

Dasiphora fruticosa tenuifcMia (Willd.) Rydb. Leaflets linear-oblong:, more revolute; 
shrub lower and more hairy. On high mountains among exposed rocks. Range of the 
species. 

10. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb. 

A low undershrub. with trifoliolate subcoriaceous leaves and white cvmose 
flowers. Bractlets and sepals 5. Petals 5, obovate or broadly oval, not emargi. 



5O0 FLORA, 

nate. Style lateral, filiform; achenes turgid, villous; seed ascending and amphit- 
ropous; otherwise as in Potentilla. A mcnotypic genus. 

I, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rvdb. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. 
(I. F. f. 1933.) Caudex woody, creeping; branches of the year erect, 3-30 cm. 
high, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, entire; leaflets cuneate, 3-toothed or some- 
times 2-5 -toothed at the truncate apex, dark green and shining above, pale and 
minutely pubescent beneath; flowers 1-6, in a terminal cyme, about i cm. broad; 
bractlets shorter and narrower than the ovate acute calyx-lobes; stamens about 20. 
\_Potentilla tridentata Soland.] In rocky places, especially on mountains, Green- 
land to N. J., on the southern Alleghanies, shores of Lake Superior, and west to 
the Canadian Rocky Mts. June-Aug. 

II. SIBBALDIA L. 

Depressed alpine or arctic plants, with alternate mainly 3-foliolate stipulate 
leaves, and cymose flowers. Calyx slightly concave, 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, per- 
sistent. Petals 5, oblong or spatulate, much smaller than the calyx-lobes, yellow. 
Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes, inserted on the margin of the villous-pubescent 
disk. Carpels 5-10, on short pubescent stipes; style lateral, filiform. Achenes 
5-10, glabrous. [Named in honor of Robt. Sibbald, a Scotch naturalist.] About 
5 species, natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. 

I. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sibbaldia. (I. F. f. 1938.) Densely tufted; 
stem decumbent or creeping, less than i dm. long. Stipules membranous, lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, adnate; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets cuneate, 3-5 -toothed at 
the apex, pubescent with scattered hairs on both sides, resembling in outline those 
of Sibbaldiopsis t7'ideiitata; flowers yellow, 3-5 mm. broad, numerous; petals 
spatulate, very small; calyx-lobes oblong -ovate, acute, longer and broader than 
the bractlets. White Mts.; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab., Greenland to Alaska, 
south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

12. FRAGARIA L. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners, with basal tufted petioled 
3-foliolate leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. Flowers white, corymbose 
or racemose on erect scapes, polygamo-dioecious, the pedicels often recurved. 
Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or turbinate. 5-bracteolate, deeply 5-lobed. 
Petals 5, obovate, short-clawed. Stamens oc ; filaments slender. Carpels 00 , in- 
serted on a glabrous convex or elongated receptacle, which becomes fleshy or pulpy 
in fruit; styles lateral. Achenes 00 , minute, dry, crustaceous. Seed ascending 
and amphitropous. \L.2X\w, fragiun, strawberry, signif)ang fragrance.] About 25 
species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the 
following, 15 others occur in western N. Am. 

Achenes imbedded in pits on the fruit. 

Hairs of the scape and petioles mostly divaricate : leaflets generally petiolate. 

Leaflets broadly oval or obovate ; fruit globose or ovoid. i. F. Virginiana. 
Leaflets oblong or narrowly obovate : fruit oblong-conic. 2. F. Cajiadensis. 
Hairs of the scape and petioles 'appressed ; leaflets subsessile. 3. F. Terrae-novae. 
Achenes borne on the surface of the fruit ; leaflets subsessile. 

Stout; leaflets thickish; plant naturalized ; fruit ovoid to hemispheric. 

4. F. vesca. 
Slender ; leaflets thin; native plant; fruit ovoid to conic. 5. F. Americana. 

I. Fragaria Virg-iniana Duchesne. Virginia or Scarlet Strawberry. 
(I. F. f. 1908.) Rather stout, tufted, dark green, villous-pubescent. Leaflets 
thick, obtuse, dentate-serrate, the terminal one generally cuneate. the lateral in- 
equilateral at the base; scape equalling or shorter than the leaves; hairs of the 
pedicels mostly appressed; calyx-lobes, at least of the sterile flowers, erect at ma- 
turity. In dry soil, Prince Edward Island to Minn., Ind. Terr, and Ga. April-June. 

Fragaria Virginiana Gray^na (Vilm.) Rydb. Plant coarse and hairy ; hairs of pedi- 
cels divaricate. Ohio to Kans. \F. Virgi7iia7ia IlHnoensis Gray.] 

Fragaria Virginiana austr^lis Rydb. Smaller and more hairy, 3-8 cm. high ; leaflets 
only 2-4 cm. long, almost sessile; sepals broad, acuminate, Va, to N, C. and La, 



ROSACEAE, 501 

2. Fragaria Canadensis Michx. Northern Wild Strawberry. (I. F. f. 
1909.) Petioles slender, loosely villous. Leaves thin but firm ; leaflets oblong or 
the middle one narrowly obovate, obtuse, rather few-toothed, 2-4 cm. long, gla- 
brous or nearly so above, even when young, more or less appressed-pubescent be- 
neath; flowers few, slender-pedicelled, 10-15 mm. broad; fruit 12-16 mm. long. 
In fields and meadows, Newf. to Mich., south to the Catskills, May-July. 

3. Fragaria Terrae-novae Rydb. Nev^foundland Strawberry. Leaves 
thin, glabrate above, slightly silky beneath; leaflets 2-5 cm. long, obovate, serrate, 
the lateral ones slightly oblique at the base; scape slender, silky strigose at first, 
glabrate in age, few flowered; flowers 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; petals often nearly 
twice as long as the sepals; fruit hemispheric, about I cm. broad. Newf. and Lab. 
to Me. and Ont. 

4. Frag-aria vesca L. European Wood Strawberry. (I. F. f. 19 10.) 
Stout, tufted, dark green, silky. Leaflets ovate or broadly oval, obtuse, dentate,, 
rather thin, the terminal one cuneate, the others inequilateral at the base; scape 
commonly exceeding the leaves so that the fruit is borne above them, sometimes 
3 dm. high, its hairs mostly spreading; calyx-lobes remaining spreading or some- 
times reflexed. In fields and along roadsides. Nat. from Europe in the Eastern 
and Middle States. April-June. 

5. Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. American Wood Strawberry. 
(I. F. f. 19 II.) Slender, light green, silky-pubescent or glabrate, producing 
runners more freely than any of the preceding species. Leaflets very thin, 
ovate or oval, sharply incised-dentate, the terminal one commonly cuneate, the 
others inequilateral at the base, pubescent with silvery appressed hairs beneath; 
calyx- lobes reflexed in fruit; fruit often with a short neck. In rocky woods, Newf. 
to Va. and N. Mex. May-June. 

13. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith. 

Perennial herbs, with leafy runners, 3-foliolate long-petioled leaves and 
axillary slender-peduncled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, 5-bracteolate, 
the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with them, dentate or 
incised. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne on a 
hemispheric receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy in fruit. 
Achenes superficial on the receptacle. [In honor of A. N. Duchesne, French 
botanist] Two species, natives of southern Asia. 

I. Duchesnea Indica (Andr.) Focke. Yellow or Indian Strawberry. 
(I. F. f. 1912.) Silky -pubescent, tufted and forming leafy runners, dark green. 
Leaflets rhombic obovate, rather thin, crenate or dentate, obtuse at the apex ; 
peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; bractlets 
of the calyx dentate or incised, exceeding the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spread- 
ing calyx-lobes. In waste places, southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. and Ga. 
Naturalized or adventive from India. April-July. 

14. COMARUM L. 

A stout dark green nearly glabrous herb, with alternate pinnate large-stipuled 
leaves, the large purple flowers cymose or solitary, terminal or also axillarv. 
Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, the bractlets narrow. Petals shorter than the 
calyx-lobes, acute, purple. Stamens numerous, inserted on the large pubescent 
disk. Pistils numerous, inserted on the pubescent receptacle which becomes 
spongy in fruit. Style lateral. Achenes glabrous, I -seeded. Sceil pendulous. 
[Greek name of the Arbutus, from the similar fruits.] A monotypic genus of the 
north temperate zone. 

I. Comarum palustre L. Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil. Purple 
Marshlocks. Cowhkrry. (I. F. f. 1937.) Decumbent at the base. Loaves 
pinnate, the lower long-petioled, 5-7-foliolate; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, 
sharply serrate, obtuse or acutisli at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-8 cm. 
long; stipules membranous, sometimes adnate to the petiole for half its length; 
upper leaves nearly sessile. 3 5-foliolate; flowers showy, i cm. broad, in fruit 
2 cm. ; calyx-lobes purple within, ovate, acuminate, much exceeding the ovate- 



S02 . FLORA. 

lanceolate petals; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes. In swamps and 
peat-bogs, Greenland to Alaska, N. J., Mont., northern Cal. and Iowa. Also 
in northern Europe and Asia. June -Aug. 

15. ARGENTINA Lam. 

Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and long runners. Flowers 
yellow, solitary on long pedicels from the axils of the basal leaves; petals broadly 
oval or almost orbicular, not emarginate; stamens 20-25; style filiform, lateral, 
tardily deciduous; mature achenes with a thick, corky pericarp; seed ascending, 
amphitropous ; otherwise as in Fotentilla. A genus consisting of three species, 
one from New Zealand and the following. 

Achenes thick, generally grooved at the upper end; leaves 1-2 dm, long; leaflets 
sharply serrate. i. A. Anserina. 

Achenes lenticular ; leaves 3-5 cm. long ; leaflets with rounded teeth. 

2. A. Egedii. 

1. Argentina Anserina (L.) Rydb. Silver-weed. Wild or Goose- 
tansy. (I. F. f. 1934.) Herbaceous; runners 3-10 dm. long. Stipules membra- 
nous; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, the lower gener- 
ally smaller, nearly glabrous above, white and silky-pubescent beneath ; peduncles 
about equalling the leaves ; flower yellow, 10-25 "^rn- broad ; petals exceeding the ovate 
acute calyx-lobes and oval bractlets; receptacle villous; achenes glabrous \^Poten- 
tilla Anserina L.]. On shores and salt meadows, N. J. to Greenland, west to Cal. 
and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. 
May-Sept. 

Argentina Anserina grandis (Torr. & Gray) Rydb. Leaves often 3-4 dm. long, 
erect; leaflets oblong, 4-7 cm. long. In grassy places, from Greenland and Newf. to 
Alaska, south to Mont, and Cal. 

2. Argentina Egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. Egedi's Sil\t;r-weed. Much 
smaller than the preceding; leaflets 5-15, glabrous above, sometimes white-tomen- 
tose beneath, but never silky, broadly obovate or suborbicular, 5-10 mm. long; 
pedicels 1-3 cm, long. {^Potentilla Egedii (Wormsk.) T. & G.] Greenland to 
Alaska, south to Mass. and Ore., along the coast. Also in Iceland. 

16. POTENTILLA L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound 
leaves, and cymose or solitary, yellow white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx 
persistent, its tube concave or hemispheric, 5-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate), 
5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular, usually 
emarginate. Stamens 20-30, seldom 5 or 10; filaments slender ; anthers small. 
Carpels usually in 3 series, numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubescent recep- 
tacle; style terminal, deciduous. Seed pendulous and anatropous. [Diminutive 
oipotens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.] About 150 
species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following 
about 30 others occur in western N. Am. AH species of our range have yellow 
flowers and glabrous achenes. 

I. Flowers cymose ; erect or ascending herbs. 

Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate; leaflets dentate or incised. 
Leaflets 5-7. 

Leaves white-pubescent beneath. i. P. argentea. 

Leaves green beneath. • 

Plant 7-20 cm. high; leaflets obovate, 12-16 mm. long; arctic. 

2. P. maculata. 
Plants 3-8 dm. high ; leaflets 2-8 cm. long; introduced species. 

Leaflets obovate ; flowers 6-8 mm, broad. 3. P. intermedia. 

Leaflets oblanceolate; flowers 12-20 mm, broad. 4. P. sulphur ea. 
Leaflets 3 (or apparently 5 in no. 11). 

Styles filiform ; plants arctic or alpine. 

Leaves white-pubescent beneath. 5. P. nivea. 

Leaves green beneath, often villous. 
Flowers 10-14 ntim. broad. 



ROSACEAE. 503 

Teeth of the leaflets acute; bractlets oblong, 

6. P. emarginata. 
Teethof the leaflets obtuse; bractlets oval. 7. P. nana. 
Flowers only 6 mm. broad. 8. P. Robbinsiana. 

Styles glandular-thickened below. 

Plants stout, erect, rough-pubescent. 

Stamens about 20. 9. P. Monspeliensis. 

Stamens 5-8 ; prairie species. 10. P. pentandra. 

Plant slender, often diffuse, villous or glabrate. 11. P. leucocarpa. 
Leaves pinnately 3-11-foliolate. 

Leaves villous, or softly pubescent, rarely glabrate. 

All the leaves 7-1 i-foliolate; inflorescence cymose. 12. P. paradoxa. 
Upper leaves 3-foliolate ; inflorescence falsely racemose. 

13. P. Nicolletii. 
Leaves white-tomentose on both sides. 

Leaves mostly regularly pinnate ; pubescence silky and tomentose. 

14. P. Hippiaha. 
Leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate ; pubescence simply tomentose. 

15. P. effusa. 
Leaves green above, white-tomentose beneath ; leaflets pinnatifid. 

Styles thickened at the base. 

Pubescence silvery-white. 16. P. bipinnatifida. 

Pubescence not silvery-white. 

Plants erect ; leaves 7-15-foliolate. 

Plant dark green; leaves scarcely paler beneath. 

17. /'. atrovirens. 
Plant not dark green ; leaves decidedly paler beneath, 

18. P, Pennsylvanica. 
Plant ascending or decumbent; leaves 5-7-f oliolate ; leaflets ap- 
proximate or almost digitate. 19. P. litoralis. 

Styles not thickened ; plant low, spreading ; leaves 5-9-f oliolate. 

20. P. tnulttfida. 
2. Flowers solitary, axillary ; creeping or ascending plants. 
Leaflets 5, rarely 3 ; petals and sepals 5. 

Stem long-assurgent ; first flower from the axil of the second stem-leaf or some 

subsequent leaf. 21. P. Canadensis. 

Plant low, less than i dm. high; first flower from the axil of the first stem-leaf. 

22. P. pumila. 
Leaflets 3, rarely 5 ; petals and sepals 4, rarely 5. 23. P. procumbens. 

1. Potentilla argentea L. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 
1914.) Stems ascending, tufted, branched, slightly woody at the base, 1-5 dm. 
long, white woolly-pubescent. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, digitately 5- 
foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, green and glabrous above, white-pubescent 
beneath, laciniate or incised and with revolute margins; flowers 4-8 mm, broad; 
calyx-lobes ovate, acutish, a little shorter than the obovate retuse petals; stamens 
about 20; style filiform. In dry soil, N, S. and Ont. to Dak., south to D. C. 
and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 

Potentilla collina Wibel, of Europe, collected at Winona, Minn., and Cambridge, 
Mass., differs in its more prostrate habit, broader, not revolute leaflets, and larger calyx. 

2. Potentilla maculata Pourr. Northern Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1Q15.) 
Rootstock prostrate; stems ascending, simple, pubescent, 7-20 dm. high. Basal 
leaves slender-petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-foliolate); leaflets obovate. gla- 
brous above, pubescent along the margins and on the veins beneath, green Ixith 
sides, deeply toothed ; flowers few, terminal, loosely cymose; petals obovate, ob- 
cordate, cuneate, orange-spotted at the base, longer than the ovate acutish calyx- 
lobes; stamens about 20; style filiform. Lab. and Greenland to James Bay. Also 
in Europe. Summer. [/'. rubcns Rydb,, not Vill.] 

3. Potentilla intermedia L. Downy Cinquefoil. (LF. f. 1016.) Peren- 
nial; stem 3-8 dm, high, leafy, much branched, finely pubescent with long hairs. 
Leaves green and finely hirsute on both sides, somewhat tomentose beneath, all but 
the uppermost 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oblong, the teeth rather obtuse; flow- 
ers numerous, cymose, leafy-bracted; petals obcordate, equalling the triangular- 
ovate acute sepals and oblong bractlets; stamens about 20 ; style short. Mass , N. 



504 FLORA, 

Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. Resembles P. Monspeliensis^ differing in 
its 5-foliolate leaves, and perennial root. 

Potentilla inclinata Vill, a European species, has been collected by J. Fowler in On- 
tario. It resembles the last, but the leaves are grayish and slightly silky beneath. 

4.. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Rough-fruited Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 
191 7.) Erect, rather stout, branched above, villous-pubescent, 4-7 dm. high. 
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, the lower foliaceous and laciniate ; leaves digitately 
5-7-foliolate, all but the uppermost petioled ; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, green both sides, sparingly pubescent, deeply toothed, with triangular 
divergent teeth; flowers light yellow, numerous, about 2 cm. broad; stamens about 
20; style slender, terminal; carpels rugose. This has been confused with P. recta 
L., which is also cultivated and sometimes escapes from gardens. The latter has 
smaller, dark yellow petals. In waste places, Ont., N. Y., Va. and Mich. Ad- 
ventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

5. Potentilla nivea L. Snowy Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1918.) Stems 1-2 dm. 
high, woody at the base, silky-villous; leaves 3-foliolate (very rarely 5-foliolate), 
the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually deeply crenate, densely 
white-pubescent beneath, green and loosely villous above, 2-3 cm. long, the termi- 
nal one generally cuneate; flowers 1-5, 12-15 mm. broad; sepals silky, lanceo- 
late, acute, shorter than the broadly obovate emarginate petals, longer than the 
bractlets; stamens about 20. Lab., Greenland and arctic Am. to Br. Col., south 
in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

6. Potentilla emarginata Pursh. Arctic Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1919.) 
Stems villous-pubescent, tufted, about i dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets obo- 
vate, 4-12 mm. long, coarsely serrate toward the apex with acute teeth, the terminal 
one of which is generally the largest, villous on both sides; flower solitary, rarely 
2, 10-14 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, pilose, equalling the oblong bractlets, 
shorter than the obcordate petals; stamens about 20. Lab., Greenland and arctic 
Am. to Alaska. Also in Siberia and Spitzbergen. Summer. 

7. Potentilla nana Willd. Low Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1920.) Villous- 
pubescent; stems 2-5 cm. high, tufted, generally i-flowered. Leaves 3-foliolate; 
leaflets broadly obovate or orbicular, toothed, the teeth short, rounded, the terminal 
one often the smallest; petals broadly obcordate, exceeding the ovate acute sepals 
and the oval obtuse bractlets. Lab., Hudson Bay and arctic Am. to Alaska, and 
the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in Siberia. Summer. 

8. Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes. Robbins' Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1921.) 
Depressed, 2-4 cm. high, tufted from a woody base, villous-pubescent. Basal leaves 
petioled, 3-foliolate, those of the flowering stem sessile, small and 3-lobed; leaflets 
obovate, villous, 4-8 mm. long, deeply 3-7 -toothed above, cuneate or narrowed at 
the base, obtuse at the apex; flowers solitary, terminal, 5-6 mm. broad; sepals and 
bractlets nearly equal, obtuse, slightly shorter than the obcordate petals. White 
Mountains. Summer. 

9. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil. (L F. f. 1922.) 
Erect, annual or biennial, hirsutely rough -pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 3- 
foliolate, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets 
obovate, green both sides, obtuse, pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-5 cm. long; 
flowers densely cymose and leafy-bracted, about i cm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, 
acute, pubescent, slightly longer than the obovate refuse petals; stamens 15-20; 
style glandular-thickened below. In dry soil. Lab. to S. Car., Alaska, Kans. and 
Ariz. Also in Mexico and Asia. June-Sept. 

Potentilla Monspeliensis Norvegica (L.) Rydb., with oblong leaflets and fine pubes- 
cence, a native of Europe and Western Asia is introduced in the Eastern States. 

10. Potentilla pentandra Engelm. Five-stamened Cinquefoil, (I. F. f. 
1923.) Similar to the preceding, erect, hirsute, 3-7 dm. high, much branched 
above. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 3-foliolate, with the lower pair of 
leaflets parted nearly to the base, so as to appear 5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or 
oblong, obtuse, incised-dentate, more or less pubescent, 3-5 cm. long; flowers in a 
more or less flat-topped cyme, pale yellow, less than 5 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 
ovate, acute, much exceeding the small spatulate petals; stamens 5-8; style thick- 
ened below. Prairies, Manitoba to Kans., Mo. and Ark. June-Sept. 



ROSACE A E. 505 

11. Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb. Diffuse Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1924.) 
Decumbent or ascending, annual, usually diffusely branched, 4-8 dm. high, softly 
villous-pubescent, or glabrate. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, 3-foliolate; 
leaflets oblong, cuneate, thin, flaccid, pubescent, deeply serrate, 2-4 cm. long; 
flowers loosely cymose, 3-4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, exceeding the 
obovate petals; stamens about 10; style slightly thickened below. In damp soil, 
111. to Minn., N. Mex., Cal. and Wash. May-Sept. 

Potentilla rivMis Nutt., a western species which may reach our limits, is distin- 
guished from this by its usually pinnately 5-foliolate lower leaves, viscid pubescence, 
stricter erect habit, and more numerous stamens. It has been collected at the stockyards 
of Chicago. 

12. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1925.) 
Softly pubescent, annual or biennial, rather stout, bushy, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
all but the uppermost petioled, pinnately 7-11-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, 
obtuse, 15-25 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, crenate, the upper ones commonly 
confluent or decurrent on the rachis; flowers terminal, loosely cymose, leafy- 
bracted, 7 mm. broad; petals obovate, cuneate, about equalling the ovate calyx- 
lobes; stamens about 20; style terminal, thickened below. Shores and river banks, 
N. Y. and Ont. to Ore. and N. Mex. Also in Mex. and Mantchuria. June-Sept. 

13. Potentilla Nicolletii (S. Wats.) Sheldon. Nicollet's Cinquefoil. 
(I. F. f. 1926.) Similar to P. paradoxa, but more spreading and more branched; 
lower leaves only pinnate, with few leaflets; upper leaves 3-foliolate; teeth of the 
leaflets acute; inflorescence elongated, falsely racemose; stamens 10-15. N. Dak., 
Iowa and Mo. 

14. Potentilla Hippiana Lehm. Woolly Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1927.) 
Perennial, 3-5 dm. high, densely floccose as well as silky. Lower and basal leaves 
petioled, pinnately 5-11-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 2-5 cm. 
long, deeply toothed, very white beneath, the lower ones smaller than the upper; 
flowers loosely cymose, 7-10 mm. broad; petals obovate, retuse, a little exceeding 
the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; stamens about 20. Dry soil, Minn, and Assin. to 
Br. Col., Neb. and N. Mex. June- Aug. 

15. Potentilla effusa Dougl. Branched Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1928.) 
Closely related to P. Hippiana. Plant 2-4 dm high, diffusely branched above ; 
leaves sometimes interruptedly pinnate, tomentose-canescent, but not silky; leaf- 
lets 5-1 1, cuneate-oblong, obtuse; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, loosely cymose; bract- 
lets shorter than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; petals obovate, emarginate, ex- 
ceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20. Prairies, Minn, (according to^Upham) 
to Mont, and Colo. Summer. 

16. Potentilla bipinnatifida Dougl. Cut-leaved Cinquefoil. Stems 
erect or ascending, simple, white silky-villous, 3-5 dm. high. Basal leaves pin- 
nately 7-9-foliolate; stem-leaves subsessile and often subdigitate; leaflets approxi- 
mate, obovate in outline, pectinately divided into linear obtuse segments, silvery 
white; flowers densely cymose; sepals ovate, longer than the lanceolate bractlets 
and about equalling the obovate-cuneate, truncate petals. Prairies, Hudson Bay 
toSask., Alb. and Colo. \^P. Pefinsylvanica bipimjatifida T. & G.] 

17. Potentilla atrovirens Rydb. Dark-green Cinquefoil. Stem stout, 
2-3 dm. high, branched, with erect branches, dark green, densely pilose. Leaves 
similar to those of P. Pennsylvanica^ but dark green, densely pilose and strongly 
veined; cyme many-flowered, narrow, with erect branches ; bractlets and sepals 
ovate, subequal, exceeding the cuneate -obovate bright yellow petals. Prairies. 
Minn,, S. Dak. and Wyo. 

18. Potentilla Pennsylvanica L. Prairie Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1929.) 
Stem 4-8 dm. high, tomentose. Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliolate. grayish-tomentose 
beneath, glabrous above ; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, cleft halfway to the mid- 
rib into oblong lobes, margins scarcely revolute ; cymes dense; petals yellow, 
obovate, truncate or slightly emarginate, about equalling the ovate triangular 
acute sepals and the lanceolate bractlets ; style thickened below. On prairies, 
Hudson- Bay to the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south to N. Mex. Summer. 

Potentilla Pennsylv;lnica strig6sa Pursh. Stem usually lower ; pubescent with long 
villous hairs ; leaflets with deep narrow divisions, margins revolute. Manitoba and the 
N. W, Terr, to Kans. and N. Mex. Also in Siberia. 



506 FLORA. 

19. Potentilla littoralis Rydb. Coast Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1930.) Per 
ennial, tufted ; stems ascending or decumbent, 2-4 dm. high, appressed-silky or 
glabrate. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, incised-pinnatifid into oblong obtuse 
segments, grayish -pubescent beneath, green and glabrate above, 1-6 cm. long ; 
flowers yellow, cymose, 8-10 mm. broad ; petals obovate, equalling or slightly 
exceeding the ovate acute veined sepals and the lanceolate bractlets ; stamens 
20-25 ■» style thickened below. Coast of Newf. and Lab. to Quebec and N. H. 
June-July. 

20. Potentilla multifida L. Cut-leaved Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 193 1.) 
Perennial ; stems several or many from the caudex, low, ascending or spreading, 
appressed-silky. Leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate, grayish-tomentose beneath, 
glabrate above ; leaflets finely divided to near the midrib into linear acute seg- 
ments, with more or less revolute margins ; petals a little exceeding the ovate- 
lanceolate acute sepals ; style short, not thickened at the base. Hudson Bay and 
the N. W. Terr. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

21. Potentilla Canadensis L. Five-finger. (L F. f. 1935.) Stem slender, 
at first erect, later decumbent or prostrate, 4-6 dm. long, silky-villous; leaves peti- 
oled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-4-foliolate) ; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, 
2-4 cm. long, incisely serrate, at least above; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; petals 5, 
broadly oval, slightly longer than the acute calyx-lobes and linear-lanceolate 
bractlets. In dry soil, Me. and Quebec to Ga., Minn, and the Lid. Terr. April- 
Aug. Called also Wild Strawberry. 

Potentilla Canadensis simplex (Michx.) T. & G. Stem elongated, 5-10 dm. long, 
the pubescence more ap pressed; leaves larger, more glabrate and green; leaflets often 
5-6 cm. long. 

Potentilla r^ptans L., a European species, collected on ballast at Camden, N. J., 
differs in its more closely creeping habit, smaller leaves, and very broad elliptic bractlets. 

22. Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. (L F. f. 1935a.) Low 
perennial herb, seldom more than a few inches high; flowering stems at first very 
short and upright, later in the season producing some slender prostrate runners; 
whole plant densely silky-strigose; basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, on slender 
petioles; stem-leaves few and often only 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, sharply serrate, 
usually about 2 cm. long ; otherwise as the preceding. In poor soil, N. Eng. to 
Penn. 

23. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Wood Cinquefoil. (I. F. f. 1936.) 
Diffusely branched, trailing or ascending, very slender, somewhat pubescent, 1-6 
dm. long. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, sharply dentate above; peduncles 
usually much exceeding the leaves; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; petals obovate, emar- 
ginate, or rounded, exceeding the acute calyx-lobes and bractlets. Lab. (accord- 
ing to Hooker). Common in Europe. Summer. [F. nemoralis Nestl.] 

17. WALDSTEINIA Willd. 

Perennial herbs with the aspect of Strawberries, with alternate mainly 
basal long-petioled 3-5-foliolate or lobed leaves, membranous stipules, and 
yellow corymbose flowers on bracted scapes. Calyx persistent, the tube top- 
shaped, minutely 5-bracteolate or bractless at the summit, 5 -lobed. Petals 5. 
Stamens cc , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments rigid, persistent. 
Carpels 2-6, inserted on a short villous receptacle ; style nearly terminal, 
deciduous, filiform. Achenes 2-6, obliquely obovoid, pubescent. Seed erect. 
[Named in honor of Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartenburg, 1759-1823, a 
German botanist.] Five known species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
Besides the following, another occurs in Ga. 

Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. i. JV. fragarioides. 

Petals linear-oblong or narrowly elliptic, shorter than the sepals. 

2. W. parviflora. 

1. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Barren or Dry Strawberry. 
(I. F. f. 1939.) Pubescent, or nearly glabrous; rootstock creeping, rather stout. 
Leaves tufted, long-petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets obovate, obtuse 
at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, dentate or crenate and sometimes 



ROSACE A E. 507 

incised, 3-5 cm. long ; flowers yellow. 6-10 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes ovate- 
lanceolate, acute. Woods and shaded hillsides, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Mich., 
Ind., and along the Alleghanies to Ga. May-June. 

2. Waldsteinia parviflora Small. Southern Dry Strawberry. (I. F. f. 
1939 a.) Villous-hirsute, or glabrous in age. Leaflets cuneate-obovate or broadly 
rhomboidal, 4-7 cm. long, coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed; tube of the 
calyx broadly turbinate, the segments triangular*-lanceolate, or lanceolate-acumi- 
nate. In woods and shaded soil, Va. to N. Car. , Tenn. and Ga. March-May. 

18. GEUM L. 

Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate, or deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves. Flow- 
ers cymose- corymbose or solitary. Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or hemi- 
spheric, usually 5-bracteolate, 5 -lobed. Petals 5, orbicular, oblong or obovate, 
obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 00 , inserted on a disk at the base of the calyx ; 
filaments filiform. Carpels 00 , aggregated on a short receptacle. Style filiform, 
terminal, jointed, the lower portion persistent, sometimes plumose in fruit. Seed 
erect, its testa membranous. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, most 
abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following about 3 others occur 
in southern and western N. Am. 

Calyx-lobes strongly reflexed; style not plumose, sometimes hispid at the base. 
Flowers yellow, 4 mm. broad ; head of fruit stalked; calyx bractless. 

I. G. vernum. 
Flowers 6-20 mm. broad; head of fruit sessile; calyx bracteolate. 
Petals white, or very nearly so, obovate. 

Plant softly-pubescent or glabrate ; receptacle bristly. 2. G. Canadense. 
Plant rough-pubescent ; receptacle glabrous or downy. 

3. G. Virgintanum. 
Petals cream-yellow, narrowly oblong, scarcely exceeding the sepals. 

4. G. Jlavum. 
Petals yellow, broadly obovate or orbicular. 

Segments or lobes of upper stem-leaves broadly rhombic-obovate; petals 
4-6 mm. long. 
Basal leaves simple, or pinnately 3-7-foliolate; plant pubescent, 
divaricately branched; petals about equalling the sepals. 

5. G. urbanuTtt. 
Basal leaves interruptedly pinnate ; plant hispid ; petals exceeding the 

sepals. 6. G. tnacrophylhnn. 

Segments or lobes of upper stem leaves oblanceolate ; petals 6-8 mm. long. 

7. G. striction. 
Calyx-lobes erect or spreading; style plumose below ; flowers purple, nodding. 

8. G. rivale. 

1. Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G. Spring Avens. (L F. f. 1943.) Erect 
or ascending, slender, simple or nearly so, 2-6 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, 
petioled, with a single orbicular- reniform dentate 3-5-lobed leaflet, or pinnate with 
3-7 obovate or oval more or less dentate and lobed ones ; stem-leaves few, sessile 
or short-petioled, pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers few, erect ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
acute, reflexed ; petals spreading; style glabrous, about 4 mm. long ; receptacle 
glabrous. Shaded places, Ont. to W. Va., Tenn., Kans. and Tex. Nat. in N. J. 
and S. N. Y. April-June. 

2. Geum Canadense Jacq. White Avens. (L F. f. 1944.) Erect, branched 
above, 2-7 dm. high. Stipules small, dentate; basal leaves petioled. 3-foliolate or 
pinnately divided, their segments 3-5, the terminal one broadly ovate or obovate, 
the lateral ones narrower, all dentate and more or less U)bcd, sometimes with 
smaller ones borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, 3-5-lobed 
or divided; peduncles slender; petals obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; 
head of fruit 8-12 mm. long; style 6-8 mm. long. In shaded places. N. S. to 
Ga., Minn., Kans. and Mo. June-Aug. 

3. Geum Virginianum L. RouCxii Avens. (I. F. f. 1945-) Resembling the 
preceding species \>\\i much stouter, the stem and petioles bristly-pubescent, the 
stout short peduncles pubescent with reflexed hairs. Basal leaves becoming very 
large, the terminal leaflet sometimes 15 cm. wide; sepals exceeding the spreading 
revolute creamy-white petals; head of fruit very dense, i2-io n\m. in diameter; 



508 FLORA, 

style 8-IO mm. long. Low grounds, N. B. to Penn. and southward in the AUe- 
ghanies, west to Minn, and to Kans. Blooms earlier than G. Ca7iadense. May- July. 

4. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Cream-colored Avens. (I. F. f. 1946.) 
Stem bristly-hairy below, erect, 4- 10 dm. tall. Stipules large, often 2.5 cm. long, 
foliaceous, dentate or lobed. Basal leaves mostly pinnately divided, sometimes 
only lobed; lower stem-leaves usually also pinnately divided, the terminal segment 
often elongated; upper stem-leaVes sometimes entire; peduncles slender; head of 
fruit about I cm. in diameter; receptacle bristly -villous; style 6-8 mm. long. In 
woods. Conn, and N. Y. to Va. and E. Tenn. June-Aug. 

5. Geum urbanum L. European Yellow Avens. Stem 3-6 dm. high, 
finely pubescent, divaricately branched. Basal leaves simple, reniform and 3 -lobed 
or pinnately 3-7-foliolate, with rhomboid-cuneate leaflets, very rarely with smaller 
ones interposed; stem-leaves mostly 3 -foliolate, with rhombic leaflets or the upper- 
most-simple; head of fruit 12-15 ^rn- ii^ diameter; receptacle pubescent; style 
5-7 mm. long, purplish. Introduced from Europe and established at Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

6. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large leaved Avens. (I. F. f. 1947.) 
Stout, erect, bristly -pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal 
leaves petioled, ly rate- pinnate, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform, 
orbicular or cordate, dentate, 3-7- lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate, with 
smaller ones interspersed or borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or ses- 
sile; flowers several, short-peduncled; receptacle nearly glabrous; style 6-8 mm. 
long; upper internode pubescent below. In low groimds, N. S. to Alaska, Br. 
Col., N. Y. and Ore. May-July. 

7. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. (I. F. f. 1948.) Pubescent, 
branched above, 6-15 dm. high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves ly rate- 
pinnate; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or lobed, with a few smaller ones 
interspersed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, or rarely orbic- 
ular or reniform ; stem-leaves sessile or short-petioled, with 3-5 ovate or oblong 
acute segments ; receptacle dow ny-pubescent, style 6-10 mm. long, the upper inter- 
node hispid. In swamps or low grounds, Newf. to Br. Col., N. J., Penn., Mo. and 
Ariz. Also in Asia. June-Aug. A hybrid with G. Canadense has been found in 
eastern Penn. 

8. Geum rivale L. Purple or Water Avens. (I. F. f. 1940.) Erect, 
simple or nearly so, pubescent, 3- 10 dm. high. Basal leaves lyrately and inter- 
ruptedly pinnate, petioled, the later al segments generally few and small, the ter- 
minal 1-3, much larger, all sharply and irregularly lobed and dentate; stem-leaves 
distant, short-petioled or sessile, simple, or 3 -foliolate ; flowers few, 20-25 i^i^- 
broad; petals obovate, emarginate, abruptly narrowed into a claw; head of fruit 
stalked in the calyx; style 6-8 mm. long. In swamps and low grounds, Newf. to 
Br. Col., N. J., Penn., Mo. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 

19. SIEVERSIA R. Br. 

Generally low perennial herbs with odd -pinnate leaves, mostly clustered at 
the base. Flowers in cymes, or solitary, yellow or purplish. Calyx obconic or 
hemispheric, 5 -lobed and generally 5-bracteolate. Petals 5. Stamens numerous ; 
filaments filiform. Carpels many, on a short hemispheric receptacle. Style 
terminal, persistent, filiform, not jointed, pubescent or plumose, generally elongating 
in fruit. Seeds erect, basal. [Named in honor of Sievers]. About 15 species 
of temperate, alpine or arctic regions; besides the following five o*r six others 
occur in western and arctic North America. 

Leaflets 1-9 ; terminal one of the basal leaves orbicular-reniform ; style plumose below ; 
flowers yellow. i. S. Peckii. 

Leaflets numerous, cuneate ; style plumose throughout ; flowers light purple. 

2. S. ciliata. 

I. Sieversia Peckii (Pursh) Rydb. Yellow Mountain Avens. (I. F f. 
I941.) Pubescent with spreading hairs, or glabrate ; stem 1-6 dm. high, erect, 
simple, i-8-flowered at the summit. Basal leaves petioled, lyrately pinnate, the 
terminal segment very large, reniform-orbicular, sharply and irregularly dentate and 
slightly 3-5 -lobed, 7-15 cm. broad ; lateral leaflets small, few or none ; flowers 



ROSACE A E. 509 

yellow, 12-20 mm. broad; bractlets much shorter than the erect lanceolate calyx- 
lobes ; petals obovate or orbicular, often slightly emarginate, spreading ; Ltyle 
plumose below, naked above, 12-16 mm. long, not jointed. White Mountains of 
N. H. ; Mt. Kineo, Me. July- Aug. {Geum Feckii ^nrsh.'] S. radiata (Michx.) 
Greene, of N. Car. and Tenn., with which this has been confused, is stouter and 
more hairy and has broadly and deeply obcordate petals. 

2. Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Rydb. Long-plumed Purple Avens. (I. F. f. 
1942.) Softly pubescent, scapose ; scape 1-4.5 ^m. high, simple, 3-8 flowered at 
the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many small leaflets 
interspersed^among the obovate or oval laciniate numerous larger ones ; leaves of 
the scape 2 opposite small sessile pairs, the elongated peduncles commonly bearing 
another similar pair ; flowers 12-18 mm. broad ; style 3-5 cm. long. In dry or 
rocky soil, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to N. Y., Br. Col., Mo. and Ariz. \_Geum 
ciliatum Pursh.] May-July. 

20. DRYAS L. 

Low tufted herbaceous shrubs, with simple petioled stipulate leaves, white- 
canescent beneath, and white or yellow, perfect solitary flowers on slender scapes. 
Calyx persistent, not bracted, its tube concave, glandular-hirsute, S-g-lobed. Pet- 
als 8 or 9, obovate, larger than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 00 , inserted on the 
throat of the calyx; filaments subulate. Carpels 00 , sessile, inserted on the dry 
receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Seed as- 
cending, its testa membranous. [Name Latin, a wood-nymph.] Three species, 
natives of the cold-temperate and arctic parts of the north temperate zone. 

Flowers white; sepals linear-lanceolate. 

Leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate. i. D. octopetala. 

Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, entire or nearly so. 

2, D. integrifolia. 

Flowers yellow; sepals ovate ; leaves crenate. 3. D. Drummondii. 

1. Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. (I. F. f. 1949.) Stems 
prostrate, branched, 7-15 cm. long. Stipules linear, adnate to the petiole; leaves 
green and glabrous above, generally obtuse at each end, 1-2.5 cm. long ; scape 
terminal, erect, 3-12 cm. long, pubescent; petals spreading; sepals glandular-pubes- 
cent, persistent ; style about 2.5 cm. long, plumose and conspicuous in fruit. 
Lab., Greenland and arctic Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. 
Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

2. Dryas integrifolia Vahl. Entire-leaved Mountain Avens. (L F. f. 
1950.) Similar to the preceding, but the leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ob- 
tuse and often subcordate at the base, obtusish at the apex, entire or with i or 2 
teeth near the base, the margins strongly revolute ; flowers generally slightly 
smaller. "White Hills of N. H.," according to Pursh; Anticosti, Lab., west 
through arctic Am. to Alaska, and in Greenland. June-Aug. 

3. Dryas Drummondii Richards. Drummond's Mountain Avens. (L F. f. 
I951.) Similar to D. octopetala, the leaves crenate-dentate, but generalh^ narrowed 
at the base. Scape floccose-pubescent, often taller; petals generally erect; sepals 
ovate, acutish, black glandular-pubescent. On gravel, Gaspe, Quebec; Anticosti 
and Lab., throughout arctic America and south to l^ont. June-Aug. 

2T. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. 

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple petioled coriaceous stipulate 
straight-veined leaves, and short-pedicelled or sessile, axillary or terminal, perfect 
flowers. Calyx narrowly tubular, persistent, contracted at the throat, 5-lobed. 
Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx; 
filaments very short. Ovary i, terete, slender, included in the calyx-tubo. ripening 
into a villous acheue; style filiform, villous, ]XM-sistcnt, plumose and elongated in 
fruit; stigma obtuse; ovule nearly erect. Seed linear, its testa memliranous. 
[Greek, tailed-fruit.] About 6 species, natives of western N. Am. and Mexico. 

I. Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. Small-leaved Ckrcocarpus. 
(I. F. f. 1952.) A low branching shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, coriaceous, 



5IO FLORA. 

obtuse, short- petioled, dentate, silky- pubescent or canescent below, 1.5-3 cm. long, 
6-15 mm. broad; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, short-peduncled, recurved, 
about 6 mm. broad; style becoming 5-10 cm. long and very plumose in fruit. In 
dry or rocky soil, S. Dak. and W. Kans. to northern Mex., west to Cal. April- 
June. 

22. ULMARIA Hill. 

Tall perennial herbs, with alternate petioled pinnately divided stipulate leaves, 
and small perfect flowers in large cymose panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, 
clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the flat or slightly concave receptacle ; 
filaments narrowed at the base. Pistils about 10 (5-15), distinct; ovairy 2-ovuled. 
Ripe carpels resembling follicles but indehiscent, I -seeded. Seed pendulous. 
[Named from the fancied resemblance of the leaf- segments to those of Ulmus.'\ 
About 9 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 

Lateral leaflets palmately 3-5-lobed ; flowers pink or purple. i. U. rubra. 

Lateral leaflets merely serrate, or slightly lobed; flowers yellowish Vifhite. 2. U.Ulmaria. 

1. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Queen-of-the-Prairie. (I. F. f. 1953.) Glabrous; 
stem branched, 6-25 dm. tall. Leaves large, the lower sometimes I m. long, 
pinnately 3-7-foliolate, commonly with smaller leaf-segments interposed or borne 
on the petiole; the lobes acute, unequally serrate or incised; terminal leaflet larger, 
7-9-parted; flowers fragrant, about 8 mm. broad ; fruit glabrous. In moist grounds 
and on prairies, Penn. to III., Mich., Ga., Ky. and Iowa. Escaped from gardens 
farther east. June-July. 

2. Ulmaria Ulmaria (L.) Barnhart. Meadow-sweet or Meadow-Queen. 
Honey-sweet. (1. F. f. 1954.) Stem 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves pinnately 3-9- 
foliolate, densely and finely white-downy beneath, green above, or in some forms 
green on both sides; lateral leaflets sessile, opposite, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, the terminal one larger and deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute 
and serrate. Escaped from gardens, Quebec to Mass. Native of Europe and 
Asia. June- Aug. 

23. ALCHEMILLA L. 

Herbs, with alternate lobed or digitately compound leaves, adnate stipules, and 
small perfect greenish corymbose or capitate flowers. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, 
contracted at the throat, 4-5-lobed, 4-5-bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens I-4; 
filaments short. Carpels 1-4; style basal or lateral, slender. Achenes 1-4, enclosed 
in the calyx-tube. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name from its 
fancied value in alchemy.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World and of 
western America from Br. Col. to Chile. 

Annual ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; leaves small. i. A. arvensis. 

Perennial ; flowers in compound terminal corymbs ; leaves large. 2. A. vulgaris. 

1. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. Parsley-Piert, or Field Lady's 
Mantle. Argentill. (I. F. f. 1955.) Annual, softly pubescent, the branches 
usually slender, ascending, 2-15 cm. high. Stipules toothed or rarely entire; 
leaves very short-petioled, pubescent, fan-shaped, 4-10 mm. long, deeply 3-parted, 
the lobes cuneate, 2-4-cleft; flowers 2-3 mm. broad, in sessile axillary clusters 
partly enclosed by the stipules. In dry fields, D. C, Va., Tenn., N. Car., and in 
N. S. Also on the Pacific coast. Nat. or adventive from Europe. April-Sept. 

2. Alchemilla vulgaris L. Lady's Mantle. Dew-cup. (I. F. f. 1956.) 
Perennial from a woody rootstock. Stipules mostly toothed; leaves orbicular- 
reniform, 5-9-lobed, pubescent, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile or 
nearly so; lobes broad, not deep, serrate; flowers about 4 mm. broad, very 
numerous in peduncled often leafy corymbs. In grassy places near the coast, 
N. S., Cape Breton, Lab. and Greenland. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

Alchemilla alpina L., reported by Pursh from the White and the Green Mountains, 
a native of alpine and northern Europe and Asia, is distinguished from the preceding by 
its 5 oblong silky entire leaflets, 



ROSACE A E. 511 

24. AGRIMONIA L* 

Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, odd- pinnate, with smaller 
leaf-segments interposed between the larger ones, and conspicuous stipules. 
Flowers small, regular, perfect, yellow, in narrow racemes. Calyx-tube often 
grooved, uncinate- bristly above, the 5 lobes connivent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 
5-15, slender. Carpels 2, included; style terminal; stigma 2-lobed ; ovules 
pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed ; achenes 1-2, oblong. Seed suspended, 
its testa membranous. [Ancient Latin name.] About 15 species, natives of the 
north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, another 
occurs in the Southern States. 

Racemes and leaves beneath with loose spreading hairs or glabrous. 

Roots not tuberous; fruit large, turbinate, with numerous radiating bristles. 

1. A. hirsuta. 
Roots tuberous; fruit very small, hemispheric, with few ascending or erect bristles. 

2. A. striata. 
Racemes and leaves beneath closely and softly pubescent. 

Roots tuberous; stems pubescent ; leaves not glandular-dotted beneath. 
Small, often simple, with elongated terminal raceme; leaflets 3-5. 

3. A. pumila. 
Larger, paniculate-branched ; leaflets 5-1 1. 4. A, mollis. 

Roots not tuberous ; stems hirsute; leaves glandular-dotted beneath. 

Leaflets mostly 7-9; fruit large, the bristles connivent. 5. A. Britto7tiana. 

Leaflets mostly 11-17; fruit small, the bristles radiate, 6. A. parviflora. 

1. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall Hairy Agrimony. (L F. f. 
1957.) Tall, 3-18 dm. high, minutely glandular, villous. Leaflets thin, bright 
green, mostly 7, spreading, elliptic to broadly oblong, or the odd one obovate, 
acute, base often subcordate, coarsely serrate, the margins and nerves beneath cili- 
ate, the lower surface rarely pubescent; flowers 8-12 mm. broad, the buds ovoid, 
acute; fruit reflexed, 6 mm, long, short- turbinate. Woods and thickets, N, B. to 
Minn., N. Car., Kans. and Cal. June- Aug. 

2. Agrimonia striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. (I. F. f. 1958.) 
Mostly about 6 dm. high, minutely glandular; racemes filiform, loosely flowered. 
Leaflets thin, commonly 5, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong and obtuse, crenate or 
dentate, scarcely ciliate; flowers 4-5 mm, broad, the buds subglobose, truncate or 
nearly so; fruit 4 mm. high or less, spreading or nodding, hemispheric, the furrows 
shallow or obsolete. In dry woods, Conn, to Va., Kans. and Mo. July-Sept, 

3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small-fruited Agrimony. (L F. f. 1959.) 
Small and slender, 3-6 dm. high, erect or assurgent, simple, or with a few branches 
above. Stem villous with spreading hairs below, appressed-pubescent above; 
leaves often crowded toward the base of the stem, frequently 3-foliolate; leaflets 
small, elliptic to obovate or cuneate, obtuse or acute at the apex, often pale beneath; 
flowers small ; fruit 4 mm. long or less, minv;tely glandular, hemispheric to turbi- 
nate; disk flat; bristles few, ascending or erect. Li dry soil, Penn. and Md. to 
Fla., Ky. and La. Aug. 

4. Agrimonia mollis (T, & G.) Britton. Soft Agrimony, (I. F. f, i960.) 
Virgately branched, 4-18 dm. tall. Stem pubescent, or villous below, finely 
pubescent above. Leaves thickish, dull green, veiny, pale and velvety-pubescent 
beneath; leaflets narrowly oblong to obovate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, crena'te 
to dentate ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, the buds subglobose, obtuse; fruit 4 mm. long 
or more, oblong to broadly turbinate, the ascending slender bristles nearlv ii: a 
single row. Dry woods and thickets, Conn, to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. July- Oct. 

5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. Britton's Acjrimony. (L Y. i. loin.) 
Robust, 6-12 dm. tall, virgately branched. Stem hirsute-pubescent with short 
spreading brownish hairs, sub-appressed above ; leaflets elliptic to rhomboid-lance- 
olate, deeply and closely serrate, dull green, thickish, rugose, their margins finely 
scabrous-ciliolate ; racemes long, erect or ascending ; flowers crowded. 6- 10 mm. 
wide; fruit 6-8 mm. long, long-turbinate, deeply grooved; bristles often pvuplish, 
short, crowded, inflexed and connivent over the sepals. Along thickets and road- 
sides, Quebec to northern N. Y. and W. Va. Also in the Rocky Mts. Juue-Sept. 

* Tejst contributed by Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, 



512 FLORA. 

6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Many-flowered Agrimony. (I. F. f. 
1962.) Virgately branched, 6-12 dm. high, with long racemes. Stem densely- 
hirsute with coarse brownish hairs, villous above; leaflets lanceolate or linear-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather thin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 
especially on the veins, very glandular ; flowers very numerous, 6-10 mm. broad ; 
the buds rounded-truncate ; fruit small, glandular, dilated-turbinate ; bristles 
reflexed, spreading and erect. In moist or dry soil, N. Y. to Mich., Kans., Ga. 
and Miss. July-Oct. 

25. SANGUISORBA L. 

Erect, mostly perennial herbs, sometimes decumbent at the base, with alternate 
odd-pinnate stipulate leaves and small perfect or polygamo-dioecious flowers in 
dense terminal peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx-tube turbinate, constricted at the 
throat, persistent, 4-lobed, the lobes petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 
4-00 , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments filiform, elongated, exserted ; 
anthers short; carpels I-3, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Style filiform, terminal. 
Achene usually i, enclosed in the dry angled calyx. Seed pendulous. [Latin, 
blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.] About 20 species, natives of the 
north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the 
western parts of North America. 

Flowers capitate, greenish; stamens numerous; leaflets 12-20 mm, long. 

I. S. Sangmsorba. 
Flowers spicate, white ; stamens 4; leaflets 25-75 mm. long. 2. S. Canadensis. 

1. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (L.) Britton. Salad Burnet. (I. F. f. 
1963.) Glabrous or pubescent, erect, slender, perennial, branched, 2.5-5 ^■"f^- 
high. Stipules usually small, laciniate; leaflets 7-19, ovate or broadly oval, deeply 
incised, short-stalked or sessile; flowers 6-12 mm. long, the lower ones staminate, 
the upper perfect; stigma tufted, purple; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish; fruit 
2-4 mm. long. In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, southern Ont., N. Y. and Penn. 
to Md. Naturalized from Europe and native also of Asia. Summer. 

2. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. American Great Burnet. [L F. f. 
1964.] Glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the base, erect, branched above, 
3-18 dm. high, the branches erect. Stipules often foliaceous and dentate ; basal 
leaves long-petioled, sometimes 6 dm. long; leaflets 7-15, ovate, oblong or oval, 
serrate with acute teeth, stalked ; flowers perfect, bracteolate at the base ; filaments 
long-exserted, white ; achene enclosed in the 4-angled calyx. In swamps and 
low meadows, Newf. to Mich., south to Ga. July-Oct. 

26. ROSA L. 

Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean rootstocks. Stems com- 
monly prickly. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiole. 
Flowers corymbose or solitary, red, pink or white (in our species). Calyx-tube 
cup-shaped or urn-shaped, constricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, 5- 
(rarely 4-) lobed, the lobes imbricated, spreading, deciduous or persistent. Petals 
5 (rarely 4), spreading. Stamens 00 , inserted on the hollow annular disk. Carpels 
00 , sessile at the bottom of the calyx; ovaries commonly pubescent ; styles distinct 
or united. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting calyx-tube. 
Seed pendulous. [The ancient Latin name of the rose. ] 

A large genus, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, about 6 
others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

* Styles cohering in a column ; leaflets mostly 3 ; stem climWng. i. R. setigera. 
* * Styles all distinct ; leaflets 5-1 1. 

Sepals persistent, erect on the fruit, or spreading. 
Infrastipular spines generally none. 

Stems unarmed or nearly so ; sepals erect on the fruit, g. R, blanda, 

Stems armed with numerous prickles, 



ROSACEAE, 513 

Leaflets 3-9, often resinous, obtuse at base; flowers solitary; sepals erect. 
Fruit globose or nearly so, 12-15 n^"^- i^^ diameter. 3. R, Sayi. 
Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid, 8-10 mm. broad and 15-18 mm. long-. 

4. R.Engelmanm. 
Leaflets 7-1 1, not resinous, narrowed at base ; flowers corymbed ; sepals 
spreading. 5. R. Arkansana. 

Infrastipular spines commonly present ; stems prickly. 6. R. Woodsii. 

Sepals deciduous, spreading. 

Leaflets finely serrate; spines stout, recurved. 7. R. Carolina, 

Leaflets coarsely serrate. 

Infrastipular spines nearly straight ; native bushy species. 
Stems with scattered prickles or naked. 

Leaflets 7-9, shining above; flowers corymbose; spines stout. 

8. R. lucida. 
Leaflets 5-7; flowers solitary or few ; spines slender. 9. R. humilis. 
Stems very densely prickly; flowers usually solitary. 10. R. nitida. 
Infrastipular spines stout, hooked ; introduced wand-like or climbing species. 
Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath, serrate. 11. R. canina. 

Leaflets very glandular beneath, doubly serrate. 12. R. rubiginosa. 

1. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie Rose. Climbing Rose. Michigan Rose. 
(I. F. f. 1965.) Stems several meters long, armed with scattered curved prickles, 
not bristly. Petioles, twigs and peduncles often glandular-pubescent; stipules 
very narrow; leaflets mostly ovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the 
base, 3-7 cm. long, sharply serrate; flowers corymbose, about 6 cm. broad; sepals 
ovate, acute, at length reflexed and deciduous, glandular; petals rose-color or 
white ; fruit globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, more or less glandular. In thickets 
and on prairies, Ont. to Wis., Kans., W. Va., Fla. and Tex. Escaped from cul- 
tivation in N. J. and Va. June-July. 

2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or Meadow Rose. (I. F. f. 1966.) Erect, 
6-12 dm. high, entirely unarmed or with a few straight slender prickles. Leaf- 
lets 5-7, short-stalked, usually pale beneath, oval or obovate, commonly narrowed 
at the iDase, 2-4 cm. long, simply and sharply serrate; flowers pink, sometimes 7 
cm. broad, corymbose or solitary; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid-pu- 
bescent; fruit globose or pyriform, glabrous or nearly so, about I cm. in diameter. 
In moist, rocky places, Newf. to Vt., N. J., Ont. and 111. June-July. 

3. Rosa Sayi Schwein. Prickly Rose. (I. F. f. 1967.) Bushy, 3-10 
dm. high, the stems and often the branches densely armed with straight prickles. 
Stipules mostly broad ; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), oval or oval-lanceolate, obtuse at the 
apex, rounded at the base, simply or doubly serrate, often more or less resinous- 
pubescent, 3-5 cm. long; flowers usually solitary, 6-7 cm. broad; sepals lanceolate, 
acuminate or sometimes dilated above, entire or few toothed, hispid or glabrous. 
Anticosti to Minn., the N. W. Terr, and Colo. June-July. 

4. Rosa Engelmanni Wats. Engelmann's Rose. Like the preceding but 
low, 2-5 dm. high, very slender and with few branches; leaflets very thin, pale 
beneath ; fruit small, elongated, with an evident neck and more or less conical at 
the base. In open woods from Mich, to S. Dak., Colo, and Tex. 

5. Rosa Arkansana Porter. Arkansas Rose. (I. F. f. 1968.) Erect, 
3-6 dm. high. Stems densely prickly with slender bristles; stipules rather narrow; 
leaflets 7-1 1, oval or obovate, sessile or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at 
the base, seldom over 2.5 cm. long, simply and sharply serrate, glabrous, or finely 
puberulent beneath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, about 5 cm. broad; sepals 
lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly glandular-hispid or glabrous; fruit globose or 
nearly so, 10-12 mm. in diameter, glabrous. Prairies, Minn, and Iowa to Mont., 
Tex. and N. Mex, June-July. 

6. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose. (I. F. f. 1969.) Low, bushy, 3-10 
dm. high, armed with slender mostly straight spines, or unarmed above. Stipules 
rather broad, entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, short-stalked or sessile, obtusish 
at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 10-18 mm. long, simply and sharply 
serrate, somewhat glaucous l)eneath; flowers 3-5 cm. broad; sepals erect on the 
fruit; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, 8-10 mm. in diameter, glabrous, sometimes 
glaucous. Prairies, Miim. to Mo., the N. W. Terr, and N. Mox. June-July. 

7. Rosa Carolina L. Swam r Rose. (I. F. f. 1070.) r.ushy, 3-25 dm. liigh, 



5 14 FLORA. 

with stout commonly recurved prickles or sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5-9 (usually 
7), oval, oblong, ovate-lanceolate or even obovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute or acutish, 
pale or pubescent beneath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; 
calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated above, hispid-pubescent, spreading, 
deciduous; fruit globose or depressed-globose, about 8 mm. high, glandular-hispid. 
In swamps and low grounds, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fia. and Miss. June-Aug. 

8. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Glossy Rose. Like R. hmnilis but larger, 1-2 m. 
high; leaflets mostly 7, 2-4 cm. long, thick, shining above; stipules broad, often 
glandular-toothed; prickles rather stout and flat, straight or slightly curved; fruit 
about I dm. high. N. J. and Penn; to Ont. and Newf. \^R. kimiilis lucida Best] . 

9. Rosa humilis Marsh. Low or Pasture Rose. (I. F. f. 197 1.) Bushy, 
l-io dm. high, usually armed with slender straight infrastipular spines, and more 
or less prickly. Stipules narrow, entire; leaflets usually 5 (sometimes 7), rather 
thin, ovate, oval or obovate, somewhat shining, 12-25 ^^- loi^g» mostly acute at 
each end, short- stalked or sessile, glabrous or pubescent beneath ; flowers usually 
few or solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; pedicels and calyx usually glandular; sepals lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, or dilated above, commonly lobed; fruit globose or depressed- 
globose, glandular-hispid, about 8 mm. high. In dry or rocky soil, Me. and Ont. 
to Wis., Ga., Kans. and La. May-July. 

Rosa humilis villosa Best. Low, very prickly; leaflets thickish, villous-pubescent 
beneath. N. J. and N. Y. 

10. Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose. (I. F. f. 1972.) Bushy, 
seldom over 6 dm. high, the stems and branches densely covered with slender 
straight prickles nearly as long as the slender infrastipular spines. Stipules usu- 
ally broad; leaflets 5-9, oblong or oval, generally acute at each end, the terminal 
one sometimes slightly obovate and obtuse at the apex, all sharply serrate, shining 
above, glabrous or very nearly so, 12-30 mm. long; flowers 3-6 cm. broad; sepals 
lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid or glandular; fruit glandular-hispid, globose, 
about 8 mm. high. In low grounds, Mass. to Newf. June-July. 

11. Rosa canina L. Dog Rose. Canker Rose. Wild Brier. (I. F. f. 
1973.) Branches erect or straggling, sometimes 3.5 m. long, armed with short 
hooked spines, not bristly but sometimes glandular. Stipules broad, glandular; 
leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, rather thick, generally obtuse at each end, usually 
simply and sharply serrate, 2-4 cm. long; flower-s solitary or few, pink varying to 
white; sepals much lobed, lanceolate, reflexed, deciduous; fruit long-ovoid, 1-2 
cm. long, usually glabrous. In waste places, N. S. to N. J., Va., Tenn. and 
Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 

12. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. (I. F. f. 1974.) Slender, 1-2 m. 
high, or forming longer wands, armed with stout recurved spines. Stipules rather 
broad; leaflets 5-7, similar to those of the preceding, but generally doubly serrate 
and densely glandular-pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic ; flowers 
pink varying to white; sepals lanceolate, usually much lobed, spreading, decidu- 
ous, glandular-hispid; fruit oval or ovoid, I-2 cm. long. In waste places, N. S. to 
Ont., Kans., Tenn. and Va. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 

Rosa cinnamomea L., the Cinnamon Rose, with small double reddish flower^ and 
leaves downy-pubescent beneath, is occasionally found along roadsides in the Middle 
and Eastern States. 

Family 12. POMACEAE L. 

Apple Family , 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, the small deciduous stipules 
free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx superior, mostly 
5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, 
usually clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct ; anthers 
small, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary composed of 
1-5 wholly or partly united carpels ; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each 
carpel, anatropous, ascending ; styles 1-5 ; stigma small. Fruit a more 



POMACEAE. 515 

or less fleshy pome, consisting of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the 
bony papery or leathery carpels. Endosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy. 
About 20 genera and 225 species, of wide geographic distribution. 

Ripe carpels papery or leathery. 

Leaves pinnate. i. Sorbus. 

Leaves simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. 

Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles. 

Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyrus. 

Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. 

Cymes simple ; trees. 3. Malus. 

Cymes compound ; shrubs. 4. Aronia. 

Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. Amelanchier. 
Ripe carpels bony. 

Ovule I in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. 6. Crataegus. 

Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneaster 

I. SORBUS L. 

Trees or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and 
white flowers, in compound cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5 -lobed, not bracteo- 
late. Petals 5, spreading, short clawed. Stamens cx) . Ovary inferior; styles 
usually 3, distinct; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small red 
berry-like pome. [The ancient Latin name of the Pear or Service-tree.] About 7 
species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs 
in western N. Am. 

Leaflets glabrous above. 

Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter. i. S. Americana, 

Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit about 8 mm. in diameter. 

2. S. sambucifolia. 

Leaflets pubescent on both sides. 3. S. Aucuparia. 

1. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Dogberry. 
(I. F. f. 1975.) A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves petioled; leaflets 11-17, 
lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, bright green above, gen- 
erally paler beneath, 3-10 cm. long; cymes dense, 7-15 cm. broad; flowers 4-6 mm. 
broad. In moist ground, Newf., Manitoba, N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 

2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.) Roem. Western Mountain Ash, 
(L F. f. 1976.) Resembles the preceding. Leaflets 7-15, proportionately broader 
and shorter, oval or ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, glabrous 
and dark green above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, especially 
along the veins, seldom over 7 cm. long; flowers 6-7 mm. broad; calyx and pedi- 
cels generally pubescent; cymes 5-10 cm. broad. In moist ground, Lab. to 
Alaska, northern N. Eng,, Penn., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and 
Utah. Also in northeastern Asia. June-July. 

3. Sorbus Aucuparia L. European Mountain Ash. Leaves pubescent 
on both sides, especially when young, the calyx and pedicels usually woolly. 
Escaped from cultivation, N. S. to N. H. Native of Europe. 

2. PYRUS L. 

Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers large, white or 
pink, in simple cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes acute. Petals 5, 
rounded, short-clawed. Stamens usually numerous; styles mostly 5, distinct, or 
united only at the very base; ovules 2 in each cavity; carpels cartilaginous or 
leathery. Fruit a pome, usually pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. 
[Latin name of the Pear.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Pyrus communis L. Peai^ Choke Pear. (I. F. f. 1977.) A tree, 
sometimes 20 m. high; branches usually thorny. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obo- 
vate, finely serrulate or entire, petioled, 3-8 cm. long, downy and ciliate when 
young, becoming glabrous or nearly so, the apex acute or acuminate; petioles 
sometimes as long as the blades or longer; cymes few-several -flowered, borne at 
the ends of short twigs of the preceding year; pedicels 1.5-5 ^''""- ki"S- flowers 
Wlute, 2-5 cm. broad ; calyx-k)bes about as long as the tube; styles distinct to the 



5l6 FLORA. 

base. In thickets and woods, Me. to N. J. and Penn., escaped from cultivation. 
Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 

3- MALUS Hill. 

Trees or shrubs, with toothed or lobed leaves, and pink or white flowers in 
simple terminal cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 
5, romided, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base; ovules 2 in each 
cavity ; carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose, 
mostly "hollowed at the base. [Greek, apple.] About 15 species, natives of the 
north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern Am. 

Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. 

Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base. i. M. angustifolia. 

Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 2. M. coronaria. 

Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 

Leaves mostly narrowed at the base ; pome 2-4 cm. in diameter. 

Pedicels slender, 2-4 cm, long. 3. M. loensis. 

Pedicels stout, 1-2.5 cm. long. 4. M. Soiilardi. 

Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base ; pome 5-10 cm. in diameter. 

5. M. Ma I us. 

I. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Narrow-leaved Crab AppLe. (I. F. f. 
1978.) A small tree. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, thick, shining and 
dark green above, sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate or often en- 
tire, 2-5 cm. long; cymes tew-flow-ered ; pedicels 2-4 cm. long, slender; flowers 
pink, fragrant, mostly less than 2.5 cm. broad; pome about 2.5 cm. in diameter. 
In thickets, N. J. to 111., Kans., Fla. and La. March-May. 

2. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. American Crab Apple. (I. F. f. 1979.) 
A small tree. Leaves petioled, ovate to trangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent be- 
neath when young, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed, ovate, acute or 
acutish at the apex, 2-8 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, very fragrant, 2-5 cm. 
broad ; pedicels 1-4 cm. long, glabrous ; calyx slightly pubescent ; pome fleshy, 
globose or depressed. 2-4 cm. in diameter, greenish- yellow, fragrant, acid. In 
thickets, Ont. to Mich, and S. Car. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. 

3. Malus loansis (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. (I. F. f. 1980.) 
A small tree, much resembling Mains coronaria. Leaves firm, white-pubescent 
beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 
ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes, 2-5 cm. long, 
or on young shoots much larger ; petioles, pedicels and calyx pubescent. Minn., 
Wis. and 111. to Neb., Ky.. La. and the Ind. Terr. April-May. 

4. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britton. Soulard Crab Apple. (L F. f. 1981.) 
A small tree, resembling the two preceding. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, 
mostly obtuse or truncate at the apex, rugose and densely tomentose beneath,, irregu- 
larly crenate -dentate or sometimes few-lobed; petioles 2.5 cm. or less, tomentose; 
flowers smaller than those oiM. coronaria., the cymes dense; pedicels stout, white- 
tomentose; pome 2.5-6 cm. in diameter. Minn, to Mo. and Tex. April-May. 

5. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Apple. (I. F. £ 1982.) A large tree with 
spreading branches. Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 
glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly beneath ; pedicels gener- 
ally tomentose, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers pink, or white, 3-8 cm. broad ; calyx to- 
mentose. In woods and thickets. Me. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Ga. Introduced 
from Europe and escaped from cultivation. April-May. 

4. ARONIA Medic. 

Low shrubs, with simple petioled finely serrate leaves, the upper side of the 
midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, white or 
pink, in compound cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, concave, 
spreading. Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5,' united at the base. Ovary woolly. 
Pome small, globose, oval, or somewhat top-shaped, its carpels rather leathery. 
[Name modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe.] Only the following species: 
Cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly. 

Fruit short-pyriform, bright red. i. A. arbnti folia. 

Fruit oval to globose, purple-black. 2. A. afropiirpurea. 

Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black or purplish. 3. A. nigra. 



PO MACRAE, 517 

1. Aronia arbutifdlia(L.) Medic. Red Choke-berry. (I. F. f. 1983.) Leaves 
oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or some- 
what cuneate at the base, 2-8 cm. long, glabrous above, densely tomentose be- 
neath; flowers white or purplish-tinged, 8-12 mm. broad ; calyx and pedicels 
tomentose; pome 4-6 mm. in diameter, short-pyriform, and bright red when ma- 
ture, long-persistent. In swamps and wet woods, N. Y. to Fla. March-May. 

2. Aronia atropurpurea Britton, n. s.p. Purple-fruited Chokeberry. 
A shrub, sometimes 4 m. high, usually taller than the other species. Calyx, pedi- 
cels and lower leaf-surfaces tomentose; flowers similar to those of the preceding ; 
fruit oval to globose, purple-black, 6-10 mm. high. In wet soil, N. S. to Fla. 
April-June, Type from Arlington, Staten Island. 

3. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black Cliokeberry. (I. F. f. 1984.) 
Leaves obovate or oval, short-petioled, crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath, 
glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous; fruit 
globose or oval, nearly black, 6-8 mm. in diameter, early deciduous. In swamps 
or low woodsj or sometimes in drier soil, N. S. to Ont., Fla. and Mich. March- 
June, 

5. AMELANCHIER Medic. 

Shrubs or trees, with simple petioled leaves, unarmed branches, and racemose 
or rarely solitary white flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary, 
5-lobed, the lobes narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 00 , inserted on 
the throat of the calyx; filaments subulate; styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the 
base. Ovary inferior, its cavities becoming twice as many as the styles ; ovule i 
in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry-like, 4-10-celled. Testa of the seed 
cartilaginous. [The Savoy name of the Medlar,] About 12 species, natives of the 
north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western 
N. Am. and i in Mex. 

Flowers several or numerous in the racemes; pome globose. 

Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs; leaves usually serrate nearly all around. 

Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex ; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. 
Leaves ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous when mature; base cordate 
or rounded. i, A. Canadensis. 

Leaves oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at base, densely 
white-woolly beneath, at least when young. 2. A. Botryapium. 

Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top of the ovary woolly. 
Low shrub of rocky places, 3-6 dm. high ; petals 4-8 mm. long. 

3. A. spicata. 
Tree or small shrub; petals 10-16 mm. long. 4. A. rotu7idifolia. 

Glabrous western shrub; leaves dentate above the middle only, 5. A. abiifolia. 
Flowers only 1-4 in the clusters; pome oblong or obovoid, 6. A. oligocarpa. 

1. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Medic. June-berry. Service-berry, 
May-cherry. (I. F. f. 1985.) A tree, sometimes reaching the height of 20 m. 
Leaves ovate or oval, sharply and finely serrate, soon entirely glabrous, 2-10 cm. 
long; racemes spreading or drooping ; pedicels long, slender; bracts silky, pur- 
plish, deciduous ; petals linear, linear-spatulate, or linear-oblong, I-2 cm. long, 
3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite glabrous calyx ; pome red or purple, 
sweet, about 6 mm. high. In dry woodlands, Newf, to Ont., Fla. and La. March- 
May. Fruit ripe June-July. 

2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Shad-bush. Swamp Sugar- 
pear. (I. F. f. 1986.) A shrub or small tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the foliage 
and inflorescence densely white-woolly when young, often nearly or cjuitc glabrous 
when old. Leaves acute at the apex, finely and sharply serrate ncarh' all around; 
racemes short, rather dense; pedicels short, seldom over 2.5 cm. long; petals spatu- 
late or linear-spatulate, 6-14 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; calyx 
usually densely white-woolly; pome 6-8 mm. in diameter. In swamps and moist 
soil, N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. April-May. 

3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec. Lo\v June-berry, (I. F. f. 1087.) 
Stems 3-6 dm. high fnnii a long root creeping among rocks. Leaves elliptic or 
oval, 2-4 cm. long, rounded at both ends, or sometimes subacute at the apex, some- 
times subcordate at the base, serrulate or dentate-serrate, or sometimes entire be- 
low the middle, dark green and quite glabrous when mature, woolly when young ; 



5l8 FLORA. 

racemes 4- lo- flowered; pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long in fruit ; calyx-lobes nearly tri- 
angular ; pome about 6 mm. in diameter. N. Y., N. J. and Penn. May. 

4. Amelanchier rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem. Round-leaa'ed June-berry. 
(I. F. f. 1988.) A tall shrub or small tree. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly 
orbicular, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or rarely subacute, often 
cordate at the base, serrate with large teeth, or entire near the base, glabrous from 
the time of unfolding or more or less woolly when very young ; pedicels 2-4 cm. 
long in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-1.6 cm. 
long; pome 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., N. Y. 
and Mich, May. 

5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Northwestern June or Service-berry. 
(I. F. f. 1989.) A shrub, tomentose-pubescent when young, at length glabrate and 
somewhat glaucous. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very ob- 
tuse and often truncate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, coarsely 
dentate above the middle, 1-5 cm. long; racemes short, rather dense; pedice.s 
short; petals oblanceolate, cuneate, 6-18 mm. long, 2-4 times the length of the 
calyx; pome purple, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. high, sweet. Dry soil, western Ont. 
to Br. Col., Mien., Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. April. 

6. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruited June-berry. 
(I. F. f. 1990.) A shrub, glabrous or very nearly so, except the early deciduous 
bracts, which are sometimes tomentose. Leaves thin, narrowly oval or oblong, 
generally about 3 times as long as broad, narrowed at each end, finely and sharply 
serrate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes 1-4-flowered; pedicels slender; petals obovate or 
oblanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx; pome pear-shaped, 
purple, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. long. In cold swamps or wet rocky places, Lab. 
to Ont., Penn. and Mich. May. 

6. CRATAEGUS L. 

Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with petioled leaves and white or pink 
corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube cup- shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels, 
its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 
00 , usually numerous ; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, 
1-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate; ovule I in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. Pome 
rather small, drupe-like, containing I-5 bony carpels, each I -seeded or rarely 
2-seeded. Seed erect, flattish. [Greek, strong, from the toughness of the wood.] 
About 75 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and the Andes. 
Besides the following, 8 or 10 others occur in southern and western N, Am. 

* Corymbs many-flowered. 

1. Leaves obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate or flabellate. 

Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous. 

Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sharply serrate. 

Spines long, slender; leaves shining. i. C. Crus-galli. 

Spines short, stout; leaves dull. 2. C. brevispitia. 

Leaves obovate or spatulate, crenate. 

Leaves narrowly spatulate ; flowers 8 mm. wide. 3. C. spathulata. 

Leaves obovate; flowers 15 mm. wide. 4. C. Brow7iii, 

Lower leaf-surfaces, pedicels and calyx more or less pubescent, at least when young. 
Leaves short-petioled; fruit smarl. 

Leaves oblanceolate, very obtuse. 5. C. berberi/olia. 

Leaves obovate-oval, acutish. 6. C. prunifolia. 

Leaves obovate, acutish, dull. 7. C. collina. 

Leaves slender-petioled; fruit large. 

Leaves obovate, dull, irregularly serrate. 8. C. punctata. 

Leaves flabellate, shining, incised-serrate. 9. C.fiabellata. 

2. Leaves ovate, oval, orbicular-obovate or nearly orbicular. 

a. Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous, or nearly so. 
Leaves mainly truncate or cordate at the base. 

Leaves lobed ; fruit 4-6 mm. high. 10. C. cordata. 

Leaves irregularly serrate ; fruit 10-12 mm. high, glaucous. 

II. C. Bggerti. 
Leaves narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base. 

Leaves deeply cleft ; styles 1-3. 12. C. Oxyacantha. 

Leaves serrate or incised ; styles mostly 5. 

Fruit about 6 mm. in diameter, 13. C. viridis. 



POMACEAE,- 519 

Fruit 10-12 mm. in diameter, glaucous or pruinose. 
Leaves firm, shining. 

Fruit globose ; western. 14. C. nitida. 

Fruit pyriform ; eastern. 15. C. Porteri. 

Leaves thin, dull. 16. C. pruinosa. 

b. Lower surfaces or teeth of the leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent or glandular. 
Leaves deeply pinnately incised ; fruit 4-6 mm. long. 17. C. apiifolia. 

Leaves serrate or lobed ; fruit 6-25 mm, long. 
Leaves glabrous, or nearly so. 

Leaves, or, most of them, truncate or cordate at the base. 

18. C. coccinea. 
Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base. 
Fruit 8-14 mm. in diameter. 

Fruit globose to oval; leaves firm in texture. 

Bractlets and calyx very glandular, 19. C, rotundifolia. 
Bractlets and calyx pubescent. 20. C. occidentalis. 

Fruit pyriform ; leaves thin. 21. C. tenuifoHa. 

Fruit only 6-8 mm. in diameter. 22. C. macracantha. 

Leaves pubescent, especially along the veins beneath. 

Leaves ovate-orbicular, mostly truncate or cordate at base. Fruit 1.5- 

2.5 cm, in diameter; red. 23. C. mollis. 

Leaves ovate to oval, mostly cuneate or narrowed at the base. 
Fruit globose or depressed -globose. 

Veins not prominent on the lower leaf-surfaces. 

24. C. Bilttnoreana. 
Veins very straight and prominent. 25. C. catnpestr-is. 

Fruit oval to oblong. 

Fruit dull red, over i cm. long. 26. C. tomentosa. 

Fruit bright red, i cm. long or less, 27. C. Chap7nani. 

Fruit pyriform, 28. C. pyriformis. 

* * Corymbs I-7-flowered. 

Calyx-lobes not incised ; petioles and leaf-serrations very glandular. 

29. C.flava. 
Calyx-lobes deeply incised ; petioles and leaf-serrations little or not at all glandular. 

Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, 30. C. um'flora. 

Leaves oval, mostly acute at both ends. 31. C. Vailiae. 

1. Crataegus Crus-galli L, Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. 
(I, F. f. 1991.) A shrub or small tree, the branches spreading. Thorns numerous, 
slender, 5-10 cm. long; leaves coriaceous, shining above, obovate or oblanceolate, 
obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, 2-5 cm. long, sharply- 
serrate; flowers about 12 mm. broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; styles usually 
1-3; fruit globose or slightly pear-shaped, about 12 mm. long. In thickets, Que- 
bec to Manitoba, N. H., Fla. and Tex, May-June. 

2. Crataegus brevispina (Dougl.) Farwell, Pouglas Thorn. A small 
tree. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obovate, unequally serrate or some- 
what lobed, cuneate or narrowed at the base, 4-8 cm. long, the petiole about one 
fourth the length of the blade ; thorns 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers about 2 cm. wide; 
calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, rarely glandular; fruit globose, purple-black, 1-1.5 cm. in 
diameter. Mich, to Br. Col., Colo, and Ore. May- June. [C Douglasii \aw&\.'\ 

3. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Small-fruited Haw. ("i. F. f. 1992.) 
A shrub or small tree. Spines 2-5 cm. long; leaves fascicled, coriaceous, shining 
above, rather dull beneath, spatulate, obtuse and crenate or with 2-3 lobes at the 
summit, entire and cuneate at base, almost sessile, 2-4 cm. long; flowers about 8 
mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate; styles commonly 5 ; fruit red, ^globose, 4-6 mm. 
long. In thickets, Va, to Fla., Mo. and Tex. May-June. 

4. Crataegus Brownii Britton. Addison Brown's Thorn. Glabrous 
throughout. Leaves obovate or oval- obovate, obtuse, or obtusish at the apex, 
cuneate-narrowed at the base, irregularly crenate, with distinctly rounded teeth, 
slender-petioled, 4-6 cm. long ; pedicels slender; bracts linear,' very glandular; 
flowers about 1.5 cm. broad; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate. Va.'andW. Va. 
May. Type from Buchanan, Va. 

5. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. Barbkrry-lkaved Thorn. Similar 
to C. Crus-galli, but the young leaves, pedicels and calyx densely pubescent. 
Thorns slender, 2-5 cm. long; mature leaves pubescent with scattered' hairs, rather 



520 FLORA. 

dull, oblanceolate to broadly obovate, 4-8 cm. long; fruit oval, about i cm. long. 
Mo. to La. April-May. 

6. Crataegus prunifolia (Marsh,) Pers. Plum-leaved Thorn. Similar to 
broad-leaved forms of C. Criis-galli, the leaves oval to obovate, acutish, serrate 
nearly to the base; 5-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, pubescent beneath, at least when 
young; pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers and globose pome about I cm. broad. 
Mo. Perhaps not the original Ale spilits prunifolia Marsh. 

7. Crataegus collina Chapm. Round-fruited Thorn. A small tree, the 
young foliage and the inflorescence pubescent. Leaves ol^ovate, mostly acute, finely 
serrate, tapering into the short petiole; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; styles 5; fruit 
hard, globular, about i cm. in diameter. Va. to Ga. and Mo. April-May. 

8. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited Thorn, (L F, f. 1993.) 
A shrub or small tree, with horizontal, thorny branches. Thorns 2-5 cm. long, 
often branched ; leaves slender-petioled, obovate, obtuse or short- pointed at the 
apex and irregularly serrate or serrulate, cuneate at the base, nearly glabrous 
above, pubescent or at length glabrous beneath. 5-8 cm. long, rarely lobed, veins 
straight, conspicuous'; flowers 1-2 cm. broad ; calyx- lobes linear, entire ; styles 
mostly 3 ; fruit globose or oval, red or yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter. In 
thickets, Quebec and Ont. to N. H., Ga., west to Iowa. May. 

Crataegus punctata canescens Britten. Lower leaf-surfaces, petioles, peduncles and 
pedicels densely whitish-tomentose. Vt. to Ont., Penn. and Ohio. 

9. Crataegus flabellata (Spach) Rydb. Fan-leaved Thorn. Leaves 
flabellate, broadest above the middle, cuneate at the base, thin and usually with a 
few scattered hairs beneath when young, sharply and irregularly incised- serrate, 
glabrous, firm and shining above when old, 6-10 cm. long, slender-petioled; thorns 
5 cm. long or more; fruit globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. Quebec to Me., R. I." 
the N. W. Terr, and Mont. 

10. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. (I. F. f. 1994.) 
A tree, 5-15 ni. high. Spines slender, 2-5 cm. long ; leaves slender-petioled, 
broadly ovate, generally sharply 3-7-lobed and serrate, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, truncate or cordate at the base, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 8-12 mm. broad ; 
styles 5; fruit bright red, depressed-globose, 4-6 mm. high. In woods and 
thickets, Va. to Ga., III. and Tenn. ; escaped from cultivation in southern N. J. 
and Penn. March-May. 

11. Crataegus Eggerti Britton. Eggert's Thorn. Foliage sparingly pu- 
bescent when young, glabrous when mature. Thorns 3-6 cm. long; leaves ovate- 
orbicular, dull green above, pale beneath, sharply and irregularly serrate, or 
somewhat lobed, mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, acute or acutish at the 
apex, slender-petioled, 5-12 cm. long, and about as wide; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; 
bracts large, very glandular; fruit subglobose, large, sometimes nearly 2 cm. in 
diameter, glaucous. In dry soil, Iowa to Mo. and Kans. April-May. 

12. Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn. White or May Thorn. 
(I. F. f. 1995.) A shrub or tree. Thorns stout, numerous; leaves slender-petioled, 
glabrous on both sides or pubescent when young, sharply 3-7-lobed, broadly ovate 
or slightly obovate, broadly cuneate. at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 1-1.5 cm. 
broad, white or pink; calyx-lobes ovate; styles 1-3; fruit globose or globose- ovoid, 
about 6 mm. high. Along roadsides and in thickets, sparingly escaped from cul- 
tivation. May-June , 

13. Crataegus viridis L. Southern Thorn. (L F. f. 1996.) A small 
tree, often without spines. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate to lanceolate or some- 
what obovate, glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, sharply ser- 
rate and usually somewhat lobed, mostly acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 
I-1.5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or oval, 
about 6 mm. high, persistent into the winter, 6-8-seeded. Mo. and Kans. to La., 
Tex., S. Car. and Fla. March-April. 

14. Crataegus nitida Engelm. Shining Thorn. Similar to C. viridis^ 
but often a larger tree, the leaves thicker, larger, ovate to oval, and more shining 
above. Flowers about 2 cm. broad; fruit globose, i cm. in diameter, or a little 
more, 4-5 -seeded, glaucous. 111., Mo. and Ark. May. \C. viridis nitida'^x\gt\xi\.^ 

15. Crataegus Porteri Britton. Porter's Thorn. A shrub, wholly gla- 



POMACEAE. 521 

brous. Leaves ovate to oval, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, 6-10 
cm. 'long, 3-5 cm. wide, sharply irregularly serrate and slightly lobed, the slender 
petiole about one-third the length of the blade; pedicels slender; fruit pyriform, 
about 1.4 cm. long and i cm. in diameter, pruinose. Calyx-lobes entire. Tan- 
nersville, Penn., July 4, 1896. 

16. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Beadle. Pruinose Thorn. A shrub or 
small tree. Spines long and slender. Leaves ovate, acute, incised-serrate and 
somewhat lobed, thin, slender- petioled, 6-8 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; fruit 
globose, pruinose, about 10 mm. in diameter. Va. to N. Car. and Mo. \_Mespilus 
pruinosa Wendl.] 

17. Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx. Parsley Haw. Parsley-leaved 
Thorn. (I. F. f. 1997.) A shrub or small tree. Spines stout, 2-5 cm. long; 
leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, pubescent on 
both sides at least when young, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. 
long, thin, pinnately and deeply 5-7-cleft, the lobes sharply serrate; flowers 8-12 
mm. broad ; calyx- lobes linear, glandular ; styles I-3 ; fruit red, oval, 4-6 mm. 
long. In thickets, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. March-April. 

18. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn or Haw. Red Haw. (L 
F. f. 1998.) A shrub or sometimes a small tree. Spines stout, 3-5 cm. long; 
leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
mostly truncate or subcordate at. the base, thin, or becoming firm, sharply incised 
and serrate, the teeth glandular-tipped ; pedicels, bractlets and calyx somewhat 
glandular-pubescent ; flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles 3-5; 
fruit red, globose or oval, 10-16 mm. in diameter, rarely hairy. Thickets, Newf. 
to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. April-May. 

19. Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. Glandular Thorn. (I. F. f. 
1999.) A shrub, similar to the preceding, the spines slender. Leaves mostly 
smaller, slender-petioled, glabrous or very nearly so, oval, ovate, obovate, or some 
of them nearly orbicular, incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes 
lobed, acute, most of them narrowed or cuneate at the base; bractlets and calyx- 
lobes very glandular; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; fruit globose to oval, red, 8-16 
mm. long. Conn, to Ind., Pla. and Ala. April-June. 

20. Crataegus occidentalis Britton. River-bank Thorn. Pedicels, calyx 
and lower leaf- surfaces pubescent. Thorns stout, 3 cm. long or more. Leaves 
oval or slightly obovate, irregularly serrate and sometimes slightly lobed, mostly 
obtuse at the apex, and narrowed or subcuneate at the base, 4-7 cm. long, 3 or 4 
cm. wide, slender-petioled; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; fruit oval-globose, about 
I cm. long. River banks. Neb., Colo., Wyo. and Mont. 

21. Crataegus tenuifolia Britton. Thin-leaved Thorn. A shrub, the 
thorns slender, slightly curved, 5-6 cm. long. Leaves very thin, even when ma- 
ture, ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or some of them sub- 
truncate at the base, incised-serrate and lobed, with short hairs on the upper sur- 
face, 6-10 cm. long, the very slender petiole half the length of the blade or longer; 
pedicels slender; fruit pyriform, over I cm. long, 8-9 mm. thick, the calyx-lobes 
glandular-serrate. S. W. Va. Type from South Fork of the Holston River, June 
15, 1892. 

22. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Long-spined Thorn. (I. F. f. 2000.) 
A shrub or small tree, the bright brown thorns 5-13 cm. long. Leaves dull, 3-9 
cm. long, usually with a few hairs on the prominent veins beneath, sharply and 
often doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth, narrowed or cuneate at the base; ped- 
icels often pubescent ; calyx and bractlets glandular; flowers numerous, 12-16 
mm. broad ; fruit globose or oval, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Quebec to Dak., Va. 
and Mo. May-June. 

23. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (L F. f, 
2001.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves generally broadly ovate, truncate at the 
base, sometimes 13 cm. long, incised and sharply serrate with gland-tipped teeth, 
roughish above, pubescent beneath, especially when young ; twigs, petioles and 
calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes usually incised and glandular: flowers 1.5-2.5 
cm. broad; fruit bright red, 2-3 cm. in diameter, hairy. Thickets, Quebec to 
Mich., Neb., Kans., Penn., La. and Tex. April-May. 

24. Crataegus Biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore Thorn. Lower loaf- 



522 FLORA. 

surfaces, especially along the veins, calyx and pedicels pubescent. Leaves broadly 
ovate, or nearly orbicular, narrowed, or some of them somewhat truncate at the base, 
sharply and unequally serrate, subacute, 6-10 cm. long ; petioles 2-3 cm. long, 
mostly a little shorter than the pedicels; young fruit very pubescent; mature fruit 
subglobose, green to yellow, i cm. or rather more in diameter, green. Pa. to 
N. Car., Ala. and Mo. May. 

25. Crataegus campestris Britton. Mature leaves firm, densely and finely 
pubescent and prominently straight-veined beneath, dull and with short scattered 
hairs above, 6-9 cm. long and nearly as wide, sharply and somewhat irregularly 
serrate. Thorns stout, 4-6 cm. long; pedicels slender, pubescent ; fruit globose, 
1-1.5 cm. in diameter, pubescent when young. Mo. and Kans. 

26. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear-thorn. Pear Haw. (I. F. f. 2002.) 
A shrub or small tree. Spines stout, 2-6 cm. long; leaves petioled, broadly oval 
or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 
sharply dentate or somewhat lobed, not glandular, slightly scabrous above, pubes- 
cent, especially along the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; twigs, petioles and calyx 
tomentose-pubescent; flowers about 12 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, usually 
incised; styles 3-5; fruit dull red, oval to oval-pyriform, over I cm. long. In 
thickets, Ont. to N. J., Ga., Mich, and Mo. May-June. 

27. Crataegus Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe. Chapman's Thorn. A small 
tree, similar to C. tomentosa^ but the leaves smaller and thicker in texture; flowers 
about 1.5 cm. wide; fruit smaller, short-oval, i cm. high or less, bright red. Va. 
to Ga. and Mo. May-June. 

28. Crataegus pyriformis Britton. Pear-fruited Thorn. Twigs light 
gray. Leaves broadly oval or obovate-oval, dull, 6-8 cm. long, when mature 
glabrous above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, rather finely serrate 
nearly all around, not lobed, the blade decurrent into the petiole; pedicels slender; 
fruit pyriform, about i cm. long. Monteer, Mo., B. F. Bush, 1899. 

29. Crataegus flava Ait. Summer or Yellow Haw. (I. F. f. 2003.) A tree, 
with maximum height of about 7 m., usually very thorny. Leaves obovate, petioled, 
irregularly glandular-dentate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate and often entire at 
the base, 1-4 cm. long, pubescent on both sides or at length glabrate; pedicels and 
calyx pubescent; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or some- 
what pyriform, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter. In sandy thickets, Va. to Fla., Mo. and 
Tex. April-May. 

30 Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Thorn. (I. F. f. 2004.) A shrub, 
or sometimes a small tree. Spines numerous, slender, 2-5 cm. long; leaves obo- 
vate, coriaceous, nearly sessile, obtuse and crenate at the apex, cuneate and entire 
at the base, 1-4 cm. long, more or less pubescent, or glabrate and at length shining 
above; twigs, pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 
lanceolate, deeply incised, glandular; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or pyriform. 
I-1.6 cm. in diameter, yellow. In sandy soil, S. N. Y. to Fla., W. Va., Mo. and 
La. April-May. 

31. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. Vail's Haw. (I. F. f. 2005.) A shrub, 
the branches stout, light gray; thorns slender. Leaves oval, 2-8 cm. long, short- 
petioled, pubescent on both sides, but becoming glabrate and slightly shining above, 
sharply serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed; stipules narrow, glandular; corymbs 
2-6-flowered; pedicels and calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 8- 
12 mm. long, deeply incised, glandular, reflexed in fruit; pome globose, yellowish 
green, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In thickets, Va. and N. Car. to Mo. May-June. 

7. COTONEASTER Medic. 

Shrubs, with stipulate coriaceous leaves, and small white cymose or rarely soli- 
tary flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 
5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-5 -celled or of 2-5 carpels, 
separate at the summit; styles 2-5; ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel, alike, erect. 
Pome ovoid, globose or top-shaped, the carpels bony when mature. [Name neo- 
Latin, Quince-star or Star-quince.] About 20 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L.) Spach. Evergreen or Fire Thorn. 
Pyracanth. (I. F. f. 2006.) A shrub. Spines slender, 1-2.5 cm. long; leaves 
evergreen, glabrous, oval or slightly oblaneeolate, crenulate, obtuse at the apex, 



DRUPACEAE. $2$ 

usually narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long, short- petioled; cymes many-flowered; 
pedicels and calyx pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate; flowers about 6 mm. broad; styles 
5 ; fruit scarlet, depressed-globose, about 4 mm. high, bitter. In thickets, escaped 
from cultivation, S. Penn. to Ala. and Tenn. Native of Europe and Asia, May. 

Family 13. DRUPACEAE DC. 

Plum Family. 

Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds 
containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the 
small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. 
Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the 
ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 
5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. 
Pistil I in our genera; ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled ; style simple; stigma 
mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed i, suspended; endosperm 
none; cotyledons fleshy. About 6 genera and no species, widely dis- 
tributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. 

Drupe glabrous. i. Prunus. 

Drupe velvety, 2. Amygdalus. 

I. PRUNUS L, 

Shrubs or trees, mostly with edible fruits, the white or pink flowers variously 
clustered, the leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Petals spreading. 
Stamens 15-20, distinct ; filaments filiform. Style terminal ; stigma peltate or 
truncate. Exocarp of the drupe fleshy, the endocarp bony, smooth or a little rough- 
ened, globose or oval, or oblong and compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the 
Plum-tree.] About 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical Amer- 
ica and Asia. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in southern and western 
N. A. 
* Flowers in lateral scaly umbels or fascicles, expanding with or before the leaves, 
t Inflorescence umbellate, the clusters sessile or nearly so. 

Leaves convolute in vernation; fruit mostly large; pit more or less flattened. 
Umbels several-flowered. 

Leaves abruptly acuminate : drupe red or yellow. 

Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within ; fruit globose, i. P. Americana. 
Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit subglobose or oval. 
Calyx-lobes glabrous within ; leaves oval or obovate. 

2. P. nigra. 
Calyx-lobes pubescent on both sides; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 

3. P. hortulaiia. 
Leaves acute, gradually acuminate, or obtusish ; drupe red or purple. • 

Leaves glabrous when mature. 

Fruit red, with little bloom or none. 

Leaves lanceolate ; drupe thin-skinned. 4, P. angusii folia. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; drupe thick-skinned ; western 
shrub. 5. P, Watsoni. 

Fruit dark purple, with a bloom ; leaves ovate. 6. P. Alleghaniensis. 
Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, when mature. 
Drupe 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; coast plants. 

Leaves ovate or oval, acute ; stone pointed at both ends. 

7. P. marifima. 
Leaves orbicular, very obtuse ; stone pointed at base. 

8. P. Gravesii. 
Drupe 0.6-1 cm. in diameter ; prairie plant. 9. P. gracilis. 

Umbels only i-2flowered. 10. P. spinosa. 

Leaves conduplicate in vernation ; fruit mostly small ; pit mostly globose. 
Flowers 6-12 mm. broad ; low shrubs. 

Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate ; northern. 11. P. pttvtiLi. 

Leaves oval, oblong, or slightly obovate. 

Petioles 8-20 mm. long ; drupe 8-10 mm. in diameter ; eastern. 

12. /'. c tin eat a. 
Petioles 4-6 mm. long; fruit 12-16 mm, in diameter ; western. 

IT,. P. Besseyi. 



524 FLORA, 

Flowers 15-30 mm. broad ; trees. 

Leaves glabrous ; pedicels short ; fruit sour. 14. P. Cerasus. 

Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins; pedicels long; fruit sweet. 

15. P. Avium, 
1 1 Inflorescence more or less corymbose : leaves shining. 

16. P. Pennsylvanica, 
* * Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season. 17. P. Mahaleb. 

* * * Flowers racemed, terminating branches of the season. 

Fruit red to purple, astringent ; leaves obovate or oval. 18. P, Virginiana. 

Fruit purple or purplish-black, sweet or bitter. 

Leaves oval or obovate ; shrub or small tree. 19. P. demissa. 

Leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate ; large tree. 20. P. serotina. 

1. Prunus Americana Marsh. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. (I. F. f. 2007.) 
A shrub or small tree ; branches more or less thorny ; bark thick. Leaves ovate or 
obovate, nearly or quite glabrous when mature, usually pubescent when young, 
sharply and often doubly serrate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled; petioles 
usually glandless; flowers white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; drupe 
1.8-2.5 cm. in diameter, the skin tough, bloom little or none, the stone somewhat 
flattened, its ventral edge acute or margined, the dorsal faintly grooved. N. Y. to 
Mont., Fla. and Colo. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Oct. 

2. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. (I. F. f. 2008. ) A 
tree, 6-10 m. high ; bark thin. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, long-acuminate, 
pubescent when young, crenulate-serrate ; petioles stout, 1-2. 5. cm. long, bearing 
I or 2 red glands near the blade ; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, 
glabrous; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; drupe oval, 2.5-3 cm. long, orange-red, 
thick-skinned, bloom little or none, the flesh adherent to the oval compressed stone, 
which is sharply ridged on the ventral edge, somewhat grooved on the dorsal. 
Newf. to Man., Mass. and Wis. ' May. Fruit Aug. Petals pink in age. 

3. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (I. F. f. 2009.) A small 
tree, similar to the two preceding; branches spreading ; bark thin. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, closely glandular- serrate, 10— 15 cm. long; 
petioles not 2.5 cm. long, usually bearing two glands near the blade; pedicels 1-2 
cm. long ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; drupe subglobose or short-oval, bright 
red, thin-skinned, bloom little or none, stone swollen, roughish, not margined. 111. 
to Tenn., Kans. and Tex. April-May. 

Prunus hortulana Mineri Bailey. Leaves dull, thick, irregularly coarsely serrulate, 
conspicuously veiny beneath ; stone nearly smooth ; leaves varying to oblanceolate. 111. 
to Tenn. and Mo. 

4. Prunus angustifolia Michx. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. (I. F. f. 
2010.) A small tree, the branches somewhat thorny. Leaves acute, serrulate, 
often rounded at the base, 7-13 cm. long; flowers smaller than those of the preceding, 
in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; drupe red, globose, 12-18 mm. in 
diameter, nearly destitute of bloom, its stone ovoid, hardly flattened, both edges 
rounded, one of them slightly grooved. In dry soil, N. J. to Fla., west to the 
Rocky Mts. April. Fruit ripe May-July. 

5. Prunus Watsoni Sargent. Watson's Plum. Sand Plum. (I. F. f. 
201 1.) A shrub, 2-3.5 "^- ^^g^' somewhat spiny. Leaves firm, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, finely crenulate-serrulate, 2-5 cm. long, shining above, the peti- 
oles about I cm. long; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; pedicels 8-12 mm. long, red, 
glabrous; fruit globose or somewhat elongated, about 18 mm. in diameter, orange- 
red, without a bloom, the flesh yellow ; stone oval, pitted, mostly rounded on both 
margins, abruptly flattened at the summit. Sandy soil. Neb. to Ark. April-May. 

6. Prunus Alleghaniensis Porter. Porter's Plum. (I. F. f. 2012.) A 
low, straggling shrub or small tree; seldom thorny. Leaves acute or acuminate, 
finely serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent when young; flowers about 14 mm. 
broad; drupe globose-ovoid, about I cm. in greatest diameter, with a conspicuous 
bloom'; pulp pleasantly acid; stone slightly flattened, a shallow groove on one 
margin, a slight expansion on the other. Barrens of Huntingdon Co. , across the 

, Alleghany Mts. to Clearfield Co., Pa. April. 

7. Prunus maritima Wang. Beach Plum. (L F. f. 2013.) A much- 
branched shrub, 0.3-2 m. high, not thorny. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, finely 



DRUPACEAE. 525 

and sharply serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent beneath even when old; flow- 
ers white, numerous, in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, 10-16 mm. 
broad ; petals obovate; drupe globose, purple, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, sweet, 
covered with a bloom; stone little flattened, acute on one margin, slightly grooved 
on the other. On seabeaches and in sandy soil near the coast, Va. to N, B. 
April-May. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct. 

8. Prunus Gravesii Small. Graves' Beach Plum. (I. F. f. 2014.) A low 
shrub, reaching a maximum height of about 1.3 m., not thorny, the twigs of the 
season mostly puberulent. Leaves orbicular, oval-orbicular, or slightly obovate, 
1.6-3 cm. long, rounded, retuse or apiculate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the 
base, pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath ; flowers about 12 mm. broad, soli- 
tary or 2-3 together in lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; petals subor- 
bicular; drupe globose, 10-16 mm. in diameter, nearly black, with a light blue 
bloom; stone nearly as thick as wide, pointed only at the base. On a gravelly 
ridge, Groton, Conn. May-June. Fruit ripe in Sept. 

9. Prunus gracilis Engelm, & Gray. Low Plum. (I. F. f. 2015.) A shrub, 
3-12 dm. high, the foliage and young twigs densely soft-pubescent. Leaves short- 
petioled, ovate- lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at both ends, sharply serrate, 
glabrate on the upper surface at maturity; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, in lateral um- 
bels, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, pubescent; drupe oval-globose, 
8-10 mm. in diameter; stone little flattened, nearly orbicular. In sandy or dry 
soil, Tenn. to Kans. and Tex. 

10. Prunus spinosa L. Sloe. Blackthorn, Buckthorn. (L F. f. 
2016.) A shrub with thorny branches, 0.6-5 "^- l^igh. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
obtuse at the apex, serrate, nearly glabrous when mature; flowers white, 8-12 mm. 
broad, appearing before the leaves, the lateral clusters only l-2-flowered; drupe 
ovoid-globose, nearly black with a bloom, about 12 mm. in diameter ; stone little 
flattened, acute on one edge. Along roadsides, etc., Penn. and N. J. to Mass. 
Nat. or adv. from Europe. April-May. \Priiniis spinosa insititia A. Gray.] 

11. Prunus pumila L. Sand Cherry. Dwarf Cherry. (I. F. f. 2017.) 
Much branched from the base, sometimes bushy, 0.2-2 m. high. Leaves mostly 
oblanceolate or spatulate, acute or acutish, narrowed at the base, serrate, especially 
toward the apex, usually pale beneath and deep green above, glabrous or very 
nearly so on both sides when mature; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, appearing with the 
leaves in sessile lateral umbels ; drupe 8-12 mm. in diameter, dark red or nearly 
black when mature without bloom; flesh thin, acid. On sandy or gravelly shores, 
N. B. to Manitoba, N. J. and Mich. April-May. Fruit ripe in August. 

12. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. (I. F. f. 2018.) An 
erect shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the branches light-colored. Leaves oval, oblong or 
obovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed or wedge-shaped at the 
base, serrate with rather appressed teeth, rather thin, 2-8 cm. long; flowers in um- 
bels, appearing with the leaves, about i cm. broad; drupe globose, 8-10 mm. in 
diameter. In wet soil, or among rocks, N. H. to Minn., N. Car. and Wis. 

13. Prunus Besseyi Bailey. Western Sand Cherry. Bessey's Cherry. 
(I. F. f. 2019.) A shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the branches spreading or prostrate. 
Leaves elliptic, oblong or oval, the teeth appressed, the apex and base mostly 
acute; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with the leaves, 8-10 mm. broad; fruit 
12-16 mm. in diameter, on stout pedicels; bitterish and astringent, black, mottled 
or yellowish. Prairies, Manitoba and Minn, to Kans. and Utah. April-May. 

14. Prunus Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Egriot. (I. F. f. 2020.) A tree. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, variously dentate, abruptly acute or acuminate, 
rounded at the base, very resinous when young; flowers white. 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, 
in sessile, lateral, very scaly umbels, expanding with the leaves or before them; 
pedicels little over 3 cm. long in flower; drupe globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter (larger 
in cultivation), black or red, sour, without bloom; stone globose. In woods and 
thickets, N. II. and Mass. to N. V. and Penn., escaped from cultivation. Native 
of Europe. April-May. Fruit June-July. 

15. Prunus Avium L. Wild or Crab Cherry, Mazard. Gean. Sweet 
Cherry. (I. F. f. 2021.) A large tree. Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovato, 
abruptly short-acuminate, irregularly serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, or 
over the entire lower surface when young ; flowers white, about 2.5 cm. broad, in 



526 ^ FLORA. 

scaly lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; pedicels slender, 2.5-6 cm. long 
in flower; drupe globose, black or dark red, sweet. In thickets and woodlands, 
escaped from cultivation, Ont. to Mass. and Va. Native of Europe. April-May. 

16. Prunus Pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin or Pigeon 
Cherry. (I. F. f. 2022. ) A small tree. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
nate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous, serrulate, rather slender- petioled; flowers 
in lateral, peduncled or sessile leafless clusters, unfolding with the leaves; pedicels 
slender, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long; drupe globose, red, 4-6 mm. in diameter, with- 
out bloom, its flesh thin and sour, its stone globular. In rocky woods, and clear- 
ings, Newf. to Ga., west to the Rocky Mts. April-June. Fruit ripe in August. 

17. Prunus Mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. (I. F. f. 2023.) 
A small tree or shrub. Bark pale, smooth; leaves petioled, ovate, abruptly acute 
at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glalDrous, denticulate, fra- 
grant; flowers about i cm. broad, in corymbs borne on short branches of the sea- 
son, unfolding with the leaves; drupe reddish-black, globose or globose-ovoid, about 
8 mm. long, the flesh thin, the stone slightly flattened. Roadsides and waste 
places. Conn, to Ont., N. Y., E. Penn. and Kans.' Adv. from Europe. April- 
May. Fruit ripe July. 

18. Prunus Virginiana L. Choke Cherry. (I. F. f. 2024.) A shrub, or 
rarely a small tree, with gray bark. Leaves thin, obovate or broadly oval, abruptly 
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous, or slightly pubes- 
cent along the veins beneath, serrulate with slender teeth; flowers 8-10 mm. 
broad, in mainly loosely-flowered racemes, terminating leafy branches of the sea- 
son; petals suborbicular; drupe red to nearly black, rarely yellow, globose, 8- 
10 mm. in diameter, very astringent; stone globular. Along river-banks and in 
rocky situations, Newf. to Manitoba, Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex. and Colo. April- 
May. Fruit ripe in July or August. 

19. Prunus demissa (Nutt. ) Walp. Western Wild Cherry. (I. F. f. 
2025.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves similar to those of the preceding, thicker, 
acute or often obtusish at the apex, and with shorter teeth ; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; 
racemes generally dense, terminating leafy branches ; drupe dark purple or black, 
sweet or but slightly astringent, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter; stone globular. 
Prairies and dry soil. Dak. to Kans., N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. May-July. 

20. Prunus serqtina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Cabinet or Rum 
Cherry. (I. F. f. 2026.) A large tree, with maximum height of about 30 m., the 
bark rough and black. Leaves thick, oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate 
or acute, glabrous, or pvibes.cent along the veins beneath, serrate with appressed 
callous teeth ; flowers similar to those of the two preceding, the racemes elongated, 
spreading or drooping ; petals obovate ; drupe globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter; 
dark purple or black, sweet but slightly astringent. In woods or open places, 
S. Ont. to Fla., Dak., Kans. and Tex. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

Prunus serotina Smallii Britton. Leaves firm, coriaceous, coarsely serrate, pale 
beneath; racemes thick, divergent, rather few-flowered ; calyx and filaments pubescent. 
Summit of White Top Mountain, Va. 

2. AMYGDALUS L. 

Trees or shrubs, with mostly lanceolate serrulate short-petioled leaves, and pink 
or white flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding 
season. Petals spreading. Stamens 20-30, distinct, the filaments filiform. Style 
and stigma as in Primus. Exocarp of the fruit mostly fleshy, velvety in the fol- 
lowing species ; endocarp (stone) bony, deeply pitted or nearly smooth, oval or 
oblong, pointed, more or less compressed. [Name said to be Syrian.] About 5 
species, natives of Asia. 

I. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach. (I. F. f. 2027.) A small tree. Leaves 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long, glabrous, long-acuminate, usually 
narrowed at the base, finely serrate ; petioles 2-6 mm. long; flowers pink, 1-5 cm. 
broad, scaly -bracted ; drupe subglobose, grooved, softly velvety, 3-8 cm. in diam- 
eter. Escaped from cultivation, S. N. Y. to Ga. April-May. 



MIMOSACEAE, - 527 

Family 14. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. 
Mimosa Faultily. 
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate 
leaves, the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in 
heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or 
lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united 
petals, also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary i-celled ; 
style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm ; cotyledons 
fleshy. About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly tropical. 
Stamehs numerous, at least more than 10. i. Acacia. 

Stamens only as many as the petals, or twice as many. 
Petals separate ; pod smooth. 

Pod separating into 2 valves. 2. Acuan. 

Pod leathery, indehiscent. 3. Prosopis. 

Petals united to about the middle ; pod spiny. 4. Morongia. 

1. ACACIA Adans. 

Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaflets usually small and 
numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple phyllodes. 
Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5 -toothed, or of 
4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5 or wanting. Stamens exserted; fila- 
ments filiform; pollen-grains cohering in 2's-6's. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat 
or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, point, or thorn, many spe- 
cies being thorny.] About 450 species, chiefly in subtropical regions. Besides 
the following, some 15 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Acacia fiiicoides (Cav.) Trelease. Prairie Acacia. (I. F. f. 2028.) 
A thornless shrub. Pinnae of the leaves 2-15 pairs, oblong in outline, 2-5 cm. 
long; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, about 4 mm. long, less than 2 
mm. wide, slightly inequilateral, i -veined; heads globose, many-flowered, axillary, 
slender-peduncled, 1-2 cm. in diameter; sepals distinct or nearly so; filaments yel- 
low; pod linear, acute, stipitate, mostly stright, 2-5 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide, 
flat, its valves thin, reticulated, impressed between the seeds. Prairies Mo. and 
Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. May-July. 

2. ACUAN Medic. 

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and greenish or 
whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers per- 
fect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx cam- 
panulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent 
below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly 
sessile; ovules 00 . Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, flat, several-seeded, 
2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 species, natives of warm 
and tropical America, one widely distributed in tropical regions of the Old World. 
Pods few, linear, erect, straight. . \. A. leptoloha. 

Pods numerous in globose heads, oblong, curved. 2. A. Jllinoensis. 

I. Acuan leptoloba (T. & G.) Kuntze. Prairie Mimosa. (I. F. f. 202Q.) 
Stems ascending, rough-angled, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled, bipinnate 
pinn£e 5-10 pairs, sessile ; leaflets 10-24 pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute 
inequilateral, rounded at the base, usually glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, I mm. wide or 
less; peduncles 1-2. 5 cm. long, few-flowered; stamens (always?) 5; pods 3-S. nar 
rowly linear, acuminate, about 3 times the length of the peduncle, 6-S-seeded 
Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Sunnncr. 

2 Acuan Illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Illinois Mimosa. (I. F. f. 2030. 
Glabrous or nearly so ; stems angled, 3-Q dm. high. Foliage resembling that o 
the preceding, but the ])inm-e and obtusish leaflets are sometimes n\ore numerous 
peduncles 2-8 cm. long; pods numerous, densely capitate, oblong ox lanceolate 
strongly curved, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acute, slightly impressed between the 2-S seeds 
Prairies and rivcr-banlvS, Iiul. to Ky., Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. May-Se{tt. 



528 FLORA. 

3. PROSOPIS L. 

Trees or shrubs often with spines in 'the axils, with 2-pinnate leaves and small 
spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate, distinct, 
or connate below. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments long. Ovary often stalked, 
many-ovuled; style slender or filiform; stigma very small. Pod linear, compressed, 
leathery, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy or dry. Seeds flattened. [Ancient 
name for some very different plant.] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropi- 
cal regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 

I. Prosopis glandulosa Torn Prairie Mesquite. (I. F. f. 2032a.) A 
shrub, the axils usually with a pair of sharp spines. Leaves petioled, with 2 
spreading short-stalked pinnae, each of numerous sessile pinnules; pinnules linear 
or linear-oblong, entire, mostly mucronulate, firm, veiny, 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide ; spikes axillary, peduncled, densely many-flowered, 5-13 cm. long; calyx 
campanulate ; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx ; ovary villous; pods linear, 
stipitate, 1-2 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, constricted between the seeds. Kans. 
to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. April-June. 

4. MORONGIA Britton. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mainly prostrate or procumbent, armed with re- 
curved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive; leaflets numerous, small; 
stipules setaceous. Flowers regular, small, 4-5 -parted, pink or purple, perfect or 
polygamous, in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Stamens usually 8-12, dis- 
tinct or united at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 00. 
Pod linear, acute or acuminate, spiny all over, at length 4-valved, several-seeded. 
[Named in honor of the late Rev. Thos. Morong, a contributor to this work.] 
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, i in tropical Africa. 

Leaflets elliptic, strongly veined. i. M. uncinata. 

Leaflets linear-oblong, scarcely veined. 2. M. angustata. 

1. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Sensitive-brier. (I. F. f. 2031.) 
Decumbent, 6-12 dm. long. Stem, branches, petioles and peduncles thickly 
armed with hooked prickles 1-2 mm. long; stem grooved and angled; leaves 
petioled ; pinnae 4-8 pairs, distant; leaflets 8-15 pairs, obliquely elliptic, thick, 
obtusish and mucronate at the apex, inequilateral and rounded at the base, slightly 
ciliate on the margins, 4-8 mm. long; heads globose, very dense, 1.5-2.5 cm. in 
diameter; flowers pink; pods terete, very densely spiny, about 5 cm. long. In 
dry soil, Va. to 111., S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. May-July.' 

2. Morongia angustata (T. & G.) Britton. Narrow-leaved SeiNSITIVe- 
BRIER. (I. F. f. 2032.) Similar to the preceding species. Pinnae 3-6 pairs; 
leaflets numerous, thin, acutish or obtuse, not mucronate or but very slightly so, 
not at all reticulated, 3-6 mm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; heads 
densely flowered, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter; flowers pink; pods linear, sparingly or 
densely spiny, 5-13 cm. long. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Tenn. and Tex. {Mimosa 
■microphylla Dryand. ?] . 

Family 15. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. 

Sen7ia Family. 

Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly 
stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes 
monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. 
Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and 
the upper (unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Sta- 
mens 10 or fewer in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less 
united. Ovary i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly de- 
hiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 
genera and 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 

Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; corolla irregular, apparently papilionaceous, but the 
lateral petals enclosing the upper one. i. Cercis. 



CA ESA LP INI A CEA E. 529 

Herbs (all our species); flowers perfect; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; corolla nearly 
regular. 

Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 2. Cassia. 

Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. 3. Hoffmanseggia 
Trees ; leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; flowers dioecious or polygamous. 

Receptacle short; stamens 3-5; pod flat. 4. Gleditsia. 

Receptacle elongated; stamens 10; pod oblong, woody. 5. Gymnocladus. 

I. CERCIS L. 

Small trees or shrubs, with broad leaves, and pink flowers in short lateral fas- 
cicles borne on the twigs of preceding season. Calyx somewhat oblique, broadly 
campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular; petals 5; standard enclosed by the 
wings in the bud; keel larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined; 
anthers all alike, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-stipitate; ovules 
00 . Pod linear-oblong or oblong, flat, margined along the upper suture, 2-valvde 
at maturity, the valves thin, reticulate-veined. [Ancient name of the Old World 
Judas-tree]. About 5 species, natives of N. A., Europe and temperate Asia. 

I. Cercis Canadensis L. Red-bud. American Judas-tree. (I. F. f. 
2033.) A tree, with greatest height of about 18 m., or often shrubby. Stipules 
membranous, small, caducous ; leaves petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt-pointed, ' 
rather thick, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, 5-15 cm. broad; 
flowers several together in sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves; 
pedicels slender, 8-25 mm. long; corolla pink-purple, about 8 mm. long; pod short- 
stalked in the calyx, linear-oblong, acute at each end. glabrous, 5-8 cm. long, 
several-seeded. In rich soil, S. Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. J., Fla. and Tex. April. 

2. CASSIA L. 

Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, and 
mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally 
longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, 
imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of 
them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, opening by 
2 pores at the summit. Ovules 00 . Pod often curved. Seeds numerous. [Ancient 
name.} About 275 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. 
Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the Southern States. 
Leaflets linear to oblong, numerous, 6-20 mm. long ; plants 1.5-6.5 dm. high. 

Flowers 4-8 mm. broad, short-pedicelled ; anthers 5. i. C. nictitans. 

Flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, slender-pedicelled ; anthers 10. 2, C. Chamaecrtsta. 

Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, 2-5 cm. long ; plants 3-15 dm. high. 

Leaflets 6 or 4, broadly obovate. 3. C. Tora. 

Leaflets 8-18, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. 

Perennial ; leaflets oblong, obtuse. 4. C. Marylandtca. 

Annual ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 5. C. occtdentalis. ' 

1. Cassia nictitans L. Sensitive Pea. Wild Sensitive-plant. (I. F. 
f. 2034.) Annual, more or less pubescent, 1.5-4 dm. high. Stipules subulate- 
linear, persistent; leaves petioled, sensitive, bearing a small gland near the base of 
the petiole; leaflets 12-44, linear-oblong, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded 
and oblique at the base, 6-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; flowers 2-3 together in the 
axils; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate; stamens 5, all perfect; pod linear, 2.5-4 
cm. long. In dry soil. Me. to Ga., Ind., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 

2. Cassia Chamaecrista L. Partridge Pea. Large-flowered Sensi- 
tive Pea. (I. F. f. 2035.) Annual, widely branched. Stipules subulate-linear, 
persistent; leaves petioled, with a sessile gland on the petiole, sensitive; flowers 
2-4 together in the axils, showy, some of the petals often purple-spotted ; leaflets 
20-30, linear-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, oblique at the base, 
8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; calyx-lobes long-acuminate; stamens 10, all per- 
fect; pod linear, pubescent or glabrate, 3-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. In drv soil. 
Me. to S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Cassia Chamaecrista robiista Pollard. Taller ; stems stouter, denselv pubescent ; 
flowers larger. Ky. to Ala. and Miss. 

3. Cassia Tora L. Low. Senna. (I. F. f. 2036.) Annual, glabrous. 4-6 
dm. high. Stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduoiis; loaves petioled, the gland 



530 FLORA, 

borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, obovate, 
obtuse and mucronulate atthe apex, 2-4 cm. long; flowers 1-2.5 cm. broad, few, in 
short axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the 
upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 
3 mm. wide. Along rivers, S. Tenn. to Ind., Kans., Fla. and Mex., and throughout 
tropical America and the warmer parts of the Old World. July-Oct. 

4. Cassia Marylandica L. Wild or American Senna. (I. F. f. 2037.) 
Perennial, glabrous or pubescent with a few scattered hairs, 0.9-2.4 m. high, little 
branched. Stipules subulate-linear, caducous ; leaves petioled, the gland borne 
near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-20, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or 
obtusish, mucronate, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 14-18 mm. broad, 
numerous in axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 
imperfect; pod linear, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 7-10 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, 
curved. In swamps and wet soil, N. E. to Fla., Mich., Neb. and La. July-Aug. 

5. Cassia occidentalis L. Coffee Senna. (I. F. f. 2038.) Glabrous, much 
branched, 1.3-2 m. high. Stipules caducous ; gland borne near the base of the 
petiole; leaflets 8-12, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide; flowers 
14-18 mm. broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; 
calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; pod linear, glabrous, I-1.5 dm. long, about 6 mm. 
wide, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. In waste places, Va. to Ind., Kans., 
Fla. and Mex., and throughout tropical Am.. Also in the Old World. July-Aug. 

3. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. 

Herbs, or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves, small stipules, 
and yellow flowers in racemes. Calyx deeply 5 -parted, the lobes nearly equal. 
Petals 5, oval or oblong, imbricated. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; fila- 
ments often glandular at the base; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
nearly sessile ; ovules 00 . Pod flat, linear, oblong or ovate, curved or straight, 
2-valved, several-seeded. [In honor of Joh. Centurius, Graf Hoffmansegge, a 
writer on Portuguese botany.] About 20 species, natives of western Am. and S. 
Africa. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 

Leaflets black-punt ate ; pod obliquely oblong. i. H. Jamesii. 

Leaflets not punctate ; pod linear-oblong. 2. H. Falcaria. 

1. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. James' Hoffmanseggia. (I. F. f. 
2039.) Herbaceous, finely pubescent, branching from a deep woody root; stems 
1.5-3 dm. high. Stipules subulate ; leaves petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 5-7; leaf- 
lets 9-19, oval or oblong, obtuse at each end, inequilateral, 3-6 mm. long; racemes 
elongated; flowers yellow, distant, deflexed, 6-8 mm. long, the upper petal spotted 
with red; pod flat, black-punctate, about 2. 5 cm. long and i cm. wide, 2-3-seeded, 
tipped with the base of the style. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. and N. Mex. June-July. 

2. Hoffmanseggia Falcaria Cav. Sickle-fruited Hoffmanseggia. 
(I. F. f. 2040.) Herbaceous, puberulent, the glands of the peduncles and petioles 
stalked; stems 3 dm. high or less. Stipules ovate ; leaves slender-petioled. bipin- 
nate ; pinnae 7-11 ; leaflets 12-21, oblong, obtuse, 3-6 mm. long ; racemes few- 
several-flowered; pod flat, curved or nearly straight, 2.5-4 cm. long, about 6 mm. 
wide, blunt, 8-12-seeded, the fruiting pedicels recurved. Kans. (according to 
Fisher) to Tex: and Cal. Also in Central and South America. April-June. 

4. GLEDITSIA L. 

Large trees, with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves, small stipules, and small 
greenish polygamous flowers in axillary spicate racemes. Calyx campanulate,3-5- 
cleft. Petals 3-5, equal, sessile, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 
6-10, distinct; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary or 
none in the staminate flowers, in the fertile ones nearly sessile. Ovules 2-00 . Pod 
linear or oval, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent. [In honor of J. T. Gleditsch, 17 14- 
1786, German botanist, the name often spelled Gleditschia.^ About 6 species, 
natives of eastern N. A. and Asia. 

Pod linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded. i. G. triacanthos. 

Pod obliquely oval, short, i-seeded. 2, G, aquatica. 



KRA MERIA CEA E, 531 

1. Gleditsia triacanthos L, Honey or Sweet Locust. Three-thorned 
Acacia. (I. F. f. 2041.) A large tree, with rough bark, usually armed with 
stout branching or simple thorns. Leaves petioled, 1-2-pinnate; leaflets short- 
stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at each end, inequilateral at the base, 
often pubescent on the veins beneath, crenulate, 1.5-3 cm. long; racemes droop- 
ing, dense, 7-13 cm. long; flowers greenish, about 4 mm. broad; pod 3-5 dm. 
long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, stalked, shining, twisted, pulpy within. In woods, W. N. Y. 
and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga., Kans. and Tex. Nat. and extensively planted further 
east. May-July. 

2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water or Swamp Locust. (I. F. f. 2042.) 
A tree, with maximum height of about 20 m. Foliage similar to that of the pre- 
ceding, but the leaflets thicker, darker green, usually larger, ovate -lanceolate or 
lanceolate in outline, the margins more crenulate; racemes drooping, elongated; 
pod glabrous, narrowed at each end, slender-stalked, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. 
wide, not pulpy within. In swamps, Ind. to Mo., S. Car., Fla. and La. July. 

5. GYMNO'CLADUS Lara. 

Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and showy white dioecious or polygamous flow- 
ers in terminal racemes. ' Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. 
Petals 5 (rarely 4), oblong or oval, nearly equal, imbricated, inserted at the top of 
the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the petals and inserted with 
them; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudi- 
mentary, or none in the staminate flowers, sessile and many-ovuled in the pistil- 
late and polygamous ones; style straight. Pod oblong, thick, large, coriaceous, 
flat, pulpy between the seeds, 2-valved. [Greek, naked-branch.] A monotypic 
genus of eastern N. A. 

I. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Kentucky Coffee-tree. (L F. f. 
2043.) A large forest tree, with rough bark. Leaves large, petioled ; pinnae 
5-9; leaflets 7- 15 (or the lowest pair of pinnae of but a single leaflet), ovate, acute 
or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent on the veins 
beneath, ciliate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes many-flowered, elongated; flowers slender- 
pedicelled, 16-18 mm. long; pod 1.2-2.5 dm. long, about 5 cm. wide, the valves 
thick and coriaceous. Rich woods, S. Ont. to Penn., Tenn., S. Dak. and the Ind. 
Terr. May-June. 

Family 16. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. 

Krameria Family. 

Pubescent herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate simple or digitately 
3-foliolate leaves, and purple or purplish, irregular perfect flowers. 
Peduncles 2-bracted at or above the middle. Stipules wanting. Sepals 
4 or 5, usually large, the outer one commonly wider than the others. 
Petals usually 5, smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, 
often united by their claws, or the middle one of the 3 wanting, the 2 
lower ones reduced to suborbicular fleshy glands. Stamens 3 or 4, 
monadelphous, at least at the base ; anther-sacs opening by a terminal 
pore. Ovary i -celled, or partly 2-celled ; ovules 2, collateral, anatropous, 
pendulous ; style slender, acute or truncate. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, 
i-seeded. Seed without endosperm ; cotyledons fleshy. Only one genus, 
with about 1 5 species, distributed from the southern U. S. to' Chile. 

I. KRAMERIA Loefl. 

[In honor of Johann Georg Heinrich Kramer, an Austrian physician of the 
last century.] 

I. Krameria secundiflora DC. Linear-leaved Krameria. (I, F. f. 
2044.) A perennial herb from a thick woody n)ot, the stems often 3 dm. long or 
more. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sessile, simple, entire, 
about 2.5 cm. long, acute, tipped with a minute pricklo; peduncles solitary, axil- 
lary, I. flowered, sometimes sccund, bearing 2 leaf-like bracts just below the 



532 FLORA. 

flower; flowers about 2.5 cm. broad, the sepals purple within, pubescent without; 
claws of the 3 upper petals united; stamens 4; fruit globose, pubescent, very spiny, 
about 1.2 cm. in diameter. Fla. to Ivans., N, Mex. and Mex. April-Jvuie. 

Family 17. PAPILIONACEAE L. 

Pea Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu- 
late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo- 
dioecious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 
4-5-toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less 
united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a 
broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two 
front ones more or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard encloses 
the wings in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes 
separate, 10 in most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, 
superior ; ovary mainly i -celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the 
sutures, or several-celled by cross-partitions ; style simple ; ovules i-many, 
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, i-many-seeded, dehiscent 
into 2 valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly with- 
out endosperm ; cotyledons thick. About 320 genera and 5000 species, 
most abundant in temperate and warm regions. 

* The 10 stamens distinct. 

Leaves pinnate. Tribe i. Sophoreae. 

Leaves digitate (in ours 3-foliolate), or simple. Tribe 2. Podalykieae. 

* * The stamens monadelphons or diadelphous. 
Herbs, shrubs, woody vines or trees, the leaves not tendril-bearing. 
Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent. 

Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhtza, which has many-seeded 
pods). 
Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe 3. Genisteae. 

Stamens diadelphous (except in Onofits) ; anthers all alike. 
Leaves, in our species, 3-f.oliolate, rarely i-foliolate. 

Leaflets denticulate. Tribe 4. Trifolieae. 

Leaflets entire. Tribe 5. Loteae. 

Leaves pinnately several-many-foholate (3-foliolate in Orophaca), very 
rarely i-foliolate. Tribe 7. Galegeae. 

Foliage glandular-dotted ; pod indehiscent, 1-2-seeded ; herbs. 

Tribe 6. Psoraleae. 
Pod a loment ; herbs. Tribe 8. Hedysareae. 

Herbaceous vines, or herbs ; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. 

Tribe 9. Vicieae. 
Vines, ours herbaceous, or erect herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate, mostly 3-foliolate, without 
tendrils. Tribe 10. Phaseoleae. 

Tribe i. Sophoreae. 

Our species herbs ; flowers racemed. . i. Sophora. 

Trees ; flowers panicled. 2. Cladrastis. 

Tribe 2. Podalyrieae. 

Ovary sessile, or nearly so; pod flat in our species. 3. Thermopsis. 

Ovary distinctly stipitate; pod inflated. 4. Baptisia. 

Tribe 3. Genisteae. 

Herbs, with simple or 5-11-foliolate leaves. 

Leaves simple: pod inflated. ^. Crotalaria. 

Leaves 5-11-foliolate; pod flattened. 6. Lupinus. 

Shrubs, with 1-3-foliolate leaves. 

Calyx divided into 2 lips ; leaves very prickly. 7. Ulex. 

Calyx cleft into 2 lips to about the middle. 

Calyx-teeth long. 8. Genista. 

Calyx-teeth short. 9. Cytisus, 



FA PI LION A CEAE. 



533 



Tribe 4. Trifolieae. 

Flowers spiked, or capitate; pods curved, or coiled. 

Flowers in long racemes; pods coriaceous. 

Flowers capitate or umbelled ; pods straight, membranous. 

Tribe 5. Loteae. 
Tribe 6. Psoraleae. 



A single genus in our area. 



10. Medicago. 

11. Melilotus. 

12. Ty-i/ohum. 



13. Lotus. 



14. Psoralea. 



Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or pinnately 3-foliolate. 
Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate. 

Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous, at least at the base. 

Corolla of only i petal (the standard). 15. Amorpha. 

Corolla of 5 petals, the vv^ings and keel united to the filament-tube. 

16. Par OS e la. 
Stamens only 5, monadelphous. 17. Kuhnistera. 

Tribe 7. Galegeae. 

Standard very broad, ovate or orbicular. 
Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. 

Pod 4-angled in our species. 18. Indigo/era. 

Pod flat. • 19. Cracca. 

High-climbing woody vines. 20. Bradleya. 

Trees or shrubs. 21. Robinia. 

Herbs ; leaves evenly pinnate. 22. Sesban, 

Standard narrow^; our species all herbs. 

Pod not prickly; foliage not glandular-punctate. 
Keel of the corolla blunt. 

Leaves pinnate, rarely i-foliolate. 

Pod not flattened, swollen, or one or both sutures intruded. 
Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery. 

23- 

Pod much inflated, membranous. 24. 

Pod flat, both sutures prominent externally. 25, 

Leaves 3-foliolate. 26. 

Keel of the corolla acute. 27. 



Astragalus. 
Phaca. 
Homalobus. 
Orophaca. 
Aragallus. 
28. Glycyrrhiza. 



Coronilla. 
Hedysarum. 
uPischyn otn en e. 
Zornia. 



Pod prickly; foliage glandular-punctate. 

Tribe 8. Hedysareae. 
Leaves odd-pinnate. 

Flowers purplish, umbellate. 
Flowers purple or white, racemose 
Flowers yellow, small. 
Leaves 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate. 
Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked. 
Flowers yellow. 
Flowers purple, blue or white. 

Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate. 
Pod of I or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate. 

Tribe 9. Vicieae. 

Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit. 
Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. 

Tribe 10. Phaseoleae. 

Style bearded along the inner side ; rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers 

keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 39. Clitoria. 

Style glabrous, or slightly pubescent below; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 
Standard spurred at the base. 38. Bradburya. 

Standard not spurred. 

Flowers blue, purple, purplish, or white. 

Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 5-7. 41. Apios. 

Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. 

Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. 40. Falcata. 

Calyx short, bracteolate. 42. Galactia. 

Flowers yellow. 43. Dolicholus. 

Style bearded along the inner side; rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers. 
Keel of the corolla spirally coiled; flowers racemed. 44. PJiaseolus, 

Keel strongly incurved; flowers purple, capitate. 45. Strop/iostyles. 

Keel short, slightly incurved; flowers yellowish, capitate. 46. I'l^yia. 



32. Stylosanthes. 

34. Meibomia. 

35, Lespedeza. 



36. Vicia. 

37. Lathyrus. 



534 FLORA. 

I. SOPHORA L. 

Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers white, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes or 
panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate or 
orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all dis- 
tinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked; style incurved. 
Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seeds, mainly in- 
dehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of warm and tropi- 
cal regions. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the Southern States. 

I. Sophora sericea Nutt. Silky Sophora. (I. F. f. 2045.) Herbaceous, 
woody at the base, silky or silvery pubescent, 15-30 cm. high. Stipules subulate, 
deciduous; leaves short- petioled; leaflets 7-25, short-stalked, obovate or elliptic, 
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6-13 mm. long; 
raceme peduncled, 5-10 cm. long; flowers white, about 16 mm. long, nearly sessile; 
pod dry, coriaceous, 3-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, finely pubescent, few- 
seeded. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. April-June. 

2. CLADRASTIS Raf. 

Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules nor stipels. Flowers showy, white, 
fragrant, in terminal panicles. Calyx-teeth 5, short, broad. Standard orbicular- 
obovate, reflexed; wings oblong; keel incurved, obtuse, its petals distinct. Sta- 
mens 10, all distinct; filaments slender; anthers all alike, versatile. Ovary sessile 
or nearly so ; ovules few ; style incurved ; pod linear or lanceolate, short-stalked, 
flat, at length 2-valved, few-seeded. [Greek, brittle-branch.] Two known 
species, the following and one in Mantchuria. 

I. Cladrastis lutea (Michx. ) Koch. American or Kentucky Yellow- 
wood. (I. F. f. 2046.) A smooth-barked tree. Foliage nearly glabrous; leaves 
p-tioled; leaflets 5-1 1, ovate, oval or obovate. stalked, 4-8 mm. long, pointed or 
blunt-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or the terminal one cuneate at the base; pani- 
cles many-flowered, drooping, 2-5 dm. long ; pedicels 1-2 cm. long ; calyx tubu- 
lar-campanulate; corolla about 2 mm. long; pod short-stalked, glabrous, 4-8 mm. 
long, 8-10 mm. wide. In rich soil, Ky., Mo., Tenn. and N. Car. June. 

3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. 

Perennial herbs, with sheathing scales at the base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves, 
and large yellow or purple flowers in racemes. Stipules usually foliaceous. Calyx 
campanulate or short-turbinate. its lobes equal and separate, or the two upper ones 
united. Standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equal- 
ling the keel. Stamens 10, incurved, separate. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate; 
ovules 00 ; style slightly incurved ; stigma terminal, small ; pod sessile or short- 
stalked, flat (in our species), linear or oblong, straight or curved. [Greek, Lupine- 
like.] About 15 species, of N. Am, and Asia. Besides the following, 5 others 
occur in the southern and western N. Am. 

Leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long; panicle elongated, usually long-peduncled; eastern. 

I. T. mollis. 
Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long; panicle short, short-peduncled ; western. 2. T. rhombifolia. 

1. Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Alleghany Thermopsis. 
(L F. f. 2047.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, finely appressed-pubescent. Leaves peti- 
oled; leaflets oval, rhombic-elliptic or obovate. entire, nearly sessile; stipules ovate 
or lanceolate, shorter than the petiole; racemes mainly terminal; pedicels 4-12 mm. 
long, bracted at the base; flowers yellow, about 2 cm. long; pod short-stalked, 
linear, slightly curved, about 10 cm. long. Va., N, Car. and Tenn., in the moun- 
tains. July-Aug. 

2. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards. Prairie Thermopsis. (I. F. f. 
2048.) Erect, 2-5 dm. high, appressed silky-pubescent. Leaves petioled; leaflets 
oval or obovate or rhombic-elliptic, obtuse, sessile; stipules broad; racemes rather 
dense, few-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, bracted; flowers yellow, about 2 cm. 
long; pod linear, recurved-spreading, several-seeded, stalked, 7-10 cm. long. In 
sandy soil, on prairies, Kans., Neb., S. Dak. and Manitoba, west to the Rocky 
Mts. June-July 



PA PILIONA CEA E. 535 

4. BAPTl'siA Vent. 
Perennial herbs, with sheathing basal scales, 3-foliolate or sometimes sim.ple 
perfoliate leaves, and yellow, white or blue flowers in racemes. Calyx campanu- 
late, obtuse at base, or slightly turbinate, the teeth equal and separate, or the two 
upper ones united. Corolla and stamens as in Therniopsis. Ovary stipitate ; pod 
stalked, tipped with the subulate style, inflated, the valves often coriaceous. 
[Greek, dyeing.] About 16 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 

Flowers^blue ; plant glabrous. i. B. australis. 
Flowers yellow ; leaves turning black in drying. 

Racemes numerous, terminal ; plant glabrous. 2. B. tinctoria. 

Racemes few, lateral ; plant more or less pubescent, 3. B. villosa. 
Flowers white or cream color. 

Very pubescent. 4. B. bracteata. 
Glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, green in drying. 5. B. alba. 

Leaflets obovate-cuneate, black in drying. 6. B. leucantha. 

1. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. Blue Wild or Blue False Indigo. 
(I. F. f. 2049.) Stout, 1-3 mm. high. Leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblanceo- 
late or oval, obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire, 2-6 cm. long, sessile or nearly so; 
stipules lanceolate, equalling the petioles, or longer, persistent; racemes terminal, 
erect, loosely flowered, elongated ; bracts narrow, caducous; pedicels 3-5 mm. 
long; flowers 2-2.5 cm. long; pod oblong, stalked, 2-3 cm. long. In rich soil. 
W. Penn. to Kans. , Ga. and Ark. June-Aug. A hybrid of this with B. bracteata 
has been observed by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in Kans. 

2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Yellow or Indigo 
Broom. Horsefly-weed. (I. F. f. 2050.) Erect, succulent, 6-12 dm. high. 
Leaves petioled; leaflets obovateor oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, 
obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire; stipules minute, caducous ; racemes few-flow- 
ered; bracts minute, deciduous ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers about 12 mm. 
long; pods ovoid or nearly globose, 5-10 mm. long. In dry soil. Me. to S. Ont., 
Minn., Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

3. Baptisia villosa (Walt.) Nutt. Hairy Wild Indigo. (I. F. f. 2051.) 
Erect, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile; leaflets oblong, oval or 
obovate, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, en- 
tire; stipules lanceolate or subulate, longer than the petioles; racemes sometimes 
2.5 dm. long, many-flowered; pedicels 5-8 cm. long; flowers about 2.5 cm. long; 
bracts caducous or deciduous; pods oblong-ovoid, about 4 cm. long, finely ap- 
pressed-pubescent. In dry soil, Va. and N. Car. to Ark. June-July. 

4. Baptisia bracteata Ell. Large-bracted Wild Indigo. (I. F. f. 2052.) 
Bushy -branched. Leaves sessile or short-petioled; leaflets oblanceolate or spatu- 
late, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 4-8 cm. long, thick, reticulate-veined ; stip- 
ules lanceolate or ovate, persistent ; racemes usually few, mainly lateral, some- 
times 3 dm. long, reclining, many-flowered; flowers about 2.5 cm, long, showy; 
pedicels slender, I-3 cm. long, spreading, somewhat secund ; bracts large, persis- 
tent; pods ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, pubescent, tipped with a long, at length deciduous, 
style. Prairies, 111., Mich, and Minn, to La. and Tex. April-May. 

5. Baptisia alba (L.) R. Br. White Wild Indigo. (I. F. f. 2053.) Di- 
vergently branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves petioled ; petioles 5-20 mm. long; 
leaflets narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex, 2-4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 
rather thin; stipules and bracts minute, subulate, deciduous; racemes erect, 15-25 
cm. long, lateral, long-peduncled ; pedicels 6-20 mm. long; flowers 12-14 ""i"''- 
long; pod linear-oblong, about 4 cm. long, 7 mm. thick, abruptly tipped with an 
almost filiform deciduous style. In dry soil, Mo. to S. Ind., La., N. Car. and Fla. 
May-June. 

6. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Large White Wild Indigo. (I. F. f. 2054.) 
Succulent, 6-12 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves petioled; leaflets 2-5 
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, very obtuse, rounded and sometimes slightly emarginate 
at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; stipules lanceolate or linear, decid- 
uous; racemes lateral, sometimes 3 dm. long, loosely flowered; flowers 1.5-2 cm. 
long; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, long-stalked in the calyx, about 2 cm. 
long. In rich soil, Lake Erie to Minn., Ky., N. Car., Fla. and Tex. June-July, 



53^ FLORA. 

5. CROTALARIA L. 

Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 3-7- 
foliolate) leaves and racemose yellow flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed, slightly 2-lipped; 
standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate ; wings oblong or obovate; keel curved. 
Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft; anthers of 2 forms, alternating 
with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger; style more or less 
-curved; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many-seeded, the seeds loose at matur- 
ity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, mainly of tropical regions. Besides 
the following some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Stem and branches erect or ascending ; leaves, at least the upper, lanceolate or oblong. 

I. C. sagit talis. 
Stems prostrate, from a deep root ; leaves broadly oval. 2. C. rotundifolia. 

1. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Rattle-box. (I. F. f. 2055.) Annual, or 
perennial (?), villous-pubescent, rarely over 3 dm. high. Leaves simple, oval, 
lanceolate or oblong, rounded at the base, nearly sessile, 2-6 cm. long, stipules per- 
sistent and united, decurrent on the stem, sagittate above, or the lower wanting ; 
peduncles 2-10 cm. long, 2-4-flowered; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; flowers 8-12 mm. 
long, the corolla about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong, glabrous, nearly sessile, 
2.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in thickness, much inflated, nearly black at maturity; 
seeds shining. In dry, open places, northern N. Eng. to Fla., S. Dak., Ark. and 
Mex. June-Sept. 

2. Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt.) Poir. Prostrate Rattle-box. (I. F. f. 
2056.) Perennial by a deep root, the slender branches usually prostrate. Pu- 
bescence mostly dense, brownish, appressed; leaves broadly oblong or oval, obtuse, 
paler beneath, 1-4 cm. long; petioles 2-4 mm. long ; upper stipules sagittate ; 
peduncles lateral, 5-15 cm. long, slender, 2-6-fiowered; flowers 12-15 mm. long; 
corolla little longer than the calyx; pod nearly as in the preceding. Mostly in dry 
soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Miss. May-Aug. 

6. LUPINUS L. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with digitately-compound 7- 1 5 -foliolate (rarely simple or 
3-5-foliolate) leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 
deeply toothed and 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, its margins reflexed ; 
wings oblong or obovate; keel incurved, sometimes beaked. Stamens monadel- 
phous, their sheath not cleft; anthers of two forms as 'm Crotalaria. Ovary sessile; 
style incurved ; pot flattened, generally constricted between the seeds, the valves 
coriaceous. [Latin name of some pulse, from luptis, wolf.] Over 100 species, 
mainly natives of temperate and warm regions. About 70 occur in N. Am., 
mainly on the western side of the continent. 

Perennial ; flowers 14-18 mm. long ; leaflets oblanceolate. 

Corolla blue, pink or white, the standard not spotted. i. L. perennis. 

Corolla blue, with a conspicuous dark spot on the standard. 2. L. Plattensis. 

Perennial : flowers 8-12 mm. long ; leaflets oblong-linear. . 3. L. argenteus. 

Annual ; leaflets mainly oblong ; pod 2-seeded. 4. Z. pusillus. 

1. Lupinus perennis L. Wild Lupine. (I. F. f. 2057,) Erect, more or 
less pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, 5-8 cm. broad, leaflets 
7-11 (commonly about 8), ses^le or nearly so, obtuse and mucronate, 2-4 cm. long, 
appressed-pubescent or glabrate ; raceme terminal, peduncled, 15-25 cm. long, 
loosely flowered; flowers 12-15 i^n^- loi^g; pod linear-oblong, pubescent, 4 cm. 
long, usually 4-5-seeded. the valves coiling at dehiscence; style subulate. In dry, 
sandy soil. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Mo. and La. May-June. 

Lupinus perennis occidentalis S. Wats. Villous-pubescent all over. Mich, and 
Wis. 

2. Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats. Nebraska Lupine. (I. F. f. 2058.) 
Resembles the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, villous or appressed-pubescent, the 
living plant with a glaucous appearance ; leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, spatulate or 
narrowly oval, 1.5-4 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; raceme terminal, 1-2 dm. long, 
loosely flowered; c®rolla 12-15 mm. long. Plains, Neb., Wyo. and Dak. June- 
July. 



PAPILIONACEAE. 537 

3. Lupinus argenteus Pursh. Silvery Lupine. (I. F. f. 2059.) Rather 
shrubby, bushy-branched, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky-pubescent with appressed 
hairs. Petioles equalling or the lower exceeding the leaves; stipules nainute, 
subulate; leaflets sessile, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long; racemes terminal, 
rather dense, 5-12 cm. long; flowers purple, 7-10 mm. long; pod silky-pubescent, 
about 2.5 cm. long, mostly 3-5-seeded. Prairies, W. Neb. and S. Dak. to Mont., 
N. Mex. and Ariz. July-Aug. 

4. Lupinus pusillus Pursh. Low Lupine. (I. F. f. 2060.) Annual, villous- 
pubescent, 1-2 dm. high, from a deep root, much branched near the base. Leaves 
petioled, 2-5 cm. wide; leaflets 5-7 (commonly 5), narrowed at the base, glabrous 
or nearly so above, pubescent with long scattered hairs beneath; racemes short- 
peduncled or sessile, 3-8 cm. long, densely few -flowered; pedicels 2-5 cm. long; 
flowers blue, 5-7 mm. long; pod oblong, very pubescent, 12-18 mm. long; style 
subulate. Dry plains, Kans. to S. Dak. , west to the Sierra Nevada, south to Ariz, 
and N. Mex. March-July. 

7. ULEX L. 

Shrubs, with stiff spine-like branches, simple, linear stiff, very prickly leaves, 
and large yellow solitary or racemed flowers. Calyx membranous, mostly yellow, 
divided nearly to its base into 2 concave lips; upper lip mostly 2-toothed, and lower 
3 -toothed ; teeth short ; standard ovate ; wings and keel oblong, obtuse ; anthers 
alternately longer and shorter, the shorter versatile ; ovary sessile, several-many- 
ovuled ; style somewhat incurved, smooth ; pod ovoid, oblong or linear ; seeds 
strophiolate. {The ancient Latin name.] About 20 species, natives of eastern 
Europe. 

I. Ulex Europaeus L. Furze. Gorse. Whin. (L F. f. 2061.) Much 
branched, 3 dm. -2 m. high, more or less pubescent. Branchlets very leafy; 
leaves 4-15 mm. long, the lowest sometimes lanceolate and foliaceous; flowers 
solitary in the axils, 12-15 mm. long, the twigs appearing like racemes; pedicels 
short, bracted at the base; calyx a little shorter than the petals, minutely 2-brac- 
teolate; pod few-seeded, compressed, scarcely longer than the calyx. In waste 
places, southern N. Y. to Va. Also on Vancouver Island. Fugitive from Europe. 
May-July. 

8. GENISTA L. 

Low shrubs, mainly with i-foliolate leaves, and clustered yellow flowers. 
Calyx 2-lipped; teeth long ; standard oval or ovate ; wings oblong ; keel oblong, 
deflexed, the claws of its petals adnate to the uncleft sheath of the stamens; anthers 
alternately long and short ; ovary sessile, several-ovuled ; style incurved at the 
apex ; pod various, flat in our species, several-seeded ; seeds not strophiolate. 
[Celtic, gen, a small bush.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, N. Africa and 
W. Asia. 

I. Genista tinctoria L. Dyeweed or Greenweed. Wo ad-waxen. Base 
Broom. (I. F. f. 2062.) Sterile shoots decumbent, the flowering ones erect, stift", 
3-6 dm. high, slightly pubescent. Leaves i-foliolate, sessile, lanceolate or elliptic- 
lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous or with scattered hairs, acute, narrowed at the 
base, entire, shining; stipules none; racemes terminal, 3-5 cm. long, few-flowered; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers yellow, nearly sessile, about i cm. long ; 
calyx bracteolate at the base, its 3 lower teeth narrower than the 2 upper; pod 
about 2.5 cm. long, glabrous. On dry hills. Me., Mass. and eastern N. Y. Nat- 
uralized from Europe. Summer. 

9. CYTISUS L. 

Shrubs, with 3-foliolate or i-foliolate leaves, and showy, clustered flowers, 
mainly in terminal racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the teeth short; standard ovate or 
orbicular; wings oblong or obovate ; keel straight or curved ; anthers alternately 
larger and smaller ; ovary sessile, many-ovuled ; style incurved ; pod flat, oblong 
or linear, several-seeded; seeds strophiolate. [From Cythrus, one of the Cyclades. 
About 45 species, natives of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. 

I. Cytisus scoparius (L. ) Link. Broom. (I. F. f. 2063.) Stift', wiry, 
I-I.5 m. high, nearly glabrous. Branches elongated, straight, angled; lower 



53^ FLORA. 

leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate, acute, or mucronate-tipped, 5-15 mm. 
long, entire; upper leaves sessile, often i-foliolate; stipules none ; flowers bright 
yellow, nearly 2.5 cm. long, in elongated leafy racemes; pedicels solitary or 2-3 
together, 5-15 mm. long; pod flat, glabrous on the sides, ciliate on the margins, 
3-5 cm. long; style slender, at length spirally curved. In waste places, N. S. to 
Va. Adv. or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 

10. MEDICAGO L. 

Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow or violet flowers in axillary 
heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly dentate, the veins terminating in the teeth. 
Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong ; keel 
obtuse; stamens diadelphous, the i opposite the standard separate from the other 9; 
anthers all alike ; ovary i-several-ovuled; style subulate ; pod curved or spirally 
twisted, reticulated or spiny, indehiscent, i-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike, from 
Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne, was derived.] About 50 species, natives 
of Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous. i. M. sativa. 
Annual; flowers bright yellow, small. 

Pod i-seeded, curved, not spiny. 2. M. lupulina. 
Pod several-seeded, spiny on the edges, spirally twisted. 

Pod loosely coiled, not furrowed on the edge. 3, M. denticulata. 

Pod densely coiled, its edge furrowed. 4. M. Arabica. 

1. Medicago sativa L. Purple Medic. Alfalfa. Lucerne. (I. F. f. 
2064.) Decumbent or ascending, 3-5 dm. high, the young shoots and leaves with 
some scattered hairs. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, 4-25 mm. long, dentate, 
obtuse, truncate or emarginate and often mucronate, narrowed or cuneate at the 
base; stipules entire; peduncles 1-5 cm. long, bearing a short raceme; petals about 
5 mm. long ; pod pubescent, twisted into 2 or 3 spires. Li fields and waste places, 
N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Va. and Kans. Much cultivated for fodder in the 
Southern and Western States. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 

2. Medicago lupulina L. Black or Hop Medic. Blackseed Hop Clover. 
Nonesuch. (I. F. f. 2065.) Pubescent, the branches decumbent and spreading, 
often 3-6 dm. long; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly orbicular, sometimes 10-15 
mm. long, denticulate or crenulate, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate; stipules 
ovate or lanceolate, dentate; peduncles 3-8 cm. long; head oblong or cylindric, 
dense, 4-20 mm. long ; flowers about 2 mm. long; pods black when ripe, curved, 
strongly veined. In fields and waste places, common nearly throughout our area. 
Native of Europe and Asia. March-Dec. 

3. Medicago denticulata Willd. Toothed Medic. (I. F, f. 2066.) Branches 
spreading or ascending, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs. Leaflets obovate, 
rounded, emarginate or obcordate, cuneate, crenulate, 1-2 cm. long; stipules den- 
tate; flowers few, in small, peduncled heads; pod spirally twisted, the 2 or 3 coils 
flat and rather loose, reticulated with elevated veins, the edges armed with i or 2 
rows of curved prickles. In waste places and in ballast, N. S. to Penn. Also in 
the Southern and Western States and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive 
from Europe. Summer. 

4. Medicago Arabica All. Spotted Medic. (I. F. f. 2067.) Resembling 
the preceding species, but generally stouter. Leaflets often nearly 2.5 cm. long, 
and with a dark spot or spots near the centre; pod globose,, of 3 or 4 compactly 
wound coils, reticulate-veined on the sides, the edge thicker and furrowed between 
the marginal rows of curved prickles. In waste places and ballast. N. B. to 
Penn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 

II. MELILOTUS Juss. 

Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins commonly ending in 
the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes. Calyx-teeth short, 
nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; keel obtuse; ovary sessile or stipitate, 
few-ovuled; style filiform; pod ovoid or globose, straight, indehiscent or finally 
2-valved ; seeds solitary or few. [Greek, Honey-lotus. ] About 20 species, na- 
tives of Europe, Africa and Asia. 



PAPILIONACEAE. 539 

Flowers white; standard a little longer than the wings. i. M. alba. 

Flowers yellow ; standard about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis. 

1. Melilotus alba Desv. White Melilot. White Sweet-clover. (I. F. 
f. 2068.) Erect or ascending, 1-3 m. high. Leaves rather distant; leaflets ob- 
long or slightly oblanceolate, serrate, narrowed at the base, truncate, emarginate 
or rounded at the apex, 1-2 cm. long; stipules subulate; racemes slender, 5-10 cm. 
long, often i -sided; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; pod ovoid, slightly reticulated, 
glabrous, 2-3.5 cm. long. In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in the 
Southern States. Adventive or nat. from Europe. Leaves fragrant in drying, as 
in other species of the genus. June-Nov. 

2. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Melilot. Yellow^ Sweet- 
clover. (I. F, f. 2069.) Resembling the preceding species. Leaflets ob- 
long, oblanceolate or oval, serrate, the apex rounded, not truncate; pod about 4 
mm. long, with irregularly reticulated veins, often slightly pubescent with appressed 
hairs. In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in the Southern States. 
Adventive 9r nat. from Europe. Summer, blooming later than M. alba. 

Melilotus Indica (L.) All., introduced on ballast about the seaports, and an exceed- 
ingly abundant weed in the Far West, may be readily distinguished from this by its much 
smaller yellow flowers. 

Ononis repens L., an herb of the tribe Trifolieae, with axillary flowers, forming 
terminal leafy racemes, has been found as a waif in central New York. The genus is 
distinguished from others of the tribe by its monadelphous stamens. 

12. TRIFOLIUM L. 

Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-11-foliolate) denticulate leaves, 
the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Calyx-teeth 
nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to the stamen-tube. 
Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a portion of its length. 
Ovary few-ovuled. Pod often included in the calyx, membranous, indehiscent or 
tardily dehiscent by I suture, i-6-seeded. [Latin, referring to the 3 leaflets.] 
About 250 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the fol- 
lowing, about 50 others occur in the southern and western states. 

Flowers yellow. 

Head 12-18 mm. long ; stipules linear ; leaflets all sessile. i. T. atireum. 

Head 8-12 mm. long, nearly globose ; stipules ovate ; terminal leaflet stalked. 

Head 20-40-flowered ; standard conspicuously striate. 2. T. procumbens. 

Head 3-20-flowered ; standard scarcely striate. 3. T. dubiufn. 

Flowers red, purple, pink or white. 

Head or spike much longer than thick ; calyx silky, its teeth plumose. 

Corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the calyx-teeth. 4. 7\ iiicariiatuni. 
Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-teeth. 5. T. arve?ise. 

Head globose, oval or ovoid ; calyx nearly glabrous. 

Flowers sessile, or very nearly so ; heads dense, ovoid, oval or globose. 
Heads sessile, or nearly so. 6. 7'. pr a tense. 

Heads always distinctly peduncled. 

Calyx-teeth pubescent. 7. T. medium. 

Plant glabrous throughout. 8. T. Beckivithii. 

Flowers pedicelled ; heads umbel-like, globose. 

Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter or more ; peduncles 2-8 cm. long. 

Prostrate ; pubescent ; perennial. 9. T. Mrginicum. 

Ascending; pubescent; annual or biennial. 10. T. reflexuvi. 

Stonoliferous ; glabrous; perennial. 11. 7\ stolon i/erum. 

Heads 12-18 mm. in diameter ; lower peduncles 5-20 cm. long. 
Ascending or procumbent ; flowers pink, pinkish or purple. 

Ascending ; calyx much shorter than the pink or nearly white co- 
rolla. 12. Zl /lybridmn. 
Procumbent ; tufted ; calyx nearly equalling the purple corolla. 

13. 'J\ Caroliniafnim. 
Creeping ; flowers white or pinkish. 14. 7\ ripens. 

I. Trifolium avireum Poll. Yellow or Hop-clover. (I. F. f. 2070. ) Gla- 
brous or slightly jnibescent, annual, 1.5-5 ^^^'^^- ^^i^'^^- Leaves petioled; stipules 
acuminate, 7-15 mm. long, adnate to the petiole for alxnit (>no-half their length; 
leaflets all from the same point, obovate or oblcMig. tinely aouliculato. narrowed at 



540 FLORA, 

the base, rounded, truncate or emarginate at the apex, 12-18 mm. long; peduncles 
1-5 cm. long; liead oblong, or oval, densely many-flowered; flowers 4-6 mm. long, 
at length reflexed.; pedicels shorter than the calyx; standard slightly emarginate,' 
exceeding the pod, conspicuously striate, and brown, especially when dry. Along 
roadsides and in waste places, N. S. to Va., Ont. and Iowa. Nat. from Europe. 
May-Sept. [Z'. agrariiwi L., in part.] This species and the two following are 
sometimes reierred to tlie genus Chrysaspis Desv. 

2. Trifolium procumbens L. Low, or Smaller Hop-clover or Hop- 
trefoil. (I. F. f. 2071.) Similar to the preceding, but lower, more spreading 
and more pubescent. Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, rounded, truncate or 
emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate, 7-15 mm. long, the lateral ones nearly 
sessile, the terminal stalked ; stipules ovate, adnate to the lower part of the 
petiole, about 4 mm. long; peduncles 5-25 mm. long; heads 20-40- flowered; flowers 
at length reflexed, about 4 mm. long; standard dilated, not folded, exceeding the 
pod, brown when dry. In fields and along roadsides, frequent or occasional 
throughout our area and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. May- Sept. 

3. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop-clover or Hop-trefoil. (I. F. 
f. 2072.) Straggling or ascending, nearly glabrous; stems 5 cm. -5 dm. long, branch, 
ing. Leaflets obovate, truncate or emarginate at the apex, or even obcordate, denticu- 
late, cuneate at the base, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the terminal stalked ; stip- 
ules ovate or lanceolate, adnate to the lower part of the petiole; peduncles 5-25 
mm. long; heads nearly globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter; flowers about 3 mm. long, 
turning brown, at length reflexed; standard exceeding and folded over the pod. In 
fields and waste places, N. Eng., N. J. and in the Southern States. Also in Br. 
Col. Nat. from Europe. Sunimer. Said to be the true Shamrock. 

4. Trifolium incarnatum^ L. Crlmson, or Italian Clover. (L F. f. 
2073.) Annual, softly pubescent, little branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves long- 
petioled; stipules broad, membranous, dentate, 7-25 mm. wide; leaflets nearly ses- 
sile, obovate or obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, denticulate, 12-25 "^"^• 
long; heads terminal, oblong or ovoid, 2.5-6 cm. long; flowers sessile, 7-12 mm. 
long; calyx hairy, calyx-lobes plumose. In fields, waste places and ballast. Me. 
to N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 

5. Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit-foot, Old-field or Stone Clover. 
(I. F. f. 2074.) Annual, erect, silky-pubescent, 1.5-5 ^m. high. Leaves short- 
petioled; stipules narrow, 5-10 mm. long, subulate-tipped, entire or nearly so ; 
leaflets linear or oblanceolate, denticulate above, obtuse and often emarginate, nar- 
rowed or cuneate at the base, 12-25 mm. long; heads terminal, peduncled, oblong 
or cylindric, 12-25 mm. long, very dense; calyx very silky. In fields and waste 
places, common in most sections throughout our area and in the Southern States. 
Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

6. Trifolium pratense L. Red, Purple or Meadow Clover. (I. F. f. 
2075.) Perennial, pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules 
ovate, strongly veined, subulate-tipped, 12-20 mm. long; leaflets short- stalked, 
oval, oblong or obovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse and sometimes 
emarginate at the apex, often dark-spotted near the middle, finely denticulate, i- 
3.5 cm. long; heads globose or ovoid, rarely slightly peduncled, about 2.5 cm. 
long; flowers red (rarely white), about 12 mm. long, remaining erect in fruit; calyx 
sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla. In fields and meadows, 
throughout our area and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. April-Nov. 

7. Trifolium medium L. Zig-zag Clover. Cow- or Marl-grass. (L F. 
f. 2076.) Resembling the preceding. Stem sometimes conspicuously zigzag. Stip- 
ules lanceolate; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, not spotted, frequently entire except 
for the projecting tips of the veins; corolla 12-14 mm. long, bright purple; calyx- 
tube nearly glabrous, the teeth slightly pubescent. In fields and waste places, 
Salem, Mass. Reported from N. S. and Quebec to N. Y. Adventive or nat. from 
Eiirope. Summer. 

8. Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer. Beckwith's Clover. (I. F. f. 2077.) 
Perennial; stems rather stout, straight, 1.5-5 d'^- ^ig^. Basal leaves long-petioled; 
stipules narrow, acute, 2.5 cm. long or less ; leaflets oblong, or somewhat oblan- 
ceolate, obtuse, denticulate, 2-5 cm. long; heads long-peduncled, globose; flowers 
purple or purplish, 12-16 mm. long, very short-pedicelled, the lower at length re- 



PAPILIONACEAE. 54 1 

flexed; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, the longer nearly equalling the tube; pod 2-6- 
seeded. Eastern S. Dak. to Mont, and Cal. May-June. 

9. Trifolium Virginicum Small. Prostrate Mountain Clover. (I. F. 
f. 2078.) Perennial by a long root, diffusely branched at the base. Leaflets 
linear, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, I-4 cm. long, obtuse or cuspidate, ser- 
rate-dentate, glabrous above, more or less silky beneath, conspicuously veined; 
flowers whitish, crowded, the slender pedicels 2-5 mm. long; standard emarginate- 
mucronate, striate; calyx silky, the teeth long, subulate. W. Va. June. 

10. Trifolium reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. (I. F. f. 2079.) Annual or 
biennial, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves long petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acum- 
inate, foliaceous, few-toothed or entire, 17-25 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, 
oval or obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, denticulate, 
12-25 mm. long; heads dense; flowers 11-13 mm. long, on slender pedicels, at 
length 7-1 1 mm. long and reflexed; standard red; win-gs and keel nearly white; 
cal}ix-teeth linear, shorter than the corolla; pods 3-6-seeded. In meadows, Ont., 
N. Y. and Penn. to Iowa, Neb., Fla. and Tex. April- Aug. 

11. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. (I. F. f. 
2080.) Branching, 1.5-3 dm. long, forming runners at the base. Leaves long- 
petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, often 2.5 cm. long; leaflets 
short-stalked, obovate or obcordate, cuneate at the base, denticulate, 2-3 cm, long; 
heads nearly 2.5 cm. in diameter; flowers white, purplish-tinged, 8-14 mm. long; 
pedicels 7-9 mm. long, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the 
tube; pod commonly 2-seeded. Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Neb., Ky. and 
Mo. Introduced into vS. Dak. May-Aug. 

12. Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike or Alsatian Clover. (I. F. f. 2081.) 
Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 12-25 "^^- long; leaflets short-stalked, 
obovate, sometimes emarginate but not obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 
serrulate, 12-25 ™"^' long ; heads long-peduncled; flowers pink or nearly white, 
7-9 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, reflexed when old; corolla 3-4 times as 
long as the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, about equalling the tube; pod 2-4-seeded. 
In meadows and waste places, N. S. to Idaho, Ga. and Kans. May-Oct. 

13. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Clover. (L F. f. 2082.) 
Perennial, pubescent, much branched, 7-20 cm. high. Leaves slender-petioled; 
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, 4-8 mm. long, acute, few-toothed to- 
ward the apex, or entire; leaflets short-stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcordate, 
cuneate at the base, denticulate, 4-15 mm. long; peduncles elongated ; flowers 
purplish, 4-7 mm. long ; standard apiculate; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, reflexed in 
fruit; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the 
tube; pod about 4-seeded. In waste places about Phila., and in fields and open 
places, Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. March-Oct. 

14. Trifolium repens L. White, Dutch or Honeysuckle Clover. 
(I. F. f. 2083.) Perennial, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, the branches 
often rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules ovate- 
lanceolate, membranous, acute, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, obovate, 
emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticulate, 8-20 mm. long; 
heads long-peduncled; flowers 7-12 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, finally re- 
flexed ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acuminate, somewhat 
shorter than the tube ; pod about 4-seeded. In fields and waste ground, common 
throughout our area and in the Southern States. Also in the Northwest. May- 
Dec. 

13. LOTUS L. 
Herbs or shrubs, with 1-3-folioIate, simple or pinnate leaves, and solitary or 
clustered reddish yellow or white flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free 
from the stamen-tube; standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel 
incurved, obtuse or beaked. Stamens diadelphous (I and o). Ovary sessile, i- 
several-ovuled. Pod linear or oblong, 2-valved, i-several-seeded. [The Greek 
name of several different plants.] About 120 species, of wide distribution. Be- 
sides the following, some 40 others occur in the western U. S. 

Corolla yellow ; flowers umbelled. i, L. corniculatus. 

Corolla rose-color ; flowers solitary in the axils. 2, L, Amen'canus, 



542 FLORA. 

1. Lotus corniculatus L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. 
Bloom-fell (I. F. £ 2084, ) Perennial, appressed-pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
decumbent or ascending, 7 cm.-6 dm. long; leaves 3 -foliolate, short-petioled; leaf- 
lets obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, 7-17 mm. long; stipules similar to the leaf- 
lets, often as large; peduncles sometimes 10-13 cm. long, 3-12-flowered; calyx- 
lobes acute, as long as the tube, or shorter; corolla bright yellow, 12-20 mm. long, 
or the standard reddish; pods linear, spreading, several-seeded. In waste places 
and on ballast, N. B. and about the seaports of the Eastern and Middle States. Ad- 
ventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Lotus Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Prairie Bird's-foot Trefoil. (I. F. 
f. 2085.) Annual, erect, 2.5-5 ^m. high. Leaves 3 -foliolate, or the upper some- 
times I -foliolate, sessile or the lower on petioles about 3 mm. long; stipules minute 
or none; middle leaflet longer-stalked than the lateral ones, oblong, the lateral 
lanceolate, rounded at the base, 12-17 ^'^- long; peduncles leaf>'-bracted at the 
summit, 2-2.5 cm. long in fruit; flowers about 5 mm. long, the standard darker- 
veined; keel acute; calyx-lobes linear, about twice the length of the tube; pods 
linear, straight, acute, glabrous, 4-7-seeded, deflexed at maturity. In dry soil, 
Minn, and S. Dak. to Mo., Ark., Kans., N. Mex. and Sonora. Summer. 

14. PSORALEA L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with dark glands or pellucid dots, 1-5 -foliolate leaves, and 
purple, blue, pink or white flowers, mainly in spikes or racemes ; stipules broad ; 
calyx-lobes equal or the lower longest, or the two upper ones sometimes united ; 
standard ovate or orbicular, clawed; wings oblong or falcate; keel incurved, obtuse; 
stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; ovary i-ovuled; pod ovoid, short, inde- 
hiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, scurfy, from the glandular dots, whence the name 
Scurfy-pea.] About 110 species, of wide distribution. In addition to the follow- 
ing, about 20 others occur in the western U. S. 

Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate (leaflets all from the same point). 
Plants leafy-stemmed. 

Flowers small, 4-9 mm. long. 
Pods subglobose. 

Leaflets narrowly oblong. \. P. lanceolata. 

Leaflets, except those of basal leaves, filiform-linear. 

2. P. mtcrantha. 
Pods ovoid, or ovate. 

Pods with a short, mostly abrupt beak. 

Flowers few, scattered in slender elongated racemes. 

3. P. tenuiflora. 
Flowers numerous clustered or crowded in racemes. 

Leaflets oblong-obovate. 4. P. obtusiloba. 

Leaflets oblong. 5. P. floribunda. 

Pods with slender sharp or elongated beak. 

Leaflets linear ; flowers in loose elongated racemes. 

6. P. linearifolia. 
Leaflets linear-lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate ; flowers 

spiked. 

Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate ; pubescence gray. 

7. P. colHna. 
Leaflets linear-lanceolate to obovate ; pubescence silvery. 

Leaflets linear to oblanceolate ; calyx inflated in fruit. 

8. P. digitata. 
Leaflets oblong to obovate ; calyx not inflated in fruit, 

9. P. argophylla. 
Flowers large, 13-17 mm. long, densely spicate. 10. P. cuspidata. 

Plants acaulescent, or nearly so, low, spreading; roots tuberous. 

Leaflets oblong-cuneate. 11. P. esculenta. 

Leaflets linear-oblong. 12. P. hypogaea. 

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet stalked). 

Racemes short, on peduncles about equalling the leaves. 13. P. stiptilata. 

Racemes spicate, elongated, much exceeding the leaves. 

Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; pods 4 mm. long, nearly orbicular. 

14. P. pednnculata. 
Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; pods 9-1 1 mm. long, obliquely ovoid. 

15. P. Onobrychis. 



PAPILIONACEAE. 543 

1. Psoralea lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2086.) 
Nearly glabrous, much branched, light green, 3-6 dm. high. Root not tuberous; 
stipules linear, 6-9 mm. long, early deciduous; leaflets 3, sessile, sometimes with 
a few scattered hairs, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, entire, narrowed or cuneate at 
the base, 17-30 mm. long; peduncles slender; spikes dense, short, 9- 1 3 mm. thick, 
6-io-flowered; bracts membranous, caducous ; flowers bluish white, 6 mm. long; 
corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; pod about 4 mm. long, sparingly pubescent 
or glabrous, punctate; seed globose, brown. In dry soil, Kans. to S. Dak., the N. 
W. Terr., Ariz., Wash, and Br. Col. June-July. 

2. Psoralea micrantha A. Gray. Small-flowered Psoralea. (I. F. f. 
2087.) Assurgent, 3 dm. high or more; stems glabrous, with scattered brown 
glands, and often with scales at the base. Stipules setaceous; leaves crowded; 
leaflets 3, linear or filiform-linear, 1-5 cm. long, the basal ones oblong or cuneate- 
oblong; peduncles about the length of the leaves; flowers about 4 mm. long, white 
or bluish, in small heads or scattered in short spikes; bracts minute; calyx some- 
what pubescent, glandular, the lobes about equal; pod over 6 cm. long, glabrous, 
brownish with raised darker glands and a slender beak. Neb. to Ariz. June-Aug. 

3. Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Few-flowered Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2088.) 
Erect, finely appressed-canescent, especially when young, 6-12 dm. high. Root 
not tuberous; leaves short-petioled, 3-5-foliolate; stipules subulate, 2-4 mm. long; 
leaflets short-stalked, entire, oval, oblong or elliptic, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse and 
mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; peduncles longer than 
the leaves; racemes 6-14-flowered; bracts scale-like, persistent; flowers purplish, 
4 mm. long; corolla about twice the length of the calyx; pod ovate, glabrous, punc- 
tate, 4-6 mm. long; seed ovoid, brown. Prairies, 111. to S. Dak., Tex., Sonora, 
Colo, and Mont. May-Oct. 

4. Psoralea obtusiloba T. & G. Black-dotted Psoralea. (I. F. f. 
2089.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high; stems canescent with appressed silky white hairs. 
Stipules small, setaceous; petioles much shorter than the leaflets; leaves 3 -folio- 
late, or the basal often 4-5-foliolate; leaflets 5-35 mm. long, oblong-obovate, retuse 
or mucronulate, glabrous above, minutely canescent beneath ; bracts small, ovate, 
cuspidate; calyx canescent with white silky hairs; pod ovate, about 9 mm. long ; 
seed compressed, obliquely ovoid. Kans. (?), Tex. to Ariz, and Mex. 

5. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. Many-flowered Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2090.) 
Stem 3-12 dm. high, branching, canescent, not glandular. Petioles mostly shorter 
than the leaflets; stipules 3-7 mm. long, subulate; leaves 3-5- (sometimes 7-) folio- 
late; leaflets 1-4 cm. long, oblong, rugose, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs 
above, canescent with appressed white hairs beneath ; peduncles 5-18 cm. long ; 
spikes oblong or cylindric, the flowers about 9 mm. long, at length interrupted and 
ap^pearing as if whorled; bracts 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, hirsute; calyx canescent, 
the lobes triangular, acute; pod ovoid, glabrous, light brown, covered with darker 
glands, its beak short, stout ; seed 5 mm. long, compressed. III. to Mont., Tex., 
Ariz, and Mex. May-Oct. 

6. Psoralea linearifolia T. & G. Narrow-leaved Psoralea. (I. F. f. 
2091.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules 3-7 mm. long, lanceolate or setaceous; 
leaves sessile or short-petioled, 1-3-foliolate; leaflets 11-31 mm. long, linear, 
rugose, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs; peduncles 2.5-22 cm. long; flowers 
blue, loosely scattered, 1-4 together on slender pedicels, 4-9 mm. long; bracts 
2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate; mature calyx 4 mm. long, glandular, slightly pu- 
bescent; pod 9 mm. long, narrowly ovoid or oblong, glandular, with a short stout 
straightish beak; seed flat, oblique, brown. Prairies, Neb. to Tex. May-Aug. 

7. Psoralea collina Rydberg. Nebraska Psoralea (I. F. f. 2092.) Some- 
what grayish-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules narrow, 2-9 mm. long ; leaves 
3-foliolate, or sometimes 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate. 
mostly glabrous above; bracts pointed, 3-4 mm. long; peduncles 1.5-10 cm. long; 
flowers about 6 mm. loiig; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the ovate 
pod, the lower one a little longer than the others; pod 5-6 mm. long, tipped with a 
flat straight beak about 3 mm. long. Hillsides, W. Neb. July-Aug. 

8. Psoralea digitata Nutt. Digitate Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2093.) Canes- 
cent with appressed hairs, 3-6 dm. high. Petioles shorter than or sometimes a 
little exceeding the leaves; stipules linear, 3-4 mm, long; peduncles often 3-5 



544 FLORA, 

times as long as the leaves; leaflets 5, or of the upper leaves 3, short-stalked, ob- 
long-linear or oblanceolate, 2-4 cm, long, mostly obtuse or mucronulate at the 
apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; inflorescence spicate, interrupted, the blue 
flowers short-pedicelled or sessile in clusters of 3-5 ; corolla 9-1 1 mm. long, ex- 
ceeding the broad mucronate bracts; calyx- lobes acute; pod ovoid, flattish, pubes- 
cent. Plains, S. Dak. to Kans. and Tex. June -July. 

9. Psoralea argophylla Pursh. Silver-leaf Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2094.) 
Densely silvery pubescent with white appressed hairs. Stem often zigzag, 3-9 dm. 
high; stipules narrowly linear, 6-9 mm. long; leaflets 3-5, short-stalked, oval, 
oblong or obovate, obtuse and mucronate or acutish, 1.5-3 cm. long; peduncles ex- 
ceeding the leaves; inflorescence spicate, interrupted, the blue flowers sessile, about 
9 mm. long, in clusters of 2-4; bracts lanceolate, slightly longer than the corolla, 
persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate; pod ovate, straight-beaked. Wis. and Minn, to 
the N. W. Terr., Kans. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 

10. Psoralea cuspidata Pursh. Large-bracted Psoralea. (I. F. f. 
2095.) Finely appressed-pubescent, at least above, 3-9 dm. high, from a deep 
tuberous -thickened root. Petioles 3.5-5 cm. long ; stipules linear, acuminate, 
13-17 mm. long; leaflets 5, short-Stalked, broadl}^ oblanceolate or oval, obtuse and 
commonly mucronate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2.5-5 cm. 
long; spikes oblong, 3.5-8 cm. long; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts 
lanceolate, long-cuspidate, equalling or exceeding the bluish corolla; pod oval, 
membranous, enclosed in the calyx. Plains, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Kans., Colo, 
and Tex. May-June. 

11. Psoralea esculenta Pursh. Pomme Blanche. Prairie Apple or 
Turnip. (I. F. f. 2096.) Rather stout, erect from a large farinaceous root or 
cluster of roots, 1-5 dm. high, densely villous -pubescent with whitish hairs. Lower 
petioles 2-4 times longer than the leaves; stipules lanceolate, 17-25 mm. long; 
leaflets 5, short- stalked, obtuse, narrowed at base, 2.5-5 cm. long ; peduncles 
equalling or longer than the petioles; spikes oblong, dense, 3.5-8 cm. long; bracts 
lanceolate or ovate, acute, 11-17 mm. long, nearly equalling the bluish corolla; 
pod oblong, glabrous, about 5 mm. long, slightly wrinkled, enclosed in the calyx- 
tube. Plains, Manitoba and Dak. to Neb. and Tex. June. 

T2. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. Small Indian Bread-root. {I. F. f. 2097.) 
Similar to the preceding, but smaller, nearly acaulescent, the stem hardly rising 
above the ground, densely pubescent with appressed whitish hairs. Petioles 2-4 
times as long as the leaves; stipules oblong, acutish, about 13 mm. long; leaflets 5, 
sessile or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long, often mucronate-tipped, narrowed at the base; 
peduncles 1-8 cm. long; spikes dense, 13-25 mm. long; bracts ovate, acute, 
shorter than or nearly equalling the dull blue corolla; pod 11 mm. long or more, 
somewhat hirsute, slender-beaked. Plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex. 
May-June. 

13. Psoralea stipulata T. & G. Large-stipuled Psoralea. (I. F. f. 
2098.) Sparingly pubescent or glabrous, nearly glandless ; stems 3-6 dm. long. 
Petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules ovate or lanceolate, about 13 mm. long; 
leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oval or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed at the base, ob- 
tusish at the apex, the terminal one on a stalk 6-13 mm. long; racemes dense, 
2.5 cm. long or less; flowers purple, 9-II mm. long; bracts ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate, deciduous. In rocky places, Ohio, Ind. and Ky, June-July. 

14. Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail. Samson's Snakeroot. (I. F. f. 
2099.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high, more or less pubescent and rough. Glands small 
and inconspicuous; leaves petioled, 3-foliolate ; petioles shorter than or equalling 
the leaflets; stipules subulate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, entire, 
obtuse at each end, the apex mucronulate, the terminal one on a stalk 4-13 mm. 
long ; racemes rather loosely flowered, 5-13 cm. long ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, deciduous, glandular; flowers purplish, about 4 mm. long ; pod wrinkled 
transversely. In dry soil, Kans. to Ind., N. Car., Tex. and Fla. March-July. 

15. Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. Sainfoin Psoralea. (I. F. f. 2100.) 
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1-2 m. high. Glands few and small; stipules 
subulate; petioles about equalling the 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
5-10 cm. long, entire, rounded or trimcate at the base, acuminate at the apex, the 
terminal one on a stalk about 2.5 cm. long; racemes numerous, loosely flowered, 



FA PIL ION A CEA E 545 

7-15 cm. long; peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves ; flowers purplish ; 
pod 9-12 mm. long, transversely wrinkled and roughened with points. Along 
rivers, Mo. to Ohio, S. Ont., Ky. and S. Car. June -July. 

15. AMORPHA L. 

Glandular-punctate shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and small violet blue or 
white flowers, in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, or the 
lower ones longer; standard obovate, erect, clawed, folded around the stamens and 
style; wings and keel none; stamens monadelphous below; ovary 2 -celled; style 
curved; stigma terminal; pod short, oblong, curved, nearly indehiscent, I-2- 
seeded. [Greek, deformed, four petals being absent.] About 10 species, natives 
of N. Am. and Mex. 

Tall shrub ; leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long; pod usually 2-seeded. i. A, fruticosa. 
Low shrubs ; leaflets 9-15 mm. long ; pod i-seeded. 

Glabrous or nearly so ; spikes commonly solitary. 2. A. nana. 

Densely canescent ; spikes commonly clustered. 3. A. canescens. 

1. Amorpha fruticosa L. False or Bastard Indigo. (I. F. f. 210L.) A 
shrub 1.5-6 m. high. Leaves petioled, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaflets 11-21, distant, 
short-stalked, oval or elliptic, obtuse and mucronulate, or sometimes slightly emar- 
ginafe, entire; racemes dense, 7-15 cm. long; flowers 6-9 mm. long; standard 
violet-purple, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, emarginate; stamens exserted; pod 
glandular, thick-stalked, 6-9 mm. long, acute. Along streams, Ohio to Minn., 
Manitoba, Fla., Colo, and Chihuahua. Also escaped from cultivation in the Mid- 
dle and Eastern States. May-July. 

2. Amorpha nana Nutt. Fragrant False Indigo. (I. F. f. 2102.) A low 
bushy shrub, seldom more than 3 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, numerous, 3- 
8 cm. long; leaflets 13-19, rigid, short-stalked, oval or oblong, rounded or emar- 
ginate and mucronate at the apex; flowers fragrant; standard purplish, about 4 mm. 
long; calyx-teeth acuminate; pod short. Prairies, Iowa to Minn., Dak. and the 
N. W. Terr. May. 

3. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Lead-plant. Shoe-strings. (I. F. f. 
2103.) A bushy, white-canescent shrub, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile or very 
nearly so, numerous, 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 21-49, approximate, almost sessile, 
oval or short lanceolate, rounded or truncate at the base, less pubescent above than 
beneath; spikes 5-18 cm. long; calyx-teeth lanceolate; standard bright blue, nearly 
orbicular or obcordate, about 4 mm. long; pod slightly exceeding the calyx. Prai- 
ries, Ind. to Minn., Manitoba, La. and Tex. Named from its leaden hue, not as 
indicative of lead. July-Aug. 

16. PAROSELA Cav. 

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, with usually glandular-punctate foliage, odd-pin- 
nate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in terminal or lateral spikes. Calyx - 
teeth nearly equal; standard cordate or auriculate, clawed; wings and keel mainly 
exceeding the standard, adnate by their claws to the lower part of the stamen-tube; 
stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous; ovules 2 or 3; style subulate; pod included in the 
calyx, membranous, mostly indehiscent and i-seeded. [Anagram of /'.s7?;77Ayj'.] 
About no species, natives of America. In addition to the following some 42 others 
occur in the western U. S. 

Spikes elongated, narrow, loosely flowered. 

Foliage glabrous ; corolla white ; leaflets hnear. i. P. enncandra. 

Foliage pubescent ; corolla purple or red ; leaflets obovate. 2. /'. lanata. 

Spikes oblong to ovoid, thick, densely flowered. 

Foliage glabrous ; corolla pink or wliite; leaflets 15-41. . 3. P. Dalea. 

Foliage pubescent ; corolUi yellow to red; leaflets 3-9. 

Plant 3-6 dm, high ; calyx-teeth acuminate. 4. P. aurea. 

Plant not over 2.5 dm. high ; calyx-teeth aristate. 

Spikes 1-3 cm. long; bracts shorter than the calyx, nuicronate. 

5. P. tiaua. 
Spikes 3-9 cm. long; bracts as long as the calyx, or longer, acuminate. 

6. /". / J nil's It. 



54^ FLORA. 

1. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Britton. Slender Parosela. (I. F. f. 
2104.) Erect, 3-12 dm. high, with numerous slender ascending branches. Leaf- 
lets 5-1 1, linear or linear-oblong, obtusish, 2-11 mm. long, narrowed at the base, 
nearly sessile; spikes 5-13 cm. long; bracts obtuse, nearly orbicular, punctate, 3 
mm. long, often mucronate; flowers 9-13 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, beauti- 
fully plumose, shorter than the corolla; standard small, cordate; keel exceeding the 
wings; stamens 9. Iowa to S. Dak., Colo., Miss, and Tex. June- Aug. 

2. Parosela lanata (Spreng.) Britton. Wooly Parosela. (I. F. f. 
2105.) Decumbent, branching, softly and densely pubescent, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf- 
lets 9-13, obovate, obtuse, truncate or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cxineate 
at the base, 9-13 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide above; spikes short-peduncled, 
2.5-10 cm. long; bracts oval or obovate, long-acuminate or mucronate, about 3 mm. 
long; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, plumose; standard cordate, slightly 
exceeding the wings and keel; stamens 10. Plains, Kans. to Tex., Utah and N. 
Mex. Summer. 

3. Parosela Dalea (L.) Britton. Pink Parosela. (L F. f. 2106.) Erect, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaflets oblanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed 
at the base, 4-6 mm. long ; spikes oblong, dense, 2.5-5 cm._ long, about 1 1 mm. 
thick, peduncled ; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous, about equalling 
the calyx ; calyx silky-pubescent, its teeth linear-lanceolate, acuminate, plumose; 
corolla about 4 mm. long; keel about equalling the wings. Prairies, 111. to Minn., 
S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton. Golden Parosela. (I. F. f. 2107.) 
Erect, pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaflets sessile, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, 
obtuse, narrowed at the base, 9-13 mm. long; spikes solitary, short-peduncled, 
ovoid or oblong, dense, 2.5-8 cm. long, 13-17 mm. thick; bracts ovate, mucronate, 
shorter than the plumose and pubescent calyx-teeth; corolla 9-11 mm. long; 
standard shorter than the wings and keel. Plains, S. Dak. and Neb. to Tex. 
Summer. 

5. Parosela nana (Torr. ) Heller. Low Parosela. (I. F. f. 2107a.) Suf- 
frutescent, silky-villous. Stems T-2.5 dm. high; leaflets 5, rarely 3, 6-10 mm. 
long, obovate to linear-oblong, usually minutely glandular beneath ; spikes oblong- 
ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, short-peduncled; bracts ovate, mucronate or short-aristate, 
caducous ; corolla somewhat longer than the setaceous aristate and plumose calyx- 
teeth. Sand hills and prairies, Kans. to Tex. and Cal, 

6. Parosela Jamesii (Torr.) Vail. James' Parosela. Prostrate or ascend- 
ing from a woody base, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets 7- 18 mm. 
long, obovate, obtuse, mucronulate, narrowed at the base, densely silky-pubescent; 
spikes thick, ovoid to oblong, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth plumose, aristate; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually longer than the calyx; standard 
reddish-purple; keel yellowish, exceeding the wings. Kans. and Colo, to N. Mex. 
May-June. \Dalea jfaniesii Torr.] 

17. KUHNISTERA Lam. 

Perennial glandular-punctate herbs, with long or deep roots, odd-pinnate leaves, 
and pink purple or white spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. 
Petals with long slender claws ; standard oblong or cordate ; wings and keel-petals 
similar to each other, their claws adnate to the sheath of the stamen-tube almost to 
its summit. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuled ; style 
subulate. Pod membanous, included in the calyx, 1-2-seeded, [Named from the 
resemblance of these plants to the genus Kuhnia.'\ About 35 species, natives of 
N. Am. and Mex. 

Foliage glabrous or very slightly pubescent. 
Flowers white ; leaflets 3-9. 

Leaflets oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; spikes cylindric or oblong. 

Calyx villous-pubescent. i. K. compacta. 

Calyx glabrous or nearly so. 

Stem little branched; spikes cylindric ; leaflets 13-25 mm, long, thin. 

2. K. Candida. 
Stem much branched; spikes oblong; leaflets smaller, firm. 

3. K. oligophylla. 
Leaflets narrowly linear to oblanceolate; heads globose. 4. K. multifiora. 



PAPILIONACEAE. 547 

Flowers pink or purple. 

Leaflets -y-^ ; calyx silky-pubescent. 

Bracts glabrous; leaflets mucronulate. 5. K. pu7-purea. 

Bracts silky-pubescent ; leaflets obtuse. 6. K. tentdfolia. 

Leaflets 13-31 ; calyx glabrous. 7. K./oliosa. 

Foliage silky-pubescent; leaflets 9-17. 8. K. villosa. 

1. Kuhnistera compacta (Spreng.) Kuntze, Dense-flowered Prairie- 
CLOVER. (L F. f. 2108.) Erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaflets 5-7, short- stalked, 
oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 13-25 mm. long; peduncles elongated, not 
bracted; spikes 4-15 cm. long, about 13 mm. thick, the rachis pubescent ; flowers 
about 4 mm. long; bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx; wings and keel-petals 
oblong; standard cordate; pod pubescent, enclosed by the calyx. In dry soil, S. 
Dak. to Kans., Colo, and Wyo. July- Aug. 

2. Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.) Kuntze. White Prairie-clover. (L F. f. 
2109.) Stems 3-6 dm. high. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblong or oblanceo- 
late, 17-25 mm. long, often mucronulate, narrowed at the base, very short- stalked ; 
peduncles elongated, bracted; spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, 11-13 mm. thick; bracts 
awn-pointed, longer than the calyx; corolla 4-6 mm. long; wings and keel-petals 
oval; standard cordate; calyx-teeth and pod slightly pubescent. Prairies, Ind. to 
Minn., the N. W. Terr., La., Tex. and Colo. July- Aug. ■ 

3. Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller. Slender White Prairie- 
clover. (I. F. f. 2 no.) Slender, 3-7 dm. tall, the branches ascending. Leaves 
short-petioled; leaflets about 7 (5-9), linear, linear-oblong or somewhat oblanceo- 
late, firm, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly less than 2 cm. long, or those of the lower leaves 
larger; spikes oblong or short cylindric, blunt, less densely flowered than those of 
the preceding; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the calyx, or longer, early 
deciduous; calyx-teeth usually pubescent. Plains, S. Dak. to Wyo., Tex., Ariz, 
and Mex. June-Sept. 

4. Kuhnistera multiflora (Nutt.) Heller. Round-headed Prairie-clover. 
(I. F. f. 21 II.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 3-9, linear 
or oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base, short- 
stalked, 9-13 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, peduncles elongated; heads globose, 9-13 
mm. in diameter; bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth slightly pubes- 
cent; corolla about 4 mm. long; wings and keel-petals ovate, oval or slightly 
cordate. Plains, Kans. to Tex. Summer. 

5. Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM. Violet Prairie-clover. (I. F, f. 
2112.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled; 
leaflets 3-5, narrowly linear, 6-19 mm. long, narrowed at the base, very short- 
stalked; spikes peduncled, oblong or cylindric, 1.3-5 cm. long, about I cm, thick; 
bracts obovate, mucronate, nearly glabrous, equalling the silky-pubescent calyx, or 
shorter; corolla about 4 mm. long; standard cordate; wings and keel-petals ob- 
long. Prairies, Ind. to the N. W. Terr., Tex. and Colo. July-Aug. 

6. Kuhnistera tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze. Silky Prairie-clover. 
(I. F. f. 2113.) More or less pubescent, erect, branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
short-petioled; leaflets 3-5, linear, somewhat involute, dotted with sessile glands, 
6-25 mm. long, very short-stalked or sessile; peduncles terminal, elongated, 
bracted; spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.2-4 cm. long, about ii mm. thick, the rachis 
pubescent; flowers rose-purple, about 5 mm, long; bracts ovate, aristate, silky- 
pubescent, slightly exceeding the very silky-pubescent calyx; standard nearly or- 
bicular, cordate, cucullate. In dry soil, Kans, and Ark, to N. Mex, July-Aug. 

7. Kuhnistera foliosa (A, Gray) Kuntze. Leafy Prairie-clover, (T. F, f. 
2114.) Erect, branching, or sometimes simple, glabrous, 3-9 dm, high. Leaves 
numerous, petioled; leaflets 13-31, close together, short-stalked, linear-oblong or 
slightly oblanceolate, 9-15 mm. long, acute or obtuse, mucronate at the apex, 
narrowed at the base; spikes terminal, long-ovoid or cylindric. 2.5-5 cm. long, 
11-13 mm. thick, densely flowered; peduncles short; bracts lanceolate, awn- 
pointed, longer than the calyx; flowers rose-purple, about 4 mm. Kmg; standard 
broad, nearly orbicular; wings and keel-petals oval; calyx-teeth finely ciliate. 
Along rivers. 111. and Ky. July-Aug. 

8. Kuhnistera villosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. Hairy rRAiRiF.-i. i o\kr. (I. F. f. 
2115.) Ascending or decumbent, -^-i^ dm, high. Leaves short-nelioled or nearly 



54^ FLORA. 

sessile; leaflets 9-17, approximate, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, narrowed 
at the base, 6-1 1 mm. long; spikes terminal, short-peduncled, cylindric, 2.5-8 cm. 
long, 11-13 mm. thick, dense; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the densely 
villous calyx; corolla rose-purple or rarely white; standard oblong; wings and 
keel-petals oblong-obovate. Prairies, Wis. to Sask., Mo., Kans., and Mont. Aug. 

18. INDIGOFERA L. 

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle, with 
odd-pinnate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple spicate or racemose flowers. 
Calyx-teeth oblique, nearly equal, or the lower longer; standard ovate or orbicular, 
sessile or clawed; wings oblong; keel erect, somewhat gibbous, or spurred; stamens 
mainly monadelphous; ovary i-oo -ovuled; style slender; pod linear, 4-angled (in 
our species), septate between the seeds. [Name from the yield of indigo by some 
species.] About 250 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition 
to the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. Wild or Western Indigo-plant. (I. F. 
f. 2 II 6.) Perennial, decumbent, cinereous-pubescent, slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate or oblong-linear, 6-25 mm. long, 
obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short- 
stalked ; spikes peduncled, loosely few-flowered ; flowers about 6 mm. long ; 
calyx-teeth subulate, equal; pods linear, acute, sessile, 17-25 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 
reflexed at maturity. Kans. to Tex. and Mex., east to Fla. May-Nov, 

19. CRACCA L. 

Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves, and 
purple red or white flowers in racemes or short clusters. Stipules small; leaflets 
entire-; calyx-teeth usually nearly equal ; petals all clawed; standard orbicular or 
broadly ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved; stamens mona- 
delphous or diadelphous ; ovules several or many; pod linear, flat, 2-valved, sev- 
eral-seeded. [Latin, vetch.] About 120 species, mainly natives of warm and 
tropical regions. Besides the following, 11 species occur in the southern U. S. 
Raceme terminal, dense, nearly sessile, many-flowered. i. C. Virginiajia. 

Peduncles lateral and terminal, elongated, few-flowered. 

Villous ; flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. 2. C. spicata. 

Pubescent ; peduncles few-flowered near the summit. 3. C. hispidula. 

1. Cracca Virginiana L. Cat-gut. Goat's Rue. (I. F. f. 21 17.) Vil- 
lous or silky with whitish hairs, 3-6 dm. high. Roots long, fibrous, tough ; leaves 
short-petioled; leaflets 7-25, oblong, linear-oblong or the terminal one oblanceolate, 
narrowed or cuneate at the base, rounded, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, 
18-25 ^T^^- ^o^§ ; flowers yellowish-purple, 13-19 mm. long ; pedicels 4-9 mm. 
long; pod linear, densely pubescent, 2.5-5 *^^* ^o^g- ^^ ^^J sandy soil, Me. to 
Minn., Fla., La. and Mex. June-July. 

Cracca Virginiana holosericea (Nutt.) Vail. Densely woolly-pubescent ; leaflets 
acutish. 111. to Wis., La. and Ark. 

2. Cracca spicata (Walt.) Kuntze Loosely-flowered Goat's Rue. 
(L F. f. 2118.) Villous-pubescent with long brown hairs, decumbent or straggling, 
much branched, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves few and distant, short-petioled; leaflets 9- 
15, short-stalked, oval, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, obtuse and mucronate, 
18-30 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1-2.5 dm. long; inflorescence very loose, 5-12 
cm', long; flowers purplish, 12-17 mm. long; pod linear, finely pubescent, about 5 
cm. long. Li dry soil, Del. to Fla., Ala. and Miss. June-Aug. 

3. Cracca hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze. Few-flowered Goat's Rue. (I. F. 
f. 2 119.) More or less pubescent, procumbent or straggling, much branched, 
slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-19, short stalked, oval, oblong, 
oblanceolate or obovate; peduncles slender, 5-10 cm. long; flowers red-purple, few, 
about 12 mm. long; pod linear, 2.5-4 cm. long, minutely pubescent. Dry sandy 
soil, Va. to Fla., west to Ala. May-Aug. 

23. BRADLEYA Adans. 
High-climbing woody vines, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy blue or pur- 
plish flowers in large terminal racemes. Calyx somewhat 2 -lipped, the 2 upper 



PA PILIONA CEA E. 5 49 

teeth slightly shorter than the 3 lower; standard large^ reflexed, clawed, with 2 
small appendages at the base of the blade; wings oblong, falcate, auriculate at the 
base; keel incurved, obtuse; stamens diadelphous; ovary stalked; ovules cx) ; pod 
elongated, torulose, 2-valved, coriaceous. [Named for Richard Bradley, 1675- 
1732, Professor at Cambridge.] Five known species, the following of southeastern 
N. Am., the others Asiatic. 

Racemes 4-10 cm. long; calyx-segments shorter than the tube. i. B.frutescens. 

Raceines 20-30 era. long ; calyx-segments as long as the tube, or the lower one longer. 

2. B, macrostachys. 

1. Bradleya friitescens (L.) Britton. American Wistaria. (I. F. f. 2120.) 
A slender vine becoming 10 m. long Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 9-15, oblong 
to ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, 
acute or rounded at the base; racemes ovoid or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, with lanu- 
ginous rachis and pedicels; calyx pubescent with appressed hairs, 5-6 mm. long; 
corolla 15-18 mm. long. In low grounds, Va. to Fla. April-June. \^Krannhia 
frutescens Greene.] 

2. Bradleya macrostachys (T. & G.) Small. Long-clustered Wistaria. 
(I. F. f. 2120a.) A stout vine with stems often becoming 2-3 cm. thick and 8 m. 
long. Leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets usually 9, oval, oval-ovate to elliptic or 
elliptic-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the 
base; racemes 2-3 dm. long, narrowly conic, with densely hirsute and glandular 
rachis and pedicels; calyx pubescent like the pedicels, 10-12 mm. long; corolla 
18-21 mm. long. In and about swamps, Ind. to Kans. and La. Spring. 
YKraunhia macrostachys Small.] 

21. ROBINIA L. 
Trees or shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal racemes of 
showy flowers. Stipules small, often spiny. Petioles slightly dilated at the base, 
enclosing the buds of the next year. Calyx-teeth short, broad, the 2 upper some- 
what united. Standard large, reflexed, not appendaged; wings oblong, curved; 
keel curved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers imiform, or the alternate ones 
smaller. Ovary stalked ; ovules 00 . Pod flat, linear, not septate between the 
seeds, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved. [Named in honor of John and 
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe, 1550-1629.] 
About 6 species, natives of N. Am. and Mex. 

Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous; flowers white; a tree. i. R. Psetidacacia. 

Twigs and petioles glandular ; pods hispid ; flowers pinkish ; a tree. 2. R. viscosa. 
Twigs and petioles bristly ; pods hispid ; flowers pink or purple ; a shrub. 

3. R. his pi da. 

1, Robinia Pseudacacia L. Locust-tree. P'alse or Bastard Acacia. 
Silver-chain. (I. F. f. 2121.) A large tree with very rough bark. Stipules 
often spiny; leaflets 9-I9, stalked, ovate or oval, mainly rounded at the base, ob- 
tuse or emarginate and mucronulate at the apex, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; stipels 
small, setaceous; racemes loose, drooping; pedicels slender, 6-13 mm. long; 
flowers fragrant, 15-20 mm. long, the standard yellowish at base; pod 5-10 cm. 
long, 4-7 seeded. Penn. to Ga., Iowa and the Ind. Terr. Extensively naturalized 
in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Canada. May-June. 

2, Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. (I. F. f. 2122.) A small tree 
with rough bark. Stipules short, sometimes spiny; leaflets 11-25, stalked, obtuse 
and mucronate, ovate or oval, nearly glabrous, 2.5-5 cm. long, thicker than those 
of the preceding; stipels small, subulate; racemes rather dense; pedicels 4-0 cm. 
long; flowers 18-25 mm. long, not fragrant; pod 5-10 cm. long, glandular-hispid, 
southwestern Va. to Ga, Occasionally escaped from cultivation in the Middle and 
Eastern States and in Canada, June, 

3, Robinia hispida L. Rose Acacia, Bristly or Moss Locust. (I. F. f. 
2123.) A much-branched shrub, 1-2.5 m. high. Stipules very small, or none; 
leaflets 9-13, stalked, broadly ovate or oblong, entire, mainly olituse or n^unded at 
each end, mucronate. 2.5-5 cm. long; stipels subulate or none; racemes IcKise; 
pedicels 6-12 mm. long; flowers 17-30 mm. long, not fragrant; pods linear, bristly- 
hispid Mountains of Va. and Tenn. to Ga. May June. 



550 FLORA. 

22. SESBAN Adans. 

Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire, not 
stipeilate, or the stipels minute. Flowers in axillary racemes, the slender pedicels 
with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx campanulate, nearly equally 
5 -toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate; keel bl\int. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary mostly stipitate, many-ovuled; style gla- 
brous; stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, compressed, partitioned be- 
tween the oblong seeds. [Name Arabic] About 15 species, natives of warm and 
tropical regions, only the following known in N. Am. 

1. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. Long-podded Sesban. (I. F. f. 2124.) An- 
nual, glabrous, I-3.5 m.. tall. Leaflets 10-35 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 
thin, 2.5 cm. long or less, pale beneath; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-5- 
flowered; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, the standard 
17-21 mm. long; pod 15-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide, somewhat curved, 
drooping. In wet or moist soil, Mo. to Tex., S. Car. and Fla., south to Central 
Am. Collected also in S. Penn. June-Sept. 

Colutea arborescens L. A European shrub, with odd-pinnate leaves, yellow flowers 
in short racemes, and greatly inflated membranous pods, is reported escaped from cultiva- 
tion in E. Mass. 

23. ASTRAGALUS L. 

Herbs, sometimes woody, mostly with odd-pinnate or sometimes simple leaves, 
the flowers in spikes or racemes, or rarely umbellate or solitary. Stipules present. 
Calyx tubular, its teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed ; standard erect, ovate or ob- 
long; wings oblong; keel obtuse, about equalling the wings. Stamens diadel- 
phous; anthers all alike. Ovules 00 . Pod dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-2-celled, 
very different in different species and affording the best characters in classification. 
[Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About looo species, of wide geographic 
distribution. In addition to the following, at least 175 others occur in the western 
and southern U. S. 

* Pod 2-ceUed. 

Pod fleshy, thick-walled, indehiscent. 
Pod glabrous, globose or oval. 

Corolla purple; pod pointed. i. A. crassi'carptis. 

Corolla yellowish-white; pod obtuse. 2. A. Mexicaniis. 

Pod pubescent, ovoid or oblong. 

Pod ovoid, about 12 mm. long, not wrinkled. 3. A. Plaffensis. 

Pod oblong, curved, 2.5 cm. long or more, wrinkled. 4. A. Tennesseensis. 

Pod dry, leathery, cartilaginous or papery, dehiscent. 

Plant densely viUous-pubescent all over. 5. A. molHssimiis. 

Plants glabrous or grayish-pubescent. 

Flowers yellowish ; pod terete, glabrous. 6. A. Caroliniamis. 

Flowers purple: pod with a deep furrow, pubescent. 

Pod finely appressed-pubescent. 7. A. adsurgejis. 

Pod dens'ely villous with white hairs. 8. A. Hypoglottis 

* * Pod l-celled, but one or both sutures sometimes intruded. 
Pod triangular or heart-shaped in section, membranous ; flowers mostly yellowish-white. 
Pod heart-shaped in section ; plant woolly-pubescent. 9. A, Dj-urnmondii. 

Pod triangular in section ; plant appressed-pubescent. 10. A. racemostis. 

Pod 2-grooved on the upper side; flowers purple. n. A. bistilcatus. 

Pod nearly circular, or 8-shaped, in section, mostly coriaceous. 

Leaflets narrowly linear, elongated, persistent ; flowers yellow. 

12. A. pectiJiatus. 
Leaflets oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oval or linear, deciduous. 
Plants scapose, or short-stemmed, villous or silvery-pubescent. 

Plant gray-villous; flowers yellow. 13. A. lotiflorus. 

Plants silvery-pubescent; flowers blue, violet or purple. 

Pod nearly circular in section, straight. 14. A. Missouriensis. 

Pod 8-shaped in section, its summit curved. 15. A. Sfiortianus. 

Plants leafy-stemmed, appressed-pubescent or gJabrate; flowers purple. 
Pod 6-12 mm. long, wrinkled ; flowers 6 mm. long or less. 

Plant erect ; leaflets obtuse, very narrow. 16. A. g7-acilis. 

Plant diffuse: leaflets emargina'te, short-linear. 17. A. jnicrolobus. 
Pod more than 12 mm. long, smooth ; flowers 12 mm. long. 

Pod not grooved, puberulent. 18. A.flexuosus. 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 551 

Pod grooved on the lower side, glabrous. 19. A. distortus. 

Pod obovate in section, membranous, sessile in the calyx ; flowers purple. 
Erect ; raceme elongated ; peduncles much exceeding the leaves. 

20. A. elegans. 
Decumbent ; raceme short ; peduncles only slightly exceeding the leaves. 

21. A. Bodini. 
Pod flattened, grooved on the lower side, membranous, stalked. 

Pod pubescent, shghtly grooved, 19 mm. long ; flowers white or purple. 

22. A. Robbinsii. 
Pod pubescent, deeply grooved on lower side, 12 mm. long ; flowers violet. 

'' '22). A, alpinus. 

1. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Ground Plum. (I. F. f. 2125.) Ap- 
pressed-pubescent; branches decumbent or ascending, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Stipules 
ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 15-25, oblong, elliptic or sometimes obovate, 
obtuse, narrowed at the base, 6-12 mm. long; flowers violet-purple, 16-18 mm. 
long, in short racemes; pods sessile, thick, short-pointed, 17—25 mm. in diameter. 
Prairies, Minn, to Manitoba, the N. W. Terr., Iowa, Colo, and Tex. Fruit edible, 
collected by prairie-dogs for their winter store. April-June. 

2. Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. Larger Ground Plum. (I. F. f. 2126.) 
Similar to the preceding, but less pubescent and with the hairs somewhat spread- 
ing. Leaflets 17-33, oblong to obovate, obtuse or emarginate, narrowed at the 
base; flowers yellowish-white, or purplish at the tip, 18-25 ^^rn- long, in short 
racemes; pod sessile, thick, globose, 2.5-3 cm. in diameter. Prairies, 111. to S. 
Dak., Ark. and Tex. Fruit edible. May. 

3. Astragalus Plattensis Nutt. Platte Milk Vetch. (L F. f. 2127.) 
Villous-pubescent, prostrate or ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm. high or long. Leaflets 
13-29, oblong to obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 9-18 mm. long; stipules 
broad, ovate, pointed, 6-9 mm. long; flowers yellowish-white or tipped with pur- 
ple, about 18 mm. long, in short heads; pod sessile, pointed, smooth, loosely 
pubescent, nearly straight. Prairies, Ind. to Minn., S. Dak., Ala. and Tex. 
May. 

4. Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray. Tennessee Milk Vetch. (I. F. 
f. 2128.) Villous with long whitish hairs. ^ Leaflets 15-31, oblong or linear-ob- 
long, obtuse or emarginate, nearly glabrous above, 12-21 mm. long; stipules lan- 
ceolate, oval or ovate-lanceolate; racemes short, several-many- flowered ; flowers 
about 2 cm. long; pod strongly wrinkled, at least when dry, its summit curved. On 
hillsides, Tenn. to Ala. and Mo. March-May. 

5. Astragalus moUissimus Torr. Woolly Loco-weed or Crazy-weed. 
(I. F. f. 2129.) Bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Stem very short; stipules membranous, 
ovate, pointed, 6-1 1 mm. long, adnate to the petiole; leaflets 19-27, oval, obtuse, 
but pointed at the apex, 9-13 mm. long; flowers violet-purple, 18-25 ™^- ^o^g? i^^ 
dense spikes; pod oblong, glabrous, somewhat compressed, sessile, 10-21 mm. 
long, about 6 mm. thick, furrowed at both sutures, slightly curved at maturity. 
Plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex. June. The popular name of the 
plant is from its poisonous eftects on cattle. 

6. Astragalus Carolinianus L. Carolina Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2130.) 
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-12 dm. high. Stipules membranous, broadly 
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-9 mm. long; leaflets 15-31, elliptic or oval, obtuse or 
slightly emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers 12-17 
mm. long in dense spikes; pod sessile, coriaceous, erect, or sometimes slightly fur- 
rowed at the dorsal suture, pointed, nearly straight, IO-17 mm. long. Along 
streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky Mts., south to Vt., W. N. V.. Ga., 
La. and Colo. July-Aug. 

7. Astralagus adsurgens Pall. Ascending Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2 131.) 
Minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm, long. 
Stipules membranous, ovate, acuminate, 6-1 1 mm. long; leaflets 15-25, oval to 
linear-oblong, obtuse and sometimes emarginate, narrowed at the base, 16-25 mm. 
long; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers purplish, 12-17 mm. long, in dense 
short spikes; pod sessile, oblong, pointed, coriaceous, erect, cordate-triangular in 
section, 9-13 mm. long. Plains, Minn, to the N. W, Terr,, Br. Col., Kans. and 
Colo. Also in northern Asia. June-July. 



552 FLORA. 

8. Astragalus Hypoglottis L. Purple Milk Vetch or Cock's-head. 
(I. F. f. 2132.) Slender, branched at the base, 1.5-6 dm. long. Stipules ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 17-25, oblong or elliptic, obtusish and 
generally emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, 6-15 mm. long; fl;owers 
violet-purple, 12-21 mm. long, in dense heads; pods membranous, sessile, ovoid- 
oblong, 9-11 mm. long. Kans. to Minn., Hudson Bay, Nev. and Alaska. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 

9. Astragalus Drummondii Dougl. Drummond's Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2133.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, rather stout. Stipules ovate, long-acuminate, 6-1 1 
mm. long; leaflets 19-33, oblong or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at 
the base, 11-21 ram. long; flowers yellowish- white or the keel purplish tinged, 17- 
19 mm. long, in loose spikes; pod distinctly stipitate, cartilaginous, linear, pend- 
ent, glabrous, grooved, about 5 cm. long ; calyx dark-pubescent above. Plains, 
Neb. to Manitoba, Wyo. and the N. W. Terr. June-July. 

10. Astragalus racemosus Pursh. Racemose Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2134,) Stem somewhat zigzag, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, mem- 
branous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 17-21, elliptic or linear-oblong, acutish or mucro- 
nate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers 17-19 mm. long, in loose racemes; pedicels 2-4 mm. 
long; pods linear-oblong, imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, 
acute at e ich end, glabrous, stipitate, broadly sulcate, pendent, about 2.5 cm. long. 
Plains, Neb. and Kans. to the N. W. Terr. June-July. 

11. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray. Two-grooved Milk Vetch. 
(I, F. f. 2135.) Rather stout, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute, 9-13 mm. long; leaflets 17-27, oval or oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the 
base, 17-25 mm. long; flowers 15-17 mm. long, in elongated narrow racemes; 
peduncles longer than the leaves ; pod linear, stipitate, deflexed, pointed, glabrous 
at maturity, membranous, 13-21 mm. long. Neb. and Colo, to Mont, and the N. 
W. Terr. June-Aug. 

12. Astragalus pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl. Narrow-leaved Milk Vetch. 
(I. F. f. 2136.) Ascending, 3-6 dm. high, finely canescent or glabrate. Stipules 
membranous, ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 9-11 mm. long; leaflets 11-21, 
narrowly linear, acute, 1.5-8 cm. long; flowers 16-25 mm. long, in loose spikes; 
standard much longer than the wings and keel; pod nearly terete, sessile, oblong, 
pointed, glabrous, not furrowed, keeled along the upper suture, 1 2- 1 7 mm. long. 
Plains, Neb. and Kans. to the N. W. Terr. June-Aug. 

13 Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. Low Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2137.) 
Silky-pubescent with white hairs; stems 2-8 cm. high. Stipules ovate, acumi- 
nate, 3-4 mm. long; leaflets 7-15, oval or oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronu- 
late, narrowed at the base, 11-17 mm. long; flowers 9-13 mm. long, in rather 
dense short spikes; peduncles sometimes very short; pod sessile, villous-pubescent, 
ovoid-oblong, somewhat inflated, pointed, dehiscent, keeled along the straight 
dorsal suture. Plains, Manitoba to Neb., Tex., Colo, and the N. W. Terr. June- 
July. 

Astragalus lotiflorus Nebraskensis Bates. Whole plant densely hirsute. Central 
Neb. 

14. Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Milk Vetch. (I. F. f, 
2138.) Densely silky-canescent, tufted, 5-13 cm. long. Stipules oVate-lanceolate, 
acute, 4-9 mm. long; leaflets 7-21, elliptic or obovate, obtuse but sometimes mu- 
cronate, 6-11 mm. long; flowers few, violet-purple, 11-19 mm. long in loose heads 
or short spikes; pod sessile, acute, oblong, pubescent, dehiscent, slightly keeled 
along the ventral suture, transversely wrinkled, about 2.5 cm. long. Plains, Neb. 
to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Mex. May-July. 

\^. Astragalus Shortianus Nutt. Short's Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2139.) 
Silvery canescent. Stipules ovate, acutish, about 4 mm. long; leaflets 9-15, 
elliptic or obovate, acutish, 11-19 mm. long; flowers blue or violet, 15-19 mm. 
long; pod sessile, dehiscent at maturity, lanceolate-ovoid, puberulent, transversely 
wrinkled, strongly curved at the summit, 2.5-4 cm. long. Plains, Neb. and Colo, 
to N. Mex. May-July. 

16 Astragalus gracilis Nutt. Slender Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2140.) 
Slender, finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute or acuminate, 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 553 

4-6 mm. long; leaflets 11-21, narrowly linear, distant, obtuse; flowers purple, 
6-8 mm. long, in narrow elongated racemes; pods sessile, pendent, straight, 
ellipsoid, appressed-pubescent with white hairs, especially on the ventral side, 
transversely veined, 4-6 mm. long. Prairies, Minn, to S. Dak., Mo., Colo, and 
Wyo. May-June. 

17. Astragalus microlobus A. Gray. Notched-leaved Milk Vetch. 
(I, F. f. 2 141.) Finely canescent, about 3 dm. high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, 3-4 mm. long; leaflets 7-17, linear or linear-oblong, truncate or emarginate, 
narrowed at the base, 9- 15 mm. long; flowers in loose spikes; peduncles often 
longer than the leaves ; pod sessile, ovoid or ellipsoid, reflexed, finely pubescent, 
transversely veined, flattened on the back, keeled along the ventral suture, 4-6 mm. 
long. Plains, Neb. to Mo. and Colo. Similar to A. gracilis. Summer. 

18. Astragalus flexuosus (Hook.) Dougl. Flexile Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2142.) Finely pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
4-6 mm. long; leaflets 9-21, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or emarginate, 
narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6-12 mm. long ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; 
flowers purplish, 9-11 mm. long ; pod sessile, cylindric, linear or linear-oblong, 
dehiscent, pointed, 16-25 mm. long. Plains, Minn, and Neb. to Colo, and the 
N. W. Terr. June-Aug. 

19. Astragalus distortus T. & G. Bent Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2143.) 
Sparingly pubescent or glabrate, diffuse or ascending; stems 2-4 dm. long. Leaf- 
lets 11-25, obovate or oval, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, 4-1 1 mm. long; flowers in loose short spikes; pod sessile, slightly inflated, 
linear-oblong, coriaceous, strongly curved, 2.5-4 cm. long. In dry soil, 111. to 
Iowa, Kans., W. Va., Miss, and Tex. March-July. 

20. Astragalus elegans (Hook.) Britton. Pretty Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2144.) Glabrous or finely strigose, erect or ascending, 2.5-5 dm. high. Stipules 
ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in elongated racemes; 
leaflets 9 17, oblong or linear-oblong, 16-20 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, pendent, 
slightly inflated, obtuse at each end, apiculate, black-pubescent all over, 5-8 mm. 
long. Quebec, Lab., the Saskatch. region and in the higher and northern Rocky 
Mts. June-Aug. 

21. Astragalus Bodini Sheldon. Bodin's Milk Vetch. Finely strigose ; 
stems 3-10 dm. long. Stipules ovate, acute ; flowers 8-10 mm. long in dense racemes ; 
calyx sparingly black-strigose; leaflets 11-15, oval, 8-15 mm. long, acute at both 
ends; pod ellipsoid, somewhat flattened on the dorsal side, finely black-strigose, 
obtuse, 7-10 mm. long. River valleys, from W. Neb. to Wyo. and Colo. June- 
Aug. 

22. Astragalus Robbinsii (Oakes) A. Gray. Robbins' Milk Vetch. (I. F. 
f. 2146.) Glabrous or nearly so, erect, slender, 2.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules ovate- 
oblong, membranous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 9-25, oblong, obtuse or slightly 
emarginate. 9-17 mm. long; flowers 6-1 1 mm. long in loose racemes; pod much 
flattened, oblong, short-stipitate, rather abruptly pointed at each end, membranous, 
finely blackish-pubescent, dehiscent, nearly straight, 18-25 rnm. long. In rocky 
places, Vt. and N. H. June-July. 

23. Astragalus alpinus L. Alpine Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2147.) As- 
cending or decumbent, 1.5-4 dm. high, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Stipules 
ovate, foliaceous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 13-25, oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse, 
6-12 mm. long; flowers violet, the keel commonly darker, in short racemes; pe- 
duncles mostly exceeding the leaves; pod membranous, stipitate, pendent, dehis- 
cent, rather densely black -pubescent, oblong, acute, somewhat inflated, about 13 
mm. long; calyx dark-pubescent. On rocks, N. N. Eng. to Newf. and Lab., west 
to Alaska and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe 
and Asia. June. 

24. PHACA L. 

Perennial herbs, similar to Astragalus, mosth' with pinnate leaves, and racemed 
or spicate purplish or purple flowers. Pod much inflated, membranous in texture, 
strictly i-celled, neither of the sutures intruded. [Greek, Lentils.] A large genus, 
mainly of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, numerous other species 
occur in the western parts of N. Am. 



554 FLORA. 

Leaflets 7-21, oblong, elliptic or ovate ; flowers white. 

Pod stalked ; flowers slender-pedicelled. 1, P, Americana. 

Pod sessile ; flowers short-pedicelled. 2. P. neglecta. 

Leaflet only i, or sometimes 3-5, very narrowly linear; flowers pink. 3, P. longifolia. 

1. Phaca Americana (Hook.) Rydberg. Arctic Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2148.) Erect, nearly simple, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules foliaceous, ovate- 
oblong, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets 7-17, 2-4 cm. long ; peduncles generally exceeding 
the leaves; flowers 16-19 ^""i^- long, in loose racemes ; pedicels filiform, 13 mm. 
long in fruit; pod stipitate, 21-25 i^'^^- long, acute at each end, oblong, dehiscent 
at maturity, glabrous, shining. In wet rocky places, Quebec and arctic Am. to 
Br. Col. and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 

2. Phaca neglecta T. & G. Cooper's Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2149.) Gla- 
brous or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 
9-21, thin, oblong or elliptic, often minutely pubescent beneath, 16-25 mm. long, 
obtuse or emarginate, narrowed at the base; flowers 11-15 mm. long, in loose 
spikes; calyx pubescent with blackish hairs, its teeth subulate ; pod sessile, the 
ventral suture somewhat intruded, ovoid, acute, glabrous, slightly furrowed along 
both sutures, 13-20 mm. long. On banks and shores, Quebec to Minn, and Iowa. 
June-July. 

3. Phaca longifolia (Pursh) Nutt. Long-leaved Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2150.) Erect, slender, finely canescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules subulate, rigid, 
those of the lower part of the stem connate; leaflet usually I, nearly terete, 2.5-10 
cm. long, sometimes 3 or 5; flowers few, 6-11 mm. long, in short loose racemes; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod short-stalked, spotted, glabrous, ovoid, 
short-pointed, not furrowed, about 2.5 cm. long. In sandy soil, Neb. to Kans. and 
N. Mex. Leaves persistent. May-June, 

25. HOMALOBUS Nutt. 

Perennial herbs, with pinnate simple or pinna tely 3-5 -foliolate leaves, and race- 
mose mostly small flowers, the peduncles short or elongated. Keel of the corolla 
obtuse; pod flat, glabrous or pubescent, completely i- celled, few-several-seeded, 
the sutures both prominent externally. [Greek, regular-lobes.] Besides the fol- 
lowing species, 'some 30 others occur in western N. Am. 

Plants leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 9-23, thin. 

Finely pubescent, blackening in drying ; pod straight. i. H. tenellus. 

Canescent, not blackening ; pod slightly curved. 2. H. aboriginum. 

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3-7, rigid, very narrow, spiny. 3. H. nionta?ius. 

Plant scapose ; leaves simple or pinnately 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets very narrow. 

4. H. caespitosus. 

1. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton. Loose-flowered Milk Vetch. 
(I. F. f. 215 1.) Finely pubescent or glabrate, 2.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules broadly 
ovate, 3-6 mm. long, the upper ones connate; leaflets oblong, linear-oblong or ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 13-21 mm. long; flowers yellowish- white, 
6-9 mm. long, in loose spike-like racemes; pod stalked, straight, oblong, acute at 
each end, papery, glabrous, 13-17 mm. long. Dry soil, S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, 
to Cal., the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. May-Aug. 

2. Homalobus aboriginum (Richards.) Rydberg. Indian Milk Vetch. (I. F. 
f. 2145.) Finely canescent, 2-5 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; 
leaflets 9-13, linear or oblong, 12-21 mm. long; flowers 9-11 mm. long, in rather 
loose racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves; pod compressed, oval in section, 
half-elliptic, long-stipitate, acute at each end; calyx blackish-pubescent, its teeth 
subulate. S. Dak. to Manitoba,. the N. W. Terr, and Colo. {^Astragalus aborigi- 
niun Richards.] May-June. 

3. Homalobus montanus (Nutt.) Britton. Prickly Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2152.) Densely tufted, intricately branched, 5-25 cm. high, finely canescent. 
Stipules linear-lanceolate, spiny-tipped, 4-11 mm. long; leaflets linear, widely 
spreading, 6-13 mm. long; flowers 1-4 together in the axils, nearly sessile, 
yellowish white or bluish-tinged, 4-6 mm. long; pod sessile or short-stalked, 
1-3-seeded, ovoid-oblong, acute, coriaceous, dehiscent, pubescent, 6-9 mm. long. 
In dry, rocky places, Neb. to N. Mex., Nev. and the N. W. Terr. June-Sept. 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 555 

'4. Homalobus caespitosus Nutt. Tufted Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2153.) 
Silvery-canescent, tufted from a deep root, 7-15 cm. high. Stipules scarious, im- 
bricated, lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; leaves simple, spatulate-linear, 
2.5-5 cm. long, or some of them 3-5-foliolate, with oblong-linear leaflets; peduncles 
scapiform; flowers purple, 9-11 mm. long, in short spike-like racemes; pod erect, 
sessile, few-seeded, oblong, acute, coriaceous, slightly curved, pubescent, 9-11 mm. 
long; calyx-teeth subulate. In dry rocky soil. Neb. and Colo, to the N. W. Terr. 
May -July. 

26. OROPHACA Britton. 

Perennial, silvery or villous-pubescent low tufted herbs, with branched woody 
caudices, deep roots, membranous scarious stipules, sheathing and united .below, 
and digitately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves, resembling those of Lupines. 
Flowers few, capitate or racemose, the clusters sessile or peduncled. Keel of the 
corolla blunt. Pod coriaceous, completely I -celled, ovoid or oval, few-seeded, 
villous, partly or wholly enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, mountain vetch.] Three 
known species, the following, and one in Colo, and Wyo. 

Flowers yellowish, 1-3 together in the axils. i. C. caespitosa. 

Flowers blue-purple, in peduncled racemes. 2. O, sericea, 

1. Orophaca caespitosa (Nutt.) Britton. Sessile-flowered Milk Vetch. 
(I. F. f. 2154.) Silvery-canescent, 5-10 cm. high. Stipules imbricated, glabrous, 
ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long; leaves digitately 3-5.foliolate, slender-petioled; 
leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 13-17 mm. long; 
flowers 13-17 mm. long, sessile; pod sessile, ovoid, acute or acuminate, coriace- 
ous, dehiscent, enclosed by the calyx, 4-6 mm. long. Plains, Kans, to S. Dak., 
Mont, and the N. W. Terr. May-July. 

2. Orophaca sericea (Nutt.) Britton. Hoary Milk Vetch. (I. F. f. 2155.) 
Villous-pubescent, spreading on the ground, the stems 8-10 cm. long. Leaves 
short-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed or cuneate at 
the base, 4-11 mm. long; peduncles 2-6-flowered; flowers about 6 mm. long; pod 
sessile, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, acute, about 6 mm. long, partly enclosed by the 
calyx. In dry, sandy or rocky places, Neb. and Colo. May-July. 

27. ARAGALLUS Neck. [Spiesia Neck.] 

Herbs, sometimes shrubby, and mostly acaulescent, with odd-pinnate leaves, 
and racemose or spicate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; 
standard erect, ovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel erect, shorter than or equalling 
the wings, its apex mucronate, acuminate or appendaged; stamens diadelphous; 
style filiform. Pod sessile or stipitate, 2-valved, i -celled, or more or less 2 -celled 
by the intrusion of the ventral suture. About 120 species of the north temperate 
zone. In addition to the following, some 11 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaves simply pinnate. 

Plants 2.5-10 cm. high ; heads few-flowered. 

Pods membranous, pubescent, much inflated, i-celled. i. A. inflatus. 
Pod coriaceous, ovoid, little inflated, pubescent, partly 2-celled. 

Calyx gray-pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, oblong. 2. A. multiceps. 

Calyx dark-pubescent; leaflets 7-21, linear. 3. A. arcticus. 
Plants 1.5-4.5 dm. high ; heads or spike-like racemes many-flowered. 
Flowers 17-19 mm. long; pods papery. 

Calyx black-hirsute; pod about i cm. long. 4, A. caiupestris. 

Calyx finely pubescent ; pod 15-20 mm. long. 5. A. JoJianncnsis. 
Flowers 19-30 mm. long ; pods coriaceous. 

Leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly silky. 6. A. Lambertii. 

Leaflets oblong or broadly lanceolate, densely silky. 7. A. scru-cus. 
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets verticillate. 

Pod scarcely longer than the calyx, its tip spreading. S. A. sf<leftdcns. 

Pod 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tip erect. 9. . /. Fcllii. 

I. Aragallus inflatus (Hook.) A. Nelson. Inflated Oxytrupe. (I. F. f. 
2156.) Acaulescent or nearly so, villous piflicscent. much tufted, 2-10 cm. high. 
Stipules membranous, imbricated, atlnate to the petiole, lanceolate, alxnit 4 turn, 
long; leaflets 9-21, linear, 4-8 mm. long, about 1 nun. wide, obtuse or obtusish: 



556 



FLORA. 



peduncles i-2-flowered, scarcely exceeding the leaves; flowers violet, 14-17 mm. 
long; calyx densely dark-pubescent; pod "i-celled, ovoid, short-stalked or sessile, 
about 18 mm. long, pointed; ventral- suture slightly intruded.. Lab. and arctic 
Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Summer. \_Spiesia inflata (Hook.) 
Britton. ] 

2. Aragallus multiceps (Nutt.) Heller. Tufted Oxytrope. (I. F. . f. 
2157.) Nearly acaulescent, tufted and matted, silky- canescent, 8 cm. high or less. 
Stipules membranous, acute, adnate to the petiole; leaflets oblong, 6-12 mm. 
long, 2-4 mm. wide; scape 1-3-flowered; flowers purple, nearly 2.5 cm. long; 
calyx slightly pubescent, its teeth short; pod short- stalked, coriaceous, about 
13 mm. long, acute, enclosed by the swollen calyx. W. Neb., Wyo. and Colo. 
Summer. [^Spiesia tnulticeps (Nutt. ) Kuntze.] 

3. Aragallus arcticus (R. Br.) Greene. Arctic Oxytrope. (I. F. f. 2158.) 
Acaulescent, tufted, villous-pubescent, 2-ig cm. high. Stipules membranous, 
lanceolate,' imbricated, pubescent ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtusish, 
4-6 mm. long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 2-5-flowered; flowers violet (?), 
13-21 mm. long ; pod coriaceous, little inflated, oblong -or ovoid-oblong, sessile, 
pubescent. Shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson Strait, and along the 
Arctic seacoast. Summer. [Spiesia ardica (R. Br.) Kuntze.] 

4. Aragallus campestris (L.) Greene. Yellow Oxytrope. (I. F. f. 
2159.) Acaulescent or nearly so, much tufted, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, 
I-3 dm. high. Stipules membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, imbricated, 6-9 mm. 
long; leaves 8-15 cm. long; leaflets 13-23, linear-lanceolate or oblong, rounded at 
the base, sessile, 8-13 mm. long; peduncles generally exceeding the leaves ; flow- 
ers several or numerous in short spikes, white, yellowish-white or blue; pods 
sessile, ovoid or oblong, blackish-pubescent, acuminate with the subulate style. In 
rocky places. Lab. and Hudson Strait. Also in Europe. Summer. All American 
specimens belong to the var. cartdea^ with bluish flowers. \^Spiesia campestris 
(L.) Kuntze.] 

5. Aragallus Johannensis (Fernald) Rydberg. St. John's Oxytrope. Like 
the preceding, but larger, 1.5-3.5 "^"i. high, sparingly silky, especially the large 
scarious stipules; leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 17-27, oblong or lanceolate, 2-3 cm. 
long; spike of about 12 rose-colored flowers, elongated, especially in fruit; pod 
sessile, cylindric, acute, sparingly white-silky; dorsal suture less intruded than 
in A. campestris. Gravelly beaches of St. John and other rivers of Me., N. B. and 
Quebec. June-July. \^Oxytropis campestris var. yohannensis Fernald.] 

6. Aragallus Lambertii (Pursh) Greene. Stemless Loco-weed or Crazy- 
weed. Colorado Loco-vetch. (I. F. f. 2160.) Sparingly silky-pubescent, 
acaulescent or nearly so. Stipules imbricated, membranous, pubescent, lanceo- 
late, acute or acuminate, 9-15 mm. long; leaves 10-23 cm. long; leaflets 9-19, 
17-19 mm. long ; peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers purple or purplish, 
seldom yellowish, in dense heads; pod incompletely 2-celled, sessile, erect, ovoid- 
cylindric, densely pubescent, long-acuminate, 13-21 mm. long, exceeding the 
calyx. Plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Tex. and N. Mex. April- 
Aug. {^Spiesia Lambertii (Pursh) Kuntze.] 

7. Aragallus sericeus (Nutt.) Greene. Silvery Loco-weed. Densely 
silky throughout, stout, acaulescent. Stipules membranous, very silky, broadly 
ovate, 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 9-17, 15-30 mm. long and 5-10 mm. wide; peduncles 
stout; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers pink purple; pod as in A. Lambertii, 
but larger and densely silky. W. Neb. to Utah, Ore. and Saskatch. June-Aug. 
YSpiesia Lambertii sericea (Nutt.) Rydberg.] 

8. Aragallus splendens (Dougl.) Greene. Showy Oxytrope. (I. F. f. 
2161.) Densely silvery and silky- villous, acaulescent. Stipules imbricated, mem- 
branous, villous-pubescent, lanceolate, acute, 9-13 mm. long ; leaves 1-2.5 ^^• 
long, erect; leaflets numerous, in verticils of 3-6, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute oracutish, 13-21 mm. long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, sometimes 3 dm. 
long; flowers deep purple, about 12 mm. long, in dense spikes; pods ovoid, erect, 
2-celled or nearly so, long- acuminate with a spreading or oblique tip, villous- 
pubescent, 13-19 mm. long. Plains, Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., 
Colo, and N. Mex. June-Aug. \^Spiesia splendens (Dougl.) Kuntze.) 

9. Aragallus Bellii (Britton) Greene. (I. F. f. 2162.) Acaulescent, loosely 



PA F I LION A CEA E. 557 

villous with white hairs. Stipules membranous, ovate or oblong, acute or acumi- 
nate, imbricated, 11-15 mm. long; leaves 7-15 cm. long; leaflets oblong or oblong 
lanceolate, subacute, rounded at the base, 6-9 mm. long, in verticils of 3 or 4; 
peduncles about equalling the leaves; inflorescence capitate; calyx black-pubes- 
cent; pod oblong, erect-spreading, densely pubescent with black hairs or some 
longer whitish ones intermixed, about 19 mm. long, very nearly or quite 2-celled 
by the intrusion of the ventral suture, the tip erect. Hudson Bay. Summer. 
{^Spiesla Bellii Britton.] 

28. GLYCYRRHIZA L. 

Perennial herbs, with thick sweet roots, odd-pinnate leaves, and spicate or 
capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Standard narrowly ovate or oblong, 
short-clawed; wings oblong, acutish; keel acute or obtuse, shorter than the wings. 
Stamens mainly diadelphous; anthers alternately smaller and larger. Pod ses- 
sile, covered with prickles or glands, nearly indehiscent, continuous between the 
seeds. [Greek, sweet-root.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate 
zone, southern S. Am. and Australia. The following is the only N. Am. species. 

I. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. Wild Liquorice. (T. F. f. 2163.) Erect, 
3-9 dm. high, the foliage with minute scales or dots. Stipules lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, 2-3 mm. long, deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets 11-19, lanceo- 
late or oblong, entire, very short-stalked, 2-3.5 C"^* long; peduncles axillary, 
shorter than the leaves; spikes many-flowered 2.5-5 cm. long ; flowers yellowish- 
white, 13 mm. long; calyx-teeth slender, longer than the tube; pod about 13 mm. 
long, few-seeded, oblong. Fort Erie, Ont. ; Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minn., 
Wash., Iowa, Mo., Chihuahua and Cal. May- Aug. 

29. coroni'lla l. 

Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and purple purplish or yellow flowers, in ped- 
uncled heads or umbels. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, the 2 upper more or less 
united. Petals clawed; standard nearly orbicular; wings oblong or obliquely obo- 
vate; keel incurved, beaked. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i) ; anthers all alike. 
Pod jointed. [Diminutive of corona^ crown.] About 25 species, natives of Eu- 
rope, Asia and northern Africa. 

I. Coronilla varia L. Coronilla. Axseed. Axwort. (I. F. f. 2164.) 
Perennial, straggling or ascending, glabrous, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves sessile; 
leaflets 11-25, oblong or obovate, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, 13-19 mm. 
long; peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers 9-13 mm. long, in dense umbels; 
standard pink; wings white or purple-tipped; pod coriaceous, linear, 4-angled, the 
joints 6-9 mm. long. Roadsides and waste places, Mass. to N. Y. and N. J. 
Adventive or nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 

30. HEDYSARUM L. 

Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary pedun- 
cled racemes. Calyx bracteolate, its teeth nearly equal. Standard ovate or 
obcordate, narrowed at the base ; wings oblong, shorter than the standard ; keel 
longer than the wings, obtuse, obliquely truncate. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). 
Pod flat, linear, its joints oval, orbicular or quadrate. [Greek, sweet-broom.] 
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and northern Africa. Be- 
sides the following, another occurs in northwestern N. Am. 

Calyx-teeth ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. i. H. Americanum. 

Calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate, long:er than the tube. 2. H. Mackenzii. 

I. Hedysarum Americanum (Michx.). Britton. PIedvsarum. (L F. f. 
2165.) Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1.5-7.5 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled ; 
stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4-17 mm. long ; leaflets 11-21, oblong or ob- 
lanceolate, olituse and often mucronulate, mostly rounded at the Ixise, 13-20 mm. 
long; racemes longer than the leaves ; flowers violet-purple, or sometimes white, 
numerous, deflexed, 15-20 mm. long, in loose elongated racemes ; pod 1.3-4 cm. 
long, drooping, of 3-5 oval or orbicular nearly glabrt)us strongl\ reticulatetl joints. 
In rocky places, northern N. Eng. to Newf., Alaska and Br. C(.)l., south in the 
Rocky Mts. to Utah and in the Black Hills. June-July. 



558 FLORA. 

2. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. Mackenzie's Hedysarum. (L F. f. 
2166.) Similar to the preceding, but usually minutely pubescent; stem 3-7.5 dm. 
high. Leaflets 11-19; flowers slightly larger, violet-purple, deflexed ; calyx-teeth 
longer than the tube, or equalling it; pod minutely pubescent, 3-8-jointed. Hud- 
son Bay (according to Macoun); N. W. Terr, to Alaska, south to Colo. Summer. 

31. AESCHYNOMENE L. 

Herbs, or in tropical regions shrubs, mainly with odd-pinnate leaves, and yel- 
low flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, more or less united into 
2 lips. Standard orbicular, short-clawed ; wings oblong or obliquely obovate, 
about as long as the standard ; keel curved. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 5) ; 
anthers all alike. Qvary stipitate ; ovules 2-00 . Pod stalked, flat, jointed. 
[Greek, to be ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaves.] About 55 species, in 
warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, I occurs in the Southern States. 

I. Aeschynomene Virgmica (L.) B. S. P. Sensitive Joint Vetch. (I. F. 
f. 2167.) Annual, rough-pubescent or glabrate, 6-15 dm. high. Stipules mem- 
branous, ovate, acuminate, 4-9 mm. long, deciduous; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- 
lets 25-55, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6-18 mm. long, some- 
what sensitive; flowers few, reddish-yellow, about 11 mm. long; petals veined; 
pod linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, sparingly tuberculate or glabrous, of 5-10 nearly square 
easily separable joints. River banks, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to La. 
Aug. -Sept. 

32. STYLOSANTHES Sw. 

Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves, 
and yellow terminal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube campanu- 
late, its teeth membranous, the 4 upper ones more or less united. Petals and sta- 
mens inserted at or near the summit of the tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong; 
keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers alternately longer and 
shorter. Ovary nearly sessile ; ovules 2 or 3 ; style filiform. Pod sessile, flattened, 
1-2 -jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, column-flower, alluding 
to the column-like calyx-tube.] About 25 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 

Leaves oblong-linear to oblanceolate ; floral bracts entire. i. .5". biflora. 

Leaves elliptic to obovate ; floral bracts deeply cleft. 2. S. 7'iparia. 

1. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B. S. P. Pencil-flower. (I. F. f. 2168.) 
Stems wiry, villous-pubescent or glabrate, 1.5-6 dm. long. Stipules sheathing, 
linear-filiform above; leaves short-petioled; leaflets acute or acutish and mucronate, 
12-36 mm. long, strongly veined, the terminal one stalked; flowers few, mainly 
terminal, sessile or nearly so, ciliate-bracted, 6-9 mm. long; pod obovate or subor- 
bicular. pubescent, about 4 mm. long, of i perfect and i abortive joint. In dry 
soil, N. Y. to Fla., Ind., Kans. and La. June-Sept. 

2. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. Decumbent Pencil-flower. (I. F. f. 
2168a.) Stems 1-3 cm. long, usually with a tomentose line on the elongated in- 
ternodes. Stipules subulate above; petioles pubescent; leaflets elliptic to obovate- 
cuneate, the terminal one 10-18 mm. long, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; spikes 
terminal, about .6-flowered, with only i or 2 perfect flowers; calyx-tube conspicu- 
ously veined; vexillum proportionately longer than in S. bijiora; upper segment of 
the pod nearly twuce as broad as in S. bijiora. In dry woods, Va. and W. Va. to 
Ala. and Tenn. May-Aug. 

33. ZORNIA Gmel. 
Herbs, with digitately 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate petioled leaves, the leaflets not 
stipellate, the stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow in our species, small, interrupt- 
edly spicate, large-bracted, sessile, rarely solitary, the spikes peduncled. Bracts 
2 together, nearly enclosing the flower. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Standard 
nearly orbicular, clawed; wings oblique; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous; 
anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary sessile; ovules several; style very 
slender. Foment flat, several-jointed. [In honor of Johann Zorn. a German 
apothecary.] About 12 species, all natives of America. Besides the following, 
another occurs in the Southwestern States. 



FA PI LION A CEA E. 559 

I. Zornia bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Zornia. (I. F. f. 2169.) Perennial by 
a long woody root, glabrous or sparingly finely pubescent; stems wiry, prostrate, 
3-6 dm. long. Stipules about 6 mm. long; petioles 12-25 mm. long; leaflets 4, 
oblong, lanceolate or oblong-obovate, acute at both ends, 12-25 "^"^- ^'^^g? o'' those 
of the lower leaves obtuse and shorter; peduncles longer than the petioles; spikes 
several-flowered, much interrupted in fruit, 5-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or broadly 
oval, acute or acutish; pod 3-5.jointed, the joints oval, 3-5 cm. long, densely 
spinulose. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Ela., Tex. and Mex. May- Aug. 

Arachis hypogaea L,, the Pea-nut is occasionally seen as a waif, not permanently 
established. 

34. MEIBOMIA Heist. 

Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with stipellate 3-foliolate or in 
some species i- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in racemes or pani- 
cles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less united into 2 lips, the upper one 
2-toothed, the 3 lower teeth acute or attenuate. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicu- 
lar, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely oblong; keel nearly 
straight, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all 
alike. Ovules 2-00 . Loment flat, several-jointed, the joints mainly coriaceous 
and pubescent or muricate, indehiscent or rarely partially dehiscent, readily 
separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom; died at Helmstadt, 1740.] About 
160 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, about 
20 others occur in the Southern and Southwestern States. 

* Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked; leaflets broad. 
Panicle arising from the base of the plant ; peduncle usually leafless, i. M. nndiflora. 
Panicle terminal; leaves crowded at its base. 2. M. grandiflora. 

leaves scattered along the stem. 3. M. pauciflora. 

* * Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above. 
t Stems trailing or rechning. 
Leaflets orbicular or nearly so. 

Leaflets 2.5 cm. long or less, glabrate, coriaceous. 4. M. arenicola. 

Leaflets 2.5-6 cm. long, thinnish, usually quite pubescent. 5. M. Michanxii. 

Leaflets ovate or oval. 

Corolla whitish ; leaves yellowish-green ; stipules broadly ovate. 

6, M. ochroleuca. 
Corolla purple ; leaves dull -green ; stipules subulate. 7. M. ^glabella. 

1 1 Stems erect or ascending. 
Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 8. M. sessilifolia. 

Leaves petioled. 

Leaflets narrowly linear ; joints of the loment usually concave on the back. 

9. M. stricta. 
Leaflets broad (except in M. panictilata Chapmani). 

1. Joints of the loment notably longer than broad. 

Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent, yellowish green. 10. M. canescens. 
Leaflets long-acuminate, scabrate above, slightly villous beneath. 

II. J/, longifolia. 
Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 12. M. bracieosa. 

2. Joints of the loment little longer than broad. 

(a) Loment distinctly long-stalked in the calyx. 

Plants glabrous or nearly so (except in M. paniculata piibens). 

Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 13. M. paniculata. 

Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, glaucous beneath. 

14. J/. laevigata. 
Plants pubescent or scabrous. 

Leaflets thick, coriaceous, villous and reticulated beneath. 

15. M. rliovibifolia. 
velvety-pubescent beneatli. 

16. M. r ir id i flora. 
Leaflets scarcelv coriaceous, a]ipressed-piibescent or villous beneath. 

17. M. Dilleiiii. 

(b) Loment sessile in the calyx or nearly so. 

Loment-joints 4-7 ; flowers numerous, showy. 

Leaflets coriaceous, strongly reticulated beneath. 

kS. .1/. lUtnontsis. 



560 FLORA. 

Leaflets not coriaceous, scarcely reticulated beneath ; loments 
numerous. 19. M. Canadensis. 

Loment-joints 1-3. 

Leaflets scabrous, 2-5 cm. long. 20. M. rigida. 

Leaflets not scabrous, 1-2 cm. long;. 

Plant nearly glabrous throughout. 21. M. Marylandica. 

Stem pubescent ; leaflets and petioles ciliate. 

22. M. obtusa. 

1. Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2170.) Slender, the leaves clustered at the summit of the sterile stems; 
peduncle leafless or rarely with I or 2 leaves; stipules subulate, deciduous; petioles 
2.5-10 cm. long; leaflets oval or ovate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, pale be- 
neath, 2.5-8 cm. long, the terminal one rhomboid, the others inequilateral; panicle 
narrow, few-flowered; flowers rose-purple, 6-1 1 mm. long; calyx-teeth obtuse, the 
lowest one largest; loment 2-3 -jointed, the joints longer than wide, straight or con- 
cave on the back, obliquely semi-rhomboidal, pubescent vi^ith uncinate hairs, the 
sutures glabrous. In dry vv^oods, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and La. July- Aug. 

2. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2171.) Erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 3-15 dm. high. Petioles 
6-12 mm. long; stipules subulate, generally persistent; leaflets ovate acuminate, 
5-15 cm. long, pubescent with scattered hairs; panicle ample; flowers large, rose- 
purple; loment 2-3-jointed; joints longer than wide, concave above, obliquely 
rounded below, uncinate-pubescent. In dry or rocky woods, Quebec to S. Dak., 
Fla., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. June -Sept. 

3. Meibomia pauciflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze, Few-flowered Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2172.) Decumbent or ascending, pubescent with scattered hairs, 3-9 dm. 
long. Stipules subulate, deciduous ; leaves alternate, distant, petioled ; leaflets 
ovate, pubescent, 2.5-8 cm. long, the terminal one rhomboid; racemes simple, few- 
flowered; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; corolla white (?), about 6 mm. long; loment i- 
4-jointed, the joints concave or straight on the back, obliquely rounded below, 
uncinate-pubescent. In woods, Ont. ?; W. N. Y. to Fla,, Ohio, Ark. and La. 
July-Aug. 

4. Meibomia arenicola Vail. Sand Tick-trefoil (1. F. f. 2173.) "De- 
cumbent or prostrate, pubescent or glabrate, slender, 3-6 dm. long. Stipules sub- 
ulate, persistent; petioles about 12 mm. long; leaflets ovate-orbicular, glabrous or 
nearly so, coriaceous, reticulate-veined ; racemes elongated, usually pubescent; 
flowers purple, 4-6 mm. long; pedicels slender; loment small, 2-4-jointed, the 
joints uncinate-pubescent, less convex above than below, 3-5 mm. long; stipe about 
equalling the calyx-lobes. In dry woods, Md. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 

5. Meibomia Michauxii Vail. Prostrate Tick trefoil. (I. F. f. 2174.) 
Prostrate, 6-18 dm. long, softly pubescent or densely villous. Stipules ovate or 
triangular-ovate, persistent, acuminate, somewhat cordate, ciliate; leaflets nearly 
orbicular; panicles loose; flowers purple, 6-1 1 mm. long; calyx-lobes ciliate; lo- 
ment 2.5 cm. long or more, 3-5-jointed; joints obliquely rhomboid below, slightly 
convex above, uncinate-pubescent; stipe equalling or longer than the calyx-lobes. 
Dry woods. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

6. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Cream- flowered Tick- 
trefoil. (I. F. f. 2175.) Procumbent or decumbent, hirsute, 3-9 dm. long. Stip- 
ules persistent, cordate; petioles 1.3-3.5 cm. long; leaflets recticulate- veined and 
somewhat scabrous beneath, 1.7-5 ^m. long, the terminal one rhomboid, the lateral 
obliquely ovate, smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes simple; loment 2-3-jointed, 
the joints slightly more convex below than above, twisted, oval, pale green, gla- 
brous except the uncinate pubescent sutures; stipe about as long as the calyx-lobes. 
In woodlands, N. J. to Ga. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 

7. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Trailing Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 
2176.) Procumbent, glabrous or nearly so; stem sometimes 2.4 m. long. Leaf- 
lets obtuse, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, pale beneath, 2.5-6 cm. long, 
the terminal one slightly rhomboid ; racemes panicled; loment 3-5-jointed, the joints 
obliquely semi-rhomboid, less convex above than below; stipe about 4 mm. long. 
In dry sandy woods, E. Mass. to N. ¥., Penn. and S. Car. Aug. -Sept. 

8. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil. 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 5 6 1 

(I. F. f. 2177.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, uncinate-pube scent. Stipules small, de- 
ciduous; leaflets obtuse at each end, nearly glabrous above, reticulate-veined and 
pubescent beneath, 2-8 cm. long; flov^^ers 4-6 mm. long; loment 1-3-jointed, the 
joints about 4 mm. long, obliquely obovate, hispid, somewhat twisted, less convex 
above than below; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. In dry soil, Mass., R. I. 
and Conn, to Mich., Ky., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 

9. Meibomia stricta (Purshj Kuntze. Stiff Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 2178.) 
Erect, slender, finely pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules subulate, deciduous; 
leaves petioled; leaflets obtuse, glabrous, thick, reticulate-veined, 2. 5-6, cm. long, 
about 6 mm. wide; flowers 2-4 mm. long; loment small, 1-3-jointed; joints semi- 
obovate or semi-rhomboid, uncinate-pubescent, about 4 mm. long; stipe about equal- 
ling the calyx-lobes. Pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 

10. Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 
2179.) Erect, densely pubescent, 1-1.7 m. high. Stipules ovate, acuminate, 
somewhat cordate, persistent; leaflets ovate, 1.5-10 cm. long, scabrous above, pu- 
bescent beneath, ciliate, the terminal one commonly rhomboid and larger than 
the lateral ones; racemes compound; flowers 4-5 mm. long; loment 4-6-jointed, 
joints longer than wide, unequally rhomboid, 9-13 mm. long; stipe about equalling 
the upper lobe of the calyx. In rich soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and Tex. 
July- Sept. 

Meibomia canescens hirsuta (Hook. ) Vail. Stem and branches more densely 
villous-pubescent ; leaflets narrower. Mo. 

11. Meibomia longifolia (T. & G.) Vail. Long-leaved Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2180.) Erect, 6-15 dm. high, the angled stems and panicle minutely pu- 
bescent. Stipules lanceolate-setaceous; leaflets 5-12 cm. long, lanceolate-ovate or 
ovate, scabrate above, lighter, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath; flowers 
showy, purple; loment 2.5-8 cm. long, 4-6-jointed, the joints triangular-oblong or 
lozenge- shaped, unicinate-pubescent throughout; stipe about the length of the 
calyx-lobes. In rich soil and low woods. 111. to La. and Ala. June-Sept. 

12. Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze, Large-bracted Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2181.) Erect, 9-18 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so below, the panicle 
finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, cuspidate, somewhat cordate; leaflets 
5-20 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers purple, 9-11 mm. long; bracts 
cuspidate, striate, deciduous; loment 2.5-8 cm. long, 3-7-jointed, the joints ob- 
liquely oblong, about twice as long as wide, uncinate-pubescent; stipe about the 
length of the lower calyx- lobes. In thickets, Me. to Ont., Fla., Mo. and Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

13. Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Panicled Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 
2182.) Erect, slender, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules small, subulate; leaflets oblong- 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm. long; racemes compound; flowers 
purple, 6-9 mm. long ; loment 2.5 cm. long or more, 4-6 jointed, the joints ob- 
liquely triangular or rhomboid, minutely uncinate-pubescent; stipe nearly equal- 
ling the lower lobes of the calyx. In dry soil, Ont. to Minn., Mass., Fla. and Tex. 
July-Sept. 

Meibomia panicuia,ta Chdpmani Britten. More slender; leaflets linear. Intermediate 
forms also occur. In dry, sandy soil, Va. to Fla., Ky. and Tex. 

Meibomia paniculilta pubens (T. & G.) Vail. Stems puberulent ; leaflets coriaceous 
when old, oblong--lanceolate, sometimes scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; loment- 
joints strongly angled on the back. In sandy soil, Va. to Fla., the Ind. Terr, and Tex. 

14. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Smooth Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 
2183.) Stem terete, glaucous, erect or ascending. 6-12 dm. high, glabrous; stipules 
subulate, deciduous; petioles 2.5-5 cm. long, leaflets ovate, acutish, the terminal 
one more or less rhomboid; racemes compound, slightly pubescent; bracts decid- 
uous; calyx scabrous; flowers pink, 11-13 mm. long; loment 3-4-jointed. the 
joints triangular, angled on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe^ 4-6 mm. long. 
In dry woods, S. N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

15. Meibomia rhombifolia (Ell.) Vail, RiioMn-LEAVKD Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2184.) Erect or ascending, 6-9 dm. high or more, uncinate pubescent. 
Stipules subulate, taper-pointed ; leaflets ovate, often mucronulate, scabrotis alxn-e, 
villous and reticulated beneath, 5-9 cm. long, the tcrnunal rhomboid, the lateral 



5^2 FLORA. 

ones often wanting; racemes elongated, usually leafless; bracts minute; loment 2- 
5 -jointed, the joints obliquely semi-rhomboid, rounded on the back, uncinate- pubes- 
cent; stipe often as long as the lowest joint. In sandy soil and pine lands, Va. to 
Fla., Ala. and La. May-Sept. 

16. Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. Velvet-leaved Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2185,) Erect, downy -pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules lanceolate, 
mainly deciduous; petioles 1-4 cm. long; leaflets broadly ovate, rough above, vel- 
vety-pubescent beneath, 3-9 cm. long, the terminal one somewhat rhomboid; ra- 
cemes compound, elongated, uncinate-pubescent; flowers purple, 6-g mm. long; 
loment 2-4-jointed, the joints semi -rhomboid, uncinate, about 4 mm. long; stipe 
about equalling the lower lobes of the calyx. Dry woods, E. Penn. and S. N. Y. 
to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

17. Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Dillen's Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 
2186.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stipules subulate, 
mainly deciduous; leaflets usually thin, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3-10 cm. long, 
sparingly pubescent or glabrous above, softly pubescent or villous beneath; racemes 
compound, loose; bracts small, deciduous; flowers 6-9 mm. long; loment 2-4- 
jointed, the joints nearly triangular, about 6 mm. long, somewhat convex on the 
back, uncinate-pubescent. Woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Va., Ky., Mo. and 
Tex. June-Sept. 

18. Meibomia Illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Illinois Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2187.) Erect, stout, 6-12 dm. high, uncinate-pubescent. Stipules ovate, 
acute, cordate, ciliate, pubescent, persistent; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
obtusish, scabrous above, reticulate veined and cinereous beneath, 2.5-9 cm. long; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate; flowers 6-9 mm. long; loments 1-2.5 cm. long, often 
in pairs, 3-6-jointed. the joints oval or orbicular, densely uncinate-pubescent. 
Prairies, 111. to S. Dak , Iowa and Kans. June-Sept, 

19. Meibomia Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Canadian or Showy Tick- 
trefoil. (I. F. f. 2188.) Erect, stout, pubescent, 6-24 dm. high. Stipules 
linear- lanceolate, mostly persistent; lower petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, the upper 
leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, appressed- 
pubescent beneath; racemes densely panicled; flowers 11-17 mm. long, con- 
spicuous, purple or bluish-purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate; calyx- 
lobes attenuate; loment about 2.5 cm. long, 3-5 -jointed; joints triangular, straight 
or convex on back, uncinate-pubescent. Thickets and river-banks, N. B. to 
Manitoba, N. Car., Mo. and the Ind. Terr. July-Sept. 

20. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. Rigid Tick-trefoil. (I. F. f. 2189.) 
Erect, rather rigid, finely uncinate-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Stipules small, lan- 
ceolate, deciduous; leaflets ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, scabrous above, pubes- 
cent, especially along the veins beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long; racemes compound; 
flowers 2-4 mm. long, purplish; loment-joints obliquely ovate, rounded on the 
back, uncinate-pubescent, about 3 mm. long. In dry soil, N. H. to Fla., Mich., 
Kans. and La. July-Oct. 

21. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Smooth Small-leaved Tick- 
trefoil. (I. F. f. 2190.) Erect or ascending, rarely with a few scattered hairs, 
6-9 dm. high. Stipules subulate; leaves crowded; leaflets 12-25 mm. long, ovate 
or nearly orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, the lateral often subcordate; racemes pani- 
cled; corolla purplish, 2-4 mm. long; loment-joints small, obliquely oval or semi- 
orbicular. In dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich, and La. July-Sept. 

22. Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Hairy Small-leaved Tick-trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2 191.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent. Stipules subulate, deciduous; 
leaves crowded; petioles ciliate, shorter than the leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate or 
oval, obtuse, somewhat coriaceous, more or less pubescent on both sides, ciliate, 
12-25 mm. long; racemes uncinate-pubescent; flowers 2-4 mm. long; loment-joints 
obliquely oval; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., 
Mich, and Tex. July-Oct. 

35. LESPEDEZA Michx. 

Herbs, often somewhat woody, with pinnately 3.foliolate leaves, small stipules, 
and small purple or whitish flowers in axillary clusters, heads or panicles. 
Flowers often of 2 kinds intermixed, the one petaliferous and mainly sterile, the 



PAPILIONACEAE. ' 563 

other minute, apetalous, abundantly fertile. Calyx lobes nearly equal. Standard 
in the petaliferous flowers obovate or oblong, clawed; wings oblong; keel incurved. 
Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or 
stipitate, i-ovuled. Pod ovate, oblong, oval or suborbicular, flat, indehiscent, 
reticulated, composed of a single joint, or rarely with a second stalk-like joint at 
the base. [Named for Lespedez, governor of Florida, patron of Michaux.] A 
genus of about 35 species, natives of eastern N. Am., Asia and Australia. 

1. Perennials; stipules and bracts subulate; calyx-lobes narrow. 

* Both petaliferous and apetalous flowers present ; cqrolla purple or purplish ; pod 

exserted. 

Peduncles slender and mostly exceeding the leaves. 
Petaliferous flowers capitate or spicate. 

Plants trailing or diffusely procumbent. 

Glabrous or appressed-pubescent. i. L. repens. 

Woolly or downy-pubescent. 2. L. procumbeits. 

Plants erect, rather stout, pubescent. 3. L. Nuttallii. 

Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate ; stem erect or ascending. 

4. L. violacea. 
Flower-clusters of both kinds sessile or nearly so. 
Leaflets oval, oblong or orbicular. 

Foliage densely downy-pubescent. 5. L. Stuvei. 

Foliage glabrate or appressed-pubescent. 6. L. frutescens. 

Leaflets linear or linear-oblong. 7. L. Virgintca. 

* * Flowers all complete; corolla whitish or yellowish; pod included or scarcely 

exserted. 

Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular. 

Peduncles' exceeding the leaves. 8. Z,. hirta. 

Peduncles shorter than the leaves. 9. L. capitata. 
Leaves linear or linear-oblong; peduncles elongated. 

Spikes densely flowered. 10. L. angustifolia. 

Spikes interrupted, loosely-flowered. 11. L. leptostachya. 

2. Annual ; stipules ovate ; calyx-lobes broad. 12. L. striata. 

1. Lespedeza repens {L.)Bart. Creeping Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 2192.) 
Glabrate or appressed-pubescent, tufted; stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. Petioles 
shorter than the leaves; stipules about 2 mm. long; leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse 
or refuse at the apex, 6-17 mm. long; inflorescence rather loose; corolla violet- 
purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod oval-orbicular, acute, finely pubescent, 3 mm. long. 
In dry or sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Lespedeza proclimbens Michx. Trailing Bush-clover. (L F. f. 
2193.) ■ Woolly or downy-pubescent, sometimes ascending, stouter than the pre- 
ceding species; stems 3-7.5 dm. long. Petioles commonly much shorter than the 
leaves; leaflets oval or elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, obtuse or refuse at the apex, 
rounded at the base, 11-25 mm. long; pecivmcles longer than the leaves, or the 
flowers sometimes all apetalous and nearly sessile; corolla violet-purple or pinkish- 
purple; pod oval-orbicular, acute, pubescent, 3 mm. long. In dry soil, N. H. to 
Fla., the Ind. Terr, and La. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. Nuttall's Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 2194.) 
More or less villous-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Petioles shorter than the leaves; 
leaflets oval, obovate or suborbicular, thickish, obtuse or emarginate, dark green 
and glabrous or nearly so above, villovis-pubescent beneath, 9 mm. -4 cm. long; in- 
florescence capitate or spicate, dense; flowers violet-purple, about 6 mm. long; pod 
oblong or oval, acuminate or acute at each end. very pubescent. 5-6 mm. k)ng. 
Dry soil, southern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Mich., Fla. and Kans. Aug.-Sopt. 

4. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 2195.) Spar- 
ingly pubescent, usually much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. long; 
leaflets oval, elliptic or elliplic-oblong, thin, obtuse or rotuse, roimded at the base, 
13 mm.-5 cm. Umg, appressed-pubescent beneath ; pedvmcles, at least the upper 
ones, longer than the leaves; inflorescence h^ose, paniculate; corolla violet-purple. 
6-H mm, long; pod ovate or oval, acute, finely and sparingly pubescent or gla- 



564 ■ FLORA. 

brate, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., Minn., Kans., La. and northern 
Mex. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Stuve's Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 2196.) Wand- 
like, velvety or downy pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. long; petioles 
commonly much shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or suborbicular, ob- 
tuse or retuse, 12-30 mm. long; flowers in nearly sessile axillary clusters; corolla 
violet-purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong to orbicular. 4-6 mm. long, downy- 
pubescent. Dry soil. Conn, to Va., Mich, and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 

Lespedeza Stuvei neglecta Britton. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, mu- 
cronulate. N. J. and Penn, to,N. Car., Ga., Mo, and Tex. 

6. Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton. Wand-like Bush-clover. (I. F. £ 
2197.) Finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. 
long; petioles equalling or shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or 
elliptic, obtuse, truncate or retuse, 12-38 mm. long, glabrous and dark green 
above, paler and pubescent beneath; flowers in short-stalked or nearly sessile axil- 
lary clusters, generally crowded toward the summit of the stem; corolla violet- 
purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent, about 4 mm. long. 
Dry soil, Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla., 111. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

7. Lespedeza Virginica (L.) Britton. Slender Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 
2198.) Slender, resembling the preceding. Leaflets linear or oblong-linear, 
12-38 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, truncate, finely pubescent beneath, or glabrate on 
both surfaces; clusters crowded in the upper axils; flowers violet-purple, 4-6 mm. 
long; pod ovate or oval-orbicular, 4 mm. long, pubescent, or nearly glabrous. 
Dry soil, Mass. to Ont., Minn., Kans., Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell- Hairy Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 2199.) Erect 
or ascending, villous or silky- pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules 2-5 mm. long; 
petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, or suborbicular, obtuse at each end, 
sometimes emarginate, 12 mm. -5 cm. long; peduncles elongated; heads oblong- 
cylindric, rather dense, 12-35 '^i^- loi^g; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish- 
white or the standard purple-spotted, about 6 mm. long; pod oval, acute, very 
pubescent, about equalling the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., 111., 
Minn, and La. Aug. -Oct. 

Lespedeza hirta oblongifolia Britton. Leaflets oblong, obtuse at each end, 1.8-3 
cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrate above, appressed-pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender ; 
spikes looser, 2.5-3.8 cm. long; calyx very pubescent. Pine barrens. Egg Harbor, 
N. J., and in the Southern States. 

9. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 
2200.) Stiff", mainly simple and wand-like, silky or silvery pubescent, 6-16 dm. 
high. Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oval, 2.5-3.8 cm. long; peduncles 
shorter than the leaves, or the dense globose-oblong heads sessile in the upper 
axils; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish-white, with a purple spot on the 
standard, 6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong, pubescent, about half as long as the calyx- 
lobes. Dry fields, Ont. and Me. to Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

Lespedeza capitata longifolia (DC.) T. & G. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear- 
oblong, sometimes i dm. long. 111. and Mo. 

10. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Narrow- leaved Bush clover. 
(I. F. f. 2201.) Erect, appressed-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves nearly sessile; 
leaflets linear or oblong-linear, rarely some of the lower ones lance-linear, 2.5-3 
cm. long, obtuse, truncate or acutish; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; 
flowers nearly as in the preceding; pod ovate-orbicular, shorter than the calyx- 
lobes. Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to Fla., Mich, and La. Aug.-Sept. 

11. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. Prairie Bush-clover. (I. F. f. 
2202.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, silvery-pubescent with appressed hairs. Petioles 
shorter than the leaves; leaflets linear, 2.5-3 cm. long; spikes slender, on ped- 
uncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; corolla as in the preceding; pod ovate, 
pubescent, about 3 mm. long, nearly equalling the calyx. Prairies, 111. to Iowa, 
Wis. and Minn. Aug.-Sept. 

12. Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Japan Clover. (I. F. f. 2203.) 
Diffuse or ascending, sparingly appressed-pubescent, 1.5-3 ^"^* ^^^?- Stipule? 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 565 

ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-4 mm. long; petioles much shorter than the leaves; 
leaflets oblong or oblong -obovate, 9-20 mm. long, obtuse, narrowed at the base; 
flowers I-3 together, sessile or nearly so in the axils; corolla pink or purple, about 
12 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate; pod oval, acute, exceeding the calyx-lobes. In 
fields, Va. to 111., Mo., Kans. and very common in the Southern States. Nat. 
from eastern Asia. July-Aug. 

36. viciA L. 

Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, with pinnate tendril-bearing leaves, 
half-sagittate or entire stipules, and axillary, mostly racemose, flowers. Calyx-tube 
somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base, its teeth about equal. Standard obovate or 
oblong, emarginate, clawed; wings obliquely oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong 
curved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or monadelphous below. Ovules 00 ; 
style very slender, with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod flat, dehiscent, 
2 valved, continuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.] 
About 120 species of wide distribution. In addition to the following, about 12 
others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Flowers racemed or spicate ; peduncles elongated. 
Indigenous perennials. 

Spike-like racemes dense, i-sided, 15-40-flowered. i. F. Cracca. 

Racemes loose, i-20-flowered. 
Flowers 1.5-2 cm. long. 

Leaflets elliptic, or ovate-oblong. 2. V. Americana. 

Leaflets narrowly linear ; western. 3,. V. linearis. 

Flowers 4-10 mm. long. 

Racemes 8-20-flowered ; flowers 9-1 1 mm. long, 4. V. Caroliniana. 
Racemes 1-6-flowered ; flowers 4-9 mm. long. 

Leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear, or those of the lower leaves oval or 

obovate. 5. V. micrantha. 

Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, all oval, elliptic or obovate. 

6. V. Ludoviciana. 
Introduced annuals ; flowers few, 4-6 mm. long. 

Pod glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 7. V. tetrasperma. 

Pod pubescent, 2-seeded. 8. V. hirsuta. 

Flowers sessile or very nearly so, few, axillary. / 

Flowers i or 2 in the axils ; annuals. 

Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate. 9. V. sativa. 

Leaflets, except those of lower leaves, linear or linear-oblong. 

10. V. angusti/olia. 
Flowers 2-6 in a short nearly sessile raceme; perennial. 11. V. Sepium. 

1. Vicia Cracca L. Tufted or Cow Vetch. Blue Vetch. (I. F. f. 
2204.) Finely pubescent or sometimes glabrate; stems weak, 6-12 dm. long. 
Stipules linear, acute, entire, 2-9 mm. long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 18-24, 
thin, linear or linear-oblong, mucronate, 1.7-2 cm. long; peduncles axillary, shorter 
than or equalling the leaves; racemes 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers bluish-purple, ii- 
13 mm. long, reflexed; claw of the vexillum about equalling its blade; pod short- 
stalked, glabrous, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, 5-8-seeded. In dry soil, Newf. to Br. Col., 
N. J., Ky. and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 

Vicia vill5sa Roth, a European species found by Dr. C. D. Fretz in eastern Penn- 
sylvania, differs from the above in having the claw of the standard half the length of its 
blade. 

2. Vicia Americana Muhl. American Vetch. Pea Vine. (I. F. f. 2205.) 
Glabrous, or with some appressed pubescence, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves nearly ses- 
sile; stipules broad, foliaceous, triangular-ovate, sharply toothed, 4-11 mm. long; 
leaflets 8-14, elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse or sometimes emarginate and nuicron- 
ulite, rounded at the base, 1.7-3.8 cm. long; peduncles usually shorter than the 
leaves; racemes 3-9 flowered; flowers bluish purple, 17-21 mm. long, spreading; 
pod short-stalked, glabrous, 2.5-3 cm. long, 4-7-seeded. In moist ground, N. B. 
to Manitoba, Br. Col., Va., Ky. and Nev.^ May-Aug. 

Vicia Americrina trunc:\ta (Nutt.) Brewer. Leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, trun- 
cate and dentate at the apex. Kans. to S. Dak., Cal. and Br. Col. 

3. Vicia linearis (Nutt.) Greene. Narrow-leaved American Vetch. 
(L F. f. 2206.) Glabrous or nearly so; stems often zigzag, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf- 



$66 FLORA. 

lets 4-7 pairs, narrowly linear to linear oblong, 1.8-3.5 ^m. long, rather thick, the 
apex not toothed, mucronate; stipules 4-9 mm. long, half-sagittate, acuminate, 
their bases prolonged, sometimes dentate; racemes 2-6-flowered; flowers purple or 
purplish, about 18 mm. long; pod about 2.5 cm. long, glabrous, =hort-stalked. In 
dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Br. Col., S. Dak., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. May-Aug. 

4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Vetch, (I. F. f. 2207.) Glabrous 
or nearly so, slender, 6-9 dm. long. Stipules linear or oblong, entire, 4-6 mm. 
long; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 8-18, oblong or linear-oblong, entire, obtuse or 
emarginate, or sometimes acutish and mucronate, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles equal- 
ling or shorter than the leaves; racemes 8-20-flowered; flowers nearly white, 9-II 
mm. long, the keel bluish-tipped; pod glabrous, 1.7-3 cm. long, short-stalked, 
5-8-seeded. Banks and cliffs, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ky. and Kans. May-July. 

5. Vicia micrantha Nutt. Small- flowered Vetch. (I. F. f. 2208.) Per- 
ennial (or sometimes annual?), glabrous; stems slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets 
2-5 pairs, narrowly linear to linear-oblong, thin, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, acutish or 
emarginate, or those of the lower leaves obovate, oval or even obcordate, usually 
shorter; peduncles 8-30 mm. long, i-2-flowered; flowers 4-6 mm. long, purplish; 
pod slightly pubescent or glabrous, about 2.5 cm. long, 6-12-seeded; seeds com- 
pressed. On prairies and in thickets. Mo. to Tenn., Ala. and Tex. April-May. 

6. Vicia Ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Vetch. (I. F. f. 2209.) Glabrous, 
or the young parts pubescent; stem rather stout, angled, 4-9 dm. long. Leaflets 
elliptic, oval or obovate, thin, 1.2-2 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate; stipules very 
narrow, rarely over 6 mm. long, linear or half-sagittate; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves, or about equalling them, i-6-flowered; flowers 6-g mm. long, bluish; 
pod 2.5 cm. long, or rather more, glabrous, 4-6-seeded, the seeds compressed. 
Kans. (?), Tex. and La. to Fla. April-May. 

7. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Slender Vetch. Smooth or Lentil 
Tare. (I. F. f. 2210.) Glabrous or nearly so, weak, slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
Stipules linear, long-auriculate; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 6-12, thin, linear or 
linear-oblong, commonly mucronulate, 12-17 mm. long; peduncles filiform, equal- 
ling or shorter than the leaves, 1-6- flowered; flowers pale, blue or purplish, 4-6 
mm. long; pod 8-13 mm. long. In meadows and waste places, N. S. and Ont. to 
Va. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

8. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Hairy Vetch or Tare. (I. F. f. 221 1.) Spar- 
ingly pubescent or glabrous, much resembling the preceding. Stipules linear, 
long-auriculate and sometimes toothed; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 12-14, oblong 
or linear, obtuse, emarginate or truncate, mucronulate, 8-17 mm. long, narrowed 
at the base; peduncles slender, mainly shorter than the leaves, 2-6-flowered; 
flowers pale purplish-blue, about 3 mm. long; pod 8-13 mm. long. In fields and 
waste places, Va. to Ohio, N. B. and Alberta. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

9. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch or Tare. Pebble-vetch. (I. F. f. 
2212.) Pubescent or glabrate, spreading, 3-9 dm. long. Stipules broad, generally 
sharply toothed; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 8-14, obovate, oblong or oblanceo- 
late, obtuse, truncate or retuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
1.8-3 cm. long; flowers bluish-purple, 1.8-2.5 cm. long; calyx-teeth about as long 
as the tube; pod linear-oblong, glabrous, 4-8 cm. long, 5-10-seeded. In fields and 
waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area, in the Southern States 
and on the Pacific Coast, Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. 

10. Vicia angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. (I. F. f. 2213.) 
Glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, 3-6 dm. long. Stipules mostly half-sagit- 
tate, toothed or entire; leaves short-petioled, or nearly sessile; leaflets 8-16, linear, 
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 9-35 mm. long, mucronulate, those of the lower leaves 
commonly obovate, broader and shorter; flowers i or 2 in the upper axils, purple, 
12-T7 mm. long; calyx-teeth as long as the tube or shorter; pod linear, glabrous, 
2.5-5 cm. long. Infields and waste places, N. S. to Fla. Nat. from Europe. April- 
July. 

11. Vicia Sepium L. Bush Vetch. Wild Tare. (I. F. f. 2214.) Per- 
ennial by stolons, minutely pubescent; stem slender, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves short- 
petioled, 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 10-18, ovate or oval, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, emarginate 
or truncate at the apex, mucronulate, thin; stipules half-sagittate, i cm. long or 
less; racemes 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers very short-pedicelled, pale purple, 1-2 cm. 



PAPILIONACEAE. 567 

long; calyx-teeth unequal, shorter than the tube; pod 2-3 cm. long, glabrous. 
Near Hamilton, Ont. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-July. 

Ervum Lens L., the Lentil, distinguished from all our species of Vicia by its elon- 
gated calyx-lobes and oval, 1-2-seeded pod, is collected occasionally as a waif. 

37. LATHYRUS L. 

Herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate mostly tendril-bearing leaves, 
and racemose or sometimes solitary flowers. Calyx oblique or gibbous at the base, its 
teeth nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than the lower; corolla nearly 
as in Vicia^ but commonly larger; stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or monadelphous 
below. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules generally numerous; style curved, flattened, 
hairy along its inner side; pod flat, or sometimes terete, 2-valved, dehiscent, con- 
tinuous between the seeds. [Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant. 
About no species, natives of the northern hemisphere and of S. Am. Besides the 
following, about 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Leaflets 3-7 pairs ; flowers purple. 

Stipules foliaceous ; plant of the seashore and the Great Lakes. i. L. maritimus. 
Stipules half-sagittate or small, or wanting ; inland plants. 
Plants chmbing or trailing ; stipules present ; pod sessile. 

Leaflets ovate or oval, large ; flowers 10-20. 2. L, venosus. 

Leaflets linear, oblong or oval, smaller ; flowers 2-6. 

Leaflets linear or linear-oblong ; stem winged. 3. L. palustris. 

Leaflets oblong or oval ; stem wingless. 4. L. myrtifolius. 

Plants mainly erect ; stipules often wanting ; pod stipitate. 

Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 5. L. decaphyllus. 

Leaflets linear. 6. L. omattis. 

Leaflets 3-5 pairs ; stipules foliaceous ; flowers yellowish- white. 7. L. ochroleucus. 

Leaflets i pair ; stipules foliaceous. 

Perennial ; introduced ; flowers yellow. 8. L. pratensis. 

Annual ; native western species ; flowers purple. 9. L, pusillus. 

1. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) BigeL Beach Pea. (I. F. f. 2215.) Peren- 
nial, glabrous or nearly so, slightly glaucous; stems angled, decumbent, 3-6 dm. 
long. Stipules ovate, half- hastate, acute, 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves nearly sessile; 
leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong, oval or obovate, obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, 
mainly narrowed at the base, somewhat larger than the stipules ; tendrils branched ; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; flowers 6-10, 18-25 i^rn. lorig; pod sessile, linear- 
oblong, nearly glabrous, veined, 4-8 cm. long. Beaches, N. J. to arctic Am., the 
Great Lakes, and on the Pacific coast. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 

2. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea. (I. F. f. 2216.) Finely pubescent 
or glabrous, perennial, 6-9 dm. long. Stems 4-angled; stipules lanceolate, half- 
sagittate, acute or acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; leaves petioled; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 
ovate or oval, mucronulate, often reticulated, mostly rounded at the base, 2.5-5 cm. 
long; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 12-16 mm. 
long; pod linear, sessile, glabrous, veined, 4-8 cm. long. River shores and banks, 
N. J. and Penn. to Ind., Assiniboia, Ga., La. and Kans. May-July. 

3. Lathyrus paliistris I- Marsh Vetchling. (I. F. f. 2217.) Perennial, 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stems slender, 3-6 dm. long; stipules half-sagit- 
tate, 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or 
obtusish and mucronate, 2.5-6 cm. long; tendrils branched; peduncles generally 
about equalling the leaves; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; pod linear, sessile, slightly 
pubescent or glabrous, 4-6 cm. long. In moist or wet grounds, Lab. to Alaska, 
Mass., N. Y., S. Dak. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 

4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. Myrtle-leaved Marsh Pea. (I. F. f. 
2218.) Perennial, usually glabrous; stems angled, 3-9 dm. long, weak. Stipules 
obliquely ovate or half-sagittate, 12-25 ^'''^"^' long, toothed ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, 
mostly 3 pairs, oval, oval-oblong or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at the base, 
1.8-5 cm. long, rather thin; tendrils branched; peduncles equalling the leaves or 
shorter. 3-9-flowered; flowers similar to those of the preceding; pod linear, glab- 
rous, sessile, 2.5-5 cm. long. \\\ moist or wet grounds, N. B. to Manitoba, N. 
Car. and Tenn. May-July. 

Lathyrus myrtifcMius macrdnthus White. Pubescent; stipules larger, often half as 
large as the leaflets; flowers 2-2.5 cm. long. Me. 



568 FLORA. 

5. Lathyrus decaphyllus Pursh. Prairie Vetchling (I. F. f. 2219.) 
Perennial, erect or ascending, glabrous or finely pubescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
Stems angled; stipules half-sagittate, acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; leaflets 3-7 pairs, 
mucronulate, narrowed at the base, thick, reticulated, 2.5-6 cm. long; stipules 
often wanting; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; 
pod linear, seeds with a narrow stalk and short hilum. Kans. (?); Idaho and 
Colo, to Ariz, and N. Mex. March-July. 

6. Lathyrus ornatus Nutt. Showy Vetchling. (I. F. f. 2220.) Closely 
resembling the preceding, but generally lower, often less than 3 dm. high. Stipules 
lanceolate or linear, 4-20 mm. long; leaflets narrow, acute and mucronate, 
9-25 mm. long; tendrils commonly wanting; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; pod linear; 
seeds with abroad stalk and long hilum. Ind. Terr, to Kans., S. Dak., Colo, and 
Utah. May-June. 

Lathyrus ornatus incanus Smith and Rydb. Plant densely villous-canescent. Neb. 
and Colo. 

7. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. (I. F. f. 
2221.) Perennial, glabrous, slightly glaucous; stem somewhat angled, climbing 
or trailing, 3-8 dm. long; stipules broad, half-ovate and half-cordate, 1.7-2.5 cm. 
long; leaves petioled; leaflets thin, pale beneath, ovate or broadly oval, rounded at 
the base, 2.5-5 cm. long; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
flowers 5-10, 15-18 mm. long; pod oblong-linear, sessile, glabrous, 2.5-5 cm. long. 
On river banks and hillsides, N. J. to Quebec and arctic Am., Iowa, Wyo. and Br. 
Col. May-July. 

8. Lathyrus pratensis L. Meadow Pea. Yellow Vetchling. (I. F. 
f. 2222.) Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, climbing or straggling, 3-9 
dm. long. Stems angled ; stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate, acuminate, 1.3-2.5 
cm. long; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, mucronulate, 2.5-4 
cm. long ; racemes exceeding the leaves; flowers 6-12, 12-17 J^"^- i<^ng; pods 
linear, glabrous, 2.5-4 cm. long. In waste places, Me., N. Y., Mass. and Ont. 
Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 

9. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Low Vetchling. Annual, glabrous; stem 
winged, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets i pair, linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute; 
stipules sagittate, 2 cm. long or more; peduncles elongated, 1-3-flowered; flowers 
purple, small; pod io-15-seeded. S. Car. to Miss., Kans. and Tex. Apr. -May. 

38. BRADBURYA Raf. 

Slender vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves (rarely 5-7-foliolate), persistent 
stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, its teeth or lobes nearly 
equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on the back near its base; clawed; 
wings obovate. curved; keel curved; stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and i); 
style incurved, bearded at the apex around the stigma; pod linear, flattened, nearly 
sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2-valved, the valves thick-edged, longi- 
tudinally finely nerved along their margins. [In honor of John Bradburv, who 
travelled in America early in the century.] About 30 species, natives of America. 
Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 

I. Bradburya Virginiana (L.) Kuntze. Spurred Butterfly-pea. (I. F. 
f. 2223.) Perennial, finely rough-pubescent, 6-12 dm. long. Stipules linear, 
acute; leaflets 3, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, stipellate, rounded at the base, retic- 
ulate-veined, 2.5-5 cm. long; peduncles about equalling the petioles, 1-4-flowered; 
bracts ovate, acute, finely striate; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; corolla violet; calyx- 
lobes linear; pod 10-13 cm. long, long-acuminate, its margins much thickened. 
Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., Ark., Tex. and tropical Am. July-Aug. 

39. CLITORIA L. 

Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (sometimes 
5-9-foliolate) leaves, persistent stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx tubular, 
5 -toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united; standard large, erect, retuse, nar- 
rowed at the base, not spurred; wings oblong, curved; keel acute, shorter than the 
wings; stamens more or less monadelphous ; anthers all alike; ovary stipitate ; style 



PAPILIONACEAE, 569 

elongated, incurved, hairy along the inner side ; pod stalked in the calyx, linear or 
linear-oblong, flattened, 2-valved, partly septate between the seeds. About 30 
species, natives of warm and temperate regions. The following is the only one 
known to inhabit N. Am. 

I. Clitoria Mariana L. Butterfly-pea. (I. F. f. 2224.) Erect or ascend- 
ing, sometimes twining, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute; leaflets stipellate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mu- 
cronate, 2.5-5 cm. long; peduncles short, 1-3-flowered; bracts lanceolate, striate, 
deciduous; flowers about 5 cm. long, very showy; calyx tubular, 12-17 mm. 'long, 
its teeth ovate, acute ; corolla pale blue; pods acute, about 2.5 cm. long. Dry 
soil, N. J., to Fla., Mo. and Tex. June-July. 

40. FALCATA Gmel. 

Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small white or violet 
flowers in axillary racemes, and also solitary apetalous fertile flowers in the lower 
axils or on the slender creeping branches from the base. Calyx of the petaliferous 
flowers tubular, 4-5 -toothed ; standard obovate, erect, folded around the other 
petals; wings oblong, curved, adherent to the incurved obtuse keel; stamens dia- 
delphous (9 and i); style filiform, not bearded; pods from the upper flowers linear- 
oblong, several-seeded, 2-valved, those from the lower obovoid, fleshy, mainly 
i-seeded. [Latin, referring to the curved keel of the corolla.] About 7 species, 
natives of N, Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Only the following in N. Am. 

Leaves thin ; bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. 1. F. compsa. 

Leaves firm ; bracts large ; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. P. Pit chert, 

1. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. Wild or Hog Pea-nut. (I. F. f. 2225.) 
Slender, 3-24 dm. long. Stipules oblong or ovate, 4 mm. long, striate; leaflets 
broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute, rounded at the base, 2.5-8 cm. long; ra- 
cemes of petaliferous flowers mainly simple ; bracts ovate, obtuse; flowers purplish 
or white, 12-15 '^™^' ^o^igl pedicels equalling or exceeding the bracts; pods of the 
petaliferous flowers about 2.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, pubescent, especially along 
the margins. Moist thickets, N. B. to Fla., Manitoba, Neb. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. Pitcher's Hog Pea-nut. (L F. f. 
2226.) Similar to the preceding, but generally stouter, villous-pubescent with 
reflexed brown hairs. Leaflets larger and thicker, sometimes I dm. long; pedicels 
mostly shorter than the nearly orbicular canescent bracts ; ovary and pods of the 
petaliferous flowers pubescent throughout; subterranean fruit less abundantly pro- 
duced than in F. comosa; calyx larger. Moist thickets, Mass. to western N. Y., 
S. Dak., Neb., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

41. APIOS Moench. 

Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, small stipules and 
rather large brownish-purple or red flowers, mainly in axillary racemes or panicles. 
Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth very small, the 2 upper 
united and short, the lower one long and acute. Standard ovate or orbicular, re- 
flexed. Wings obliquely obovate, adherent to the elongated incurved at length 
twisted keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary nearly sessile, ovules 00 ; 
style slender. Pod linear, straight or slightly curved, compressed, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Rootstocks usually tuberous. [Greek, pear, from the shape of the 
tubers.] Five known species, 2 of eastern N.- Am., 2 of China and i of the 
Himalayas. 

Standard suborbicular, rounded or retuse at the apex, i. A. Apios. 

Standard produced at apex into a thickened appendage. 2. A. Priceana. 

I. Apios Apios (L.) MacM. Ground-nut. (L F. f. 2227.) Slender, pu- 
bescent or glabrate. Stipu'es subulate, 2-4 mm. long, deciduous; leaves potioled; 
leaflets 5-7 (rarely 3), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, rounded at the 
base, 2.5-8 cm. long; racemes often compound ; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
flowers numerous, odorous, about 12 mm. long; rachisof tlie inflorescence knobby; 
pod pointed, 2.5-10 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide. In moist ground. N. B. to Fla., 
Ont., Minn., Kans. and La. Stem with milky juice; tubers edible. July-Sept. 



570 FLORA. 

2. Apio's Priceana Robinson. Price's Ground-nut. Ste-m soon glabrous. 
Stipules 6 mm. long. Leaflets 3-9 ; racemes dense, mostly 2 or 3 together in the 
axils; standard 2.5 cm. long; pods 12-15 cm. long. Root solitary. Ky. 

42. GALACTIA P. Br. 

Perennial vines (sometimes erect and shrubby), mainly with pinnately 3-folio- 
late leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and purple or violet axillary racemose 
flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as the tube. 
Standard orbicular or obovate. Wings narrow, obovate, adherent to the narrow, 
nearly straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and i). Ovary nearly 
sessile; ovules 00 ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear, straight or slightly 
curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy few-seeded pods are 
sometimes produced from subterranean apetalous flowers. [Greek, milk-yielding, 
many of the species having milky sap.] About 50 species, natives of warm and 
temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides the following about 15 
others occur in the Southern and Southwestern States. 

Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent. i. G. regularis. 

Finely downy-pubescent ; pods very downy. 2. G. volubilis. 

1. Galactia regularis (L.) B. S. P. Milk Pea. (I. F. f. 2228.) Prostrate; 
stems matted, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse and often 
emarginate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide; 
peduncles longer than the petioles and generally exceeding the leaves, erect, 4-10- 
flowered; flowers reddish purple, 12-17 nim. long; pods 2.5-4 cm. long, 4-7- 
seeded. In dry sandy soil, N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., Kans. and Miss. July-Aug. 

2. Galactia voliibilis (L.) Britton. Downy Milk Pea. (L F. f. 2229.) 
Similar to the preceding. Leaflets ovate, elliptic or oval, sometimes emarginate, 
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 11-25 "^"^- wide; racemes 
rather loose; flowers purplish, about 12 mm. long; pod 2.5-4 cm. long. In dry 
soil, N. Y. to Fla., Penn., Ky., Kans. and Tex. Jime-July. 

43. DOLICHOLUS Medik. 
[Rhvnchosia Lour.] 

Perennial twining trailing or erect herbs, with pinnately 1-3-foliolate leaves, 
and yellow mostly axillary and racemose flowers. Leaflets generally punctate with 
resinous dots, not stipellate ; calyx 4-5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped; standard obo- 
vate or orbicular, spreading or reflexed; wings narrow; keel incurved at the apex 
or falcate; stamens diadelphous (9 and i); ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2, rarely i; 
style filiform ; pod flat, oblong or obliquely orbicular, 2-valved, i-2-seeded. [Greek, 
diminutive of Dolichos.'\ About 100 species, natives of warm and temperate 
regions. In addition to the following, some 9 others occur in the Southern States. 

Leaflets 3. 

Stem twining or trailing. 

Racemes shorter than the leaves ; flowers 6-8 mm. long. i. D. tomentosus. 
Racemes longer than the leaves ; flowers about 12 mm. long. 

2. D. latifolius. 
Stem erect, 3-7.5 dm. high. 3, D. erectus. 

Leaflet solitary, very broad ; plant low, erect, 8-23 cm. high. 4. D. simplicifoHus. 

1. Dolicholus tomentosus (L.) Vail. Twining Dolicholus. (I. F. f. 
2230.) Pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-9 dm. long. Stipules ovate, acute, 
sometimes wanting; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets 3, or the lowest leaves 
i-foliolate, ovate, orbicular or broader than long, obtuse but generally pointed, 2.5- 
5 cm. long ; racemes short-peduncled or sessile, 2-8-flowered ; flowers 6-8 mm. 
long; calyx deeply 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong, acute, pubescent, 
16-19 "^^- loiig- I^ d^y sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. May-July. 

2. Dolicholus latifolius (Nutt.) Vail. Prairie Dolicholus. (I. F. f. 2231.) 
Softly pubescent; stem angled, sometimes 1.5 m. long. Stipules lanceolate or 
wanting; petioles 2.5-8 cm. long; leaflets broadly ovate or somewhat rhomboid, 
or the end one orbicular, 2.5-8 cm. long, mostly obtuse; racemes elongated, some- 
times 3 dm. long in fruit, many-flowered; calyx about 12 mm. long, deeply parted, 



PA PI LION A CEA E. 5 7 ^ 

the segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla little longer than the calyx; 
pod oblong, acute, very pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long. In dry soil, Mo. to La. 
and Tex. May-June. 

3. Dolicholus erectus (Walt.) Vail. Erect Dolicholus. (I. F. f. 2232.) 
Erect, velvety-pubescent or tomentose, 3-8 dm. high. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate ; petioles shorter than or equalling the leaves ; leaflets oval, ovate or 
slightly obovate, thick, densely tomentose, especially beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long; 
racemes 5-15-flow^ered, sessile or short-peduncled; flowers 6-10 mm. long; pod 
oblong, 12-17 mm. long. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., Tenn. and La. May-Sept. 

4. Dolicholus simplicifolius (Walt.) Vail. Round-leaved Dolicholus. 
(L F. f. 2233.) Simple, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; petioles 
shorter than or exceeding the leaves; leaflet orbicular or broader, thick, obtuse, 
slightly cordate at the base, 2.5-3 cm. long (leaflets rarely 3, the lateral ones 
ovate); racemes rather densely flowered, peduncled; flowers 6-10 mm. long; pod 
as in the preceding. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to La. May-July. 

44. PHASEOLUS L- 

Vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary race- 
mose flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or less united. 
Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; wings mainly 
obovate; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). 
Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral; ovary sessile or nearly so; 
ovules 00 . Pod linear, 2-valved, several-seeded, tipped with the persistent style. 
Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis thickened at the bases of the pedicels. 
[Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] About 170 species, of warm and temperate 
regions. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in the Southern States. 

I. Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) B.S.P. Wild Bean or Bean Vine. 
(I. F. f. 2234.) Perennial, finely pubescent, 1.2-4 m. ^orig- Stipules lanceolate, 
deciduous; leaflets broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or acuminate, rounded 
at the base, 5-10 cm. long, the terminal one often slightly cordate; racemes 
peduncled, 1-3 dm. long, narrow, loosely flowered ; pedicels minutely bracted at the 
base; corolla purple, about 8 mm. long; pods stalked, drooping, somewhat curved, 
flat, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6-seeded, glabrous or nearly so; seeds chocolate-brown, 
6-8 mm. long. In thickets, Canada (Torrey and Gray); Conn, to Fla., Minn., 
Neb. and La. July-Sept. 

45. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. 

Herbaceous vines, rarely erect, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and 
pink-purple or nearly white flowers capitate at the ends of long axillary peduncles. 
Calyx as in Phaseolus. Standard nearly orbicular; wings mostly obovate; keel 
strongly curved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Style longitudinally bearded, 
bent. Pod linear, usually straight, few-several-seeded, tipped by the persistent 
style. Seeds truncate at the ends, more or less pubescent or mealy. [Greek, bent 
style.] An American genus, of about 6 species. 

Leaflets mainly lobed, 2-5 cm. long; pod 5-8 cm. long-. i. S. helvola. 
Leaflets mainly entire, 1-4 cm. long ; pod 2-5 cm. long. 

Flowers several, about 12 mm. long; root perennial. 2. S. iimbeUata. 

Flowers few, about 6 mm. long ; root annual. 3. ..9. pauciflora. 

1. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Trailing Wild Bean. (I. F. f. 
2235.) Prostrate or low-twining, rather rough-pubescent, 6-16 dm. long, rarely 
erect, and 2.5-5 ^"^- ^^ig^^- Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 
broadly ovate, rounded at the base, thickish; peduncles axillary, exceeding the 
petioles; flowers 3-10, sessile; corolla greenish purple, 9-12 mm. long: keel 
slender, curved; pod slightly pubescent; seeds oblong, pubescent. In sandy soil, 
Quebec to Fla., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. July-Oct. 

Strophostyles ht51voIa Missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britton. Climbing in troes to a 
height of 6-10 m. Leaflets larger, usually entire; seeds larger. Said to bloom later. 
Mo. and Kans. 

2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Pink Wild Bean. (I. F. f. 
2236.) Stems trailing, more or less pubescent with I'etrorse hairs. 3-15 dm. long. 



572 FLORA. 

Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long ; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oblong, spar- 
ingly pubescent, entire, or rarely with I or 2 shallow lobes; peduncles generally 
much longer than the leaves; flowers several, pink, fading yellowish, similar to 
those of the preceding; pod straight, little compressed, sparingly pubescent; seeds 
mealy-pubescent. In sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Ind. and La. July-Sept. 

3. Strophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) S. Wats. Small Wild Bean. (I. F, f. 
2237.) Stems finely ■ retrorsely hirsute, low- climbing or trailing, 3-7 dm. long. 
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 mm. long; leaflets lanceolate or linear-oblong, ob- 
tuse, entire; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 2-6, purplish; pod flat, about 
2.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, pubescent; seeds purple, glabrous and shining at 
maturity. Along rivers, Ind. to S. Dak., Miss., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

46. VIGNA Savi. 

Herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipulate 
leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long axillary peduncles, 
yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme knotty, the bracts and 
bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5 -toothed, or the 2 upper teeth united. Standard 
nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings shorter than the standard; keel about 
equalling the standard, slightly incurved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary 
sessile; ovules numerous; style bearded along the inner side. Pod linear, nearly 
terete, 2-valved. [In honor of Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus.j 
About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following an- 
other occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Vigna Sinensis (L.) Endl. Cow Pea. China Bean. Black-eyed 
Bean. (I. F. f. 2238.) Annual; stem striate. Stipules ovate or ovate lanceolate, 
acuminate, prolonged backward, 6-20 mm. long; terminal leaflet rhombic-ovate, 
5-15 cm. long, often about as wide, long- stalked; lateral leaflets very obliquely 
ovate and inequilateral, short- stalked; flowers few, yellowish, 1.6-2 cm. long; pod 
fleshy, 1-2 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, nearly straight. Escaped from cultivation. 
Mo. to Tex. and Ga. Native of Asia. July -Sept. 



Order 19. GERANIALES. 

Dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs- or trees, usually with petals, and these 
separate (more or less united in Polygalaceae, wanting in most Euphorb- 
iaceae, in Callitrichaceae, and in some species of Xaiithoxyhim in Ruta- 
ceae) ; sepals mostly distinct ; stamens few, rarely more than twice as 
many as the sepals, opposite them when as many ; ovary superior, com- 
pound ; ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. 

Stamens more than one; land plants. 

Flowers regular or nearly so ; petals present, usually as many as the sepals. 
Herbs, the leaves not punctate; flowers perfect. 
Leaves not pinnately compound. 

Capsule at length splitting- into its 5 carpels; leaves lobed or dissected. 

Fam. I. Geraniaceae. 
Capsule 2-5-celled, not splitting into its carpels. 

Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals; leaves 3-foliolate in our 

species. Fam. 2. Oxalidaceae. 

Stamens as many as the petals ; leaves entire. Fam. 3. Lmaceae. 

Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 4. Zygophyllaceae. 

Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate ; flowers 

dicEcious or polygamous. 

Leaves punctate. Fam. 5. Rutaceae. 

Leaves not punctate, the bitter bark with oil-sacs. Fam. 6. Simarnbaceae. 

Flowers very irregular ; petals 3; stamens usually 8 ; herbs. Fam. 7. Polygalaceae. 

Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious; carpels mostly 3; herbs or 

low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 8. Euphorbiaceae. 

Stamen only i; perianth none; styles 2; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with 

opposite entire leaves. Fam. 9. Callitrichaceae 



GERA NIA CEA E. 573 

Family i. GERANlACEAE J. St. Hil. 
Geranium Family. 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clus- 
tered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5 
(rarely fewer), mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogy- 
nous. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct, 
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i, usually 5-lobed and 3-celled , ovules 
I or 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Embryo straight or curved ; 
cotyledons flat or plicate. About 10 genera and 450 species, natives of 
temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa. 

Anthers 10, rarely 5 ; carpel-tails not hairy inside. i. Geranium. 

Anthers 5 ; carpel-tails bearded inside. 2. Erodttan, 

1. GERANIUM L. 

Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary 1-2- 
flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, 5- merous. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, 
hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer and 5 shopter. 
Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules 2 in each 
cavity. Capsule elastically dehiscent, the 5 cavities i-seeded and long tailed by 
the persistent style-divisions which are naked on the inner side. [Greek, a crane, 
from the long beak of the fruit.] About 170 species, widely distributed in temper- 
ate regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western N. Am. 

Perennial ; flowers 2.5 cm. broad or more. 1, G. maculatum. 

Annuals or biennials ; flowers 4-12 mm. broad. 

Leaves 3-divided ; segments pinnatifid, thin. 2. G. Robertianum. 

Leaves pedately lobed or dissected. 

Peduncles i-flowered. ' 3. G. Sibiricum. 

Peduncles 2-flowered. 

Peduncles longer than the leaves ; carpels smooth. 4. G. columbtnum. 
Peduncles short; carpels rugose or hairy. 
Seeds reticulated or pitted. 

Glandular-pubescent with long white hairs. 5. G. rotundtfolium 
Pubescent with short hairs; leaves deeply lobed. 

Flowers pale purple ; seeds minutely reticulated. 
Beak short-pointed; inflorescence compact. 

6. G. Carolinianum. 
Beak long-pointed; infloresence loose. 

7. G. Bicknellii. 
Flowers deep purple; seeds pitted. 8. G. dissectum. 

Seeds smooth or nearly so. 

Stamens 5; carpels hairy, not rugose. 9. G. pusillum. 

Stamens 10 ; carpels glabrate, rugose. 10. G. molle. 

* 

1. Geranium maculatum L. Wild or Spotted Crane's-bill. Alum- 
root. (L F. f. 2239.) Pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs, 3-6 dm. high. 
Basal leaves 7.5-15 cm. wide, deeply 3-5 -parted, the divisions obovate, cuneate, 
variously toothed and cleft; stem-leaves 2, similar to the basal ones; peduncles 
1-5, elongated; ultimate pedicels 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers rose-purple; sepals awn- 
pointed, villous, ciliate; petals woolly at the base; beak of the fruit 2.5-3.75 cm. 
long; carpels pubescent; seed reticulate. In woods, Newf. to Manitoba. Neb., 
Ga., Ala. and Kans. . April-July. 

Geranium pratense L., the nieadow geranium of Europe, is reported as escaped 
from cultivation in Quebec and N. B. It differs from the preceding by its blue-purple 
flowers and narrower lobes of the leaf-segments. 

2. Geranium Robertianum L. Herb Robert. Red Robin. (I. F. f. 
2240.) Glandular-villous, weak, extensively branching, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, heavy - 
scented. Leaves ovate orbicular; peduncles slender. 2-tlowcred, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; 
pedicels divaricate, 1.25 cm. long; sepals acuminate and awn-pointed; flowers 
red-purple, about 12 mm. broad; petals narrow-clawed; beak of the fruit about 



574 FLORA. 

2.5 cm. long, awn-pointed, nearly glabrous; carpels nearly glabrous, slightly 
wrinkled; seed smooth. In rocky woods, rarely in sandy places, N. S. to Mani- 
toba, N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and Africa. May-Oct. 

3. Geranium Sibiricum L. Siberian Crane's-bill. (I. F. f. 2241.) Vil- 
lous pubescent, freely branched, 3-13 dm. high. Leaves deeply 3-5-parted, 
5-6 cm. broad, nearly orbicular, or cordate -reniform, the divisions oval lanceolate, 
cleft or toothed; peduncles slender, 5-7.5 cm. long, 2-bracted near the middle; 
flowers nearly white, 6-8 mm. broad; sepals oval, awned; beak of the fruit 
canescent, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, tipped with a short prolongation; lobes of the capsule 
puberulent or hairy; seed minutely reticulate. Along roadsides in the northern 
part of N. V. City; also found at Cambridge, Mass., and in 111. Adventive from 
Asia. Some of the pedicels are rarely 2-flowered. June-Sept. 

4. Geranium columbinum L. Long-stalked Crane's-bill. (L F. f. 
2242.) Slender, slightly hispid-pubescent with whitish appressed hairs. Leaves 
2.5-3.75 cm. in diameter, deeply 5-9-divided into narrow, variously cleft seg- 
ments ; petioles very slender ; peduncles slender, longer than the upper leaves; 
pedicels 2.5-7.5 cm, long; flowers purple, about 8 mm. broad; sepals ovate, awn- 
pointed, enlarging in fruit; petals notched; capsule-lobes nearly glabrous, keeled, 
not rugose; beak 1.2-2 cm. long, hispid; seeds deeply pitted. In fields and along 
roadsides, N. J., Penn., Md. and Va. Also in S. Dak. Nat. or adventive from 
Europe. May-July. 

5. Geranium rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Crane's-bill. (I. F. f. 
2243.) Often tufted, 1.5-4 dm. high, much branched, softly pubescent with spread- 
ing white purple-tipped hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-4 cm. wide, cleft 
about to the middle into 5-9 obtuse broad lobes, which are 3-5 -toothed; petioles 
slender; flowers purple, 4-6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, or oval, short-pointed, some- 
what shorter than the entire obovate petals; ovary and capsule-lobes hairy, not 
wrinkled; beak pubescent, about 1.2 cm, long, tipped by a short awn. In waste 
places, Mich., and in ballast about N. Y. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

6. Geranium Carolinianum L. Carolina Crane's-bill. (L F. f. 2244.) 
Erect, generally branched, stout, 1.5-4 dm. high, loosely pubescent with spreading 
often glandular gray hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide, deeply 
cleft into 5-9 oblong or obovate cuneate toothed or lobed segments; peduncles 
rather short and stout; flowers in compact clusters, pale pink or whitish, 8-14 mm. 
broad; sepals ovate, ciliate, about equalling the obovate emarginate petals; ovary- 
lobes hispid-pubescent; persistent filaments not longer than the carpels ; beak nearly 
2.5 cm. long. In barren soil, N. Eng. and Ont. to Br. Col., Fla. and Mex. Also 
in Bermuda. April-Aug. 

7. Geranium Bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's Crane's-bill. (I. F. f. 2245.) 
Similar to the preceding, but taller, the stems usually more slender, loosely pubes- 
cent. Leaves somewhat angulate, the segments oblong or linear-oblong, mostly 
narrower; peduncles slender, the inflorescence loose; sepals lanceolate; ovary-lobes 
pubescent; persistent filaments longer than the carpels; beak about 2,5 cm. long, 
its tip 4-6 mm. long. N. S. to W. Ont., Br. Col., Mont, and S. N. Y. May-Sept. 

8. Geranium dissectum L. Cut-leaved Crane's-bill. (L F, f. 2246.) 
Closely related to the two preceding species, but smaller in every way, more slender, ' 
the branches decumbent or ascending; leaves seldom more than 3.75 cm. wide, 
deeply cleft into narrower segments; inflorescence loose; peduncles short; flowers 
purple, about 6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, awned, equalling or slightly longer than 
the notched petals ; capsule-lobes and beak pubescent. In waste places and in 
ballast, N. Y. and N. J. Also in the Northwest. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 

9. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. (I. F. f. 
2247.) Widely branching, slender, pubescent or villous, 1-4.5 dm. long. Leaves 
petioled. reniform orbicular, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide, deeply divided into 7-9 oblong, 
or sometimes linear-oblong, entire or 3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles short, 6- 
18 mm. long; pedicels 6-24 mm. long; sepals acute, awnless; flowers pale purple. 
6-10 mm. broad; petals notched; capsule-lobes hairy, keeled, not wrinkled; beak 
about I cm. long, canescent. In waste places, S. N. Eng. to N. J., Ohio, Ont., 
Neb., Wyo. and Br. Col. Adventive from Europe. May-Sept. 

10. Geranium molle L. Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. (I. F. f. 2248.) 
Resembling the preceding species, but more villous, the leaves nearly orbicular 



OXALIDACEAE, 575 

and not as deeply cleft, generally only to just below the middle, into 7-1 1 obovate 
or cuneate lobes, which are 3-5 -toothed at the apex; flowers dark-purple, 6-10 mm. 
broad; sepals obtusish, not awned; capsule-lobes distinctly marked with trans- 
verse wrinkles; beak about I cm. long, sparingly pubescent. In waste places, 
Me. to Penn., N. Y., Ohio and Ont. Also in Wash, and Vancouver. Fugitive 
from Europe. May-Sept. 

2. ERODIUM L'Her. 

Herbs, generally with jointed nodes, opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and 
axillary umbellate nearly regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals, 5, hy- 
pogynous, imbricated, the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5. Anther-bearing 
stamens 5, alternating with as many sterile filaments. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, 
beaked by the united styles, the beak terminating in 5 stigmas; ovules 2 in each 
cavity. Capsule-lobes i-seeded, the styles elastically dehiscent and coiled spirally 
at maturity, villous-bearded on the inner side. Seeds not reticulate. [Greek, a 
heron, from the resemblance of the truit to its beak and bill.] About 60 species, 
widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. There are three native species 
in the southwest; several exotic ones have been collected on ballast at tlie seaports. 

I. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Hemlock Stork's-bill or Heron's- 
BILL. Alfilaria. (I. F. f. 2249.) Annual, tufted, villous-pubescent, somewhat 
viscid, I-5-3 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 7.5-18 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
wide, pinnate, the segments finely pinnatifid; peduncles generally longer than the 
leaves, umbellately 2-12-flowered; flowers purple or pink, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals 
acute, villous, about equalling the entire petals; carpels hairy; beak 1.25-3.75 cm. 
long, its divisions spirally coiled when ripe. Waste places and fields, N. S., Ont., 
N. J., N. Eng., Penn. and Mich., and very abundant from Tex. to Ore. Adven- 
tive from Europe, in our area. A common weed in the Old World. April-Sept. 

Erodium mosch^tum Willd., reported from Ont., Mass. and Me., has much broader 
serrate or incised leaf-segments. 

Family 2. OXALIDACEAE LindL* 
Wood-sorrel Fafuzly. 

Leafy-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, often with 
rootstocks or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3- 
foliolate, in some exotic species pinnate, or entire and peltate ; stipules 
commonly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases ; leaflets 
mostly obcordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes, or 
sometimes solitary ; peduncles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. 
Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovary 5-celled. 
5-lobed; styles united, or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity ; fruit 
a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely baccate. Embryo 
straight, in fleshy endosperm. About 7 genera and 280 species, chiefly 
of tropical distribution. 

I. OXALIS L. 

Annual or perennial, caulescent or acaulescent, often bulbous herbs, with alter- 
nate, mostly digitately compound leaves (3-foliolate in our species) and axillary, 
i-several-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, often heterogonous. Sepals 5, 
imbricated. Petals 5. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter, 
all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 5, sepa- 
rate, persistent, stigmas terminal. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 2 or 
more in each cavity, anatropolis, with a loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat. 
[Greek, sour, from the acid juice.] About 250 species, mostly natives of warm or 
tropical regions. Besides the following, some lO others occur in the Southern and 
Western States. 

* Contributed by Dr. John K. Small. 



57^ FLORA. 

Acaulescent ; flowers white, pink or rose-purple. 

Scape i-flowered ; flower pink, rarely white ; capsule subglobose. i. O. Acetosella. 
Scape several-flowered J flowers rose-purple, or rarely white; capsule ovoid. 

2. O. violacea. 
Caulescent ; flowers yellow. 

Cymes umbel-like ; pedicels reflexed or deflexed at maturity. 
Pedicels pubescent with appressed hairs. 

Stems or branches creeping ; introduced species. 3. O. corniculata. 

Stems erect, or if decumbent, not creeping ; native species. 

Stems pubescent with appressed hairs. 4. O. stricta. 

Stems pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous. 

Cymes maturing several or all the flowers at about the same time, 
not accompanied by drooping buds. 
Leaflets, or most of them, less than i cm. wide; stems copi- 
ously leafy. 5. O.filipes. 
Leaflets, or most of them, over i cm. wide ; stems sparingly 
leafy. 6. O. Brittoniae. 
Cymes maturing i or 2 flowers at a time, these accompanied by 
several drooping buds. 7. O. Bushii. 
Pedicels pubescent with spreading hairs. 

Foliage, especially the leaves, bright green. 

Styles recurved ; petals not ciliate. 8. O. recurva. 

Styles erect ; petals ciliate. 9. O. Priceae. 

Foliage, especially the leaves, reddish purple. 10. O. rufa. 

Cymes dichotomous ; pedicels erect or spreading. 

Leaflets not discolored, green or reddish purple; petals 8-10 mm. long. 
Foliage, especially the leaves, reddish purple; stems often glabrous. 

10. O, rufa. 
Foliage, especially, the leaves, green; stems pubescent. 

Pedicels pubescent with appressed hairs. 6. O. Brittoniae. 

Pedicels pubescent with spreading hairs. 11. O. cymosa. 

Leaflets discolored, the margins brownish ; petals 12-16 mm. long. 

12. O. grandis. 

1. Oxalis Acetosella L. White or True Wood-sorrel. Alleluia. (I. 
F. f. 2250. ) Rootstock scaly, elongated. Foliage pubescent with scattered brown- 
ish hairs; petioles jointed and dilated at the base; leaflets obcordate, wider than 
long; scapes 5-15 cm. high; flowers broadly campanulate, about 1.25 cm. long; 
sepals obtusish; petals veined with deep pink, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; cap- 
sule subglobose, 2-4 mm. in diameter, glabrous; seeds ovoid, longitudinally 
grooved. In cold damp woods, N. S. to Manitoba, the mountains of N. Car. and 
the shore of Lake Superior. Also in Europe, Asia, and N. Africa. Cleistogene 
flowers are borne on recurved scapes at the base of the plant. May-July. 

2. Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood-sorrel. (I. F. f. 2251.) Bulb brown- 
ish, with ciliate scales. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; leaves about 2.5-3 cm. 
wide; leaflets obcordate, minutely reticulated, the midrib sometimes sparingly 
hairy; scapes 1-3 dm. high; pedicels slender; flowers 1.6-2 cm. long, heterog- 
onous; sepals obtuse; petals lighter toward the base, obtuse or truncate, 3 times as 
long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long; seeds flattened, rugose-tuberculate. 
In woods, northern N. Eng. to Minn, and the Rocky Mts., south to Fla. and N. 
Mex. Also apparently the same plant in the Andes of Bolivia. May-June. 

3. Oxalis corniculata L. Yellow Procumbent Wood-sorrel. (I. F. f. 
2252.) Pubescent with appressed hairs or nearly glabrous, deep green, freely 
branching from the base; stem 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the branches diffuse, mainly pro- 
cumbent and often creeping. Leaflets about 8-12 mm. wide; petioles dilated at 
the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules ; peduncles 1-3-flowered; flowers 
5-10 mm. wide; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed; capsule oblong, 1-1.5 cm, 
long; appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely ridged. In ballast 
about the Eastern seaports, and frequently growing on the ground in greenhouses. 
Tex. and throughout tropical Am. Recently found in Ont. Occurs also in warm 
and tropical regions of the Old World. Feb. -Nov. 

4. Oxalis stricta L. Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel. (I. F. f. 2254.) 
P^oliage pale green. Stfem commonly branched at the base, the branches spread- 
ing, 1-3 dm. long; leaves 1.8-3.7 cm. broad; leaflets coarsely cellular, sensitive, 
drooping when touched; petiole-bases narrowly dilated ; flowers fragrant; peduncles 



ox A LID A CEA E. 577 

3-15 cm. long; sepals linear or lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, ciliolate, erect or 
ascending; petals 8-10 mm. long, commonly reddish at the base; capsule colum- 
nar, 16-30 mm. long; seeds fully i mm. long, with interrupted transverse ridges. 
In woods and fields, N. S. to N. Dak. and Colo., south to Fla. and Tex. Intro- 
duced into Europe as a weed. April-Oct. 

5. Oxalis filipes Small. Slender Yellow Wood-sorrel. (I. F. £ 2253.) 
Foliage deep green. Stem wiry, usually very leafy, 0.5-2 dm. high; leaves 6-12 
mm. wide, not stipulate, or the stipules very narrow; leaflets with unequal sides; ped- 
uncles filiform, 2-3 -flowered; pedicels very slender, recurved when mature; sepals 
oblong- lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs at the apex; petals 4-8 
mm. long, emarginate; capsule 8-12 mm. long, gradually narrowed, often curved; 
seeds i mm. long, with continuous ridges. In woods, Va. and W. Va. to Tenn., 
south to Ga. Plant smaller than the next preceding species. May-Aug. 

6. Oxalis Brittoniae Small, n. sp. Foliage bright green. Stem slender, 
sparingly leafy, 1-4 dm. tall, often branched; leaves mostly 1-2 cm.' broad; pet- 
ioles filiform, sparingly villous; leaflets broader than long, nearly glabrous; ped- 
uncles about twice as long as their subtending petioles; cymes dichotomous or the 
primary branches suppressed, thus more umbel-like; sepals elliptic to narrowly 
oblong, about 3 mm, long; corolla light yellow, 1-1.5 cm. wide; filaments glabrous; 
styles glabrous; capsules columnar, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds i mm. long, 
sharply ridged. In woods and fields, N. Y. to N. Car. and Tenn. Type from 
Staten Island, N, Y. May-July. 

7. Oxalis Biishii Small. Bush's Wood-sorrel. Foliage bright green. 
Stems erect, 0.5-2 dm. tall, often simple; leaves few; petioles especially pubescent 
near the base; leaflets with rounded lobes, strigillose; peduncles slender, nearly 
erect, usually solitary, conspicuously overtopping the leaves, glabrous or nearly so 
except near the base; cymes umbel-like; sepals oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse; 
corolla light yellow, 9-12 mm. broad ; filaments much dilated at the base; styles 
slightly pubescent. In dry soil, Penn., Mo. and Ark. May-June. 

8. Oxalis recurva Ell. Large-flowered Wood-sorrel. (I. F. f. 2255.) 
Foliage villous. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, often woody at the base; leaves 1-2 cm. 
broad; leaflets often glaucescent; petioles filiform, slightly dilated at the base; 
flowers bright yellow, I or 2 opening at a time; sepals oblong, about 4.5-6 mm. 
long, obtuse, nearly erect; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad; petals slightly notched; cap- 
sule columnar, 10-15 mm. long, ^lender; seeds fully i mm. long, with broken 
transverse ridges. In rocky or sandy places. Mo. to N. Car. and Ala. April- Aug. 

9. Oxalis Priceae Small. Price's Wood-sorrel. Foliage deep green. 
Stems early decumbent, I-3 dm. long; leaves often numerous; leaflets pale or 
glaucescent beneath, ciliate; peduncles sometimes slightly longer than the petioles; 
sepals linear or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, pubescent at the base and tip; corolla 
deep chrome-yellow, 1.4-2 cm. broad; petals pubescent without; styles copiously 
villous; capsules stout, columnar, 10-15 mm. long. On rocky hillsides and in open 
woods, Ky. Summer and fall. 

10. Oxalis rufa Small, n. sp. Red Wood-sorrel. Foliage reddish-purple. 
Stems early branched at the base and decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, sometimes glauces- 
cent; leaves numerous, commonly, clustered; leaflets sometimes pale along the 
midrib; peduncles glabrous or villous, usually surpassing the leaves; cymes di- 
chotomous or the primary branches suppressed, thus umbel-like; sepals oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 ™™^- loi^g*» corolla light yeUow, 6-10 cm. broad; petals 
glabrous, sometimes erose at the apex; capsules gradually narrowed, 8- 12 mm. 
long, usually pubescent with glandular hairs. In woods, Mass. to N. Y., Ga. and 
Tenn. Type from New York Botanical Garden. April-Sept. 

11. Oxalis cymosa Small. Tall Yellow Wood-sorrel. (I. F. f. 2256.) 
Foliage bright green. Stem 1.5-11 dm. high, branched above, often villous; 
leaves 1.8-3 cm. broad; leaflets broader than long, sharply notched; petiole-bases 
scarcely dilated; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, more or less villous; sepals lanceolate or 
narrowly elliptic, 4-6 mm. long; corolla bright yellow, 8-10 mm. broad; petals ob- 
tuse or emarginate; capsule columnar, 10-16 mm, long, gradually narrowed to the 
summit; seeds almost 1.5 mm. long, with nearly coiitinuous ridges. In woods and 
fields, Ont. to Mich., Fla., Neb. and Tex. May-Oct. 

12. Oxalis grandis Small, Great Yellow Woch)-s\irrel, (I. F. f. 



57^ FLORA. 

2257.) Foliage bright green. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, simple or nearly so; leaves 
3.5-8 cm. broad; leaflets with brown margins more or less ciliate; petioles villous, 
hardly dilated at the base; pedicels 1-1.4 long; sepals ovate or oblong, 4-6 mm. 
long, often ciliate at the apex; corolla deep yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals 
rounded at the apex; capsule ovoid or ovoid-oblong; seeds 2 mm. long, with 
prominent broken transverse ridges. On river banks, Penn. to 111., N. Car. and 
Ala. May-Aug. 

Family 3. LIN ACE AE Dumort. 
Flax Family, 

Herbs, or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers. 

Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. 
Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, 
generally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the 
petals ; filaments monadelphous at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. 
Ovary i, 2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. 
Styles 2-5. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, oily ; en- 
dosperm little or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat. Four known 
genera and about 150 species of wide distribution. 

I. LINUM L. 

Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with sessile leaves, and perfect flowers. 
Inflorescence cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands, or want- 
ing. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, sometimes with interspersed 
staminodia. Ovary 4-5 -celled, or 8-io-celled by false partitions, the real cavities 
2-ovuled. Capsule 5-10-valved. [The classical Latin name.] About 90 species, 
natives of temperate or warm regions. In addition to the following some 17 others 
occur in the southern and western U. S. 

* Flowers blue. 
Annual ; introduced ; capsule about as long as the calyx. i. L. usitatissimum. 

Perennial ; western ; capsule much exceeding- the calyx. 2. L. Lewisii. 

* * Flowers yellow^. 
Capsules 2-3 mm. long. 

Leaves and bracts entire. 

Stem nearly terete, corymbosely branched; usually only the lowest leaves 
opposite. 

Leaves thin, oblong or oblanceolate, spreading. 3. L. Viy-gtnianum. 
Leaves firm, appressed-ascending. 

Capsule depressed-globose, 2 mm. high. 4. L. viediu77i. 

Capsule ovoid, 3 mm. high. 5. L. Floridanum. 

Stem angled, racemosely branched ; leaves below the branches mostly all 
opposite. 6. L. stria tJim. 

Upper leaves and bracts glandular-ciliate. 7. L. sulcatum. 

Capsules 4-5 mm. long. 8. L. rigiduni. 

* ** Flow^ers white, small, -long-pedicelled. 

9. L. catharticum. 

1. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax. Linseed. (I. F. f. 2258.) Often 
tufted, branching above, 3-5 dm. high; leaves alternate, 3 -nerved, lanceolate, 
1.25-3.75 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle; 
flowers 1. 2-1.6 cm. broad; pedicels slender; sepals oval, acuminate, the interior 
ones ciliate and 3-ribbed; petals obcuneate, crenulate, twice the length of the 
sepals; capsule ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. long, indehiscent, the septa not ciliate. 
Along roadsides, and in waste places, fugitive from cultivation. Summer. 

Linum humile Mill., variously regarded by authors as a distinct species or a variety 
or form of the Common Flax, may be distinguished by its dehiscent capsule with ciliate 
septa. It is rarely met with in our area in similar situations. Both have been culti- 
vated since prehistoric times for their fibre and oil. Their origin is unknown. 

2. Linum Lewisii Pursh. Lewis' Wild Flax. (I. F. f. 2259.) Perennial, 
3-6 dm. high, glaucous, densely tufted, simple up to the cymose inflorescence. 



LINACEAE. 579 

Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, 6-40 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, acute or acutish, 
3-5 -nerved; flowers 2.5-3.75 cm. broad; sepals oval, mainly obtuse, one-third or 
one-fourth the length of the petals; stigmas shorter .than the styles; capsule 
broadly ovoid, obtuse, dehiscent, the septa ciliate. Plains, Manitoba to S. Dak., 
Kans., Tex., Ariz., Utah and Alaska. Summer. 

3. Linum Virginianum L. Wild or Slender Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 
2260.) Perennial by suckers, rather dark green, corymbose-paniculate above, 
3-6 dm. high. Stem and branches slender, not stiff; flowering branches ascend- 
ing or sometimes weak and recurved; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, I -nerved, 
1.2-2.6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, or the lower opposite and spatulate, 
obtuse; pedicels filiform, the lower 4-12 mm. long, longer than the calyx; flowers 
6-8 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, not ciliate, about equalling the depressed- 
globose lO-celled capsule. In shaded situations, N. Eng. to Ga. June-Aug. 

4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton. Stiff Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 2261.) 
Perennial by suckers; stems erect, striate, stiff, corymbosely branched above, the 
branches erect-ascending both in flower and in fruit; leaves appressed-ascending, 
the lowest commonly spatulate and opposite, the others lanceolate to linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, 8-24 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; pedicels 1-6 mm. long, the lower rarely 
longer than the calyx; sepals ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, about equalling the 
capsule. In dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mo. and Tex. June-Aug. 

5. Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Florida Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 
2262.) Perennial; stem stiff, 4.5-7.5 dm. high, corymbosely branched above, the 
branches erect-ascending, slightly angled. Leaves acute, the lowest mostly oppo- 
site, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, the others linear-lanceolate, appressed-as- 
cending, alternate, 1-2 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; fruiting branches erect-ascending; 
fruiting pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the calyx, or the lowest ones 
slightly longer; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, about equalling the capsule; 
capsule ovoid, about 3 mm. long; petals twice as long as the calyx. 111. (accord- 
ing to Trelease); Fla. to La. June-Aug. 

6. Linum striatum Walt. Ridged Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 2263.) Per- 
ennial, racemosely branched, light green and somewhat viscid. Leaves usually 
opposite nearly up to the inflorescence, oblong; branches of the panicle short and 
divergent; flowers small, often clustered; capsule subglobose, usually rather longer 
than the sepals. In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground, Ont. to Conn., Fla., 
Ky.; Ark. and Tex. Summer. 

7. Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 2264.) 
Annual, 3-6 dm. high. Stem wing-angled and grooved, at least above; leaves 
alternate, lanceolate or linear, 1.6-2.4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 3-nerved, the 
lower glabrous; sepals glandular-ciliate; stipules a pair of small globose dark- 
colored glands; flowers racemose or corymbose, about 1.2 cm. broad; pedicels 2-8 
mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, slightly longer than the ovoid, acute, incom- 
pletely lo-celled pod; styles separate above the middle; septa of the capsule ciliate. 
In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, Conn., Ga., Kans. and Texas. Summer. 

8. Linum rigidum Pursh. Large-flowered Yellow Flax. (I. F. f. 
2265.) Perennial (?), 1.5-4 dm. high, glaucous, glabrous or puberulent. Branches 
stiff, angular; leaves erect, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8-24 mm. long, 1-2 mm. 
wide, acute or mucronate, the upper ones glandular-serrulate or ciliate; stipular 
glands minute, globose, sometimes wanting; flowers yellow, 1. 8-3 cm. broad; sep- 
als lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed, glandular-serrulate; petals cuneate-obovate, 
twice the length of the sepals; styles separate only at the summit; capsule ovoid, 
5-valved, shorter than the sepals. Prairies, S. Dak. to Manitoba, Mo., Tex.. N. 
Mex., Ariz, and Mex. Summer. 

9. Linum catharticum L. Dwarf or Cathartic Flax. (I. F. f. 2266.) 
Annual, slender, 7.5-20 cm. high. Leaves opposite, sessile, oval or somewhat 
obovate, entire, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, on long slender erect or 
ascending pedicels; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate; pod 
small, glolx)se. Along a low sandy seashore, Pictou, N. S. Apparently nat. from 
Europe. July-Aug. 



580 FLORA, 



Family 4. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 

Caltrop Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often 
jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3- 
foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axil- 
lary, peduncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. 
Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the 
petals, or 2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the 
alternate ones sometimes longer ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehis- 
cent ; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. 
Ovary 4-1 2-celled ; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules i-nu- 
merous in each cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruit various, dry in our 
species. About 20 genera and 1 50 species, widely distributed in warm 
and tropical regions. 

Fruit spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. i. Tribidiis. 

Fruit not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i-seeded segments. 2. Kallstroemia. 

I. TRffiULUS L. 

Herbs, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow flowers. 
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones some- 
what longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style short; 
stigma 5-ridged; ovules 3-5 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5 -angled, spiny, 
splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged, Caltrop, from the 
resemblance of the fruit to that implement.] About 12 species, of warm and 
tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southwestern States. 

I. Tribulus terrestris L. Ground Bur-nut. Land Caltrop. (I. F. f. 
2267.) Pubescent, the stem prostrate or ascending, sometimes 3 dm. long or more. 
Leaves petioled; stipules small; leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong, inequilateral, opposite, 
short- stalked, 6-16 mm. long; flowers solitary, about 1.2 cm. broad, peduncled; 
petals oblong, about as long as the sepals ; segments of the fruit usually with 2 long 
spines, 2 shorter ones, and a row of very short ones forming a crest on the back, 
also commonly with some bristle-like hairs. In ballast and waste places about the 
Eastern seaports, and in central Neb. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. 

Mostly annual pubescent herbs, with opposite stipules, evenly pinnate leaves, 
and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals usually 5. Petals the 
same number, obovate or oblanceolate, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the 
petals. Ovary sessile, 10-12 celled; ovule i in each cavity, pendulous; style long, 
or short, 10-12 grooved, persistent; stigma mostly iO-i2-ridged. Fruit 10— 12- 
lobed, not spiny, often tuberculed. splitting into 10-12 i -seeded segments. [In 
honor of Kallstroem.] About 10 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical 
regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the Southern and Western States. 

I. Kallstroemia maxima (L.) T. & G. Greater Caltrop. (I. F. f. 
2268.) Branches slender, prostrate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled ; 
stipules subulate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval or oblong, inequilateral, rounded or sub- 
cordate at the base, 8-20 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1.2-5 cm. long in fruit; 
flowers 2.5 cm. broad, or less; sepals linear-lanceolate, very pubescent, persistent, 
shorter than the petals ; fruit ovoid-conic, about 6 mm. in diameter, about as long 
as the stout persistent style, the segments tubercled. In dry soil, Kans. to Ga., 
Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical Am. April-Sept. 



RUTACEAE. 58 1 

Family 5. RUTACEAE Juss. 
Rue Family. 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular- 
punctate foliage, mainly compound exstipulate leaves, and (in our 
species) polygamo-dioecious generally cymose flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or 
none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens of the same 
number, or twice as many, distinct, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 
2-celled, mostly versatile. Disk annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or i and 
compound of 2-5 carpels, inserted on the receptacle. Fruit (in our 
species) a capsule, or samara. Seeds oblong or reniform ; endosperm 
generally fleshy, sometimes none. About no genera and 880 species, 
most abundant in South Africa and Australia. 

Pistils 2-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. i, Xanthoxylum. 

Pistil I, 2-celled ; fruit a samara. 2. Ptelea. 

I. XANTHdXYLUM L. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles com- 
monly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish, mostly 
small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 
hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils, rarely with some 
stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong, black 
and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.] About no species, of temperate and tropical 
regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in the Southern States. 

Flowers in small sessile axillary cymes; calyx none. i. X. Arnericajium, 

Flowers in large terminal compound cymes; calyx present. 2. X. Clava-Herculis. 

1. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. 
(I. F. f. 2269.) A shrub, or small tree. Leaves pubescent when young, glabrous 
or nearly so when old; leaflets 5-1 1, ovate, opposite, dark green above, lighter be- 
neath, 3-5 cm. long, crenulate or entire, acutish; flowers greenish, about 3 mm. 
broad, borne on the wood of the previous season and appearing before the leaves; 
pistils 2-5; capsules black, ellipsoid, about 4 mm. long, short-stiped, i-2-seeded. 
In woods and thickets, Quebec to Va., S. Dak., Neb. and Kans. April-May. 

2. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. Southern Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. 
Pepper-wood. (I. F. f. 2270.) A small, very prickly tree, the prickles sup- 
ported on cushions of cork sometimes 2 dm. broad. Leaves glabrous, shining 
above, dull beneath; leaflets 5-17, obliquely ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, acute, cren- 
ulate; flowers greenish white, appearing before the leaves; pistils 2 or 3; capsules 
about 4 mm. long, sessile. Along streams, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. June. 

2. PTELEA L. 

Shrubs or small trees, without prickles, the bark bitter. Leaved 3-5-foliolate; 
flowers greenish white, polygamous, corymbose-paniculate; calyx 4-5 -parted, the 
lobes imbricated; petals 4 or 5, much longer than the calyx, also imbricated; sta- 
mens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals; filaments hairy on the inner side, present 
in the pistillate flowers but the anthers abortive or wanting; ovary flattened. 2-celled 
(rarely 3-celled)\ fruit nearly orbicular, 2-winged (rarely 3-winged), indehisccnt; 
cells i-seeded; seed oblong-ovoid. [Greek, Elm.] About 6 species, natives of the 
U. S. and Mex. 

I. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree. Shrubby Trefoil. 
(I. F. f. 2271.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-foliolate, pubescent when young, 
glabratc when old; leaflets 5-12 cm. long; crenuhite; flowers about i cm. broad; 
odor disagreeable; sepals I mm. long, obtuse; petals about 6 mm. long, oblon^ • 
samara 1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, the wing membranous and reticulated, omari^in- 
ate. In woods, Conn, to Fla., S. Ont., Minn., Kans. and Tex. June. 



582 FLORA. 

Family 6. SIMARUBACEAE DC. 

Ailaiithns Fa7)iily. '^ 

Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate, 
not punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary, 
paniculate or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 
3-5-lobed or divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or 
lobed. Stamens of the same number as the petals, or twice as many; 
anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2-5, or single and 2-5-lobed, 1-5-celled ; styles 
1-5. Seeds generally solitary in the cavities. About 27 genera and 145 
species, natives of warm or tropical regions. 

I. AILANTHUS Desf. 

Large trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, and terminal panicles of greenish white 
flowers. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated; petals 5, spreading, valvate; 
disk lo-lobed; staminate flowers with 10 stamens inserted at the base of the disk; 
pistillate flowers with a deeply 2-5 -cleft ovary, its lobes flat, cuneate, i -celled, and 
2-3 stamens; ovules solitary in each cavity; samaras 2-5, linear or oblong, mem- 
branous, veiny, I -seeded at the middle; seed compressed; cotyledons nearly orbic- 
ular. [From the Chinese name.] Three species, natives of China and the E. I. 

I. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-heaven. Ailanthus. (I. F. f. 
2272.) A tree, 12-27 m. high. Leaves 3-9 dm. long, glabrous; leaflets 13-41, 
stalkedj ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate or truncate and often oblique at the base; 
flowers greenish, about 6 mm. broad, pedicelled, the staminate ones ill-scented; 
samaras twisted, nearly 5 cm. long. Escaped from cultivation, along roadsides 
and in fields, spreading extensively by suckers, and seeding freely in some locali- 
ties, S. Ont. to Mass., Va. and Kans. Nat. from China. June-July. 

Family 7. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. 

Milkwort Family. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions. Stipules none. 
Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular. 
Sepals 5, the two lateral ones (wings) large, colored, the others smaller. 
Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube, the lower 
one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in i or 2 sets. Ovary 
2-celled; style simple ; stigma curved, dilated or lobed ; ovules i in each 
cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled ; 
embryo straight. About 10 genera and 750 species, widely distributed. 

I. POLYGALA L. 

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate, rarely solitary and 
axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subterranean. Sepals very unequal, 
the two lateral ones large and petaloid. Petals 3, united into a tube which is split 
on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6, monadel- 
phous below, or diadelphous; capsule membranous, compressed, dehiscent along the 
margin. Seeds i in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek, much milk.] A genus 
of about 260 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 36 others 
occur in southern and western N. Am. 

* Flo^vers in corymbed spike-like racemes at the summit of the stem, yellow. 
Basal leaves long, narrow, acuminate. \. P. cymosa. 

Basal leaves spatulate or obovate. 2. P. ramosa. 

* * Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the stem and branches. 
Basal leaves spatulate or obovate ; flowers orange-yellow. 3. P. lutea. 

Basal leaves inconspicuous or wanting; flowers not yellow. 

Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes 8-18 mm. thick, blunt; flowers purple 
to greenish white. 

Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 4. P. cruciata. 

Spikes peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate. 5. P. brevifolia. 



POLYGALACEAE. 583 



Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 4-6 mm. thick, acute. 

Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to pyrplish. 

6. P. verttcillata. 
Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose, long; flowers more purple. 

7. P. ambigua, ■ 
Leaves all alternate. 

Petals united into a cleft tube, 6-8 mm. long; flowers pink. 8. P. incarnata. 
Petals not conspicuously united into a tube. 
Spikes ovoid to globose. 

Bracts persistent; flowers rose-purple to white. 

Spikes blunt; wings broadly ovate. 9. P. viridescens. 

Spikes acutish ; wings narrowly ovate or elliptic. 10. P, Cuittssn. 
Bracts deciduous; flowers rose-purple.- 11. P. Marta?ia. 

Spikes cylindric. 

Leaves oblanceolate to linear, 4-12 mm. long; flowers greenish to purplish. 

12. P. Nuttallii. 
Leaves lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, flowers white or greenish. 13. P. Senega. 
Spikes elongated-conic; flowers white. 14. P. alba. 

* * * Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. 

15. P. polygama. 
* * * * Flowers 1-4, large, axillary, but apparently terminal, rose-purple to white. 

16. P. paucifolia. 

1. Polygala cymosa Walt. Tall Pine-barren Milkwort. (L F. f. 
2273.) Stem erect, 6-9 dm. high, slightly angular. Basal leaves 5-7.5 cm. long, 
4-6 mm. wide, entire, densely tufted; stem-leaves linear-subulate, scale-like, 1-1.6 
cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; bracts persistent; flowers drying greenish 
black; seeds globose, minute, nearly glabrous; caruncle none. In wet pine bar- 
rens, Del. to Fla., west to La. May-July. 

2. Polygala ramosa Ell. Low Pine-barren Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2274.) 
Stems tufted or single, 1. 5-4 dm. high. Stem-leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, 1.2-2 
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; basal leaves much broader and often larger; inflorescence 
7.5-15 cm. broad; flowers 3 mm. long, drying dark green; pedicels 2 mm. long 
or less; wings oblong, acuminate; crest minute; seed hairy, twice or thrice as long 
as the caruncle. In low pine barrens, Del. to Fla., west to La. June-Sept. 

3. Polygala lutea L. Orange Milkwort. Wild Bachelor's Button. 
(I. F. f. 2275.) Stems tufted, at length divaricately branched, 1.5-3 ^"^- high- vStem- 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 1.5-3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, entire; 
spike-like racemes ovoid or oblong, very dense, 1.25-4 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. 
thick, obtuse; flowers 4-6 mm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; wings oblong-ovate, 
abruptly acuminate; crest of the corolla-tube minute; caruncle-lobes linear, about 
equalling the hairy seed, or shorter. In pine-barren swamps, L. I. to Fla., Pa. 
and La. June-Oct. 

4. Polygala cruciata L. Cross-leaved or Marsh Milkwort. (I. F. f. 
2276.) Erect, 1-4 dm. high, at length freely branching above. Stem square or 
slightly wing-angled; leaves of the stem and branches in 4's, or a few of them scat- 
tered, linear or oblanceolate, 1.25-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, entire, obtuse, 
mucronulate; spike-like racemes oval, 8-18 mm. thick, sessile or short-peduncled; 
pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long; bracts persistent; wings sessile, somewhat cordate, 
3-6 mm. long, much exceeding the pods; crest of the corolla minute; seed oblong, 
slightly hairy, about equalling the caruncle. In sandy swamps, Me. to Fla., 
Minn, and La. July-Sept. 

5. Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Short-leaved Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2277.) 
Resembling the preceding species, but lower, more slender and weaker. Leaves 
shorter, often scattered on the branches and upper part of the stem; spikes smaller. 
6-10 mm. thick, on slender peduncles; wings obtuse or mucronulate. In sandy 
swamps, R. I. to Fla. and Miss. Summer. 

6. Polygala verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. ^I. F. f. 227S.) Slen- 
der, 1.5-3 dm. high, usually branched. Stem-leaves linear, 6-30 mm. long. 1-4 
mm. wide, acute, entire, punctate, mucronulate, mostly in 4's or 5's, with some 
scattered ones on the stem or branches; spikes conic, k)ng-pedunclod. acute, 4 mm. 
thick at the base, very dense, 8-20 mm. long; pedicels about i nun. long; wings 
broadly oval, distinctly clawed, shorter than the pod; crest of the corolla manifest; 
seed oblong, hairy, twice the length of the caruncle; bracts deciduous. In drv or 
moist soil, Quebec and Out. to Minn., Saskatch., Fla., Colo, and Mex. June-Nov. 



584 FLORA. 

7. Polygala ambigua Nutt. Loose-spiked Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2279.) 

Resembling the preceding species, but often taller. 1-4 dm. high, slender. Lower 
stem-leaves commonly verticillate. but the others all alternate; spikes long, loose, 
the lower flowers often quite distant; peduncles often several inches long; flowers 
rather larger; wings purple or purplish, nearly circular in outline; mature capsule 
hardly longer than the wings, which are appressed to it; seed hairy. \\\ dry soil, 
Me. to Ga., Mo. and La. 

8. Polygala incarnata L. Pink Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2280. ) Erect, glau- 
cous, very slender, 3-6 dm. high; stem-leaves distant, linear or subulate, sessile, 
2-12 mm. long, rarely wanting; spike dense, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick; 
pedicels i mm. long or less; bracts minute or none; flowers 1-1.2 cm. long; corolla- 
tube slender. 2-5 times the length of the wings, its keel prominently crested; wings 
cuspidate; seed hairy, the caruncle-lobes enveloping its beaked extremity. Li dry 
soil, Ont. to Wis.. X. J.. Fla.. Kans. and Mex. Summer. 

9. Polygala viridescens L. Field or Purple Milkwort. (I. F.f. 2281.) 
Erect. 1.5-4 dm. high, at length branching above, leafy. Stem somewhat angled; 
stem-leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 1.6-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, mucronulate; 
heads becoming oval, 8-12 mm. thick; pedicels about i mm. long; flowers rose-purple, 
greenish or sometimes white ; wings sessile, sometimes slightly cordate, exceeding 
the pod; seed obovoid. hairy, about the length of the caruncle; crest minute. In 
fields and meadows. N. S. to X. Car., Minn., Kans. and La. June-Sept. The 
contrast between the green-flowered and purple-flowered forms is striking where 
the two grow together. 

10. Polygala Curtissii A. Gray. Curtiss' Milkwort. (L F. f. 2282.) 
Erect, slender, 2-2.5 ^^"^- ^ig^r much resembling the preceding species and the 
following; heads globose or rarely elongated, loosely flowered, 8-12 mm. thick; 
wings clawed, nearly erect, twice the length of the pod; seed obovoid, very hairy, 
apiculate ; caruncle minute, much shorter than the seed. In dry soil, Penn. to Ky. 
and Ga. Aug. -Sept. 

II. Polygala Mariana Mill. MarylandMilkwort. (I. F. f. 2283.) Slen- 
der, 1.5-4 dm. high, at length much branched above; stem-leaves linear, 6-18 
mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, entire, mostly acute, mucronulate; heads globose or 
slightly longer than thick, obtuse, 6-8 mm. wide; pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long; 
flowers rose-purple; wings ovate-oblong or obovate, pointed, narrowed at the base, 
slightly longer than the pod; caruncle -lobes embracing the smaller extremity of 
the slightly hairy obovoid seed; corolla minutely crested. In dry soil, southern 
N. J. to Fla., Ky. and La. July-Sept. 

12. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. X^'uttall's Milkwort. (L F. f. 2284.) 
Erect, slender. 1-2 dm. high, branching above; stem-leaves numerous, I-2 mm. 
wide, entire; spikes about 4 mm. thick. 6-12 mm. long, the floral axis elongating 
as the fruits fall away from below; pedicels i mm. long or less; bracts subulate, 
persistent; flowers greenish or yellowish purple, 2 mm. long; seed obovoid. very 
hairy, longer than the caruncle; wings oblong to oval, about equalling the pod; 
crest very small. In dry sandy soil. Eastern Mass. to N. Car., Mo. and Ala. Aug.- 
Sept. 

13. Polygala Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Mountain Flax. (I. F. 
f. 2285.) Stems several, from woody rootstocks. erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. 
high; leaves alternate, sessile. 6-8 mm. v\^ide, serrulate, the lowest much smaller 
and scale-like; spike short-peduncled. dense, acute. 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers 3 mm. 
long, white or tinged with green; pedicels less than i mm. long; wings orbicular- 
obovate, concave; crest of the corolla short, few-lobed; seed hairy, slightly longer 
than the lobes of the caruncle. In rocky woods, N. B. to Minn, and the Canadian 
Rocky Mts., N. Car. and Ark. May-June. 

Polygala Senega,latif61ia T. & G. Stem taller, often branched ; leaves ovate or 
ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base. Ont. to S. Dak,, Md. and Tenn. 

14. Polygala alba Xutt. White Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2286.) Stems nu- 
merous, erect from hard woody rootstocks,. slender, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves 
alternate, narrowly linear, acute, 6-24 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, their margins 
entire and revolute, the lower somewhat broader and shorter, clustered; spike 
long-pedtmcled, dense, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers 2-3 mm. long; pedicels less than 



EUPHORJBIACEAB. 5^5 

1 mm. long; wings oblong-ovate, slightly concave; crest of the corolla short; seeds 
silky, about twice the length of the caruncle-lobes. Plains, S. Dak. to Mex. and 
Arizona. May-July. 

15. Polygala polygama Walt. Racemed Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2287.) 
Stems simple, 1-5 dm. high, from a deep biennial root. Stem-leaves crowded, 
oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronulate, 1.6-2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, en- 
tire, the lower smaller; basal leaves spatulate; raceme 2.5-10 cm. long; pedicels 
2-4 mm. long; flowers rarely white, showy, 4-6 mm. long; wings broadly obovate ; 
crest of the corolla large, laciniate; stamens 8; subterranean branches horizontal, 
bearing numerous, cleistogamous flowers; seeds hairy, longer than the caruncle- 
lobes. In dry soil, N. S. to Manitoba, to Fla. and Tex. June-July. 

16. Polygala paucifolia Wiild. Fringed Milkwort. Flowering Win- 
TERGREEN. Gay- WINGS. (I. F. f. 2288.) Glabrous, perennial by slender pros- 
trate stems. Flowering branches 1-2 dm. high; leaves of the summits of the stems 
clustered, ovate or oblong, 2-4 cm. long, acute, rough-margined, with petioles 4-8 
mm. long ; those of the lower part of the shoots successively smaller, distant, the 
lowest scale-like; flowers 1-4, axillary to the upper leaves, 1.4-2 cm. long, slender- 
peduncled, rose-purple or rarely white, showy; wings obovate; crest of the corolla 
beautifully fimbriate; seed slightly shorter than the caruncle; cleistogamous sub- 
terranean flowers few, on short lateral branches. In moist rich woods, N. B. and 
Anticosti to Saskateh., Ga. and 111. May-July. 

Family 8. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil.* 

Spurge Family. 

Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky 
sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate. Flowers sometimes much 
reduced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx {Euphor- 
bia), the number of parts in the floral whorls often different in the stam- 
inate and pistillate flowers. Ovary usually 3-celled; ovules i or 2 in each 
cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit 
a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastically, into 3 2-valved 
carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropous ; embryo in fleshy or 
oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. 
About 210 genera and 4000 species, of wide distribution. 

Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. 

Petals wanting; stamens usually 3. i. Phyllanthus. 

Petals present, at least in staminate flowers; stamens 5 or 6. 2. Andrachfie. 
Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary. 

Plants clothed with stellate pubescence, or scales. 

Ovary, and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled. 3. Croton. 
Ovary, and capsule i-celled, achene-like. 4. Crotonopsis, 

Plants variously pubescent, with simple hairs, these sometimes gland-tipped. 
Inflorescence spicate, racemose or of axillary clusters. 

Flowers with petals. 5. Ditaxis. 

Flowers without petals. 

Styles many-cleft. 6. Acalvpha. 

Styles simple, somewhat united at the base. 7. Tra'gia. 

Inflorescence cymose. 9. Jatropha, 

Plants glabrous or nearly so. 

Inflorescence racemose, somewhat panicled ; pistillate flowers above the 

staminate. 8. Ricinus. 

Inflorescence spicate; pistillate flowers below the staminate. 10. Stillim^ia. 
Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of the tila- 
ment-like pedicel. ^ \\. EuphorbLi. 

I. PHYLLANTHUS L. 
Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Leaves alter- 
nate, entire, often so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf. 
Flowers monoecious, apetalous, a staminate and a pistillate one together in the axils. 

* Contributed by Dr. John K. Small. 



$86 FLORA. 

Calyx mostly 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens usually 3. Ovules 2 in 
each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. [Greek, leaf-flower, the blossoms in some 
species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.] More than 400 species, natives 
of the tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres. 

I. Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. Carolina Phyllanthus. (I. F, f. 
2289.) Annual; glabrous. Stem slender, 1-5 dm. high, the branches 2-ranked; 
leaves obovate or oblong, 6-20 mm. long, obtuse; flowers inconspicuous, nearly 
sessile in the axils; calyx 6-parted, its lobes linear or oblong; glands of the pistil- 
late flower more or less united; capsule about 2 mm. in diameter; seeds I mm. 
long, marked with lines and minute black papillae. In sandy or gravelly soil, 
eastern Penn. to 111., Kans., Fla., Tex. and Cent. Am. May-Oct. 

2. ANDRACHNE L. 

Herbs, or shrubby plants, with diffusely branching stems. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers monoecious, axillary, the staminate often clustered, with a 5-6-lobed 
calyx, 5 or 6 petals, and 5 or 6 stamens; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-6-lobed 
calyx, minute petals, or these wanting; styles 2-cleft or 2-parted; ovules 2 in each 
cavity. [From the Greek for Portulaca.] About 10 species, of wide distribution. 

I. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Arg. Northern Andrachne. 
(I. F. f. 2289a.) A straggling much branched shrub, 3-10 dm. tall, with glabrous 
lustrous branches and minutely pubescent twigs. Leaves obovate or oval, 0.8- 
1.8 cm. long, retuse or obtuse, often mucronulate, paler beneath than above; pedi- 
cels filiform, 6-20 cm. long, glabrous; calyx-segments oblong-obovate, 1.5-3 "^"^• 
long; petals of two kinds, those of the staminate flowers narrowly obovate or 
oblong-obovate, 3-5 -toothed, those of the pistillate flowers smaller, broadly obovate, 
entire; capsule subglobose. On rocky barrens, Mo. to Ark. and Tex. Summer. 

3. CROTON L. 

Herbs or shrubs, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, 
sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade. Flowers often spicate or race- 
mose. Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually 5 -parted); petals 
usually present, but small or rudimentary, alternating with glands; stamens 5 or 
more. Pistillate flowers below the staminate; calyx 5-10-parted; petals usually 
wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule I in each cavity; styles once, twice or many 
times 2-cleft. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.] About 600 species, 
mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 

Plants moncecious. 

Leaves toothed ; staminate calyx 4-lobed, pistillate 5-lobed. i. C. glandulosus. 
Leaves entire ; staminate calyx 3-5-lobed, pistillate 5-12-lobed, 

Capsules conspicuously /:lustered, not nodding. 2. C. capitatus. 

Capsules solitary or never conspicuously clustered, nodding. 

Foliage whitish ; capsules 6-7 mm. long. 3. C. Lindheitnerianus. 

Foliage silvery ; capsules 4-5 mm. long, 4. C. monanthogynus. 

Plant dioecious. 5- C. Texensis. 

1. Croton gflandulosus L. Glandular Croton. (I. F. f. 2290.) Deep 
green, rough v/ith stellate hairs, and somewhat glandular. Stem 2-7.5 dm. high, 
corymbosely branched; leaves oblong, linear-oblong or ovate, 1.2-7.5 cm. long, 
bearing 2 glands at the base of the blade; staminate flowers in spikes, with 4 
petals, a 4-rayed glandular disk and 8 stamens; pistillate flowers several, with 
rudimentary petals; capsule subglobose, about 5 mm. in length; seeds oblong, 
minutely wrinkled. In sandy soil, Va. to la. and Kans., south to Fla. and Cent. 
Am. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. March-Dec. 

2. Croton capitatus Michx. Capitate Croton. Hogwort. (I. F. f. 
2291.) Silvery green, densely stellate-pubescent. Stem usually corymbosely 
branched above; leaves lanceolate, oblong or rarely ovate, often undulate; flowers 
clustered at the ends of the branches, the staminate racemose, with a 5 -parted 
calyx, 5 petals, and 10-14 stamens; pistillate flowers several, sessile, with 7-12 
sepals, no petals: capsule depressed-globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter; seeds gray or 
variegated, turtle-shaped. In dry soil, N. J. to Iowa, Ga. and Tex. May-Oct. 

3 Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele. Lindheimer's Croton. (I. F. f. 
2292a.) Stems 1-4 dm. tall, sometimes diff"usely branched; leaves rather numer- 



E UPHORBIA CEA E. 5 8 7 

ous, the blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.2-5 cm. long, green above, undulate; pedi- 
cels 2-6 mm. long, recurving; calyx slightly accrescent, its segments oblong or 
elliptic-oblong, becoming 4 mm. long, slightly keeled in age; capsules oval, 6- 
7 mm. long, tomentose, truncate-obtuse at both ends, drooping; seeds oblong- 
elliptic, nearly 4 mm. long. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. and N. Mex. Summer. 

4. Croton monanthogynus Michx. Single-fruited Croton. (I. F. f. 
2292.) Main stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, topped by a 3-5-rayed umbel with rays 
1-4 dm. long, forked or umbellately branched; leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 cm. 
long; staminate flowers clustered at the ends of erect peduncles, with 3-5 unequal 
calyx-segments, the same number of petals and scale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens; 
pistillate flowers mostly solitary, on recurved pedicels, with 5 equal calyx-seg- 
ments, no petals, and 5 glands; capsule ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long; 
seeds oval or orbicular, variegated, minutely pitted, shining. In dry soil, N. Car. 
to Ind. and Kans., south to Fla. and Mex. June-Oct. 

5. Croton Texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell. Arg. Texas Croton. (I. F. f. 
2293.) Stem rather slender, 2-6 dm. high, paniculately or corymbosely branched; 
leaves ovate to linear-oblong or almost linear, 2-7.5 "^"^- ^ong; staminate flowers 
racemose; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so, in stalked clusters; calyx equally 
5 -parted, the segments ovate; petals none; glands 5, minute; stamens mostly 10 ; 
capsule subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, somewhat muricate; seeds ovoid or 
oval, variegated, finely reticulated. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Mo., Ala. and N. 
Mex. June-Sept. 

4. CROTONO'PSIS Michx. 

Annual slender silvery-scurfy monoecious herbs with narrow alternate or rarely 
opposite leaves. Staminate flowers uppermost in the clusters, with an equally, 5- 
parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 inflexed stamens opposite the petals enlarged at the 
summit. Pistillate flowers with 3-5 parted calyx, no petals, 5 petal-like glands 
opposite the calyx-segments, and a i -celled ovary; ovule i. Fruit a small scaly or 
spiny achene-like capsule. Seed longitudinally wrinkled. [Greek, Croton-like.] 
Two known species, natives of the southeastern U. S. 

I. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Crotonopsis. (I. F. f. 2294.) Foliage 
covered with peltate somewhat fringed scales, except on the green upper surfaces 
of the leaves. Stem wiry, 1-5 dm. high; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, 
1-3 cm. long, entire; staminate flowers with spatulate petals; achene-like capsule 
ovoid- elliptic; seed ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, N. J. to Kans., south 
to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

5. DITAXIS Vahl. 
Monoecious perennial herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often strongly nerved. 
Flowers often racemed, usually bracted. Staminate flowers often crowded at the 
ends of the racemes; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate; petals 4 or 5, alternate with 
the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the disk; stamens of the same number as the 
petals or two or three times as many, united into a column. Pistillate flowers with 
the calyx-lobes imbricated and smaller petals, the ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-lobed, 
depressed. Seeds sometimes crested. [Greek, double-ranked, in allusion to the 
stamens. ] About 20 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 

Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes; leaves sessile. i. D. mercurialina. 

Flowers in axillary clusters; leaves short-petioled. 2. D. humilis. 

1. Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. Tall Ditaxis. (I. F. f. 2205.) 
Stem strict, silky, 1-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate. 2-5 cm. 
long, undulate, often strongly 3-nerved; staminate flowers with lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate acute ciliate calyx-segments, and spatulate-oblong undulate petals; 
pistillate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the segments lanceolate, spreading, 3 
times as long as those of the staminate; capsules 6-9 mm. in diameter, somewhat 
silky; seeds globose-ovoid, 4 mm. long, pointed, wrinkled. In dry soil, Kans. and 
Ark. to Tex. Lower leaves somewhat oblauceolate. April-Julv. 

2. Ditaxis hiimilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. Low Ditaxis. (1. F. f. 2296.) 
Stem much branclicd, the branches spreading, 1-3 dm. Unig. Leaves ovate, ob- 
long, obovate or oblauceolate, 1-3 cm. long; staminate flowers witli petals a little 



588 



FLORA. 



longer than the 5 calyx-segments and longer than the lobes of the disk; pistillate 
flowers with a 5 -parted calyx; capsule short-pedicelled, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 3-4- 
lobed; seeds oval-globose, about 2 mm. long, muricate. Plains, Kans. to La. and 
Tex. March-Sept. 

6. ACALYPHA L. 

Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in 
spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each flower in the 
axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens united at their 
bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract, which often equals or 
overtops the staminate, the calyx 3-5 -parted; petals wanting in both kinds ol 
flowers; capsule usually of 3 2-valved carpels, each I -seeded. [Greek, nettle.] 
About 230 species, mostly tropical and subtropical. 

Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes ; capsule spiny. 

\. A. ostryaefolia. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; capsule smooth. 

Plant not glandular; bract palmately many-lobed, equalling or exceeding the stami- 
nate spike. 2. A. Virginica. 
Plant glanduiai ; bract many-cleft, shorter than the spike. 3. A. gracilens. 

1. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Hornbeam Three-seeded Mercury. 
(I. F. f. 2297.) Dark green, minutely pubescent. Stem erect, 3-8 dm. tall. 
Leaves thin, ovate, 6-10 cm. long, short-acuminate, serrate, obtuse or cordate at 
the base, the petioles often as long as the blades; bractlets of the staminate flowers 
minute, those of the pistillate conspicuous, lobed; capsule much depressed, 3-lobed, 
3-4 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid, 2 mm. long, wrinkled. N. J. to Kans., Fla. and 
Mex. June-Nov. 

2. Acalypha Virginica L. Virginia Three-seeded Mercury. (I F. f. 
2298.) Dark green, or becoming purplish. Stem 1-6 dm. tall; leaves ovate or 
elliptic, 2-10 cm. long, thin, coarsely serrate except near the base; pistillate flowers 
1-3 at the base of the staminate peduncle ; capsule 3-lobed, subglobose, about 3 
mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid, reddish, striate. In woods and thickets, N. S. to 
Minn., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June-Oct. 

3. Acalypha gracilens -A.. Gray. Slender Three-seeded Mercury. (I. F. 
f. 2299. ) Pale green. Stem slender, 1-8 dm. tall, the branches often nearly fili- 
form; leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, usually firm, acutish, ser- 
rate, narrowed to a short petiole; staminate spike very slender; pistillate flowers i 
or several; capsule subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter; seeds globose -ovoid, 
dark red, or gray mottled with red, striate-pitted. In dry woods and thickets, 
Mass. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 

7. TRAGIA L. 

Monoecious herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually armed with stiff sting- 
ing hairs. Leaves alternate, mostly cordate; flowers in racemes, bracteolate, 
apetalous; staminate flowers with a 3-5 -parted calyx and 1-3 or rarely numerous 
stamens; pistillate flowers with a 3-8-lobed calyx, the segments entire or pinnatifid, 
and 3 styles, often united to above the middle; capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 
2-valved carpels. [From Tragus^ the Latin name of Hieronymus Bock, 1498- 
1553, a German botanist.] About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions. 

Stems not twining. 

Staminate calyx 4-lobed ; stamens 2. i. T. urens. 

Staminate calyx 3-Iobed ; stamens 3. 2. T. nepetaefolia. 

Staminate calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens 4 or 5. 3. T. ramosa. 

Stems twining. 4. T. macrocarpa. 

I. Tragia urens L. Eastern Tragia. (L F. f. 2300.) Dull green, pilose 
or hirsute. Stem erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branched; leaves obovate or ovate to linear, 
entire or repand, short-petioled or sessile, 1.5 cm. long; spike-like racemes often I 
dm. long; pistillate flowers several at the base of the racemes, with a 5-6-lobed 
calyx; capsule short-pedicelled, much depressed, 8-10 mm. in diameter, sparingly 
pubescent; seeds subglobose, 4 mm. long, smooth. In sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and 
Tex. May- Aug. 



EUPHORBIACEAE. 589 

2. Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. Catnep Tragia. (I. F. f. 2301.) Hispid 
with stinging hairs. Stem erect or reclining, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaves triangular- 
ovate or lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, dentate-serrate, cordate, short-petioled, the lower 
sometimes orbicular; racemes 1-4 cm. long, many -flowered; pistillate flowers with 
a 5-lobed calyx; capsule much depressed, 6 mm. in diameter, hirsute; seeds glo- 
bose, chestnut brown, smooth, 4 mm. in diameter. In sandy soil, Kans. to Mex. 
and N. Mex. May-Oct. 

3. Tragia ramosa Torr. Branching Tragia. (I. F. f. 2302.) Light 
green, bristly with stinging hairs. Stem usually much branched, 0.5-3 dm. long; 
leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 1.2-5 cm. long, acute 
at the apex, coarsely and sharply serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, short- 
petioled; racemes 1-5 cm. long; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-lobed calyx 
subtended by a 3-lobed bract; capsule much depressed, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 
bristly ; seeds globose, 4 mm. in diameter, orange, more or less variegated. In 
dry soil. Mo. to Tex., Colo, and Ariz. July- Aug. 

4. Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Twining or Large-fruited Tragia. 
(I. F. f. 2303.) Slightly hirsute. Stem 2.5-14 dm. long, twining; leaves ovate, 
5-12 cm. long, deeply cordate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate; petioles mostly 
shorter than the blades; staminate flowers with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens; pis- 
tillate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx; capsule depressed, 12-16 mm. in diameter; 
seeds subglobose, 5 mm. long, smooth, variegated. In dry or rocky soil, Ky. to 
Mo., Fla. and Mex. June-Sept. 

8. Rl'ciNUS L. 

A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large peltate 
palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish flowers in terminal 
racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with a 3-5 -parted 
calyx, the segments valvate, and numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly 
branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx. Capsule subglobose, or oval, 
separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The Latin 
name of the plant.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of Africa and Asia. 

I. Ricinus communis L. Castor-oil Plant. Castor-bean. Palma 
Christi. (I. F. f. 2304.) Stem erect, 1-5 m. tall, more or less branched, 
becoming tree-like in warm regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, I-6 dm. 
broad, 6-11 -palmately lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate; 
capsule 12-16 mm. in diameter, usually spiny; seeds shining, smooth, black, vari- 
egated with white, or mottled with gray and brown markings. In waste places, 
escaped from cultivation, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. An imposing ornamental plant, 
and also of medicinal value. 

9. JATROPHA L. 

Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial bristly herbs, or shrubs, with 
entire, lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the 
upper parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or 
united, or none, the stamens usually numerous (5-30). Pistillate flowers in the 
lower forks of the cymes ; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2- 
valved carpels. [Greek, healing nutriment.] About 70 species, widely distrib- 
uted in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur 
in the Southern States. 

I. Jatropha stimulosa Michx. Spurge Nettle. Tread-softly. (I. F. f. 
2305.) Perennial by a stout root, herbaceous, bright green, stinging. Stem erect, 
l-ii dm. tall; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 6-30 cm. broad, truncate or cor- 
date at the base, deeply 3-5 -lobed, the lobes entire, toothed or pinnatifid; calvx of 
the staminate flowers salvcrform, white or pink, 2-4 cm. broad; capsule oblong, 
12-16 mm. long, papillose, wrinkled; seeds oblong-obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, 
smooth, mottled. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. March-Aug. 

10. STILLINGIA L. 

Monoecious glabrous herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, 
often with 2 glands at the base, the flowers bracteolate, in terminal spikes, apetal- 
ous, the bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate flowers several together in the axils of 



590 FLORA, 

the bractlets, the calyx slightly 2-3-lobed; stamens 2 or 3, exserted. Pistillate flowers 
solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets; calyx 3-lobed. Capsule 2-lobed or 3- 
lobed, separating into 2 or 3 two-valved carpels. [In honor of Dr. B. Stellingfleet, 
an English botanist.] About 15 species, mostly of tropical America and the islands 
of the Pacific Ocean. 

I. Stillingia sylvatica L. Queen's Delight. Queen-root. (L F. f. 
2306.) A bright green slightly fleshy herb. Stem usually branched from the 
base, 3-1 1 dm. tall. Leaves obovate, oblong or elliptic, i-io cm. long, serrate 
with appressed teeth, often narrowed at the 2-glandular base, sessile; flowers 
lemon- colored, subtended by small bracts furnished with saucer-shaped glands; 
calyx cup-shaped; glandular disk none; capsule depressed, I-1.5 cm. in diameter, 
3-lobed; seeds ovoid, 6 mm. long, light gray, minutely pitted and papillose, the 
base flattened. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. March-Oct. 

II. EUPHORBIA L. 

Monoecious herbs (many tropical species shrubs), with alternate, opposite or 
verticillate leaves. Flowers borne in involucres. Sinuses of the involucres usually 
bearing glands, naked or appendaged. Staminate flowers scattered over the inner 
surface of the involucre, consisting of a stamen jointed on a filament-like pedicel, 
which is subtended by a minute bractlet supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate 
flower solitary, at the bottom of the involucre, at length usually exserted on a 
stalk. Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds sometimes 
caruncled, variously pitted, ridged or wrinkled. [Named in honor of Euphorbus, 
King Juba's physician.] Species about 700, most abundant in the warmer parts of 
the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 95 others occur in the southern 
and western parts of N. Am. 

* Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages, 
t Leaves opposite, inequilateral, their bases more or less oblique. 
\ Leaves entire; seeds smooth. 

Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate. 

Seeds about 3 mm. long. i. E. polygonifolia. 

Seeds 1-2 mm. long. 

Leaves usually more than twice as long as broad; seeds nearly terete, 

1.5 mm. long. 4. E. Geyeri. 

Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; seeds obtusely 4-angled, 
I mm. long. 5. E. seTpe?is. 

Plants with an erect or ascending stem, branched above, the branches ascending. 
Seeds nearly terete, 2 mm. long; leaves usually flat and straight. 

2. E. petaloidea. • 
Seeds 4-angled, 1.5 mm. long; leaves often involute and curved. 

3. E. Nuttallu. 
X X Leaves entire ; seeds variously roughened. 

Plants glabrous. 13.. E. Fendleri. 

Plants canescent. . 14. E. lata. 

XXX Leaves serrate or dentate; plants prostrate or spreading. 
Herbage glabrous. 

Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted. 

Leaves of main branches mostly less than i cm. long; seeds gray. 

6. E. serpyllifolia. 
Leaves of main branches over i cm. long ; seeds brown. 7. E. albicaulis. 
Seeds strongly transversely ridged, not pitted. 8. E.glyptosperma. 

Herbage pubescent or puberulent. 
Seeds gray or white. 

Leaves toothed at the apex; involucres campanulate; seeds pitted. 

12. E. stictospora. 
Leaves toothed nearly to the base ; involucres turbinate ; seeds transversely 
wrinkled. 9. E. hirsuta. 

Seeds brown or black. 

Involucres not split. 10. E. maculata. 

Involucres split on one side. 11. E. humistrata. 

X X \ X Leaves serrate or dentate; plant erect or ascending. 15. E. nutans, 

f f Leaves opposite, equilateral, their bases not oblique. 

16. E. hexagona, 
f f f Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem, except a whorl subtending the umbel. 



EUFHORBIACEAE. , SQI 

Bracts and leaves of the umbel small and green; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. 
Pale green; leaves all whorled or opposite. 17. E. Marylandica, 

Deep green; leaves below the umbel alternate. 18. E. corollata. 

Bracts and leaves of the umbel large, white-margined; seeds ovoid-globose, reticulate- 
tuberculate. 19. E. marginata, 

* * Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages, 
■j- Leaves mostly opposite; herbage glabrous. 
Plants slender; stems or branches forked. 

Annual; stem branched at the base; leaves, or some of them, oblique at the base. 

I. E. polygonifolia. 
Perennial: stems several from a stout root; leaves not oblique at the base. 

22. E. Ipecacuanhae. 
Plants stout; stem usually simple below, topped by an umbel. 24. E. Lathyris. 

\ \ Leaves mostly opposite ; herbage pubescent. 
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; seeds narrowly ovoid, not prominently tuberculate. 

20. E. ctiphosperma. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; seeds broadly ovoid, prominently tuberculate. 

21. E. dent at a. 
f f f Leaves alternate or scattered. 

Stem not topped by an umbel. 23. E. heterophylla. 

Stems topped by a several-rayed umbel. 

Leaves serrulate; glands of the involucre oblong, oval or orbicular. 
Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated. 

Glands stalked; warts on the capsules elongated; seeds faintly reticulated. 

26. E. obtusata. 
Glands sessile; warts on the capsules depressed; seeds smooth. 

27. E. platyphylla. 
Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated. 

Glands nearly sessile; capsules warty. 

Upper leaves merely sessile; upper bracts of the umbel manifestly 

longer than broad. 28. E. Arkansana. 

Upper leaves with small basal lobes; upper bracts of the umbel 
about as broad as long or broader. 29. E.Missouriensis. 

Glands stalked; capsules smooth. 30. E. Helioscopia. 

Leaves entire; glands of the involucres crescent-shaped or reniform- 
Annual or biennial; seeds pitted. 

Capsules with 2-crested lobes. 31. E. Peplus. 

Capsules with rounded lobes. 32. E. cotmriutata. 

Perennial. 

Glands reniform or oblong, without horns. 25. E, Darlingtonii. 

Glands crescent-shaped, with horns. 

Seeds smooth; glands with long slender horns. 

Stem-leaves 4-12 mm. broad; capsules smooth. 

Bracts subtending the umbel lanceolate to oblanceolate. 

33. E. Esula. 
Bracts ovate, oval or obovate. 34. E. liccida. 

Stem-leaves 0.5-3 n^^' wide; capsules with granular lobes. 

35. E. Cypafissias. 
Seeds pitted; glands with short rather blunt horns. 36. E. robiista. 

1. Euphorbia polyg-onifolia L. Seaside or Knotweed Spurge. (I. F. 
f. 2307.) Pale green, glabrous. Branches radiately spreading, prostrate, forked, 
5-20 cm. long; leaves opposite, oblong, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate. 6-20 
mm. long, fleshy, obtuse, often mucronulate, entire; involucres turbinate-campan- 
ulate, less than 2 mm. long, with 4 columnar nearly naked glands shorter than the 
lobes; capsule globose-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, minutely wrinkled; seeds ovoid, some- 
what flattened, ash-colored, very minutely pitted and spotted. In sand along the 
Atlantic coast, N. H. to Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Sept. 

2. Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm. White-flowered Spurge. ' (L F. f. 
2308.) Pale green, glabrous. Stem erect, branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves 
opposite, linear, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, usuallv flat, 
straight, entire; involucres oblong-campanulate, 2 mm. long, bearing 4 wineglass- 
shaped glands about as long as the lobes, each subten^led hx\ white ovate or orbic- 
ular appendage, capsule globose-reniform, 2 mm. long: seeds oblong-ovoid. nearly 
ash-colored, minutely pitted, nearly terete. Iowa to \V}o. and Tex". July-Sept. 



592 FLORA. 

3. Euphorbia Nuttallii (Engelm.) Small. Prairie Spurge. (I. F. f. 2309.) 
Bright green, glabrous. Stem slender, erect or ascending, 1-6 dm. high, the 
branches wirv ; leaves mostly linear and mucronulate or truncate at the apex, often 
involute, obtuse or narrowed at the base, usually curved; involucres campanulate, 
less than 2 mm. long, long-peduncled, bearing 4 saucer-shaped glands subtended 
by white oblong or ovate appendages; seeds ovoid. 1.5 mm. long, gray, 4-angled. 
Prairies. ]Mo. to Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 

4. Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. 6c Gray. Geyer's Spurge. (I. F. f. 2310.) 
Olive-green, glabrous. Branches prostrate, radiately spreading. wir}% 5-40 cm. 
long; leaves oblong or ovate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, usually mucronulate, entire 
or nearly so. oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base ; involucres campanulate, 
about I mm. high, with 4 wineglass-shaped glands shorter than the lobes, and 
inconspicuous white or red appendages; capsule globose-reniform. about 2 mm. 
long; seeds narrowly ovoid, ash-colored, nearly terete. In sandy soil, Minn, to 
III, S. Dak. and Kans. July-Sept. 

5. Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. Round-leaved Spreading Spurge. (I. F. f. 
23 1 1.) Pale green, glabrous, sometimes glaucescent. Branches slender or filiform, 
prostrate. 5-30 cm. long; leaves orbicular, orbicxilar-ovate or oval. 2-6 mm. long, 
obtuse or emarginate. entire, often slightly revolute, the base oblique, rounded or 
subcordate ; involucres solitary in the axils, nearly I mm. high, bearing 4 sessile 
saucer-shaped glands shorter than the lobes, and minute irregular appendages; cap- 
sule nodding, depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, smooth, 
obtusely 4-angled. light gray. lU. to Iowa and S. Dak., south to Mex. ]\Iarch-Oct. 

6. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Thyme-lea\-ed Spurge. (I. F. f. 2312.) 
Deep green, or becoming reddish, glabrous. Branches slender, prostrate, 1-3 dm. 
long; leaves oblong to oval. 3-15 mm. long, obtuse or retuse. serrulate to below the 
middle, the base oblique, mostly truncate or obtuse; involucres solitarj^ in the 
axils, sometimes clustered toward the ends of the branchlets. less than 2 mm. long, 
bearing 4 disk-like glands and narrow lobed appendages; capsule 2 mm. broad; 
seeds ovoid. 4-angled. the faces transversely wrinkled and pitted. In dry soil. Wis. 
to Cal., south to Mex. Zvlay-Sept. 

7. Euphorbia albicaulis Rydb. White-stemmed Spurge. Pale green or 
yellowish. Branches procumbent. I-3 dm. long, glabrous, shining; leaves linear 
or slightly broadened upward, 1-1.5 cm. long, nearly entire or toothed at the 
apex; involucres turbinate, about i mm. high; appendages minute, rather broad, 
white, truncate or crenulate; capsule about 2 mm. long, smooth, acute-angled; 
seeds light bro\A-n. oblong. 1.3-I.5 mm. long, acutely 4-angled, shallow ly trans- 
versely wrinkled. In sandy soil. Xeb. and Mont. June-Sept. 

8.' Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ridge-seeded Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2313.) Pale green, glabrous. Branches spreading or prostrate, 5-40 cm. long; 
leaves oblong, linear-oblong or rarely ovate. 2-12 mm. long, more or less falcate, 
obtuse at the apex, inequilateral, serridate, ver\- oblique and obtuse or subcordate 
at the base; involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, I mm. long, with 4 dark 
ribs and 4 saucer-shaped glands, their appendages narrow; capsule depressed-glo- 
bose, less than 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong, ash-colored, transversely wrinkled. 
In sandy soil, Ont. to Br. Col., Conn.. Tex. and Mex. Jime-Oct. 

9. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. Hairy Spurge. (I. F. f. 2314a.) 
Bright green, more or less hirsute. Branches prostrate or decumbent. 5-25 cm. long, 
zigzag; leaves ovate-oblong, 8-16 mm. long, acutish. serrulate nearly to the oblique 
base, pale beneath; involucres funnelform, i mm. high, glabrous, bearing 4 
stalked saucer-shaped dark brown glands, and white appendages; capsule about 2 
mm. in diameter, broader than long, glabrous, its angles obtuse; seed 4-angled, 
black beneath a white coating, its faces slightly wrinkled. In sandy or gravelly 
soil, Quebec and Ont. to Conn., N. Y. and Penn. Jime-Sept. 

10. Euphorbia maculata L. Milk Purslane. Spotted or Blotched 
Spurge. (I. F. f. 2314.) Dark green, puberulent or pilose. Branches slender, 
radiately prostrate. 5-40 cm. long, often dark red; leaves usually blotched, oblong 
or ovate-oblong, 4-16 mm. long, obtuse, more or less serrate, the base oblique, sub- 
cordate; involucres solitary in the axils, 2 mm. long, with 4 cup-shaped glands, the 
appendages narrow, white or red; capsule ovoid-globose, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
pubescent; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, minutely pitted and transversely 



EUPHORBIACEAE, 593 

wrinkled. Throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Apparently introduced 
west of the Rocky Mts. June-Nov. 

11. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. Hairy Spreading Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2315.) Light green, puberulent or sparingly pilose. Branches radiately pros- 
trate, 1-3 dm. long; leaves ovate-oblong or obovate -oblong, or sometimes narrower, 
4-15 mm. long, serrulate, at least above the middle, oblique, obtuse or subcordate 
at the base; involucres in lateral clusters, split on one side, 2 mm. long, faintly 
nerved, with 4 disk-like glands, and narrow irregular red or white appendages; 
capsule depressed-globose, less than 2 mm. in diameter, its 3 lobes keeled; seeds 
oblong, papillose, obscurely transversely wrinkled. Quebec to N. Y., Kans. and 
Miss. Aug.' -Oct. 

12. Euphorbia stictospora Engelm. Narrow-seeded Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2316.) Yellowish green, pilose. Branches radiating, 5-30 cm. long; leaves 
oblong to suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, dentate-serrate at the apex, the bases 
truncate or subcordate; involucres clustered, campanulate, i mm. high, with 4 
cup-shaped glands, and inconspicuous appendages; capsule ovoid, 1-2 mm. in 
diameter; seeds narrowly ovoid, pointed, pitted, gray or ash-colored, sharply 
4-angled. S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, to Mex. June-Oct. 

13. Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G. Fendler's Spurge. (I. F. f. 2317.) 
Pale green, glabrous. Branches wiry, 1-2 dm. long, brittle ; leaves suborbicular, 
oval or elliptic, 3-8 mm. long, obtuse, entire, the base oblique, obtuse or subcor- 
date; involucres campanulate, 2-5 mm. high, with 4 or 5 saucer-shaped oval glands 
and irregular appendages; capsule deflexed, 3 mm. in diameter, sharply 3-lobed; 
seeds ovoid, wrinkled. Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and Ariz. April-Oct. 

14. Euphorbia lata Engelm. Hoary Spurge. (I. F. f. 2318.) Pale 
green, canescent. Base somewhat woody; branches 5-10 cm. long; leaves ovate to 
lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, revolute; abruptly narrowed, truncate or cordate at the 
base; involucres solitary in the axils, i mm. long, bearing 5 disk-like glands and 
narrow appendages; capsule subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong, acutish 
at both ends, 4-angled, the faces inconspicuously transversely wrinkled. Kans. to 
Tex. and N. Mex. 

15. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Large or Upright Spotted Spurge. (I. F. 
f. 2319.) Deep green. Stem 2-6 dm. high, the branches mostly spreading; leaves 
opposite, oblong, or linear- oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, often falcate, 
oblique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, often with a red blotch and red margins; 
involucres narrowly obovoid, i mm. long, bearing 4 glands subtended by orbicular 
orreniform white or red appendages; capsule glabrous, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds 
oblong-ovoid, 4-angled, with broken transverse ridges. In fields and thickets, 
throughout eastern N. Am. except the extreme north, extending west to the Rocky 
Mts. May-Oct. 

16. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. Angled Spurge. (I. F. f. 2320.) Yel- 
lowish green. Stem striate- angled, 1-5 dm. tall, the branches ascending, often 
almost filiform; leaves opposite, linear, oblong or lanceolate, equilateral; involucres 
solitary in the axils, often clustered, 2-3 mm. long, ciliate, pubescent, with 5 
glands subtended by triangular-ovate whitish or green appendages; capsule gla- 
brous, 4 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid or oblong-ovoid, terete, papillose. Iowa to 
Mont., Tex. and Colo. Also at Wilmington, Del. June-Oct. 

17. Euphorbia Marylandica Greene. Maryland Spurge. Perennial, 
glabrous, pale green, glaucescent. Stems trichotomous near the base, thence 
bushy, 3-4 dm. tall, the branches dichotomous ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. 
2-3.5 C"^- long, acute, opposite above the whorl of 3 at the first fork; involucres 
hemispheric, nearly 2 mm. high; appendages white, suborbicular to reniform. On 
sand hills, Anne Arundel Co., Md. Summer. 

18. Euphorbia coroilata L. Blooming or Flowering Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2321.) Perennial by a long stout rootstock. Stem erect, 2.5-9 dm. tall, umbel- 
lately branched above; leaves linear, oblong or oblong-spatulate, 2-4 cm. long, 
entire, short- petioled or sessile, the lower scattered, those subtending the umbel vor- 
ticillate; bracts ovate to linear, green; involucres mostly terminal, less than 2 mm. 
long, bearing 4 or 5 yellowish green oblong glands subtended by white petal-like 
guneate or orbicular-cuneatc appendages; capsule erect. subglolx)se. 2-4 mm. in 



594 FLORA. 

diameter; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to 
Minn, and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. April-Oct. 

19. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. White-margixed Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2322.) Bright green. Stem 2.5-9 dm. tall, usually pilose, topped by a mostly 
3-rayed umbel; leaves, except the whorl subtending the umbel, scattered, ovate to 
obovate, 2-8 cm. long, entire; bracts large, white-margined; involucres campanu- 
late, often clustered. 4 mm. long, bearing 3 glands subtended by white reniform 
appendages; capsule depressed-globose, 6 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid- globose, 
terete, dark ash-colored, reticulate-tuberculate. In dry soil, Minn, to Colo, and 
Tex. Introduced into waste places in the Central and Atlantic States. May-Oct. 

20. Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Boiss. Warty Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2323.) Dull green. Stem 2-4 dm. high; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, ob- 
long, or linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, entire, undulate, or denticulate; invo- 
lucres crowded at the ends of the branches, glabrous, or nearly so, nearly 4 mm. 
long, bearing about 4 unappendaged glands; capsule 5 mm. in diameter; seeds 
narrowly ovoid, about 3 mm. long, irregularly 4-angled, ridged and slightly tuber- 
culate. S. Dak. to Colo, and Mex. Aug.-Sept. 

21. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge. (I. F. f. 2324.) Dull 
green. Stem 2-4 dm. high, the branches mostly ascending; leaves opposite, or 
the lower alternate, ovate to nearly linear or orbicular-oblong, 1-8 cm. long, 
coarsely dentate, the nerves prominent beneath; involucres clustered at the ends 
of the branches, oblong-campanulate, about 3 mm. long, 3-5-lobed, bearing 1-4 
yellowish glands; capsule 4-5 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid or ovoid-globose, 
ash-colored, irregularly tuberculate, inconspicuously 4-angled. In dry or moist 
soil, Penn. to S. Dak., Term., La. and Mex. July-Oct. 

22. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2325.) Root deep. Stems several or many, slender, 1-2.5 ^'^^ ^o^gl leaves green or 
red. wonderfully variable in shape from linear to orbicular. 1-7 cm. long, mostly 
opposite, entire, short-petioled; involucres axillary, mostly hemispheric, nearly 2 
mm. long, slender-peduncled, bearing 5 transversely elliptic or oblong green 
glands; capsule 3 mm. in diameter; seeds light gray, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, pitted, 
obscurely 4-sided. In dry sandy soil. Conn, to Fla., mostly near the coast. Also 
in southern Ind. An emetic. May-Oct. 

23. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Various-leaved Spurge. (I. F. f. 2326.) 
Bright green. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, with the branches ascending, or the lower 
spreading, leafy at the ends; leaves alternate, very variable, linear to orbicular, 
entire, undulate, sinuate or dentate, the uppermost often fiddle-shaped and blotched 
with red; involucres clustered at the ends of branches, 3 mm. long; lobes 5, ovate 
or oblong, laciniate, the sinuses bearing i or several sessile glands; capsule gla- 
brous or minutely pubescent, 6 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, tranversely 
wrinkled and tuberculate. 111. to Mont. , Fla. and Trop. Am. April-Nov. 

24. Euphorbia Lathyris L. Caper or Myrtle Spurge. (I. F. f. 2327.) 
Glaucous. Stem 2-10 dm. tall, mostly simple below, umbellately branched above; 
leaves numerous, the lower scattered, linear, reflexed, those subtending the umbel 
verticillate, the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile, subcordate 
at the base; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate; involucres 5 
mm. long, bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into short horns; capsule 
subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, terete, usually wrinkled. 
In waste places, N. J. to N. Car. Also in Cal. Native of Europe. May-Aug. 

25. Euphorbia Darlingtonii A. Gray. Darlington 's Spurge. (I. F. f. 
2328.) Dark green, often minutely pubescent. Stem stout. 4-15 dm. tall, topped 
by a 5-8-rayed umbel, branched above; leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 3.5-10 cm. 
long, mostly obtuse, sessile, often tmdulate, those of the stem scattered, those sub- 
tending the umbels verticillate; bracts ovate or nearly reniform; involucres cam- 
panulate, nearly 4 mm. long, bearing 5 reniform crenulate glands; capsule 
depressed-globose, minutely warts'; seeds ovoid-globose. N. Y., Penn. andN. J. to 
N. Car. May-Sept. 

26. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. Blunt-lea^'e;d Spurge. (I. F. f. 2329.) 
Yellowish green. Stem 3-6 dm. high, topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches 
simple or forked; leaves scattered, spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate to below the 
middle; involucres I mm. long, bearing 4 stalked glands; capsule subglobose, 



EUPHOEBIACEAE, 595 

nearly 4 mm. in diameter, with elongated warts ; seeds oblong, or orbicular-oblong, 
dark brown, faintly reticulated. In dry soil, Va. to Iowa, S. Car. and Tex. 
March-July. 

27. Euphorbia platyph^lla L. Broad-leaved Spurge. (I. F. f. 2330.) 
Bright green. Stems 1-5 dm. high, often reddish, topped by a usually 5 -rayed 
umbel ; leaves scattered, oblong or spatulate-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, acute, serrulate, 
slightly auricled; bracts triangular-ovate or reniform, mucronate; involucres cam- 
panulate, nearly 2 mm. long, bearing 4 glands; capsule subglobose, about 4 mm. 
in diameter, with depressed warts; seeds oblong or nearly orbicular, smooth, 
brown. Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. Nat. 
from Europe. June-Sept. 

28. Euphorbia Arkansana Engelm. Arkansas Spurge. Olive green. 
Stem slender, 2-5 dm. tall, with few spreading branches above, topped by an umbel 
with 3 copiously dichotomous rays 2-3 cm. long; stem-leaves cuneate or spatu- 
late, 1-3 cm. long, rather acute, serrulate above the middle; bracts ovate to tri- 
angular-ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, truncate or subcordate at the base, mucronate at the 
apex; involucres about i mm. high, with transversely elliptic glands less than 
I mm. wide, the lobes usually ciliate; capsules 2.5-3 mm. wide, warty; seeds 
ovoid, closely reticulated, brown. Dry soil. Mo. to Colo., Ala. andMex. May- Aug. 

29. Euphorbia Missouriensis (Norton) Small. Reticulate - seeded 
Spurge. (I. F. f. 2331.) Olive green. Stem 3-6 dm. high, topped by a com- 
pound 3-rayed umbel; leaves scattered, spatulate, 2-3.5 cm. long; obtuse, serrate to 
below the middle, the upper slightly auricled at the base ; bracts oblong or ovate, 
inequilateral, acute, serrate; involucres less than 2 mm. long, with 4 oblong 
glands, the lobes glabrous; capsule 3-3.5 "^"^" '^^ diameter, with elongated warts; 
seeds ovoid, purplish brown, distinctly reticulated. \^E. Arkansana var. Missouri- 
ensis Norton. E. didyosperma 111. FL, not F. & M.] Minn, to Wash., south to 
Kans. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

30. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. Sun Spurge. Wartweed. (I. F. f. 
2332.) Bright green. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, often branched from the base, topped 
like the branches by a more or less compound 3-5 -rayed umbel; leaves scattered, 
spatulate, obovate, oblong, or sometimes nearly oi-bicular, I-I2 cm. long, obtuse or 
refuse, serrulate, short-petioled ; bracts oblong or ovate, serrulate, inequilateral; 
involucres oblong-campanulate, 2.5 mm. long, usually with 4 oblong stalked glands; 
capsule globose-ovoid, or somewhat depressed, 4 mm. in diameter, smooth, the 
lobes rounded; seeds ovoid, nearly 3 mm. long, reddish brown, strongly reticulate. 
In waste places in the Valley of the St. Lawrence and along the Great Lakes, 
extending south to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 

31. Euphorbia Peplus L. Petty Spurge. (L F. f. 2333.) Olive green. 
Stem 1-3 dm. high, topped by a 3-5 -rayed umbel; stem-leaves scattered, oblong or 
obovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or refuse, entire, slender-petioled; bracts opposite, 
ovate or triangular-ovate, apiculate, sessile; involucres campanulate, less than 
2 mm. long, bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into slender horns; cap- 
sule globose-ovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, slightly nodding, smooth, the lobes 
2-keeled; seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, whitish, nearly terete, marked with 1-4 
series of pits. In waste places, western N. Y. to N. J. and Penn. Adv. from 
Europe. June-Sept. 

32. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Tinted Spurge. (I. F. f. 2334.) 
Yellowish green, often tinged with red. Stem usually decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, 
topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches forked or umbellately branched; leaves 
scattered, spatulate to ovate, 1.2-3.5 cm. long, obtuse or mucronulate, entire, 
slender-petioled; bracts ovate-reniform; involucres campanulate, 2.5 mm. long, 
bearing 3 or 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into slender horns; capsule globose- 
ovoid, 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the lobes rounded; seeds oblong, terete, irreg- 
ularly pitted. On hillsides, Penn. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. March-July. 

33. Euphorbia Esula L. Leafy Spurge. Faitour's Grass. (I. F. f. 
23350 Bright green. Stems often clustered, mostly erect, 2-6 dm. tall, topped 
by a many-rayed imibel; leaves few, all scattered, linear or oblong, 1.4-4 cm. 
long, 4-12 mm. broad, entire, those subtending the inaibel lanceolate or oblai\ceo- 
latej bracts subreniform, mucronate; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 



59^ FLORA, 

bearing 4 crescent- shaped glands; capsule nodding, smooth; seeds oblong, terete, 
smooth. In waste places, Mass. to N. Y. and Mich. Nat, from Europe. Summer. 

34. Euphorbia liicida L. Shining Spurge. (I. F. f. 2336.) Deep green. 
Stems stout, usually clustered, 2-5 dm. high, usually very leafy, topped by a 
4-7 -rayed umbel; branches simple or forked; leaves alternate, linear or linear- 
oblong, 1. 2-10 cm. long, 4-12 mm. broad, entire, mostly apiculate, those subtend- 
ing the umbel ovate, oval or obovate; bracts reniform; involucres campanulate, 
3 mm. long, bearing 4 yellowish oblong crescent-shaped, 2-horned glands; capsuii 
globose-ovoid, 4 mm, in diameter, nodding, smooth, finely wrinkled; seeds oblong, 
2.5-3 mm. long, nearly terete, whitish, smooth. In fields along the Susquehanna 
River, southern N. Y. and northern Penn. Nat. from Europe. \E. Nicaeensis 
111. FL] July-Sept. 

35. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. (I. F. f. 2337.) Bright 
green. Stems clustered in large patches, 3 dm. high, or less, the branches topped 
by many-rayed umbels; leaves linear, or almost filiform, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, 
0.5-3 mm. broad; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 2 mm. long, with 4 unap- 
pendaged crescent-shaped glands; capsule subglobose, 3 mm. in diameter, granu- 
lar on the rounded lobes ; seeds oblong, 2 mm. long, smooth. Escaped from gar- 
dens to waste places, N. E. to Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

36. Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small. Rocky Mountain Spurge. (I. F. 
f. 2338.) Glaucous. Stems clustered, 1-3.5 ^'^- tail, topped by a 3-5-rayed 
umbel; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-1.8 mm. long, obtuse or apicu- 
late, entire, sessile; bracts opposite, triangular-ovate or subreniform; involucres 
campanulate, 3 mm. long, bearing 4 somewhat crescent-shaped unappendaged buff 
crenulate glands; capsule globose-ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, its lobes rounded; seeds 
oblong or obovoid-oblong, terete, 2.3-2.5 mm. long, gray, minutely pitted. S. Dak., 
Mont, and Wyo. to Neb. and Ark. May -Oct. 

Family 9. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl.* 

Water-starwort Family. 

Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with slender or capil- 
lary stems, opposite exstipulate entire spatulate or linear leaves, and 
minute perfect or monoecious axillary flowers. Perianth none. Bracts 
2, sac-like, or none. Stamen i ; filament elongated, filiform ; anthers cor- 
date, 2-celled, opening by lateral slits. Pistil i ; ovary 4-celled ; ovules i 
in each cavity; styles 2, filiform, papillose nearly the whole length. 
Fruit compressed, lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled on the 
margins, separating at maturity into 4 flatfish i-seeded carpels. Seed 
anatropous, pendulous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight or nearly so, 
almost as long as the endosperm. Consists of the following genus : 

I. CALLITRICHE L. 

Characters of the family, [Greek, beautiful hair, from the hair-like stems.] 
About 20 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 7 others occur 
in southern and western N. Am. 

Fruit short-peduncled ; bracts wanting: ; terrestrial. i. C. Austini, 
Fruit sessile ; aquatic, or some forms growing in mud. 
Bracts present. 

Fruit oval, flat on the face, longer than the styles. 2. C. palustris. 

Fruit obovate, plano-convex, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heterophylla. 

Bracts none ; leaves all linear, submersed, 4. C. bifida. 

I. Callitriche Anstini Engelm. Terrestrial Water-starwort. (I. F. f. 
2339,) Tufted, the branches spreading on the ground or ascending, 1-5 cm. long. 
Leaves spatulate or obovate, 3-nerved, 3-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse, 
tapering into a short margined petiole, destitute of stellate scales; fruit about 
0.5 mm, long and nearly I mm, broad, deeply notched at both ends, its lobes with 

* Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong, 



SAPINDALES, 597 

a narrow marginal wing or raised border, with a deep groove between them; styles 
persistent, not longer than the fruit, spreading or reflexed. In damp, shaded 
places, N. Y. and N. J. to Ohio, Mo., Tenn., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

2. Callitriche palustris L. Vernal Water-starwort. Water Fennel. 
(I. F. f. 2340.) Aquatic or growing in the mud; stems 5-25 cm. long. Sub- 
merged leaves linear, I -nerved, retuse or bifid at the apex, 1-2 cm. long; emersed 
or floating leaves obovatej obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, narrowed into a 
margined petiole, dotted with stellate scales; aquatic ibrms occur with the leaves 
all linear; fruit 2-bracted, 1-2 mm. long, about one-half as broad, slightly notched 
at the apex, winged only toward the apex, or all around, separated by a deep 
groove. Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occurring nearly throughout 
the U. S. and Canada. Also in S. Am., Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

3. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Larger Water-starwort. (I. F. f. 
2341.) Similar to the preceding. Fruit smaller, usually slightly less than I mm. 
long, and about the same breadth, broadly notched at the apex, thick, almost ven- 
tricose at the base; lobes obtusely angled with a small intervening groove, wing- 
less, or with a narrow wing or raised border on the margins. In ponds and slow 
streams, N. Eng, to Fla., N. W. Terr., Colo, and La. July-Sept. 

4. Callitriche bifida (L.) Morong. Autumnal or Northern Water-star- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2342.) Submerged. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, clasping 
at the base, retuse or bifid at the apex, i-nerved, 1-1.6 cm. long, without stellate 
scales; fruit sessile, or rarely minutely pedunculate, orbicular or slightly narrower 
than long; 1-2 mm. in diameter, its lobes separated by a deep groove and broadly 
winged on the margins; styles as long as the fruit, or shorter, soon deciduous. In 
flowing water, Quebec to Manitoba and Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also 
in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 



Order 20. SAPINDALES. 

Mostly trees or shrubs {Limnanthaceae and Balsaminaceae herbs). 
Petals usually present and separate. Sepals mostly distinct. Stamens 
rarely more than twice as many as the sepals, when as many or fewer, 
opposite them. Ovary superior, compound. Ovules pendulous, with 
the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. 

a. Flowers regular, or nearly so (except in Hippocastanaceae^ which are trees or 

shrubs with digitately compound leaves. 
Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum); flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen. 
Stamens mostly 3; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. i. Empetraceae. 

Stamens 4-7 ; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers. 

Fam. 2. Buxaceae. 
Petals present; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae. 

Low annual herbs, with pinnately divided leaves, the stamens twice as many as the 

petals. Fam. 3. Limnant/mceae. 

Trees or shrubs, or rarely herbaceous vines. 

Ovary i-celled (in ours); fruit a small drupe. Fam. 4. A?iacardiaceae. 

Ovary 2-several-celled. 

Leaves simple, pinnately veined. 
Seeds not arilled. 

Fruit dry; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 5. Cyrillaceae. 
Fruit a small drupe; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dice- 
cious; ovules pendulous. Fam. 6. Ilicaceae. 

Seeds arilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 7. Celastraceae, 
Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound. 
Leaves opposite. 

Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 8. Staphyleaceae. 

Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 9. Aceraccae. 

Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately com- 
pound. Fam. 10. J/ippocastanaccac. 
Leaves alternate ; fruit various. Fam. 11. Sap/z/Jaccac. 

b. Flowers very irregular, the posterior sepal large, saccate; succulent herbs, the 

capsule elastically dehiscent. Fam. 12. Balsatninaccae. 



59B FLORA, 

Family i. EMPETRACEAE Dumort. 

Crowber?'y Family. 

Low evergreen shrubs, with small narrow nearly sessile exstipulate 
leaves jointed to short pulvini, channeled on the lower side by the revo- 
lute margins, and small dioecious, monoecious, or rarely polygamous 
flowers. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, or none. Staminate 
flowers with 2-4 stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers 2-celled, 
longitudmally dehiscent, sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate 
flowers with a 2-several-celled sessile ovary, the single style cleft into as 
many stigma-bearing segments as there are ovary-cavities; ovules i 
in each cavity, amphitropous. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 
2-several i-seeded nutlets. Em.bryo straight, terete, m copious endo- 
sperm. Three known genera, the following, and the monotypic Ceratisla 
of the southeastern U. S. 

Flowers axillary; petals 3. i. Empetriim. 

Flowers in terminal heads; petals none. 2. Corema. 

1. EMPETRUM L. 

Depressed or spreading herbaceous shrubs, the branches usually densely leafy, 
the leaves linear-oblong. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in the upper axils. 
Sepals and petals mostly 3. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers introrse. 
Pistillate flowers with a globose 6-9-celled ovary, and a short thick style with 
6-9-toothed segments. Drupe black, or red, containing 6-9 nutlets. [Greek, on 
rocks, referring to the growth of these plants in rocky places.] Two known species, 
the following, and C. rubriivi of southern S. Am. 

I. Empetrum nigrum L. Black Crowberry. Heathberry. (I. F. f. 
2343.) Glabrous, or the young shoots pubescent, the branches diffusely spreading, 
5-25 cm. long. Leaves dark green, thick, obtuse, 4-7 mm. long, about i mm. 
wide, the revolute margins roughish ; flovi^ers very small, purplish; stamens exserted; 
drupe black (red in an arctic form), 4-6 mm. in diameter. In rocky places, Green- 
land to Alaska, Me., N. Y., Mich, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. COREMA Don. 

Low, much-branched shrubs, with narrowly linear leaves crowded on the 
branches, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers in terminal heads. Corolla 
none. Staminate flowers with 3 or sometimes 4 long-exserted stamens, occasionally 
with a rudimentary or perfect pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-5 -celled (mostly 
3 -celled) ovary and a slender 2-5 -cleft style, the stigmatic branches very slender, 
sometimes toothed. Drupe globose, usually with 3 nutlets. , [Greek, a broom, in 
allusion to the bushy habit.] Two species, the following of the eastern U. S., the 
other of southwestern Europe, the Azores and Canaries. 

I. Corema Conradii Torr. Conrad's Broom Crowberry. (L F. f. 2344.) 
Much branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, the young twigs puberulent and densely leafy, 
the branches minutely scarred by the persistent pulvini. Leaves 4-6 mm. long, 
rather less than I mm. wide, obtuse, glabrous when mature; flowers numerous 
in the terminal sessile heads, the pistillate ones almost concealed by the upper 
leaves, the staminate conspicuous by the exserted purple stamens; drupes nearly 
dry, less than 2 mm. in diameter. In rocky or sandy soil, Newf. to N. J., mostly 
near the coast, but occurring in one station on the Shawangunk Mountains in Ulster 
Co., N. Y. April-May. 

Family 2. BUXACEAE Dumort. 

Box Family. 

Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple 
mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers regular, bracted. 
Petals none. Staminate flowers with 4-7 distinct stamens, the anthers 
2-celled ; sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 



LIMNANTHACEAE, 599 

2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary, with 2 or i anatropous ovules in each 
cavity ; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or 
drupe, its carpels 1-2-seeded. Embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or 
almost wanting. About 6 genera and 30 species, only the following and 
the Californian Szmmondsia native in N. Am. 

I. PACHYSANDRA Michx. 

Monoecious perennial herbs, with matted rootstocks, the stems procumbent or 
ascending, leafy above. Leaves alternate, estipulate, petioled, persistent, broad, 
3 -nerved. Flowers spicate, the pistillate and staminate in the same spike. Stam- 
inate flowers with 4 sepals; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; filaments thick, long- 
exserted. Pistillate flowers with 4 sepals or more; ovary 3-celled, the cavities with 
a partition at the base ; styles 3, spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule of 3 
2-seeded carpels. [Greek, thick stamen.] Two species, the following of south- 
eastern N. Am., the other Japanese. 

I. Pachysandra prociambens Michx. Alleghany Mountain Spurge. 
(I. F. f. 2345.) Somewhat pubescent; stems 3 dm. long or less. Leaves ovate, 
oval, or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely dentate or some of them entire, cuneate or 
abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole ; spikes in the axils of the lower scales, 
5-7.5 cm. long, the staminate flowers forming most of the spike, the pistillate few 
toward its base; filaments white, 8-10 mm. long. In woods, W. Va. to Fla. and 
La. Flowers fragrant. April-May. 

Family 3. LIMNANTHACEAE LindL 

False Mermaid Family. 

Annual herbs, with alternate petioled estipulate pinnately divided 
leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary, long-peduncled. Sepals 2-5, 
valvate, persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating 
with as many small glands, the nearly perigynous stamens distinct. Fila- 
ments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Car- 
pels as maily as the sepals and opposite them, i-ovuled, nearly distinct, 
the single slender style arising from the centre, cleft above into as many 
stigmas as there are carpels ; ovule ascending. Fruit very deeply 2-5- 
lobed, the carpels indehiscent. Embryo straight ; endosperm none ; 
cotyledons thick. Two North American genera, the following, and Lim- 
nanthes, of the Pacific States, with 5 or 6 species. 

I. FLOERKEA Willd. 

A diff'use glabrous herb, with small white solitary flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. 
Petals 2 or 3, oblong, entire. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 2-3-lobed nearly to the base, 
2-3-celled; stigmas 2 or 3. Mature carpels 1-3, indehiscent, fleshy. Seed erect. 
[In honor of H. G. Floerke, 1790-1835, a German botanist.] A monotypic genus. 

1. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. False Mermaid. (I. F. f. 2346.) 
Slender, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, 1.25-7.5 cm. long, the seg- 
ments 5 or 3, distant, lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, entire or cleft; peduncles 
slender; flowers about 3 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, at length much exceeding 
the fruit; stamens about equalling the petals; ripe carpels nearly globular, about 
3 mm. in diameter, tuberculate above. In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to 
Ont., Ore., Penn., Tenn., Mo., Utah and Cal. April-June. 

Family 4. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. 

Sumac Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap. alternate or rarely 
opposite leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flcnvers. 
Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or 
rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many 
as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila- 



600 FLORA. 

merits separate ; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the staminate 
flowers I -celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers i- or sometimes 4-5- 
celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules i in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. 
Seed-coat bony or crustaceous ; endosperm little or none ; cotyledons 
fleshy. About 50 genera and 400 species, most abundant in warm or 
tropical regions, a few extending into the temperate zones. 
Styles terminal ; leaves compound in our species; fruit nearly symmetrical, i. Rhus. 
Styles lateral ; leaves simple ; fruit gibbous. 2. Cotinus. 

I. RHUS L. 

Leaves alternate, simple, 3-foliolate, or odd-pinnate, estipulate. Flowers 
small, polygamous, in panicles. Calyx 4-6-cleft or parted (commonly 5 -cleft), per- 
sistent. Petals equal, imbricated, spreading. Disk annular. Stamens (in our 
species) 5. Pistil i, sessile; ovary i-ovuled; styles 3, terminal. Drupe small, i- 
seeded, mostly subglobose, pubescent or glabrous. Seed inverted on a stalk that 
rises from the base of the ovary; cotyledons nearly flat. [Ancient Greek and Latin 
name; Celtic, red.] About 120 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, 
most abundant in South Africa. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the 
southern and western parts of the U. S. 

Fruit pubescent ; stone smooth. 

Leaflets 9^31; flowers appearing after the leaves. 

Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. i. R. coJ>allina. 

Rachis of the leaf nearly terete. 

Foliage and twigs velvety-pubescent, 2. R. hirta. 

Foliage and twigs mostly glabrous and glaucous. 3. R. glabra. 
Leaflets 3 ; flowers appearing before the leaves. 

Leaflets 2-8 cm. long, pubescent, crenate-dentate. 4. R. aromattca. 

Leaflets 1.25-2.5 cm. long, glabrate, with few rounded teeth. 

5. R. trilobata. 
Fruit glabrous ; stone striate. 

Leaflets 7-13, glabrous. 6. R. Vernix. 

Leaflets 3, more or less pubescent beneath. 

Vine climbing by aerial rootlets, or trailing, rarely suberect. 

7. R. radicans. 
Low shrubs, mostly without aerial rootlets. 

Leaflets very pubescent, crenately lobed; southern. 

8. R. Toxicodendron. 
Leaflets sparingly pubescent, entire, sinuate, or acutely lobed. 

Leaflets entire or acutely lobed; fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter; northern. 

9. R. niicrocarpa. 
Leaflets sinuate; fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter; western. 

10. R. Rydbergii, 

1. Rhus copalilna L. Dwarf, Black or Mountain Sumac Upland 
Sumac. (I. F. f. 2347.) A shrub, or sometimes a small tree. Leaves pinnate, 
1.5-3 dm. long, the petiole and rachis more or less pubescent; leaflets 9-21, ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, inequilateral, entire, or few-toothed toward the 
apex, dark green and glabrous above, paler and often pubescent beneath; flowers 
green, 3 mm. broad, in dense terminal panicles; pedicels and calyx finely pubes- 
cent; drupe compressed, 4 mm. in diameter, crimson, covered with short acid hairs. 
In dry soil, Me. and southern Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. June- Aug. 

2. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. (L F. f. 2348.) A small 
tree, or often shrubby. Leaves pinnate, 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 11-31, lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, 7.5-12 cm. long, acuminate, rounded at the base, sharply 
serrate, dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale and more or less pubescent 
beneath; panicles terminal, dense; flowers green, 3 mm. broad; drupe globose, 
3-4 mm. in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo. and 
Miss. A form with laciniate leaflets has been found in New Hampshire. June. 

3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Upland or Scarlet Sumac. (I. F. f. 2349.) 
A shrub or rarely a small tree, 6-60 dm. high, similar to the preceding species, 
but glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaflets II-31, lanceolate or oblong- lanceo- 
late, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, rounded and often oblique at the base, dark green 
above, whitish beneath, sharply serrate; pedicels sometimes slightly pubescent; 



ANA CA RDIA CEAE. 6o I 

inflorescence and fruit similar to those of the two preceding; drupe covered with 
short reddish acid hairs. In dry soil, N. S. to Br. Col, Fla., Miss, and Ariz. This 
species and the two preceding sometimes have the whole or a part of the flower- 
clusters changed into small leaves. A form with laciniate leaflets occurs in south- 
ern Penn. and Del. June-Aug. 

Rhus glabra bore^lis Britton, n. var. Inflorescence, and sometimes the foliage, soft- 
pubescent. Mich, and Minn. 

4. Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant or Sweet-scented Sumac, (I. F. f. 
2350.) A shrub, 9-24 dm. high, ascending or diffuse. Leaves petioled, 5-10 cm, 
long, aromatic; leaflets ovate or rhomboid, 2-8 cm. long, 1.8-3,6 cm. wide, the 
lateral ones sessile, the terminal short-stalked, the lateral rounded or truncate, the 
terminal cuneate at the base; flowers yellowish green, about 2 mm. broad, in clus- 
tered spikes appearing before the leaves ; drupe globose, red. In rocky woods, 
Ont. and Vt, to Fla,, Minn., Kans, and La, March-April. 

5. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Ill-scented Sumac, Skunk-bush. (I. F. f. 
2351.) A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 
unpleasantly odorous, 2.5-5 ^m. long; leaflets sessile or nearly so, puberulent when 
young, ovate or oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneate at the base, all crenately 
few-lobed or toothed or sometimes entire ; flowers as in the preceding species, and 
firuit similar. 111. to S, Dak., Tex, and Cal. March. 

6. Rhus Vernix L. Poison Sumac, Poison Elder, (I, F. f, 2352,) A 
shrub or small tree. Leaves petioled, 1,5-4 dm. long, glabrous or somewhat 
puberulent; leaflets thin, obovate, oval, or the lowest ovate, 5-10 cm, long, 
2.5-3.75 cm. wide, green both sides, entire, short-acuminate, short- stalked; rachis 
terete; flowers green, about 2 mm. broad, in loose axillary panicles 7-20 cm, long; 
drupe globose-oblong, 4 mm, in diameter, gray. In swamps, southern Ont. to 
R. I., Fla,, Minn., Mo. and La. Very poisonous. June. 

7. Rhus radicans L, Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. Climath. (I, F. f. 
2353.) A woody vine, climbing by numerous aerial rootlets, the stem sometimes 
7-10 cm. in diameter. Leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or rhombic, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
entire or sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or short-acuminate, the lateral sessile 
or short-stalked, inequilateral, the terminal ones stalked; flowers green, 3 mm. 
broad, in loose axillary panicles 2-8 cm. long; fruit similar to that of the pre- 
ceding. Thickets and along fences, N. S. to Fla,, Minn,, Neb, and Ark, Very 
poisonous, as are the three following species, May-June, 

8. Rhus Toxicodendron L, Poison Oak, Low, erect, densely and finely 
pubescent. Leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate or crenately lobed, often to the 
middle, so as to resemble the leaves of an oak, the sinuses sharp; petals about 
2 mm, long; fruit depressed-globose, 6-8 mm, in diameter. In dry soil, Va, to 
Ga. and western N. Car. 

9. Rhus microcarpa (Michx.) Steud. Northern Poison Oak. Low and 
slender, puberulent, seldom over 4 dm. high, erect, or the stem sometimes trailing 
and the branches erect. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, acuminate, 
the middle one cuneate at the base, sharply tootlied, lobed, or entire ; fruit globose, 
small, Mich, \R. Toxicodendron microcarpa Michx.] 

10. Rhus Rydbergii Small. Rydberg's Poison Oak, A shrub, less than 
I m. high. Leaflets broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, rather thick, slightly pubes- 
cent on the veins beneath, 3-10 cm. long, the margins sinuate-dentate; petals 
ovate, about 3 mm. long; fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter. Hillsides and open woods, 
S. Dak. to Br. Col,, Kans. and Ariz. May-June. 

2. COTINUS Adans. 

Shrubs or small trees, with ovate oval or obovate entire leaves, and small 
polygamous slender-pedicelled flowers in large terminal panicles. Calyx 5 -parted, 
the segments imbricated, obtuse. Petals longer than the calyx, imbricated. 
Stamens 5. Ovary obovoid; styles 3, lateral; stigmas very small. Drupe obliquelv 
oblong or oval, compressed, gibbous, l-seedcd. Seed nearly as in Rhus. [Creek 
name or the oleaster, or wild olive.] Two known species, the following of south- 
eastern N, Am,, the other of Europe and Asia. 



602 FLORA. 

I. Cotinus cotinoxdes (Nutt.) Britton. Wild or American Smoke-T41EE. 
Chittam-wood. (I. F. f. 2354,) A small widely-branched tree, with maximum 
height of about 12 m. and trunk diameter of 4 dm. Leaves oval or slightly 
obovate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. 
wide, obtuse at the apex, the blade slightly decurrent on the petiole; flowers 
2-3 mm. broad, green; pedicels elongating to 2.5-3.75 cm. and becoming very 
plumose in fruit; drupe reticulate- veined, 4 mm. long. Mo. and Ind. Terr, to 
Tenn. and Ala. April-May. Nearly related to the European C. Cotinus, which 
differs in its smaller coriaceous leaves, more pubescent, mostly rounded and 
obtuse at base; it occasionally escapes from cultivation. 

Family 5. CYRILLACEAE Lindl. 

Cyrilla Family. 

Glabrous shrubs, or small trees, with simple entire alternate estipu- 
late leaves, long-persistent or evergreen, and small regular perfect bracted 
racemose flowers. Sepals 4-8 (mostly 5), persistent. Petals the same 
number as the sepals, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their 
bases, deciduous. Stamens 4-10, in i or 2 series, distinct, hypogynous; 
anthers introrse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
2-5-celled ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity, anatropous, pendulous ; style short 
or none ; stigma very small, or 2-3-lobed. Fruit dry, small, 1-5-seeded. 
Seeds oblong or spindle-shaped ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central, 
cylindric. Three genera and 6 known species, natives of America. 

I. CYRILLA Garden. 

Racemes clustered at the ends of twigs of the preceding season. Sepals 5, firm, 
acute, shorter than the petals. Petals 5. white, acute, spreading. Stamens 5, 
opposite the sepals, the filaments subulate, the anthers oval. Ovary ovoid, sessile, 
mostly 2-celled, sometimes 3-celled; ovules 2-4 in each cavity; style short, thick, 
2-3-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 2-3 -seeded, the pericarp spongy. [In honor of Domenico 
Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Naples.] Two species, of southeastern N. Am. 

I. Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. Southern Leatherwood or Ironwood. 
(I. F. f. 2355.) A shrub or small tree, the bark at the base spongy. Leaves 
oblanceolate, obovate or oval, cuneate-narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 
6-25 mm. wide; racemes narrow, 5-15 cm. long, bearing the very numerous small 
white flowers nearly to the base; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, somewhat longer than 
the bracts, or shorter; fruit about 2 mm. long. Along streams and swamps, Va. to 
Fla. and Tex. Also in the West Indies and S. Am. May-July. 

Family 6. ILICACEAE Lowe. 

Holly Fa77itly. 

Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves. 
Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly polygamo-dioecious, regular. Stip- 
ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, generally per- 
sistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, 
hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many as 
the petals, or sometimes more ; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. 
Ovary i, superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; style 
short or none ; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like 
drupe, enclosing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; 
embryo straight. Five genera and about 170 species, of temperate and 
tropical regions. 

Petals oblong or obovate, slightly united. i. Ilex. 

Petals linear, distinct. 2. Ilicioides. 



tUCACEAE. 603 



1. ILEX L. 

Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polygamous. 
Calyx small, 4-5 -cleft or toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base, ob- 
long, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base of the corolla. 
Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. [Ancient name 
of the Holly Oak.] About 160 species, mostly natives of America. In addition to 
the following, some 5 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 

Leaves, thick, evergreen, persistent. 
Nutlets ribbed. 

Leaves spiny-toothed. i. /. opaca. 

Leaves toothed or entire, not spiny. 

Leaves entire or few-toothed; calyx- lobes acute. 2. /. Cassine. 

Leaves coarsely crenate; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. /. voniitoria. 

Nutlets not ribbed ; leaves dotted beneath. 

Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, obtusish; drupe 4-6 mm. in diameter. 

4. /. g/abra. 
Leaves obovate to oblong, acute ; drupe 6-8 mm. in diameter. 5. /. lucida. 
Leaves thin, deciduous. 

Nutlets ribbed; peduncles i-flowered. 

Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate. 6. /. decidua. 

Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate. 7. /. monticola. 

Nutlets not ribbed. 

Flowers all short-pedicelled. 

Leaves oval to oblong; twigs brown; fruit scarlet. 8. /. verticillata. 

Leaves obovate; twigs gray; fruit orange-red. 9. /. Bronxensis, 

Staminate flowers on long and slender pedicels. 10. /. laevigata. 

1. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. (I. F. f. 2356.) A tree of slow 
growth, sometimes 15 m. high. Young twigs sparingly pubescent; leaves elliptic 
or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, glabrous, spiny-tipped, rarely nearly 
or quite entire; petioles 4-8 mm. long; staminate cymes 3-10-flowered; 1.25-2.5 
cm. long; fertile flowers mostly solitary; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; drupe globose 
or globose-oblong, red, rarely yellow, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, S. 
Me. to Fla., Penn., Mo. and Tex. April-June. 

2. Ilex Cassine L. Dahoon Holly. (I. F. f. 2357.) A shrub, or small 
tree. Twigs pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute at the base, glabrous and dark green above, pale and 
usually pubescent beneath; petioles 6-8 mm, long; staminate cymes several- or 
many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; fertile cymes commonly 3- 
flowered; calyx-lobes ciliate; drupes red, globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In low 
woods, S. Va. to Fla., near the coast, west to La. May. 

3. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Cassena. Yaupon. (I. F. f. 2358.) A shrub, or 
small tree. Petioles and young twigs puberulent; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, 
1.25-3.75 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, obtuse at both ends, crenate, glabrous, pale 
beneath, dark green above; petioles 2-4 mm. long; staminate cymes several- 
flowered, short-peduncled; fertile cymes sessile, 1-3-flowered; drupe red. 4-6 mm. 
in diameter. In low woods, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. Also in Bermuda. J\lay. 

4. Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. Inkberry. Evergreen Winter-berry. 
(I. F. f. 2359.) A shrub, 6-18 dm., high. Young twigs and petioles puberulent; 
leaves dark green and shining above, paler beneath, oblanceolate or elliptic,, 2.5-5 
cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, generally cuneate at the base, obtusish and few-toothed 
at the apex, or sometimes entire; petioles 4-8 mm. long; sterile cymes several- 
flowered, slender-peduncled ; fertile flowers generally solitary; drup? black. In 
sandy soil, E. Mass. to Fla., west to La., mainly near the coast. Reported from 
N. S. June-July. 

5. Ilex lucida (Ait.) T. & G. Shining Inkberry. (I. F. f. 2359a.) A 
glabrous shrub, 5 m. high or less. Leaves acute at both ends, entire, or with a 
few small sharp teeth, 2-8 cm. long, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, 
short-petioled, somewhat viscid when young; flowej-s clustered in the axils, or the 
staminate solitary, the cymes sessile; pedicels bractless, short; calyx-segments 6-9; 
drupe black; nutlets flat. Swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 



604 FLORA. ' 

6. Ilex, decidua Walt. Swamp or Meadow Holly. (I. F. f. 2360.) A 
shrub, or small tree. Twigs light gray, glabrous; leaves 4-8 cm. long, 8-16 mm. 
wide, dark green, glabrous on the upper surface, paler and pubescent beneath, 
acute or cuneate at the base, blimt at the apex or sometimes emarginate ; calyx- 
lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe red, depressed-globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In 
swamps and low grounds, D. C. and Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. May. 

7. Ilex monticola A. Gray. Large-leaved Holly. (I. F. f. 2361.) A 
shrub, or occasionally forming a slender erect tree. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
1.25-6 cm. wide, acuminate or acute, glabrous on both sides or somewhat pubes- 
cent beneath, especially along the veins; petioles 8-16 mm. long ; calyx-lobes acute 
or acutish, ciliate, not hairy; drupes red, globose-ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 
Mountain woods, N. Y. and Penn. to N. Car. and Ala. May. , 

Ilex monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britton. Leaves proportionately broader, 2.75-3.25 
cm. long-, 2.5-5 cm. wide, broadly ovate or oval, short-acuminate, densely soft-pubescent 
beneath, becoming glabratewith age; calyx-lobes downy-pubescent. In mountain woods, 
Penn. to Ga. 

8. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Virginli Winter-berry. Black 
Ald~er. (I. F. f. 2362.) A shrub, 2-8 m. high. Twigs nearly or quite glabrous, 
brown; leaves oval, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. 
wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or obtusish at the base, dark green 
and nearly glabrous above, pubescent beneath, sharply serrate; staminate cymes 
clustered, 2-iO-flowered, the fertile 1-3-flowered; pedicels 2-bracted; calyx-lobes 
obtuse, ciliate; drupes bright red (rarely white), clustered so as to appear verticil- 
late, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Wis. and Mo. 
June-July. 

Ilex verticill^tai cyclophylla Robinson. Leaves smaller, broadly oval or nearly orbic- 
ular, thick. Northern N. Y. to Penn. 

9. Ilex Bronxensis. Bronx Winter-berry. Similar to the preceding 
species, but with light gray twigs, obovate, abruptly acuminate, thinner and more 
glabrous leaves, and larger orange-red fruit. In swamps, Me. to Mich, and N. J. 
[/. verticillata tenidfolia Torr. ; hot /. temdfolia Salisb.] 

10. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. Smooth Winter-berry. (I. F. f. 
2363.) A shrub, much resembling the preceding. Twigs glabrous; leaves oval or 
oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, mainly acute or acutish at each end, glabrous on both 
sides, or sometimes villous on the veins beneath, turning yellow in autumn, finely 
serrulate; staminate flowers solitary or occasionally 2 together, on pedicels 
1-I.8 cm. long; fertile flowers solitary, much shorter-pedicelled; calyx-lobes acute, 
glabrous; drupes larger than in /. verticillata, orange-red, ripening earlier. In 
swamps, Me. to Penn. and Va. Blooms earlier than the preceding. May-June. 

2. ILICIOIDES Dumont. 

A glabrous shrub, with slender-petioled oblong deciduous leaves, and small 
flowers. Calyx of the staminate flowers none, that of the pistillate minute, 
4_5 -toothed. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4 or 5. free from the corolla; anthers ovoid-glo- 
bose. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled; ovules I in each cavity; stigmas 3-5, sessile. 
Drupe subglobose. Nutlets 4 or 5. [Greek, resembling holly.] A monotypic 
genus of eastern N. Am. 

I, Ilicioides mucronata (L.) Britton. Wild or Mountain Hollv. (L F, £ 
2364.) A shrub, 2-2.5 m. high, with ash-colored bark. Leaves elliptic or obo- 
vate, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, acutish or mucronate at the apex, entire, or with a few 
small teeth; petioles 6-12 mm. long; flowers of both kinds solitary, or the stami- 
nate sometimes 2-4 together; pedicels very slender, often 3.75 cm. long; drupe 
red, 6-8 mm. in diameter, nutlets faintly ribbed. In swamps, N. S. to Ont., Wis., 
Ind. and Va. May. 



CELA S TRA CEA E, 605 

Family;. CELASTRACEAE Lindl. 

Staff 'tree Fafnily. 

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when 
present, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally perfect, small. 
Pedicels commonly jointed. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the 
lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on the disk. 
Disk fiat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled ; style short, thick ; 
stigma entire or 3-5-Iobed ; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit 
(in our species) a somewhat fleshy dehiscent 2-celled pod. Seeds arilled ; 
embryo large ; cotyledons foliaceous. About 40 genera, and 350 species, 
widely distributed. 

Leaves opposite. 

Large erect or decumbent shrubs; fruit 3-5-lobed ; aril red. ^ i. Euonymus. 

Low spreading shrubs; fruit oblong ; aril whitish. 2. Pachystima. 

Leaves alternate ; woody vine. 3. Celastrus. 

I. EUONYMUS L. 

Shrubs, with petioled entire or serrate leaves, and perfect cymose axillary 
greenish or purple flov^ers. Calyx 4-5 -cleft, the lobes spreading or recurved. 
Petals 4 or 5, inserted beneath the 4-5-lobed disk. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on 
the disk. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short or none; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule 
3-5-celled, 3-5-lobed. angular, rounded or winged, the cavities i-2-seeded, loculi- 
cidally dehiscent. Seeds enclosed in the red aril. About 65 species, of the north 
temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others occur in Cal. 

Pods tuberculate; low shrubs; flowers greenish pink. 

Erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. i. E. Americanus. 

Decumbent, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate, obtuse. 2. E. obovatus. 
Pods smooth; high shrubs or small trees. 

Flowers purple; cymes 6-15-flowered. 3. E. atropurptireus. 

Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered. 4. E. Europaetis. 

1. Euonymus Americanus L. Strawberry Bush. (L F. f. 2365.) A 
shrub, 6-24 dm. high, with 4-angled and ash-colored twigs, divaricately branch- 
ing. Leaves thick, 4-8 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, nearly sessile, crenulate, 
glabrous, or sparingly hairy on the veins beneath; peduncles 1.2-2.4 mm. long, 
very slender, 1-3-flowered; flowers 1-1.2 cm. broad; petals separated, the blade 
nearly orbicular, erose or undulate, the claw short; pod slightly 3-5-lobed, not 
angular, depressed. In low woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. June. 

2. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Running Strawberry Bush. (I. F. f. 
2366.) A low shrub, seldom rising over a foot from the ground. Branches 4- 
angled or slightly winged; leaves rather thin, mostly acute or cuneate at the base, 
finely crenulate-serrulate, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1.25-4 cm. wide, glabrous; petioles 2-4 
mm. long ; peduncles 1-4-flowered; flowers smaller than in the preceding, about 6 
mm. broad; petals generally 5, nearly orbicular, crenulate or erose, with scarcely 
any claw; pod commonly 3-celled, slightly lobed, depressed. In low woods, 
southern Ont. to Penn., Ind. and Ky. April-May. 

3. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. (I. F. f. 
2367.) A shrub or small tree, 2-8 m. high. Twigs obtusely 4-angled; leaves 
ovate-oblong or elliptic, 4-13 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, acuminate, "puborulent, 
especially beneath, crenulate-serrulate, rather thin; petioles 8-16 mm. long; ped- 
uncles slender, 2.5-5 cm. long, bearing a trichotomous cyme; pedicels 6-12 mm. 
long; flowers 1-1.2 cm. broad; petals commonly 4, obovate, undulate; pod deeply 
3-4"-lobed, 1.2-1.6 cm. broad. Ont. to Fla., Mont, and the Ind. Terr. June. 

4. Euonymus Europaeus L. Spindle-tree. (I. F. f. 236S.) A" glabrous 
shrub, 1-3 m. high, resembling the preceding. Leaves oblong, to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, crenulate; peduncles mostly less than 2.5 cm. long, stouter; flowers 
about I cm. broad; petals 4 (rarely 5), oblong or obovate; pod smooth, deeply 
4-lobed. Escaped from cultivation, N. H., N. Y. and N. J. June. 



6o6 FLORA. 



2. PACHYSTIMA Raf. 

Low glabrous shrubs, with corky branches, coriaceous evergreen leaves, and 
small axillary, perfect brownish flowers. Calyx-lobes 4, broad. Petals 4, spread- 
ing. Stamens 4, inserted beneath the disk ; filaments longer than the anthers. Ovary 
immersed in the disk, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, erect; style short; stigma 
slightly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, at length loculicidally de- 
hiscent, i-2-seeded. Seeds oblong with a white many-lobed aril at the base. Two 
species, natives of N. Am. P. Myrsinites occurs in the Rocky Mountains. 

I. Pachystima Canbyi A. Gray. Canby's Mountain Lover. (L F. f. 
2369.) A shrub 1-3 dm. high, with decumbent rooting branches. Leaves oblong, 
or slightly obovate, 1.2-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse at each end, very short- 
petioled, pale green, serrate, the margins revolute; peduncles 1-3-flowered, 2- 
bracted below the middle; pedicels slender and 2-bracted near the base; calyx- 
lobes oval, about equalling the petals; capsule about 8 mm. long and 4 mm. in 
diameter. On dry exposed rocks, Va. and W. Va, April-May. 

3. CELASTRUS L. 

Shrubs, mainly climbing, with thin deciduous leaves, and racemose or panic- 
ulate, small dioecious or polygamous flowers. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, inserted 
under the disk. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5, inserted at the sinuses of the 5- 
lobed disk. Ovary 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled; style thick; stigma 2-4-lobed; ovules 2 
in each cavity, erect. Capsule 2-4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent into as many 
valves. Seeds enclosed in a scarlet aril; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy; coty- 
ledons flat, coriaceous. [Greek name of some evergreen tree,] About 30 known 
species, only i in N. Am. 

I. Celastrus scandens L. Shrubby or Climbing Bittersweet. Wax- 
work. (I. F. f. 2370.) Ascending trees to a height of 8 m. or more, or trailing. 
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate or acute 
at the apex, crenulate; petioles 1.2-1.8 cm, long; flowers greenish, about 4 mm. 
broad, in terminal compound racemes 5-10 cm. in length; petals crenate, much 
longer than the calyx-lobes; capsule yellow, or orange, 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, 
opening in autumn and exposing the showy red aril. In rich soil, Quebec to N. 
Car., Manitoba, Kans., the Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. June. 

Family 8. STAPHYLEACEAE DC. 

Bladder-nut Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with mostly opposite odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate stipu- 
late leaves and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. 
Sepals, petals and stamens usually 5. Carpels mostly 3. Disk large, the 
stamens inserted at its base without. Anthers introrse, 2-celled. Fruit a 
dehiscent bladdery capsule in the following genus, indehiscent in some 
others. Seeds solitary or few in each carpel ; testa hard ; endosperm 
fleshy; embryo straight. About 5 genera, and 22 species, widely distributed. 

I. STAPHYLEA L. 

Shrubs, with axillary drooping racemes or panicles of white flowers. Pedicels 
jointed. Sepals imbricated. Petals the same number as the sepals and about 
equalling them. Ovary 2-3-parted, the lobes i-celled; ovules numerous in each 
cavity, anatropous. Capsule 2-3-lobed, 2-3-celled. Seeds globose. [Greek, clus- 
ter. ] About 6 species, of the north temperate zone ; S. Bolanderi A. Gray, in Cal. 

I. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladder-nut. (I. F. f. 2371.) A 
shrub, 2-4 m. high, with smooth striped bark. Young leaves and petioles pubescent; 
mature foliage glabrate; stipules linear, 8-12 mm. long, caducous; leaflets ovate or 
oval. 4-7 cm. long, acuminate, finely serrate, the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, 
the terminal one stalked; stipels subulate; flowers campanulate, about 8 mm. long; 
pedicels slightly longer than the flowers; capsule about 5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, 
much inflated, the 3 (rarely 4) carpels separate at the summit and dehiscent along 
the inner side. In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont, to Minn., S. Car, ^nd 
lians. April-May. 



ACERACEAE. 607 

Family 9. ACERACEAE St. Hil. 

Maple Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with watery often saccharine sap, opposite simple and 
palmately lobed (rarely entire) or pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal 
cymose or racemose regular polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx gener- 
ally 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Petals of the same number, or 
none. Disk thick, annular, lobed, sometimes obsolete. Stamens 4-12, 
often 8 ; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; styles 2, inserted 
between the lobes. Fruit of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the base 
and I -seeded (rarely 2-seeded). Seeds compressed, ascending ; cotyledons 
thin, folded. The family consists of the following genus and Dipteronia 
Oliver, of central Asia. There are about 100 species of Maples. 

I. ACER L. 

[Ancient name of the maples.] Besides the following,' some 5 others occur in 
southern and western North America. 

Leaves simple, palmately lobed. 

Flowers in dense sessile lateral clusters, unfolding before the leaves. 

Petals none; ovary tomentose ; samaras divergent. i. A, saccharinum. 

Petals present ; ovary glabrous ; samaras incurved. 

Leaves pale and glabrous or but slightly pubescent beneath. 

2. A. rubrum. 
Leaves densely whitish-pubescent beneath ; southern. 

3. A. Drnni77iondn. 
Flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves. 

Flowers long-pedicelled, drooping ; large trees. 

Leaves pale and nearly glabrous beneath. 4. A. Saccharum. 

Leaves green and pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath. 

5. A. 7iigrtim. 
Flowers short-pedicelled, erect ; shrub or small tree. 6. A. glabrum. 
Flowers racemed, terminal, unfolding after the leaves. 

Racemes drooping; leaves finely serrate. 7. A. Pennsylvanicum. 

Racemes erect ; leaves coarsely serrate, 8. A. s pic at inn. 

Leaves pinnate. 9. A. Negu7ido, 

1. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple. Soft or White Maple. (I. F. f. 
2372.) A tree with flaky bark. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes 
rather narrow, acuminate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or slightly cor- 
date at the base, green above, silvery white and more or less pubescent beneath; 
flowers greenish or red; fruiting pedicels elongating; samaras at length 5-7 cm. 
long, the wing often 1.2 cm. wide. Along streams, N. B. to Fla., S. Ont., Dak., 
Neb. and the Ind. Terr. Yields maple sugar in small quantities. Feb. -April. 

2. Acer rubrum L. Red, Scarlet or Water Maple. Swamp Maple. 
(I. F. f. 2373.) A tree with flaky or smoothish bark. Twigs reddish; leaves 
7-10 cm. long, cordate at the base, sharply 3-5 -lobed, the lobes irregularly den- 
tate, acute or acuminate, green above, generally whitish beneath; flowers reddish 
or yellowish; petals narrowly oblong; stamens 3-6; fruiting pedicels elongating; 
samaras 1.8-2.5 cm. long, the wing 6-8 mm. wide. In swamps and low grounds, 
N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. Foliage crimson in autumn. March-April. 

3. Acer Drummondii H. & A. Drummond's Maple. (L F. f. 2374.) 
Similar to the preceding. Leaves 7-15 cm. long, thicker, 3-lobed, or sometimes 
5-lobed, obtuse or cordate at the base, the lobes shorter, broader, acute or acumi- 
nate; young twigs and petioles moreor less tomentose; fruiting pedicels 2.5-5 '^"^• 
long; samaras 3.75-6.25 cm. long, the wing I-2 cm. broad at middle. In swamps, 
southern Mo. to Ga., Fla. and Tex. Fruit scarlet, ripening in March or April. 

4. Acer Saccharum Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. Sugar-tree. (I. F. 
f. 2375.) A large tree. Leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, dark green above, cordate or 
truncate at the base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes acuminate, irregularly sinuate, the sin- 
uses rounded; flowers in sessile corymbs, greenish yellow; pckils none; samaras 
glabrous, slightly diverging, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, the wing 6-10 mm. wide. In rich 



6o8 FLORA. 

woods, Newf. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. Its sap is the main source of 
maple sugar. April-May. 

5. Acer nigrum Michx. Black Sugar Maple. (I. F. f. 2376.) Nearly 
or quite as large as the Sugar Maple, with rough, blackish bark. Leaves similar, 
but green both sides, thicker and generally more or less pubescent beneath, espe- 
cially along the veins ; lobes much broader and shorter, with few undulations or fre- 
quently entire, the basal sinus often narrow; samaras slightly more divergent. 
Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn., La. and Ark. April-May. 

6. Acer glabrum Torr. Dwarf or Rocky Mountain Maple. (I. F. f. 
2377.) A shrub, or small tree. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, often broader, glabrous 
on both sides, or puberulent when young, 3-5-lobed, the lobes sharply serrate; 
flowers yellowish green, in numerous small sessile corymb-like racemes; pedicels 
short, glabrous; samaras glabrous, shining, 1.8-3 cm. long, little diverging; wing 
8-12 mm. wide. Borders of streams and hillsides, western Neb. to Ariz., Nev. and 
Br. Col. May. 

7. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Striped or Goosefoot Maple. Moose- 
WOOD. (I. F. f. 2378.) A small tree, the smoothish gjeen bark striped with darker 
lines. Leaves often 1.5-2 dm. long, broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous 
above, sparingly pubescent beneath when young, slightly cordate or truncate at 
at the base, 3-lobed near the apex, the lobes short and acuminate; racemes 7.5-10 
cm. long; flowers greenish yellow, ^-% mm. broad; petals obovate; samaras gla- 
brous, 2.5 cm. long, widely divergent, the wing 8-10 mm. wide. In rocky woods, 
N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the mountains to Ga. and Tenn. May-Jxme. 

8. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. (I. F. f. 2379.) A shrub, or 
rarely a small tree, the bark green, not striped. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, gla- 
brous above, pubescent beneath, at least when young, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute or 
acuminate; racemes compound, rather dense; flowers 2-3 mm. broad, greenish 
yellow; petals linear- spatulate; samaras 1.8-2 cm. long, somewhat divergent, the 
wing 6-8 mm. wide. Damp rocky woods, Newf. and James' Bay to Manitoba, 
south, especially along the mountains, to N. Car., Tenn. and Minn. May-June. 

9. Acer Negundo L. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple. (I. F. f. 2380.) 
A tree. Leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent when 
yoimg, nearly glabrous when old, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide, dentate, 
slightly lobed or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate; flowers dioecious, droop- 
ing, very small, appearing a little before the leaves; samaras glabrous, slightly 
incurved, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, the broad wing finely veined. Along streams, Vt. 
and Ont. to Manitoba, Fla. and N. Mex. Rare near the Atlantic Coast. April. 

Acer Negundo Texanum Pax. Branchlets and leaves densely pubescent. Kans. to 
Tex. 

Acer Pseudo-Platanus L., the Sycamore Maple, with terminal drooping racemes of 
yellowish flowers with very woolly ovaries, and deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, and Acer pla- 
tanoides L., the Norway Maple, with terminal corymbs of greenish yellow flowers 
appearing with or before the sharply 5-7-lobed leaves, are commonly planted, and have 
occasionally escaped from cultivation in the east. 



Family 10. HIPPOCASTANACEAE T. & G. 

Buckeye Fa7mly. 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 3-9-folioiate leaves, 
and conspicuous polygamous irregular flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 
5-lobed or 5-cleft in the following genus, the lobes unequal. Petals 4-5, 
unequal, clawed. Disk entire, often i -sided. Stamens 5-8; filaments 
elongated. Ovary sessile, 3-ceIled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender. 
Capsule leathery, smooth or spiny, 3-celled or by abortion r-2-celled, and 
often only i-seeded. Seeds large, shining; cotyledons very thick. The 
family consists of the following genus, containing about 15 species, natives 
of America and Asia, and Billia, of Mexico. 



SA FIND A CEA E, 609 

I. AESCULUS L. 

Characters of the family. [Ancient name.] 
Capsule spiny, at least when young; stamens exserted. 

Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple ; leaflets abruptly acuminate. 

I. AE. Hippocastanum, 
Flowers yellow. 

A tree; leaflets 5-7. 2. AE. glabra. 

A shrub; leaflets 7-9. 3. AE. arguta. 

Capsule glabrous; stamens not exceeding the petals. 

Corolla yellow, or purplish; calyx oblong; a tree. 4. AE. octandra. 

Corolla red; calyx tubular ; a shrub. 5. AE. Pavia. 

1. Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. (I. F. f. 2381.) A 
large tree, the buds very resinous. Leaves long-petioled, glabrate when mature, 
or- with persistent tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins on the lower surface; 
leaflets 5-7 (occasionally only 3 on some leaves), obovate, 1-2 dm. long, cuneate- 
narrowed to the base, irregularly crenulate-dentate; inflorescence rather dense, 
often 3 dm. long, the pedicels and calyx canescent; fruit globose. Escaped from 
cultivation, N. Eng. to southern N. Y. and N. J. Native of Asia. June-July. 

2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Fetid Buckeye. Ohio Buckeye. (I. F. f. 
2382.) Bark rough and fetid. Leaves long-petioled; leaflets 7.5-15 cm. long, 
oval, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous or slightly 
pubescent on the veins beneath, finely serrate; inflorescence loose, pubescent, i- 
1.5 dm. long; flowers pale yellow; calyx campanulate; petals 4, 1-1.4 cm. long, 
slightly unequal, their claws about equalling the calyx-lobes ; stamens curved, ex- 
serted; firuit 2.5-3.7 cm. in diameter, prickly when young, becoming smoothish. 
Woods, Penn. to Ala., Mich,, Neb. and the Ind. Terr. April-May. 

3. Aesculus arguta Buckl. Shrubby or Western Buckeye. (I. F. f. 
2383.) A shrub, I-3 m. high, with smooth bark. Twigs, young petioles, leaves 
and inflorescence somewhat pubescent, becoming glabrate; leaflets narrow, 7-10 
cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, unequally serrate; inflorescence 
dense, 1-1.5 dm. long; flowers yellow, "the centre reddish;" calyx broadly cam- 
panulate, its lobes very obtuse; stamens exserted, curved; petals 1-1.2 cm. long; 
fruit very spiny when young. Kans. and the Ind. Terr, to Tex. March-April. 

4. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow, Sweet or Big Buckeye. (I. F. 
f. 2384.) A large tree, rarely reduced to a shrub; bark dark brown, scaly. Leaf- 
lets 5, rarely 7, 1-2 dm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, oval, more or less pubescent be- 
neath, acuminate, the lower ones oblique, the others cuneate at the base, all finely 
serrate; inflorescence rather loose, puberulent; petals 4, long-clawed, connivent, 
the 2 upper narrower and longer than the lower. Woods, Penn. to Ga., Iowa 
and Tex. April-May. 

Aesculus octdndra hybrida(DC.) Sarg. Purplish Buckeye. Flowers purplish or 
pink; leaflets pubescent beneath; bark light brown. W. Va. to Ga. and Tex. 

5. Aesculus Pavia L. Red Buckeye. (I. F. f. 2385.) A shrub, 1-4 m. 
high. Leaflets 5-7, stalked, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, 7.5-13 cm. long, 
2.5-3,75 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, narrowed at the base, finely serrate, 
nearly glabrous on both sides when mature, shining; inflorescence loose; peduncles 
1-3-flowered; flowers 2. 5-4 cm, long; calyx-lobes short; upper petals longer than the 
lower. In rich soil, Va, to Fla,, Ky., Mo. and Ark. April-May. 

Aesculus parvifl5ra Walt., a low shrub with 5-foliolate puberulent leaves and 
long thyrses of yellowish flowers, the stamens long-exserted, has been found as an 
escape from cultivation in southeastern Penn. It is a native of the Soutliern States. 

Family 11. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. 

Soapberry Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves 
alternate (opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, with- 
out stipules. Flowers polygamo-dio^cious, regular or slightlv irregular. 
Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbrirated. Petals 3-5. [^isk lleshy. 



6lO FLORA. 

Stamens 5-10 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. 
Ovary i, 2-4-lobed or entire, 2-4-celled; ovules i or more in each cavity. 
Fruit various. Seeds globose or compressed ; embryo mainly convolute ; 
endosperm none. About 120 genera, including over 1,000 species, widely 
distributed in tropical and warm regions. 

Trees or shrubs ; fruit a berry. i. Sapindus. 

Herbaceous vines ; fruit an inflated pod. 2. Cardiospermum. 

I. SApfNDUS L. 

Leaves alternate, mostly odd-pinnate. Flowers regular, polygamo-dioecious, 
in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals of the same 
number, each with a scale at its base. Disk annular, hypogynous. Stamens 8-10, 
inserted on the disk; anthers versatile. Ovary commonly 3-lobed, with the same 
number of cavities; ovules I in each cavity, ascending; style slender ; stigma 
2-4-lobed. Fruit a globose or lobed berry with 1-3 seeds. [Name, Sapo Indicus, 
Indian soap, from the soapy quality of the berries.] About 10 species, natives 
of warm and tropical Asia and America. 

I. Sapindus Drummondi H. & A. Soapberry. Wild China-tree. 
(I, F. f. 2386.) A tree. Leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath, 1-4.5 cm. 
long; leaflets 7-19, inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate, often falcate, entire, 3.5- 
10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex and commonly acute at the base; panicles 
terminal, 1-2 dm. long, dense; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; berry globose, 
oval, 8-12 mm. in diameter, very saponaceous. Kans. to Tex., La., Ariz, and 
northern Mex. Has been confused with the Southeastern S. marginatus Willd. 

2. CARDIOSPERMUM L. 

Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompotmd leaves, and small axillary ten- 
dril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. Tendrils 2 
to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2 exterior smaller. 
Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk i -sided, undulate. Stamens 8; filaments 
unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules I in each cavity. Capsule 
inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, 
heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and temperate regions. 

I. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. Balloon Vine. Heart-seed. (I. F. f. 
2387.) Slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 6-18 dm. long. Leaves petioled, 
5-10 cm. long ; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves; flowers white, 6-8 mm. broad; 
capsule about 2.5 cm. long, globose-pyriform ; seeds globose, nearly black. In 
waste places, N. J., D. C, Kans., and in ballast about the seaports; occasionally 
escaping from gardens. Native of tropical America. Summer. 



Family 12. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. 

Jewel-weed Fafnzly. 

Succulent herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, 
and showy very irregular axillary flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lateral ones 
small, green, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, spurred, 
Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5, 
short ; filaments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or 
less united ; anthers coherent or connivent. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; 
style short, or none ; stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed ; ovules several in each 
cavity. Fruit in the following genus an oblong or linear capsule, elasti- 
cally dehiscent into 5 spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong ridged 
seeds. Endosperm none ; embryo nearly straight ; cotyledons flat. 
Later flowers small, cleistogamous, apetalous. About 220 species, mostly 
natives of tropical Asia. The family consists of the following genus and 
the monotvpic Asiatic Hydrocera. 



RHA MNA CEA E. 6 1 1 



I. IMPATIENS L. 

Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically 
bursting pods.] 

Flowers orange or orange-yellow, mottled ; spur incurved. i. /. bifiora. 

Flowers pale yellow ; spur. short, spreading. 2. I. aurea. 

1. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Silver-leaf. 
(I. F. f. 2388.) Annual, glabrous, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, pale 
and glaucous beneath, 3.5-8 cm. long, generally obtuse, coarsely toothed; peduncles 
2-4-flowered; bracts linear; flowers horizontal, 1.8-2.4 cm. long; saccate sepal 
conic, longer than broad, contracted into a slender spur of one half its length, 
which is 2-toothed at the apex. In moist grounds, N. S. to Ore., Alaska, Fla. and 
Kans. Spurs are occasionally developed on the 2 small exterior sepals, and spur- 
less flowers have been observed. July-Oct. 

2. Impatiens aurea Muhl. Pale Touch-me-not. (I. F. f. 2389. ) Similar 
to the' preceding, but larger and stouter. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted 
with reddish-brown, or sometimes dotless, 2.4-3 cm. long; saccate sepal dilated- 
conic, about as broad as long, abruptly contracted into a scarcely incurved notched 
spur, less than one-third its length ; bracts of the pedicels lanceolate to ovate, acute. 
In similar situations, Quebec to Ore., Ga. and Kans. July-Sept. 

Order 21. RHAMNALES. 

Shrubs, vines, or small trees, with nearly always alternate leaves. 
Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis- 
tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, and 
alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present. Ovary 
compound, superior ; ovules erect. 

Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule. 

Fam. I. Rhamnaceae, 
Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs; petals caducous; iEruit a berry. 

Fam. 2. Vitaceae. 

Family i. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. 

Buckthorn Family. 

Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves sim- 
ple, stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, decidu- 
ous. Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, reg- 
ular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, 
inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals 
and opposite them ; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, 
free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled ; ovules i in 
each cavity, anatropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the 
cavities, erect ; endosperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons 
flat. About 45 genera and 575 species, of temperate and warm regions. 

Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe. 

Petals sessile, entire; stone of the drupe 2 celled i. BercJiemia, 

Petals short-clawed or none; stones of the drupe 2-4. 2. Rhamnus. 

Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 3. Ceanothus. 

1. BERCHEMIA Neck. 

Climbing or erect shrubs, with alternate petioled ovate or oblong pinnatelv- 
veined leaves, and small greenish white flowers in axillary or torn\inal clusters, or 
rarely solitary^ Petals 5, sessile, concave or cucullatc. Stamens 5; fllamonts fili- 
form. Disk filling the calyx-tube, covering the ovary. Drupe oval, obtuse, com- 
pressed, its flesh thin and coriaceous, its stone 2-celled. Seeds linear-oblotv^; 
cotyledons thin. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, the following in south, 
eastern N. Am., the others in Asia and Africa. 



6l2 FLORA. 

I. Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. Supple-Jack. (I. F. f. 2390.) A 

glabrous high-climbing shrub, with tough terete branches. Leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong, 2.5-5 c™- long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse or somewhat truncate at the 
base, dark green above, paler beneath, their margins undulate; flowers about 

3 mm. broad, mainly in small terminal panicles; petals acute; styles short; drupe 
6-8 mm. long, equalling or shorter than its slender pedicel, its stone crustaceous. 
In low woods, Va. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. March-June. 

2. RHAMNUS L. 

Shrubs or small trees, with pinnately veined and (in our species) deciduous 
leaves, and small axillary cymose racemose or paniculate, perfect or polygamous 
flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-5 -toothed. Petals 4 or 5, mainly emargin- 
ate and hooded, or none. Disk free from the 3-4-celled ovary. Style 3-4-cleft. 
Drupe berry-like, containing 2-4 nutlet-like stones. Seeds mainly obovoid; endo- 
sperm fleshy. [The ancient Greek name.] About 75 species, of temperate and 
warm regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western N. Am. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved. 
Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous, 

Leaves broadly ovate; branches thorny; drupe with 3 or 4 nutlets. 

I. R. cathartica. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; drupe with 2 nutlets. 2. R. lanceolata. 

Petals none; flowers 5-merous; drupe with 3 nutlets. 3. R. abtifolia. 

Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth. 

• Umbels peduncled; leaves acute; calyx campanulate. 4. R. Carolmiana. 

Umbels sessile; leaves obtuse; calyx hemispheric. 5. R. Frangula. 

1. Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn. (LF. f. 2391.) A shrub, 2-6 m. 
high. Leaves glabrous, petioled, 4-8 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, regularly 
crenate or crenulate, with 3 or 4 pairs of veins, the upper running nearly to the 
apex; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. wide, clustered, unfolding a little later than 
the leaves ; petals very narrow ; drupe globose, black, about 8 mm. in diameter. In 
dry soil, escaped from hedges, N. E., the Middle States and Ont. Introduced from 
Europe. May-June. 

2. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. (L F. f. 
2392.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark. Leaves short-petioled, 2.5-8 cm. long, 
1.25 2.5 cm. wide, glabrous or nearly so above, more or less pubescent beneath, 
finely serrulate; veins 6 or 7 pairs; flowers 2 or 3 together, greenish, about 3 mm, 
broad, appearing with the leaves; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; drupe black, about 
6 mm. in diameter, obovoid- globose. In moist soil, Penn. to Iowa, Neb., Ala. and 
Tex. May. 

3. Rhamnus alnifoliaL' Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Dwarf Alder. 
(I. F. f. 2393.) A small shrub. Leaves oval to elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. 
wide, mainly acute at the base, irregularly crenate-serrate; veins 6 or 7 pairs; 
petioles 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, green, about 3 mm. broad, 
appearing with the leaves; fruiting pedicels 6-8 mm. long; drupe globose or some- 
what obovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, N. B. to Br. Col., N. J., 111., 
Neb., Mont, and Cal. May-June. 

4. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. (I. F. f. 2394.) 
A tall shrub, or small tree. Leaves elliptic or broadly oblong, glabrous, or some- 
what hairy on the veins beneath, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, obscurely ser- 
rulate or even entire; veins 6-10 pairs; petioles 1.2-1.8 cm. long; flowers 5-merous, 
greenish, about 2 mm. broad, in umbels or solitary, unfolding after the leaves; 
calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals present; drupe globose, sweet, about 8 mm. 
in diameter. In wet soil, Va. and Ky. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. May-June. 

5. Rhamnus Frangula L. Alder Buckthorn. (I. F. f. 2395.) A shrub, 
the young twigs finely and sparsely puberulent. Leaves thin, elliptic or obovate, 
entire or very obscurely crenulate, glabrous on both surfaces, 4-7 cm. long, 2.5- 

4 cm. wide; petioles 4-8 mm. long; umbels i-6-flowered; flowers 5-merous; calyx- 
lobes ovate, acute; fruiting pedicels 4-10 mm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter. 
In. bogs, L. I. and N. J. Reported from Ont. Nat. from Europe. May-June. 



VITACEAE. 613 

3. CEANOTHUS L. 

Shrubs, with petioled leaves and cymose panicles of small perfect flowers. 
Calyx-limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, clawed, longer thanfhe calyx-lobes, inserted 
under the disk. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, elongated. Ovary immersed in the 
disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed. Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 
3-cleft. Fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets. Seed-coat 
smooth; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons oval or obovate. [Name used by Theo- 
phrastus for some different plant. ] About 35 species, of N. Am. and northern Mex. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent. i. C. Amertcanus. 

Leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate. 2. C. ovatus. 

1. Ceanothus Americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. (I. F. f. 
2396.) Stems erect or ascending from a deep reddish root, puberulent, especially 
above. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, serrate all around, strongly 3 -nerved; pe- 
duncles elongated, often leafy, bearing dense oblong cymose panicles of small white 
flowers; fruit depressed, about 4 mm. high, nearly black. In dry open woods. 
Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, Kans., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 

2. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Smaller Red-root. (I. F. f. 2397.) Similar 
to the preceding, but generally smaller and nearly, glabrous. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. 
long, 6-18 mm. wide, mainly obtuse at each end, but sometimes acute at the apex, 
serrate with prominently gland-tipped teeth; peduncles short, nearly always ter- 
minal, bearing dense short cymose panicles of white flowers; fruit nearly as in 

C. Aynericanus. In rocky places and on prairies, Ont. to Minn., S. Dak., Mass., 

D. C, 111. and Tex. May-June. 

Ceanothus ovatus pubescens T. & G. Leaves, petioles and peduncles densely 
pubescent. Iowa to Kans. and Tex. 

Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. 

Grape Fa?nzly. 

Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, 'nodose joints, 
alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo- 
dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5- 
toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments 
subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes ; disk some- 
times obsolete or wanting ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, generally immersed 
in the disk, 2-6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. 
Fruit a i-6-celled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect ; testa bony ; 
raphe generally distinct ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo short. About 
10 genera and 450 species, widely distributed. 

Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped, lobedor glandular; leaves not digitately 
compound in our species. 
Petals united into a cap, falling away without separating. i. J'iti's. 

Petals separate, spreading. 

Foliage not fleshy, flowers mostly 5-parted. 2. Ampelopsis. 

Foliage fleshy; flowers mostly 4-parted. 3. Cissus. 

Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting ; leaves digitately compound in our species, the 
leaflets 5-7. 4. PiJitJienocissus. 

I. VITIS L. 

Woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually 
palmately lobed or dentate. Stipules mainly small, caducous. FU)Wors mostly 
dioecious, or polygamo-diexxious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, 
coherent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Ovary 2 -celled, rarely 3-4- 
celled; style very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cavit3^ Berry globose or ovoid, 
few-seeded, pulpy, edible in most species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 
species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the folKnving, some 
10 or 15 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 



6l4 FLORA. 

Leaves woolly beneath. 

Pubescence rusty-brown; berries large, musky. i. V. Labrusca. 

Pubescence at length whitish ; berries small, black, not musky. 

Berries with bloom ; branches terete. 2. V. aestivalis. ■ 

Berries without bloom ; branches angular. 3. V. cinerea. 

Leaves glabrate, sometimes slightly pubescent when young. 

Leaves bluish-white glaucous beneath. 4. V. bicolor. 

Leaves not glaucous beneath. 

Leaves 3-7-lobed ; lobes acute or acuminate. 

Lobes and sinuses acute ; berries with bloom. 5. V. vulpina. 

Lobes long-acuminate ; sinuses rounded; berries without bloom. 

6. V. palmata. 
Leaves sharply dentate, scarcely lobed. 

Bark loose; pith interrupted by the solid nodes. 
High-climbing; leaves large; berries sour. 

Leaves somewhat shining above, the apex long-acuminate; inflores- 
cence loose. 7. V. cordifolia. 
Leaves dull, the apex short-acuminate or blunt; inflorescence com- 
pact. 8. V. Baileyajia. 
Low; leaves small; berries sweet. 9. V. rupestris. 
Bark close; pith continuous through the nodes. 10. V. rotundifolia, 

1. Vitis Labrusca L. Northern Fox- or Plum-grape. Wild Vine. (I. 
F. f. 2398.) Young twigs, forked tendrils and petioles densely pubescent, espe- 
cially when young; nodes solid, interrupting the pith. Leaves large, each opposite 
a tendril or a flower cluster, varying from merely dentate to deeply lobed with 
rounded sinuses; berries few, brownish-purple, about 1.8 cm. in diameter; seeds 
3-6, about 8 mm. long ; raphe narrow. Thickets, N. Eng. to Ind., Ga, and Tenn. 
May-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 

2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. Small Grape. (I. F. f. 
2399.) Twigs and petioles glabrous or pubescent. Leaves as large as those of V. 
Labrusca^ dentate, or 3-5 -lobed, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous; tendrils and 
flower-clusters intermittent (wanting opposite each third leaf); inflorescence gen- 
erally long and loose; berries numerous, about i cm. in diameter, acid; seeds 2 or 3, 
about 6 mm. long ; raphe narrow. In thickets, southern N. Eng. to Fla., southern 
Ont., Wis. and La. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 

3. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Downy Grape. (I. F. f. 2400.) Young shoots 
and petioles mostly floccose-pubescent ; tendrils intermittent. Leaves dentate, or 
somewhat 3-lobed, often longer than wide; inflorescence loose ; berries 6-8 mm. in 
diameter, pleasantly acid, i-2-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long, the raphe narrow. 
111. to Neb. , Kans. and Tex. 

4. Vitis bicolor LeConte. Blue or Winter Grape. (I. F. f. 2401.) Ten- 
drils intermittent; branches terete. Twigs bluish-glaucous, the bloom sometimes 
disappearing ; intemodes long ; leaves usually 3-lobed, cordate, sometimes 3 dm. 
long, the sinuses rounded, the lobes acute or acuminate ; inflorescence compact ; 
berries bluish-black with a bloom, sour, about 8 mm. in diameter ; seeds about 4 
mm. long, raphe narrow. Northern N. Y. to Mich, and N. Car. 

5. Vitis vulpina L. Riverside or Sweet Scented Grape. (I. F. f. 2402.) 
Glabrous, or pubescent on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; branches 
rounded or slightly angled, greenish; tendrils intermittent. Leaves thin, shining, 
the terminal lobe commonly long; stipules 4-6 mm. long, often persistent until the 
fruit is formed; berries bluish-black, 8-10 mm. in diameter, rather sweet; seeds 
2-4, 4 mm. long, the raphe narrow. Along rocky river-banks, N. S. to Manitoba, 
Md. and Ark. May-June. Fruit beginning to ripen in July. 

Vitis L6ngii Prince, which differs from F. vulpina in its floccose-pubescent shoots 
and lower leaf-surfaces, the leaves more circular in outline, is reported from Kansas, 
and extends through western Tex. to N. Mex. 

6. Vitis palmata Vahl. Missouri Grape. (I. F. f. 2403.) Glabrous or 
nearly so, or with slight pubescence on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; 
twigs bright red; bark separating in large flakes; tendrils intermittent, forked. 
Leaves dull, darker green than in V. vulpina^ deeply 3-5 -lobed; stipules 3-4 mm. 
long; inflorescence loose; berries black. 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds i or 2, about 
6 mm. long; raphe indistinct. River-banks, 111. and Mo. June-July. 



V IT ACE A E. 615 

7. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape. Chicken Grape. (I. F. f. 

2404.) Twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent, terete or indistinctly angled; inter- 
nodes long; tendrils intermittent; stem sometimes 3 dm. in diameter or more. 
Leaves 7. 5-iocm. wide, thin, sometimes slightly 3 -lobed; tendrils forked, intermittent; 
stipules about 4 mm. long ; berries black, shining, about 6 mm. in diameter, ripen- 
ing after frost; seeds I or 2, about 4 mm. long; raphe narrow. Moist thickets and 
along streams, N. Eng. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 

8. Vitis Baileyana Munson. Bailey's Grape. (I. F. f. 2405.) Branches 
angled, the young twigs tomentose, the tendrils intermittent; internodes short. 
Leaves crenate-dentate, sometimes slightly 3 -lobed, as a rule smaller than those of 
V. cordifolia, the teeth mucronate; berries black, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds 
about 4 mm. long, the raphe broad. In valleys, Va. , W. Va. and N. Car. 

9. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand Grape. Sugar Grape. (1. F. f. 2406.) 
Bushy, sometimes climbing to a height of i or 2 metres, glabrous or somewhat floc- 
cose-pubescent on the younger parts; tendrils forked, intermittent or often want- 
ing. Leaves pale green, shining, abruptly pointed, rarely slightly 3-lobed, the 
sides often folded together; stipules 4-6 mm. long; inflorescence compact; berries 
black, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 2-4-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long; 
raphe very slender. Southern Penn. to Mo., D. C, Tenn. and Tex. April-June. 

10. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Southern Fox-grape. Bullace Grape. 
(I. F. f. 2407.) Glabrous or nearly so; tendrils simple, intermittent, sometimes 
few. Leaves nearly orbicular, 5-7.5 cm. wide, dark green, shining; inflorescence 
dense; berries few, purple, 1-1.8 cm. in diameter, without bloom, tough, musky; 
seeds several, flat, wrinkled, notched at the apex; raphe indistinct. In moist soil, 
Md. to Kans.j Fla., Tex. and Mex. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 

2. AMPELOPSIS Michx. 

Climbing woody vines, or some species bushy, the coiling tendrils not tipped 
by adhering expansions. Leaves simple, dentate or lobed, or pinnately or pal- 
mately compound. Flowers polygamo-dioecious or polygamo-monoecious. Disk 
adnate to the base of the ovary; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
subulate. Berry 2-4-seeded, the flesh usually thin and inedible. [Greek, Vine- 
like.] About 15 species, of temperate and warm regions, the following in N. Am. 

Leaves coarsely serrate, or slightly 3-lobed. i. A, cordata. 

Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound. 2. A. arbor ea. 

1. Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Simple-leaved Ampelopsis. (I. F. f. 2408. ) 
Glabrous, or the young twigs sparingly pubescent, climbing, the branches 
nearly terete ; tendrils few or none. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
glabrous or pubescent along the veins, acuminate; panicles small, loose; disk cup- 
shaped; berries 4-6 mm. in diameter, bluish, i-2-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long. 
Swamps and river-banks, southern Va. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. May-June. 

2. Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. Pepper-vine. (L F. f. 2409.) Gla- 
brous or nearly so, bushy; tendrils often wanting. Leaves sometimes 2 dm. in 
length or more; leaflets ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1.25-4 cm. long, sharply serrate, 
obtuse or slightly cordate, or the terminal one cuneate at the base, glabrous or 
somewhat pulDescent on the veins beneath; panicles short-cymose; berries black, 
depressed-globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, sometimes pubescent; seeds 1-3. In 
rich moist soil, Va. to Mo., Fla. and Mex. Also in Cuba. June-;-July. 

Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc, a climbing: eastern Asiatic vine, 
with deeply palmately 3-5-lobed leaves and short- peduncled compound cymes, was found 
as a waif from cultivation at Lancaster, Pa., in 1890. 

3. Cl'sSUS L. 

Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves compound or simple, when 
compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly perfect. 
Petals usually 4, spi-eading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base of the ovary, 
mostly 4-lobed. [Greek, ivy.] A large genus, mostly tropical. 

I. Cissus incisa (Nutt. ) Desmoul. Usually a large vine, fleshy throughout. 
Leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments ovate, cuneate at base, toothed. 



6l6 FLORA. 

or the middle one lobed; inflorescence umbel-like; berries obovoid, nearly black, 
I-2-seeded, on recurved pedicels. Kans. and Mo. to Tex. and Fla. 

4. PARTHENOCisSUS Planch. 

Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks), or 
sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves. Flowers 
perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. Petals 5, 
spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short, 
thick. Berry 1-4- seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10 species, natives of 
Eastern N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in Tex. 

I. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. False 
Grape. American Ivy. (I. F. f. 2410.) Tendrils usually numerous, and pro- 
vided with terminal adhering expansions, the vine sometimes supported also by 
aerial roots; leaflets oval, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed 
at the base, coarsely toothed, at least above the middle, glabrous or somewhat 
pubescent; panicles ample, erect or spreading in fruit; berries blue, about 1.2 cm. 
in diameter, usually 2-3-seeded; peduncles and pedicels red. In woods and thick- 
ets, Quebec to Manitoba, Cuba, Tex. and Mex. July. Fruit ripe in October. 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia laciniata Planch. Tendrils mostly without terminal 
adhering; disks, the vine not high-climbing ; leaves more deeply and sharply toothed ; 
fruiting panicles drooping. Ohio to Iowa, Kans. and Colo. 

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch., the Ampelopsis Veitchii of the 
gardeners, a Japanese vine, clinging to walls by its very numerous disk-tipped tendrils, 
has the leaves sharply 3-lobed or sometimes 3-divided ; it is freely planted for ornament. 



Order 22. MALVALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers 
regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate. 
Petals separate, very rarely wanting. Stamens usually very num.erous. 
Ovary superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk 
inconspicuous or none. 

Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. i. Tiliaceae. 

Stamens monadelphous ; anthers i-celled ; embrj^o curved. Fam. 2. Malvaceae. 

Family i. TILlACEAE Juss. 

Linden Famz'ly. 

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple 
leaves, rnostly small and deciduous stipules, and generally cymose or 
paniculate flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of 
the same number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 00, mostly 5-10-adelphous. Ovary 1, sessile, 2-10-celled ; 
ovules anatropous. Fruit i-io-celled, drupaceous or baccate. Coty- 
ledons ovate or orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 
genera and 245 species, widely distributed. 

I. TILIA L. 

Trees, with serrate cordate mainly inequilateral leaves, and cymose white or 
yellowish perfect flowers, the peduncles subtended by and partly adnate to broad 
membranous bracts. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate, often with small scales at the 
base. Stamens 00 ; filaments cohering with the petal-scales or with each other m 
5 sets. Ovary 5 -celled; cells 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma 5 -toothed. Fruit dry, 
drupaceous, globose or ovoid, indehiscent, i-2-seeded. Seeds ascending ; endo- 
sperm hard; cotyledons broad. 5 -lobed. corrugated. [The ancient Latin name.] 
About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, I in the mountains of Mex. 



MALVACEAE. 617 

Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. 1. T. Americana. 

Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. pubescens. 

Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. 3. T. heterophylla. 

1. Tilia Americana L. Bass-wood. American Linden. White-wood. 
(I. F. f. 2411.) A forest tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate, 5-13 cm. 
wide, coriaceous, sharply serrate with glandular teeth, abruptly acuminate or acute; 
floral bracts 5-10 cm. long, strongly veined; cymes drooping, 6-20-flowered; flowers 
1-1.4 cm. broad, fragrant; petals yellowish white, crenate, slightly longer than the 
pubescent sepals; scales similar to the petals, but smaller; fruit globose-ovoid, 8-10 
mm. in diameter. In rich woods and along river-bottoms, N. B. to Ga. , Manitoba, 
Neb. and Tex. May-June. 

2. Tilia pubescens Ait. Southern Bass-wood or White-wood. (I. F. f. 
2412.) A small tree. Leaves generally smaller than those of T. Americana; floral 
bracts commonly broader and shorter ; fruit globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In 
moist woods, L. I. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly along the coast. May-June. 

3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Bass-wood. Bee-tree. (I. F. f. 
2413.) A forest tree. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding species (often 
1.5 to 2 dm. long), dark green above, acute or acuminate ; floral bracts 7.5-12.5 
cm. long, narrowed at the base ; flowers slightly larger and often fewer than those 
of T. Americana; fruit globose, about I cm. in diameter. In woods N. Y. to Fla., 
Ala., 111., Ky. and Tenn. June-July. 

The European Linden, or Lime Tree, Tilia Europaea L., is planted as" an orna- 
mental tree in parks and on lawns. It may be distinguished from any of our species by 
the absence of scales at the base of the petals. Its name, Lin, was the origin of the fam- 
ily name of Linnaeus. 

Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck. 

Mallow Family. 

Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate 
leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, 
often large. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually val- 
vate ; calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. 
Stamens 00 , hypogynous, forming a central column around the pistil, 
united with the bases of the petals; anthers i-celled. Ovary several- 
celled ; styles united below, distinct above, and generally projecting 
beyond the stamen-column, mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. 
Fruit capsular (rarely a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away 
entire or else loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid ; 
embryo curved; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate. About 40 
genera and 800 species, widely distributed. 

Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. 
Carpels i-seeded. 
Flowers perfect. 

Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. i. Althaea. 

Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none. 

Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches. 

Carpels beakless; petals obcordate. 2. Malva. 

Carpels beaked; petals truncate. 3. Callirrhoe. 

Stigmas capitate, terminal. 

Seed ascending. 5. Malvastrum. 

Seed pendulous. 6. Sida. 

Flowers dioecious. 4. ^'af-acA. 

Carpels 2-several-seeded. 

Involucels none. 7. Abutilon, 

Involucels of 3 bractlets. 

Carpels continuous. S. Sphacralcea. 

Carpels septate between the seeds. 9. Modiola. 

Stamen-column anther-bearmg below tiie entire or 5-toothed summit. 

Carpels i-seeded. 10. Kostehtzkya. 

Carpels several-seeded. 11. Hibiscus. 



6l8 FLORA. 



I. ALTHAEA L. 

Tomentose or pilose herbs, with lobed or divided leaves and solitary or race- 
mose flowers. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets united at the base. Calyx 5 -cleft. Petals 
5. Cavities of the ovary numerous, i-ovuled ; style-branches the same number as 
the ovary-cavities, stigmatic along the inner side ; carpels numerous, indehiscent, 
arranged in a circle around the axis. Seed ascending. [Ancient Greek, signi- 
fying to cure.] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Althaea officinalis L. Marsh-mallow. (I. F. f. 2414.) Perennial, 
herbaceous, erect, 6-12 dm. high, densely velvety-pubescent. Leaves broadly 
ovate, dentate and generally 3-lobed, the lower ones often cordate ; petioles 1-2.5 
cm. long ; flowers in narrow racemes, pink, 2-4 cm. broad ; bractlets linear, shorter 
than the 5 ovate-lanceolate acute calyx-segments ; carpels 15-20, tomentose. In 
salt marshes, coast of Mass. and N. Y., and in Penn. Nat. from Europe. Sum- 
mer. 

Althaea cannabina L.,with digitately 5-parted leaves, has been found in waste places 
at Washington, D. C. 

Althaea rosea Cav., the Hollyhock, is occasionally found beyond the limits of culti- 
vation in the Middle States. 

2. MALVA L. 

Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and axillary 
or terminal solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the invo- 
lucels 3 (rarely none). Petals 5. Cavities of the ovary several or numerous, 
i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along the inner 
side. Carpels arranged in a circle, beakless, indehiscent. Seed ascending. [Greek, 
referring to the emollient leaves.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. 
In addition to the following, another is naturalized in Cal. 

Leaves with 5-9 shallow angular lobes. 

Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx. i. M. sylvestris. 

Petals 1-2 times the length of the calyx. 

Procumbent, low. 2. M. rotundifolia. 

Erect, tall. 

Leaf-margins not crisped. 3. M. verticillata. 

Leaf-margins crisped, wrinkled. 4. M. crispa. 

Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed or pinnatifid. 

Stem-leaves 1-3-pinnatifid; carpels downy. 5. M. moschata. 

Stem-leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous. 6. M, Alcea. 

1. Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow. (I. F. f. 2415.) Biennial, erect 
or ascending, pubescent with spreading hairs, or glabrate. Leaves orbicular, or 
reniform, 3-10 cm. wide, with 5-9 shallow angular or rounded lobes, crenate-den- 
tate, truncate or cordate at the base; flowers reddish purple, 2-4 cm. broad, in axil- 
lary clusters; pedicels slender; carpels about 10, flat on the back, rugose-retic- 
ulate. In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adventive from Europe in 
the U. S., Can. and Mex. Summer. 

2. Malva rotundifolia L. Low, Dwarf or Running Mallow. Cheeses. 
(I. F. f. 2^416.) Annual or biennial, procumbent and spreading; stems 1-3 dm. 
long. Leaves orbicular-reniform, 2-8 cm. wide, cordate, with shallow dentate- . 
crenate lobes; flowers clustered in the axils, pale blue, 8-15 mm. broad; calyx- 
lobes ovate, acute; carpels about 15, rounded on the back, pubescent. In waste 
places, common throughout our territory, and widely distributed as a weed. Nat. 
from Europe. May-Nov. 

3. Malva verticillata L. Whorled Mallow. (I. F. f. 2417.) Annual, 
glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high. Leaves nearly orbicular with shallow, angu- 
lar crenate lobes; flowers white or whitish, sessile, clustered in the axils, about 
the size of those of M. rotundifolia; carpels rugose-reticulated. In waste places, 
Vt. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 

4. Malva crispa L. 'Curled Mallow. Similar to the preceding, but the 
margins of the leaves wrinkled and crisped, crenulate. In waste places, spar- 
ingly escaped from gardens, N. S. to S. Dak. and N. J. Introduced from southern 
Europe or western Asia. Summer. \M. verticillata crispa L.] 



MALVACEAE. 619 

5. Malva moschata L. Musk Mallow. Musk Rose. (I. F. f. 2418.) 
Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent with long hairs, or glabrate. Basal leaves 
orbicular, 7-10 cm. wide, with broad rounded dentate lobes; stem-leaves deeply 
divided into linear or cuneate, pinnatifid or cleft segments; flowers 3-5 cm. 
broad, pink or white, racemosely clustered at the summits of the branches; pet- 
als obcordate or emarginate, 5-8 times as long as the triangulate-ovate acute 
calyx-lobes; carpels 15-20, densely hairy, rounded on the back. In waste places, 
occasional in the Middle, Southern and Eastern States and in Canada. Adventive 
from Europe. Plant with a faint odor of musk. Summer. 

6. Malva Alcea L. European Mallow. (I. F. f. 2419.) Similar to the 
preceding, but the stem-leaves are only once 5-7-parted or cleft, the lobes den- 
tate or incised; pubescence shorter and denser; flowers pink, purplish or white; 
petals obcordate ; carpels glabrous, very finely rugose-reticulated. In waste places, 
occasionally escaped from gardens. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 

3. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. 
Herbs with lobed or divided leaves, and showy perfect flowers. Bractlets of 
of involucels 1-3, separate, or none. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals cuneate, often 
toothed or fimbriate. Cavities of the ovary 00 , i-ovuled ; style -branches of the 
same number as the cavities of the ovary, stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels 
10-20, I -seeded, beaked, the beak separated from the cavity by a septum. Seed 
ascending. [A Greek mythological name.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of 
the central and southern U. S. and northern Mex. 

Bractlets of the involucels none. 

Flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; carpels very pubescent. i. C. alceoides. 

Flowers 3-5 cm. broad ; carpels scarcely pubescent. 2, C. digit at a, 
Bractlets of the involucels 3. 

Leaves triangular, crenate ; carpels not rugose. 3. C. triattgulata. 

Leaves orbicular, palmatifid ; carpels rugose. 4. C. involiic}-ata. 

1. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray. Light Poppy-Mallow. (I. F. 
f. 2420.) Perennial, 2-5 dm. high, strigose-pubescent. Basal leaves triangular, 
palmately lobed or incised, 5-9 cm. long, slender-petioled ; stem-leaves palmatifid, 
the divisions linear or cuneate ; flowers corymbose or racemose at the summit, pink 
or white ; pedicels slender ; calyx-lobes triangular, acuminate; petals dentate and 
somewhat fimbriate; carpels rugose-reticulate on the back. In dry soil, Ky. to 
Neb., Kans. and Tex. May- Aug. 

2. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt. Fringed Poppy-Mallow. (I. F. f. 2421.) 
Similar to the preceding. Divisions of the stem-leaves longer, narrowly linear, 
sometimes quite entire, sometimes deeply incised; flowers long-peduncled, reddish 
purple or lighter; petals fimbriate; calyx-lobes triangular to lanceolate, acuminate; 
carpels rugose-reticulate. In dry soil. Mo. and Kans. to Tex. April-July. 

3. Callirrhoe triangulata (Leavenw.) A. Gray. Clustered Poppy-M al- 
low. (I. F. f. 2422.) Perennial, 4-7 dm. high, pubescent with short hairs. 
Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower long-petioled, crenate or slightly lobed, 5-8 
cm. long, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, smaller, 3 -5 -cleft or divided, 
the lobes narrow, dentate or crenate; flowers 2-5 cm. broad, deep purple, in termi- 
nal panicled clusters; involucels of 3 linear or spatulate bractlets, nearly as long as 
the 5 -lobed calyx; carpels numerous, hairy, short-beaked. Prairies, Ind. to Minn., 
N. C. and Tex. June-Aug. 

4. Callirrhoe involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray. Purple Poppy-]\L\llow. 
(I. F. f. 2423.) Perennial, procumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long, pubescent 
with long hispid hairs. Leaves cordate-orbicular, the lobes dentate or incised, 
those of the upper leaves commonly narrower than those of the lower; stipules ovate, 
conspicuous; penduncles slender, i- flowered; bractlets of the involucels 3, linear, 
half the length of the lanceolate acute 3-5. nerved calyx-k)bes; flowers red-purple, 
2-6 cm. broad. In dry soil, Minn, and Iowa to Tex.,' Utah, N. Mex. and noitheru 
Mex. April-Aug. 

4. NAPAEA L. 

Erect perennial herbs, with palmately-UUied loaves, and small white dicx?ciouS 
flowers in ample terminal corymbose panicles. Involucels none. Calyx 5 -toothed. 



620 FLORA. 

Staminate flowers with 15-20 anthers borne at the summit of the stamen-coiumn. 
Pistillate flowers with 8-10 styles, stigmatic along their inner surface, the stamen- 
column present but destitute of anthers. Cavities of the ovary as many as the 
styles, i-ovuled. Carpels 8-10, separating at maturity from the axis, beakiess, but 
minutely tipped, imperfectly 2-valved. Seed ascending. [Greek, a dell.] A mo- 
notypic genus of the east-central U. S. 

I. Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow. (I. F. f. 2424.) Simple, or branch- 
ing above, 1-3 m. high. Basal and lower leaves 1.5-3 ^"^- broad, long-petioled, 
orbicular, 7-1 l-parted, the divisions acute, dentate and lobed; upper leaves smaller, 
short-petioled, 5-9-Iobed, the lobes incisely cut, acute or acuminate; staminate 
flowers 12-18 mm. broad, the pistillate somewhat smaller; petals obovate, 2-3 
times the length of the calyx; carpels strongly i-nerved, slightly rugose-retic- 
ulate. In moist grounds, southern Penn. to Va., Tenn., Minn, and, Iowa. July. 

5. MALVASTRUM A. Gray. 

Herbs, with entire cordate or divided leaves, and solitary or racemose, short- 
pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5 -cleft. Bractlets of the involucels small, 1-3 
or none. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , i-ovuled. Style-branches of the same 
number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate stigmas; carpels inde- 
hiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the axis at maturity, their 
apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, star-mallow.] About 75 
species, natives of America and S. Africa. In addition to the following, about 
12 others inhabit the southern and western U. S. 

Leaves lanceolate-oblong- or linear-oblong, dentate. i. M. angustum. 

Leaves pedately 3-5-parted, the lobes incised, 2. M. coccinemn. 

1. Malvastrum angiistuni A. Gray. Yellow False Mallow. (I. F. £ 
2425.) Annual, pubescent with appressed hairs, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong 
lanceolate, or linear-oblong, petioled, acute, finely dentate, 1.5-4 cm. long; flowers 
yellow, 8-12 mm. broad, mostly solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, short- 
peduncled; bractlets of the involucre linear, shorter than the ovate-triangular 
pubescent acute calyx-lobes; petals about equalling the calyx; carpels 5, some- 
what pubescent, reniform, 2-valved at maturity. In dry ground, Tenn. and 111. 
to Iowa and Kans. Summer. 

2. Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh.) A. Gray. Red False Mallow. (I. F. 
f. 2426.) Perennial, 1-2.5 dm. high, densely and silvery stellate-pubescent. Lower 
leaves 2-5 cm. wide, ovate-orbicular, petioled, pedately 3-5-parted; lobes cuneate 
to linear, incised; flowers red, 12-18 mm. broad, in dense short terminal racemes; 
bractlets commonly none; petals much longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; 
carpels 10-15, rugose-reticulated, indehiscent, i-seeded (rarely 2-seeded). Prai- 
ries, Manitoba to S. Dak., Neb., Tex., Br. Col. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 

6. SI DA L. 

Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Bractlets of 
the involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , i- 
ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels 
indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used 
by Theophrastus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, 
Asia, Africa and Australasia. Besides the following, some 17 others occur in the 
southern U. S. 
Leaves linear, ovate or oblong, toothed. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers 4-8 mm. broad. i. S. spinosa. 

Leaves linear or linear-oblong; flowers 12-25 rnm. broad. 2. S, Elliottii. 

Leaves palmately lobed, or palmately veined. 

Glabrous or nearly so, tall; flowers in terminal panicles, 3. S. hermaphrodita. 

Densely stellate-cunescent; low; flowers axillary. 4. S. hederacen. 

I. Sida spinosa L. Prickly Sida. (I. F, f. 2427.) Annual, finely pubes- 
cent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm, long, petioled, 
truncate or cordate at the base, crenate-dentate; flowers axillary, short-peduncled, 
yellow; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx-teeth triangular, acute; carp- 
els 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks; stipules linear; petioles of the larger 



MALVACEAE. 62 1 

leaves with a small spine-like tubercle at the base. In waste places, Mei to N. J., 
Mich., Kans., Fla. and Tex., and in tropical Am. Summer. 

2. Sida Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Sida. (I. F. f. 2428.) Perennial, gla- 
brous or nearly so, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, linear or linear-oblong, 
2-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, mostly obtuse, serrate-dentate; peduncles often 
longer than the petioles; flowers axillary, yellow; calyx-teeth broadly ovate, acute: 
carpels 8-10, dehiscent at the apex, slightly and abruptly pointed. In dry Soil, 
southern Va. to Fla., Mo. and Chihuahua. Summer. 

3. Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. Virginia Mallow. (I. F. f. 2429.) 
Perennial, 1-3 m. high. Leaves petioled, 7-15 cm. wide, ovate-orbicular, deeply 
3-7-lobed or cleft, the lobes lanceolate or ovate, incised-dentate, acute or acumi- 
nate; flowers white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, numerous; pedicels, calyx, and petioles of 
the upper leaves finely pubescent; calyx-lobes acute; carpels about 10, acute, 
dehiscent at the top. Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Penn. to Ohio, Va. 
and Tenn. Summer. 

4. Sida hederacea Torr. Round-leaved Sida. Perennial, low, decumbent. 
Leaves reniform to broadly ovate, inequilateral, 1-5 cm. broad; flowers solitary or 
few in the axils; peduncles recurved in fruit; petals white to yellowish; calyx 
5-angled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit short, conic, of 6-10 carpels. 
In moist, often saline, soil, Kans. to Tex., Mex., Cal., Utah and Wash. 

. 7. ABUTILON Gaertn. 

Herbs or shrubsj sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-pubescent, 
with cordate angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels none. Calyx 
5 -cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , 3-9-ovuled. Style-branches the same number 
as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-yalved, often rostrate, falling 
away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform, the upper ascending, the lower 
pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the celebrated Arabian physician Avi- 
cenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 90 species, natives of warm and tropical 
regions. In addition to the following, some 15 others inhabit the southern U. S. 

I. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Indian Mallow. 
(I. F. f. 2430.) Annual, stout, I-2 m. high, densely velvety-pubescent. Leaves 
long-petioled, cordate, ovate-orbicular, 1-3 dm. wide, dentate, or nearly entire, 
acuminate, the point blunt; flowers yellow, 1-2 cm. broad; peduncles shorter than 
the petioles; head of fruit 2 cm. in diameter or more; carpels 12-15, pubescent, 
dehiscent at the apex, each valve beaked by a slender awn. In waste places, fre- 
quent or common throughout our area, except the extreme north. Nat. or adven- 
tive from southern Asia. Aug. -Oct. 

8. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. 

Herbs or shrubs. Bractlets 3, distinct, or united at the base. Cavities of the 
ovary 5-x)^, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, 
stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating 
from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform. [Greek, globe-mallow.] About 30 
species, natives of America and S. Africa. In addition to the following, about 
14 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 

Leaves nearly orbicular, 5-7-lobed; flowers pink or white. i. S. acerif^^Iia. 

Leaves lanceolate, crenulate; flowers red. 2. 6\ cuspidata. 

1. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt. Maple-leaved Globe-mallow. (I. F. f. 
2431.) Perennial, erect, 6-18 dm. high, finely stellate-pubescent and scabrous. 
Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed or cleft, cordate, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, ilontate, 
acute; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, short-pedicelled, clustered in the upper axils or in 
terminal spike-like racemes; bractlets of the involucels linear, shorter than the calyx; 
calyx-lobes triangular, acute; carpels stellate-pubescent and hairv, not beaked. 
Kankakee Co., 111.; Dak. to Nev. and Br. Col. Summer. 

2. Sphaeralcea cuspidata (A. Gray.) Britton. SiiARr-FRUiTED Globe- 
MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2431a.) Perennial, densely stellate-canescent; stems leafy, 
3-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, crenulate, the lower with petioles as King as the 
blade, the others short-petioled, the larger 5- 10 cm. long, sometimes hastatoly 
lobed toward the base; flowers 1-2 cm. broad, clustered in the axils, short-pedi- 



622 FLORA. 

celled; carpels 1-3-seeded, cuspidate, the tip often deciduous, wrinkled on the 
sides. Kans. to Tex., Colo., Ariz, and Mex. April- Aug. 

9. MODIOLA Moench. 
Prostrate or ascending herbs, with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and small 
axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. 
Cavities of the ovary 00 , 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic at the summit; car- 
pels 5-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves with awn-pointed 
tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the likeness of the fruit to the small 
Roman measure, modiolus. '\ A monotypic genus. 

I. Modiola Caroliniana (L.) Don. Bristly-fruited Mallow. (I. F. f. 
2432.) Annual or biennial, more or less pubescent; stems 1.5-5 ^"^- long. Leaves 
nearly orbicular, 1-6 cm. wide, petioled, 3-5 -cleft, the lobes dentate or incised, 
or sometimes simply dentate; flowers 6-10 mm. broad, red; peduncles at length 
elongated; fruit depressed-orbicular. In low grounds, Va. to Fia., west to Tex. 
and Cal., and in Cent, and S, Am. Summer. 

10. KOSTELETZKYA Presl. 
Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs or shrubs, with hastate or angular 
leaves, and showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets several, linear. 
Calyx 5 -toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen- column anther-bearing below for nearly its 
entire length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities i-ovuled; .style -branches of the same 
number, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5. angled. Seeds 
reniform, ascending. [Named in honor of V. F. Kosteletzky, a botanist of Bohe- 
mia.] About 6 species, natives of warm and temperate America. In addition to 
the following, 2 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L.) A. Gray. Virginia Kosteletzkya. 
(I. F. f. 2433.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, somewhat stellate-pubescent and scabrous. 
Leaves ovate, or hastate, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-13 cm. long, unequally 
dentate and often 3-lobed below, acute, not velvety-pubescent; flowers pink, 3-6 cm. 
broad, in loose terminal leafy panicles; bractlets 8 or 9, linear, shorter than the 
lanceolate acute calyx-segments; carpels 5, hispid-pubescent. In salt or brackish 
marshes, N. Y. to Fla. and La. A form approaching K. althaeifolia of the South- 
ern States occurs in eastern Md. Aug. 

II. HIBISCUS L. 
Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobed 
leaves, and showy, mosdy campanulate flowers. Bractlets numerous, narrow. 
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below along much 
of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled; style branches 5, stig- 
matic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reniform. [An ancient 
name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About 180 species, widely 
distributed. In addition to the following, about 14 others occur in the southern 
and western U. S. 

Tall perennial herbs. 

Leaves white-pubescent beneath ; seeds g:labrous, or nearly so. 

Leaves glabrate, or stellate-hairy above; bractlets not ciliate. i. H. Moscheutos. 

Leaves soft-hairy above ; bractlets ciliate. 2. H. lasiocarpus. 

Leaves glabrous on both sides ; seeds hairy. 3. H. milttaris. 

Low hairy annual of waste places. 4- J^- Trioman. 

Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens. 5- H. Syriacus. 

I. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Swamp Rose-mallow. Mallow Rose. 
(I. F. f. 2434.) Erect, 1-2.5 m. high, forming numerous cane-like stems. Leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, cordate or obtuse at the base, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, sometimes lobed at the middle, palmately veined, dentate 
or crenate ; flowers 1-2 dm. broad, pink, or white, sometimes with a crimson centre, 
clustered on stout pedicels at the summits of the stems ; peduncles often adnate to 
the petioles; bractlets linear, not ciliate, shorter than the calyx; capsule ovoid, 
2-3 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; seeds glabrous. In brackish 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. and La., and on lake shores and in saline situations locally 
in the interior to W. Ont, Aug-Sept. 



THEACEAE. 623 

2. Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Hairy-fruited Rose-mallow. (I. F. f. 
2435.) Resembles the preceding. Leaves broadly ovate, dentate or 3-7-lobed, 
mostly cordate or truncate at the base; pubescence of the lower surface vv^hite and 
densely stellate, that of the upper surface darker, with longer soft nearly simple 
hairs; bractlets linear, equalling the calyx or shorter, ciliate; capsule ovoid, 
densely and finely hairy; seeds nearly glabrous. In. swamps, southern Ind. to 
Mo., Fla. and Tex. Aug. 

3. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose-mallow. Sweating- 
weed. (I. F. f. 2436.) Erect, 1-2 m. high, nearly glabrous. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. 
long, ovate in outline, acute, or acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base, the 
lower, or sometimes all, hastate ly lobed, the margins dentate-crenate; flowers pink 
with a darker eye, 5-8 cm. long; peduncles jointed above the middle; bractlets 
linear, slightly shorter than the calyx, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs; 
fruiting calyx inflated; capsule ovoid, enclosed by the calyx, glabrous; seeds silky. 
Along rivers, southern Penn. to Fla., Minn., Ncv. and La. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Hibiscus Trionum L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-hour. 
(I. F. f. 2437.) Pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or orbicular in 
outline, pedately 3-7-lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, dentate-crenate or 
cleft; flowers pale yellow with a purple eye, 2.5-6 cm. broad, axillary; petals 
tinged with purple on the outer edge ; bracts linear, ciliate, much shorter than the 
membranous beautifully nerved hispid-pubescent 5-angled inflated calyx; capsule 
globose-ovoid, hairy; seeds roughened with short processes. In waste places, N. 
S. to Fla., S. Dak. and Kans. Adventive from southern Europe. Aug.-Sept. 

5. Hibiscus Syriacus L. Shrubby Althaea. Rose-of-Sharon. (I. F. f. 
2438.) A shrub 3-7 m. high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, 5-13 cm. long, 3-5- 
lobed or the upper merely dentate ; flowers axillary, short-peduncled, pink or white 
with a crimson centre, 5-10 cm. broad; bractlets linear; peduncles, bractlets and 
calyx stellate-pubescent; capsule ovoid, nearly 2.5 cm. long. Escaped from culti- 
vation, N. J. to Ga. Introduced from W. Asia. Aug.-Sept. 

Order 23- PARIETAlES. 

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical types trees, the flowers mostly com- 
plete, perfect and regular (irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or 
more or less united, imbricated or convolute. Petals - almost always 
present and distinct. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary compound, 
superior (inferior in Loasaceae) ; placentae mostly parietal. 

Sepals distinct, mostly persistent. 
Endosperm little or none. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers. 

,, Fam. I, Theaceae. 

Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves. 

Leaves punctate or black-dotted, estipulate. Fam. 2. Hyf^ericaceae. 

Leaves stipulate; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary 
flowers. Fam. 3. FJaiiuaceae. 

Endosperm copious. 

Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous, ovules or- 
thotropous. Fam. 4. Cistacrae. 

Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous ; stamens 5 ; ovules anatropons. 

Fam. 5. ^'iolaceae. 
Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx. 

A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx ; our species vines ; stamens s : ovary 
free from the calyx. Fam. 6. Passifloraceac. 

No crown; our species herbs; stamens numerous ; ovary adnata to the calyx. 

Fam. 7. Loasaceae. 
Family i. THEACEAE DC. 
Tea Faviily. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate or rarely opposite mainly estipulate 
leaves, and large, regular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 5 '(rarely \--;\, 
imbricated. Calyx often 2-bracted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9)! 



624 FLORA, 

hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens oo , numerous, hypogynous, 
more or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled ; ovules 
2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3-5-celled generally woody capsule. 
Endosperm little or none ; embryo large, with conduplicate cotyledons. 
About 16 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. 

Stamens monadelphous. i. Stuartia. 

Stamens 5-adelphous. 2. Gordonia. 

I. STUARTIA L. 

Shrubs, with deciduous membranous serrulate leaves, and large showy axillary 
solitary flowers on short peduncles. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Pet- 
als of the same number, obovate. Ovary 5 -celled; styles I or 5 ; ovules 2 in each 
cavity, anatropous; capsule ovoid, 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo 
straight. Cotyledons oval, longer than the inferior radicle. [Named in honor of 
John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.] Six species, natives of N. Am. and Japan. 

Style I, compound ; stigma 5-lobed ; seeds marginless ; capsule subglobose. 

I. S. Malachodendron. 
Styles 5, distinct; seeds wing-margined ; capsule ovoid, 5-angled. 2. S. pentagyna. 

1. Stuartia Malachodendron L. Round-fruited Stuartia. (I. F. f. 
2439.) A shrub, 2-4 m. high, the branches pubescent when young. Leaves oval, 
acute or acuminate at each end, 5-8 cm. long, pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; 
petioles 4-10 mm. long; flowers 7-10 cm. broad, solitary or occasionally in pairs ; 
sepals ovate or orbicular, obtuse, silky-pubescent, united at the base; petals white, 
minutely crenulate ; filaments purple ; anthers blue; capsule 12-16 mm. long, pu- 
bescent. In woods, Va. to Fla., west to La. April-May. 

2. Stuartia pentagyna L'Her. Angled-fruited or Mountain Stuartia. 
(L F. f. 2440.) A shrub resembling the preceding. Leaves oval, or ovate, larger, 
1-1.5 dm. long, acuminate, pubescent beneath, mucronate-serrulate or rarely entire ; 
flowers solitary, 5-8 cm. broad; peduncles 6-14 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acutish, 
hairy; petals cream color, crenulate; capsule acute, nearly 2 cm. long, densely 
pubescent. In woods, mountains of Ky. and N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Jxme. 

2. GORDONIA Ellis. 

Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous evergreen leaves, and large white solitary 
axillary flowers, often clustered at the ends of branches. Sepals 5. imbricated, 
roimded, concave. Petals 5, imbricated, obovate. Stamens 00 , 5-adelphous, each 
cluster cohering with the base of a petal. Ovary i, 3-5. ceiled ; style i ; stigma 5- 
rayed. Capsule woody, ovoid, 5-valved, the axis persistent. Seeds compressed, 
with a short wing; cotyledons ovate, longitudinally plaited ; hypocotyl short, su- 
perior. [Named for James Gordon, a London nurseryman.] About 16 species, 
natives of E. N. Am., Mex. and E. Asia. 

I. Gordonia Lasianthus L. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. (I. F. f. 2441.) A 
tree. Leaves lanceolate, or oblong, acute and involute at the base, nearly sessile, 
7-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, serrulate, glabrous, shining ; peduncles ascending ; 
flowers 3-5 cm. broad; sepals orbicular, silky, ciliate; petals slightly pubescent 
without; capsule ovoid-conic, pointed, 12-16 mm. long, sometimes 6-valved. In 
low woods, Va. to Fla. May-July. 

Family 2. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. 

St. Johns-wort Faintly. 

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with op- 
posite, or rarely verticillate, simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or 
dentate leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers. 
Foliage pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. 
Sepals 5 or 4, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypog}mous, gen- 
erally oblique or contorted. Stamens co , hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or 
5 ; anthers versatile or innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
1-7-celled, composed of 1-7 carpels ; styles as many as the carpels ; ovules 



H YP ERICA CEA E. 62 5 

00 , in 2 rows in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular with sep- 
ticidal dehiscence ; seeds mainly straight ; endosperm none. About 10 
genera and 280 species, mainly of temperate and warm regions. 

Sepals 4, in unequal pairs; petals 4. i. Ascyrum. 
Sepals and petals 5. 
Petals yellow. 

Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. Hypericum. 

Leaves reduced to minute appressed scales. 3. Sarothra. 

Flowers pink or greenish purple. 4. Triadenum. 

1. ASCYRUM L. 

Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with the aspect oi Hypericum. Flowers bright yel- 
low. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller 
and narrower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens 00 , 
distinct, or united in clusters. Ovary i-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 
2-4. Capsule I -celled, 2-4-valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.] 
About 5 species, natives of eastern N. Am., the W. I. and Cent. Am. 
Erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves clasping; styles 3 or 4. i. A. stans. 

Diffusely branched, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves sessile; styles 2. 2. A. hypericoides. 

1. Ascyrum stans Michx. St. Peter's-wort. (I. F. f. 2442.) Stems and 
branches 2-edged or slightly winged; leaves erect or ascending, oval, or broadly 
oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, obtuse, thick; cyme terminal, few-flowered; pedicels 8- 
12 mm. long, 2-bracted below the middle; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; outer sepals 
8-12 mm. long, cordate, the inner lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long; petals obovate, longer 
than the sepals ; capsule ovoid, about 6 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, L. I. to 
eastern Penn., Fla., Tenn. and Tex. July-Aug. 

2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. St. Andrew's Cross. (I. F. f, 2443.) Stems 
and branches flattened and 2-edged; leaves oblong or obovate, sessile, narrowed 
and 2-glandular at the base, 1-4 cm. long, thin, obtuse ; flowers terminal or also 
axillary; pedicels 2-6 mm. long, 2-bracted near the summit; flowers 12-18 mm. 
broad; outer sepals oval or ovate, sometimes cordate, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, the 
inner narrower and mainly shorter; petals oblong-linear, about equalling the outer 
sepals; styles 2; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, Mass. to 
Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. July-Aug. 

2. HYPERICUM L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite punctate or black-dotted leaves, and mostly 
cymose yellow flowers. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so. Petals 5, mainly oblique or 
contorted, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 00 , distinct, or more or 
less united in clusters, sometimes with interposed hypogynous glands. Ovary 
I -celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae which sometimes project far into the cavity, 
or 3-5 -celled (rarely 6-celled); ovules 00 , generally numerous; styles 3-6. Capsule 
1-5 -celled (rarely 6-celledj. [The Greek name.] About 210 species, of wide 
geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 12 others occur in the southern 
and western United States and British America. 

* Styles 5 ; large perennials ; pods 5-celled. 
Flowers 2-5 cm. broad; pods 1.8-2 cm. long. i. H. Ascyro7i. 

Flowers 1-2.5 cm. broad; pods 6-12 mm. long. 2. H. Kahniamtyn. 

* * Styles 3 (rarely 4). 
f Tall leafy shrubs ; pods 3-celled. 
Flowers 12-16 mm. broad; pods 8-12 mm. long. " 3. H. prolificum. 

Flowers 8-12 mm. broad; pods 4-6 mm. long. 4, H. deiistjlortim. 

t f Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base. 
X Stamens numerous (15-40) ; flowers 6-25 mm. broad. 
Capsules i-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled. 

Capsules incompletely 3-4-celIed by the projecting placenta^. 

Leaves linear, 2-4 mm. wide. 5. H. e^.i!ioi'd(\<:. 

Leaves oblong, 6-10 mm. wide. 6. //. adf^rcssutn. 

Capsules strictly i-celled ; placentas parietal. 

Styles united into a beak, separate above; stigmas minute, 



626 FLORA, 

Leaves linear or linear-oblong ; seeds transversely rugose. 

Nearly simple, erect; pod globose. 7. H. sphaerocarpum. 

Branched, decumbent ; pod 3-sided. 8. H. dolabriforme. 

Leaves elliptic; seeds minutely pitted and striate. 9. H. ellipticum. 
Styles separate; stigmas capitate ; cyme naked. 10. H. virgatum. 

Capsules completely 3-celled; styles separate. 

Leaves linear or oblong; sepals lanceolate. ii. H. perforatum. 

Leaves broadly oblong, oval or ovate-lanceolate. 
Sepals ovate. 

Petals 4-6 mm. long. 12. H, maculatum. 

Petals 15-20 mm. long. 13. H. pseudomaculatum. 

Sepals lanceolate; petals 10-14 mm. long. 14. H. graveolens. 

X J Stamens few (5-12); flowers 1-6 mm. broad. 
Leaves spreading or ascending, 3-7-nerved. 

Cyme leafy-bracted. 15. H. boreale. 

Cymes subulate-bracted. 

Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, 5-7-nerved. 

Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule 2-5 mm. long. 

Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong, acutish or obtuse. 

16. H. mutilum. 
Leaves acute, or only the lower obtuse ; sepals long-acuminate. 

17. H. gymtianthum. 
Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate ; capsule 8-10 mm. long. 

18. H. ma J us. 
Leaves linear, obtuse, 3-nerved. 19, H. Canadense. 

Leaves linear, erect, i-nerved. 20. H. Drummondii. 

1. Hypericum Ascyron L. Great or Giant St. John's-wort. .(I. F. f. 
2444.) Perennial, 6-18 dm. high, the branches angled. Leaves sessile, clasping, 
ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long; cymes terminal, few-flowered; 
flowers bright yellow; pedicels 1-5 cm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. 
long, acute; petals obovate or oblanceolate; styles united below; stamens nume- 
rous, united in 5 sets; capsule ovoid, 5 -celled. Banks of streams, Quebec and Vt. 
to Manitoba, Conn., N. J., 111. and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. July- Aug. 

2. Hypericum Kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 2445.) 
Shrubby, 3-6 dm. high, leafy; branches 4-angled; twigs flattened and 2-edged. 
Leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, sessile, or narrowed into a short petiole, 
obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, more or less glaucous beneath, generally with smaller ones 
clustered in the axils; cymes terminal, few-flowered; pedicels 4-20 mm. long; 
sepals foliaceous, oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long; stamens very numerous, distinct; 
styles 5 (4-6), united below; capsule ovoid, 6 mm. long, 5- (4-6-) celled. Ont. and 
western N. Y. to 111., Wis. and Mich. Aug. 

3. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 2446.) 
Shrubby, 3-9 dm. high; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves linear-oblong or oblanceo- 
late, narrowed at the base, or tapering into a short petiole, obtuse, often mucronu- 
late, pale beneath, 2-8 cm. long, with tufts of smaller ones in the axils; cymes 
terminal and sometimes also axillary; pedicels 12 mm. long or less; stamens 
numerous, distinct; capsules 3-celled. Sandy or rocky soil, N. J. to Ky. and Ga. 
July -Sept. 

4. Hypericum densiflorum Pursh. Bushy or Dense-flowered St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2447.) Erect, 1-2 dm. high, shrubby; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves 
crowded, 2-5 cm. long, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes densely 
many-flowered, mainly terminal; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; sepals narrow, not foli- 
aceous; stamens numerous, distinct; capsxile 3-celled. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Fla., 
Tenn., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 

5. Hypericum galioides Lam. Bed-straw St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2448.) Perennial, somewhat woody, 3-8 dm. high, the branches nearly terete. 
Leaves linear, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, with smaller ones clustered in their 
axils, obtusish, thick, spreading, narrowed below, 1-5 cm. long, involute in dry- 
ing; flowers short-pedicelled, 6-10 mm. broad; sepals resembling the uppermost 
leaves ; stamens numerous, distinct ; capsule 4-6 mm. long. In low grounds, Del. 
to Fla., Tenn. and La. July-Sept. 

6. Hypericum adpressum Bart. Creeping St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2449.) Stems nearly simple, 3-6 dm. high, 2-edged above. Leaves oblong or 



HYPERICACEAE. 627 

lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, ascending, often with smaller ones fascicled in 
the axils; cyme terminal, several-flowered; pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers 
12-18 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule 
about 4 mm. long. In low grounds, Mass. to Ga., La., Mo. and Ark. July- Aug. 

7. Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. Round-podded St. John's-wort. 
(I. F. f. 2450.) Stems 4-angled, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 
obtuse, 3-8 cm. long, often with smaller ones in the axils; cymes terminal; flowers 
sessile or nearly so, io-i6mm. broad; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule i-celled, 
4-5 mm. long; seeds larger than in related species, rough-pitted. On rocky banks, 
Ohio to Iowa, Ala., Kans. and Ark. July-Sept. 

8. Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. Straggling St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2451.) Straggling, 1. 5-5 dm. high; branchlets slightly angled. Leaves linear or 
linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes 
terminal, leafy; pedicels about i mm. long; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; sepals foliaceous, 
lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, nearly or quite as long as the oblique 
pointed petals; stamens distinct; styles united below; capsule 6-8 mm. long. On 
dry hills, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. July- Aug. 

9. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Elliptic-leaved or Pale St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2452.) Herbaceous, perennial; stem somewhat 4-angled, 2-5 dm. 
high. Leaves thin, spreading, elliptic or oval, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base 
or partly clasping, 1. 5-3 cm. long; cymes terminal, few-flowered, bracted; flowers 
pale yellow, nearly sessile, 1-I.5 cm. broad; sepals oblong or oblanceolate, slightly 
shorter than the petals; styles united below; capsule ovoid-globose, about 4 mm. 
long; sepals and petals sometimes 4. In swamps and along streams, N. S. to 
Manitoba, Conn., N. J., Penn. and Minn. July- Aug. 

10. Hypericum virgatum Lam. Virgate or Copper-colored St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2453.) Herbaceous, 3-7 dm. high, the stem and branches 
4-angled. Lower leaves ascending or erect, oblong- lanceolate, acute or obtusish. 
1.5-3 cm. long, sessile; cyme terminal, compound, bracted; pedicels 1-4 mm. long; 
flowers numerous, copper-yellow, 8-12 mm. broad; sepals foliaceous, ovate or 
lanceolate, keeled; styles distinct; stigmas capitate; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long, 
enclosed by the sepals. In low grounds, Del. to 111. and Fla. July- Sept. 

Hypericum virg^tum ovalif61ium Britton. Leaves oval or broadly elliptic, erect, 
appressed, very obtuse. Pine-barrens of N. J. 

11. Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 2454.) 
Perennial, herbaceous, 3-7 dm. high. Stems erect, with numerous barren shoots 
at base; leaves sessile, oblong or linear, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, more or less black- 
dotted; cymes terminal; flowers bright yellow, 1. 5-2. 5 cm. broad; sepals acute, 
shorter than the copiously black-dotted petals; stamens united at their bases into 3 
sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, glandular. In fields and waste 
places, common throughout our area except the extreme north, and in the Southern 
States. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

12. Hypericum maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2455.) Plerbaceous, perennial, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, ob- 
long or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, copiously black-dotted; cymes ter- 
minal, many-flowered; pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers crowded, 8-14 mm. 
broad; sepals ovate, acute, shorter than the conspicuously black-dotted petals; 
stamens in 3 or 5 sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 4-6 mm. long. In moist soil. Me. 
and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Hypericum maculiltum subpetiol;\tum Bicknell. Leaves short-petioled, mostly 
narrowed at the base. Me. to Ga. and Ky. 

13. Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush. Large Spotted St. John's- 
wort. Similar to the preceding, but the flowers much larger, the petals 15-20 
mm. long. Mo. 

14. Hypericum graveolens Buckley. Mountain Sr. Jihin's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2456.) Herbaceous, perennial. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaves oval, ovate or elliptic- 
oblong, sessile or clasping, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, sparingly black-dotted; cvmes 
terminal; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; flowers 2.5 cm. in breadth or more; sepals lancciv 
late, acute, much shorter than the sparingly dotted or dotless petals; stamens united 



628 FLORA. 

in sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, somewhat 3-lobed, 8-12 mm. long. Moimtains of 
Va., Tenn. and N. Car. June-Sept. 

15. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's-wort. 
(I. F, f. 2457.) Annual, or sometimes stoloniferous, 3-45 cm. high. Leaves 
elliptic, oval, oblong, or linear-oblong, 6-32 mm. long, sessile or slightly clasping, 
obtuse, mostly 3-nerved, those of the lower part of the stem commonly much 
smaller; cymes leafy-bracted ; flowers about 5 mm. broad; sepals obtuse; capsule 
oblong, obtuse or obtusish, apiculate, 4-5 mm. long, purple, cross-wrinkled, 
longer than the sepals; seeds 3-5 times as long as wide, pale, longitudinally fur- 
rowed and finely cross-lined. Wet soil, Newf. to Vt., N. J. and Penn. July-Sept. 

16. Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf or Small-flowered St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2458.) Annual, generally tufted, 1.5-8 dm. high. Eranchlets 
4-angled; leaves oblong or ovate, sessile, clasping, obtuse, 8-32 mm. long, 5 -nerved 
at the base; cymes many-flowered, subulate-bracted; pedicels 2-12 mm. long; flow- 
ers 1-4 mm. broad, light orange-yellow; sepals foliaceous, linear, lanceolate, or 
oblanceolate ; stamens 5-12; styles 3; capsule ovoid, pointed, 2-4 mm. long, some- 
what longer than the sepals. In low grounds, N. S. to Man., Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
July- Sept. 

17. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray. Clasping-leaved St. 
John's-wort. (I. F. f. 2459.) Annual, erect, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, or 
the lower oval, cordate-clasping, often distant, 8-20 mm. long, acute, or the lower 
obtuse, 3-7-nerved at the base; cymes terminal, loose, subulate-bracted; flowers 
numerous, 2-4 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, generally somewhat shorter than the 
ovoid capsule; styles 3; stamens 10-12; capsule about 4 mm. long. In low 
grounds, N. J. and Del. to Minn., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 

18. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton. Larger Canadian St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2460. ) Annual, erect, 3-9 dm. high, the branches nearly upright. 
Leaves lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, 2-6 cm. 
long, 5-7 -nerved; flowers 6-10 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; styles 3; 
capsule narrowly conic, acute, longer than the sepals; seeds minute, cross-lined 
and faintly longitudinally striate. In moist soil. Me. to Mich., N. J. and Neb. 
June-Sept. 

19. Hypericum Canadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort. (L F. f. 2461.) 
Annual, 1.5-5 dm. high. Branches angular; leaves linear, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, 
tapering to the base, 3-nerved; flowers 4-6 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute ; 
stamens 5-10; styles 3; capsule narrowly conic, acute, 4-8 mm. long, longer than 
the sepals; seeds striate. In wet sandy soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky., and Wis. 
July-Sept. 

20. Hypericum Drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Drummond's St. 
John's-WORT. (I. F. f. 2462.) Annual, bushy-branched, 2.5-8 dm. high, rigid. 
Leaves linear- subulate, 8-25 mm. long, erect or narrowly ascending, i mm, wide, 
i-nerved; flowers scattered along the upper part of leafy branches, 4 mm. broad; 
sepals lance-linear, longer than the petals; stamens 10-20; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 
4 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the sepals; seeds large, rugose. In dry soil, 
Va. to Ga., 111., Iowa, Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

3. SAROTHRA L. 

A low annual much-branched herb, the opposite leaves reduced to subulate 
scales, the mostly opposite branches erect-ascending, the very small yellow flowers 
alternate, very short-pedicelled or sessile along them in the axils of still smaller 
scales. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10. Styles 3, separate. Capsule 
elongated- conic, l-celled, much longer than the sepals; seeds minutely striate and 
pitted. [Greek, a broom.] A monotypic genus of E. N. Am. 

I. Sarothra gentianoides L. Orange-grass. Pine-weed. (I. F. f. 2463.) 
Erect, I-5 dm. high. Branches filiform, erect, wiry; leaves about 2 mm. long, ap- 
pressed; flowers nearly sessile, 2-3 mm. long, open in sunlight; sepals linear, about 
equalling the petals and much shorter than the acute purple pod; seeds very small, 
Jn sandy soil, Me, to Fla., Ont., Minn., Mo. and Tex. June-Oct. 



EL A TIN A CEAE. 629 



4. TRIADENUM Raf. 

Perennial marsh herbs, with entire oblong oval or ovate leaves, and pink or 
greenish purple flowers in terminal cymes, or also axillary. Calyx of 5 equal per- 
sistent sepals. Petals 5, not contorted. Stamens 9, or sometimes more, in 3 sets, 
the sets alternating with 3 large hypogynous glands. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3. 
Capsule oblong-conic, much longer than the sepals. [Greek, three glands.] Two 
species, natives of E. N. Am. 

Leaves sessile; flower-clusters peduncled. x. T. Vt'rgmicum. 

Leaves short-petioled ; flower-clusters nearly sessile. 2. T. petiolatum. 

1. Triadenum Virginicum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort. (I. F. f. 
2464.) Nearly simple, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves sessile or cordate-clasping, ovate or 
oblong, 2-6 cm. long, very obtuse, sometimes emarginate, glaucous beneath, black- 
dotted; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, in leafy clusters; sepals acute, shorter than the 
straight petals; stamens 9 or more, united in 3 sets; styles 3, distinct; capsule ob- 
long, 8-10 mm. long, acute, red-purple. In swamps. Lab. to Fla., Man., Neb. and 
La. July-Sept. 

2. Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Marsh St. John's- 
wort. (I. F. f. 2465.) Similar to the preceding, but often more branched and 
taller; leaves generally longer, petioled, or the upper sessile, not clasping, pale 
beneath; flower-clusters sessile or very short-peduncled. In swamps, N. J. and 
Md. to Fla., Ark. and La. July- Aug. 

Family 3. ELATINACEAE Lindl. 

Water-wort Family. 

Low herbs, sometimes woody in tropical regions, with opposite or 
verticillate stipulate leaves, and small axillary regular perfect flowers. 
Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals the same number, hypogynous. Stamens 
the same number or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, stig- 
matic at the apex ; ovules 00 , anatropous. Capsule with septicidal dehis- 
cence. Placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose or ribbed. 
About 25 species, of wide distribution. 

Flowers 2-4-merous; glabrous aquatic or creeping- herbs. . i. Elatine. 

Flowers mainly 5-merous ; pubescent ascending or diffuse herbs. 2. Bergia. 

I. ELATINE L. 

Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs, with minute mainly soli- 
tary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, membranous, not ribbed. Styles or stigmas 
2-4. Pod membranous, globose, 2-4-valved. Seeds 00 , straight, or slightly curved, 
striate longitudinally and transversely. [Greek, fir-like, with reference to the leaves.] 
About 9 species, of temperate and warm regions. In addition to the following, 
another occurs in Cal. 

Petals and stamens 2 ; seeds distinctly sculptured. 

Leaves obovate ; seeds with 9-10 longitudinal and 20-30 transverse striae. 

1. E. A7)i erica fta. 
Leaves oblong or oval ; seeds with 6-7 longitudinal and 10-12 transverse striae. 

2. E. brac/iysperma. 
Petals and stamens mostly 3 ; seeds little sculptured. 3. E. trian'dra. 

1. Elatine Americana (Pursh) Am. Water-wort. Mud-purslane. (I. F. 
f. 2466.) Tufted, aquatic or terrestrial, 1-4 cm. long. Leaves obtuse, 2-6 mm. 
long, 2 mm. wide or less; flowers sessile, minute, rarely opening in the submerged 
forms; sepals, petals, stamens and stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in the" terrestrial forms); 
capsule globose, nearly I mm. in diameter; seeds 0.5-I mm. long, slightly curved. 
Margins of ponds and slow streams, Me. and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. Also in 
Colo, and Ore. Summer. 

2. Elatine brachysperma A. Gray. Short-sf.edkd Water-wort. (I. F. f. 
2467.) Terrestrial or sometimes submerged, spreading, tufted, 2-5 cm. lot\g. 
Leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 4-6 mm. long, about 



630 FLORA. 

2 mm. wide, obtuse; flowers sessile, minute; capsule nearly as in the preceding; 
seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about 0.5 mm. long. Margins of ponds. 111. 
and Cal. Summer. 

3. Elatine triandra Schk. Long-stemmed Water-wort. (I. F. f. 2468.) 
Flaccid, tufted, immersed or creeping; stems 5-10 cm. long. Leaves oblong or 
oblanceolate, very thin, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, narrowed at the base; flowers 
minute, sessile ; sepals commonly 2 ; petals, stamens and stigmas 3 ; seeds slightly 
curved, about the size of those of E. Americana. Ponds, 111., S. Dak. and Neb. 
Also in Europe. Summer. 

2. BERGIA L. 

Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, more or less pubescent, with opposite 
leaves and small powers. Parts of the flower in 5's (very rarely in 4's or 3's). Pod 
crustaceous, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, striate longitudinally and transversely. 
[In honor of Dr. P. J. Bergius, 1 723-1790, professor of Natural History in Stock- 
holm.] About 15 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 

I. Bergia Texana (Hook.) Seub. Texas Bergia. (I. F. f. 2469.) Pros- 
trate or ascending, diffusely branched ; stems 1.5-2.5 dm. long. Leaves spatulate 
or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, serrate, narrowed into a short petiole; stipules about 
2 mm. long, ciliate-serrulate; flowers short-peduncled, about 3 mm. broad, solitary 
or 2-3 together in the axils; sepals ovate, acuminate, denticulate, slightly longer 
than the obtuse petals; capsule globose, 2 mm. in diameter, its dehiscence septi- 
fragal; seeds oblong, striate longitudinally and cross-barred. Southern 111. to Tex., 
Nev. and Cal. Summer. 

Family 4. CISTACEAE Lindl. 

Rock-rose Family, 

Shrubs or low woody herbs, with simple leaves, and solitaiy racemose 
or paniculate flowers. Flowers regular, generally perfect. Sepals 3-5, 
persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior ones smaller, the 3 inner convolute. 
Petals 5 or 3, or wanting, fugacious or persistent. Stamens 00 , hypogy- 
nous. Ovary i, sessile, i -several-celled ; ovules orthotropous, stalked ; 
style simple. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Seeds several or numerous ; 
embryo slender ; endosperm starchy or fleshy. Four genera and about 
160 species, all but i or 2 natives of the northern hemisphere. 

Petals 5, yellow, fugacious, or wanting. 

Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. i. Helianthemum. 

Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated ; style long. 2. Htidsoftia. 

Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. Lechea. 

I. HELIANTHEMUM Pars. 

Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching, mostly with showy yel- 
low flowers, and sometimes (in the following species) with other smaller apetalous 
ones. Petals in the larger flowers large, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae 
or false septa 3. Ovules few or 00 ; style jointed with the ovary; stigma capitate 
or 3-lobed. Embryo curved. [Greek, sun-flower.] About 125 species, of wide 
distribution. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the Southern States 
and on the Pacific Coast. 

Petaliferous flowers solitary, few or several: apetalous flowers in axillary sessile clusters. 
Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short terminal cymose raceme, their capsules 3-4 mm. 
long, little, if at all, overtopped by the short later axillary branches; capsules of 
the apetalous flowers about i mm. in diameter. i. H. majus. 

Petaliferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules 6-8 mm. long, much overtopped 
by the later elongated axillary branches ; capsules of the apetalous flowers nearly 
4 mm. in diameter. 2. H. Canadense. 

Flowers all cymose at the summit of the stem, the petaliferous ones slender-pedicelled. 

3. H. corymbosum. 

I. Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. Hoary Frostweed. (I. F. f. 2470.) 
Hoary-canescent, erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 



CISTACEAE. 631 

1.5-3.5 cm. long, stellate-canescent beneath, darker above, short- petioled; petalif- 
erous flowers 5- 12 in a terminal cymose raceme, their corollas 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, 
light yellow, their sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner, 
their capsules ovoid; apetalous flowers appearing later, minute, clustered, nearly 
sessile; seeds evenly reticulated. In dry soil, N. S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. Car. 
and Tex. June-July. 

2. Helianthemum Canadense (L.) Michx, Frost- wort. (I. F. f. 2471.) 
Puberulent- canescent, erect, ascending, or sometimes diffuse, 0.7-6 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 1-3 cm. long, rough 
and dark green above, paler and canescent beneath, the margins commonly revo- 
lute in drying; petaliferous flowers solitary, or rarely 2, bright yellow, 2-3 cm. 
broad, their sepals pilose, the outer shorter than the irner, their capsules ovoid or 
obovoid, rounded above. In dry rocky or sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Wis., N. Car. 
and Ky. Petaliferous flowers May-July. 

3. Helianthemum corymbosum Michx. Pine-barren Frostweed. (I. F. f. 
2472.) Erect, 1.5-3 dm. high, densely canescent. Leaves oblong, or the lowest 
obovate, 2-3 cm. long, entire, slightly revolute in drying, pale beneath, dark green 
above, short-petioled ; flowers in nearly naked, fastigiate cymes, the petaliferous 
1-2 cm. broad, on pedicels 12-16 mm. long; apetalous flowers clustered, nearly 
sessile; calyx of both kinds woolly-pubescent; outer sepals about equalling the 
inner; capsules of the larger flowers 4-6 mm. broad, many-seeded; those of the 
apetalous ones smaller, few-seeded. In sandy soil, Va. (?), N. Car. to Fla. and La. 

2. HUDSONIA L. 

Low diffusely branched shrubs, with small subulate or scale- like, imbricated 
leaves, and numerous yellow flowers terminating short branches. Petals 5, obovate- 
oblong. Stamens 00 . Style filiform, continuous with the ovary; placentae 3; 
stigma minute. Capsule 3-valved, included in the calyx. Seeds few; embryo 
slender, spirally curved. [Named for Wm. Hudson, 1730-1793, an English bota- 
nist.] A genus of 3 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 

Flowers slender-pedicelled ; leaves subulate. i. //. ericoides. 

Flowers nearly sessile ; leaves scale-like. 2. //. tomentosa. 

1. Hudsonia ericoides L. Heath-like Hudsonia. (I. F. f. 2473.) Bushy- 
branched, greenish, softly- pubescent, .1-2 dm. high. Leaves subulate, 6-8 mm. 
long, densely imbricated on the younger branches, more scattered on the older 
ones; pedicels 10-16 mm. long; flowers about 8 mm. broad; sepals acutish; 
stamens 12-18; capsule oblong, slightly pubescent; seeds about 3. In dry sandy 
soil, N. S. to Vt. and Va. May-June. 

2. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Woolly Hudsonia. False Heather. 
Beach Heather. (I. F. f. 2474.) Densely tufted and intricately branched, 
hoary -pubescent, pale, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves 2 mm. long, oval or oblong, imbri- 
cated and appressed; flowers sessile, or on pedicels less than 2 mm. long, slightly 
smaller than those of the preceding; sepals obtuse; stamens 9-18; capsule ovoid, 
glabrous, usually I -seeded. Mostly in sands of the seashore and in pine-barrens, 
Va. to N. H., N. B., and on lake and river shores west to Slave Lake and the Lake 
of the Woods. May-July. 

3. LECHEA L. 
Perennial herbs, often woody at the base, with small entire leaves and minute 
panicled greenish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and narrower. 
Petals 3, ovate to linear, inconspicuous, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, 
nearly sessile, laciniate. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, or by obliteration of the dis- 
sepiments i-celled, about 6-seeded. Embryo curved or spiral. [Named for Johan 
Leche, a Swedish botanist, died 1764.] About of 14 species, 11 natives of eastern 
N. Am., I Texan, i Cuban and i Mexican. The characteristic basal shoots appear 
late in the season. 

Leaves of the basal shoots oblong; to ovate, not more than 3 times as long; as broad. 
Outer sepals longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. i. L. minor. 

Outer sepals equalling; or shorter than the inner. 

Pod oblong-; pedicels slender, 2-4 mtn. long-. 2. L. racemifiosa. 

Pod globose; pedicels about i mm. long;. 



632 FLORA. 

Erect, villous-pubescent. 3. L. villosa. 

Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. L. maritima. 

Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than 3 times as long 
as broad. 

Stem-leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals i-nerved. 5. L. te?iui/olta. 

Stem-leaves oblong-linear; inner sepals 3-nerved. 
Plants green, more or less pubescent. 

Pod oblong to ovoid, 2 mm. long; panicle dense; flowers secund, short- 

pedicelled, 6. L. mo7iiliformis. 

Pod obovoid, i mm. in diameter ; panicle loose, the branches ascending or 

spreading ; flowers short-pedicelled. 7. L. Leggettii. 

Pod globose, about 2 mm. in diameter; panicle-branches nearly erect, loosely 

flowered ; flowers slender-pedicelled. 8. L. intermedia. 

Pod oval, about i mm. in diameter; panicle-branches erect-ascending, 
densely flowered ; flowers short-pedicelled. 9. L. jiiniperina. 

Plant pale, canescent; pod globose, i mm. in diameter . 10. L. stricta. 

1. Lechea minor L. Thyme-leaved Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2475.) Pubes- 
cent with appressed hairs, 1.5-5 dm. Branches erect or ascending; stem-leaves 
oval or oblong, 8-14 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ciliate; petioles 2 mm. long; leaves 
of the basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; flowers 
close together, somewhat secund; outer sepals longer than the obovoid or globose 
pod. In dry open groimds, eastern Mass. to Mich., Fla. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Lechea racemulosa Michx. Oblong-fruited Pin-weed. (L F. f. 
2476.) Pubescent with appressed hairs, 1.5-5 "i"^- ^ig^- Branches divergent 
or ascending; leaves of the stem oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, 
8-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, 4-8 mm. 
long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; flowers on divergent pedicels 2-4 mm. long; pod 
oblong or ellipsoid. In dry sandy and rocky soil, E. Mass. (?); L. I. to Ind., Fla. 
and Tenn. July-Aug. 

3. Lechea villosa Ell. Large or Hairy Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2477.) Vil- 
lous-pubescent, 3-8 dm. high, leafy. Branches ascending; leaves of the stem ob- 
long-elliptic, obtuse, but pointed. 16-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm, wide; leaves of the 
basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; branches of the 
panicle ascending, the ultimate branchlets often recurved; flowers more or less 
secund-scorpioid, close together; outer sepals about equalling the inner; pod de- 
pressed-globose, I mm. in diameter. In dry soil, Mass. and Vt. to southern Ont., 
Neb., Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. 

4. Lechea maritima Leggett, Beach Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2478.) Densely 
tufted, branching from the base, stout, rigid, 1.5-3 dm. high, tomentose-canescent 
with whitish hairs; leaves of the stem linear or linear-oblong, 8-20 mm. long, 2-4 
mm. wide; leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate-oblong, mainly acute, 6-8 
mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, densely canescent; outer sepals shorter than the inner; 
pod globose, i mm. in diameter. Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine-barrens, 
Me. to Ga. Also at the Crawford Notch, WTiite Mts., N. H. 

5. Lechea tenuifolia Michx, Narrow-leaved Pin-weed, (L F. f. 2479.) 
Densely tufted; stems slender, 1.2-5 dm. high, divaricately branched above, mi- 
nutely strigose-pubescent. Branches slender; leaves of the stem narrowly linear, 
or sometimes nearly filiform, 4-14 mm. long, i mm, wide or less, acute, sessile, or 
very nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots linear, sessile, 6-8 mm, long, about i mm. 
wide; pedicels 2 mm, long; flowers more or less secund, bracted by the upper 
leaves; outer sepals equalling or exceeding the inner; pod globose-oval, I mm. in 
diameter, or slightly more. In dry open places, eastern Mass. to Wis., Neb., 
Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. 

6. Lechea moniliformis Bicknell, n. sp. Necklace-like Pin-vteed, Simi- 
lar to Z. Leggettii but with denser and more leafy and floriferous panicle of shorter 
branches and longer flowering branchlets ; inflorescence more secund, the larger 
and more oblong fruiting calyx purplish ; stem very pliant except when old, green, 
becoming pvuple and shining, glabrate below; leaves linear to oblong-linear, 
becoming 3.5 cm. long, often subfalcate, acute, tapering into a petiole 1-2 mm. 
long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long, appressed ; fruiting calyx 2-2.5 °^^- ^O'^g with 
shorter outer sepals, 1.5 mm, broad ; capsule often exserted, substipitate. Nan- 
tucket Island, Mass., borders of salt marshes and low thickets. 



V 10 LACE A E. 633 

7. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. Leggett's Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2480. ) 
Erect, rather slender, strigose-pubescent, 2-5 dm. high. Branches slender; leaves 
of the stem linear or linear-oblong, 10-25 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, sessile or nearly 
so; leaves of the basal shoots oblong -linear, 4-6 mm. long, I mm. wide, acute; 
panicle open; inflorescence somewhat secund; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; outer sepals 
nearly equalling the inner. In open places, Mass. to Ind. and N. Car, July-Aug. 

8. Lechea intermedia Leggett. Large-podded Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2481.) 
Erect, 2-6 dm. high, sparingly stribose-pubescent. Branches erect or nearly so, 
short; leaves of the stem oblong-linear, 12-28 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, acute, 
nearly sessile; leaves of the basal shoots oblong-linear, shorter; pedicels 2-4 mm. 
long; outer sepals about equalling the inner; capsule subglobose or depressed- 
globose, about 2 mm. in diameter. In dry open places, Penn. and N. J. to N. B., 
northern N. Y. and Ont. July-Aug. 

9. Lechea juniperinaBicknell. Maine Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2482.) Tufted, 
1-5 dm. high, finely hoary to canescent. Branches short, ascending or erect, leafy, 
forming a dense narrow panicle ; stem-leaves ascending or appressed, glabrous, ex- 
cept the midrib and margins, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, 2-4 
mm. wide; flowers crowded; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; fruiting calyx ovoid-ellipsoid, 
1.5 mm. long; inner sepals elliptic, nerveless or faintly 3-nerved, often deep purple, 
the outer shorter, bright green; leaves of basal shoots oblong or elliptic, 4-6 mm. 
long. Me., N. H. and N. S. Aug. 

10. Lechea stricta Leggett. Bushy or Prairie Pin-weed. (I. F. f. 2483.) 
Erect, 3-4 dm. high, fastigiately branched, strigose-canescent, pale, bushy. Branches 
ascending or nearly erect; leaves of the stem linear-oblong, 12-25 mm. long, 1-2 
mm. wide ; leaves of the basal shoots linear-oblong, much smaller, i mm. wide or 
less, acute; pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long; outer sepals shorter than or equalling 
the inner. In dry open places. Wis., 111., Iowa and Minn. July-Aug. 

Family 5. VIOLACEAE DC* 

Violet Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with basal or alternate, simple, lobed or 
entire stipulate leaves and solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly irregular 
flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the 
lower one larger or with a posterior spur. Stamens 5 ; anthers erect, con- 
nivent or syngenesious. Ovary simple, i-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. 
Fruit usually aloculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. About 15 genera 
and 325 species, of wide distribution. 

Sepals more or less auricled at base. i. Viola, 
Sepals not auricled at base. 

Petals nearly equal; anthers syngenesious. 2. Cubelinm. 

Petals unequal; anthers only connivent. 3. Calceolaria. 

I. VIOLA L. 

Acaulescent and scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, the flowers solitary or rarely 
2 ; early flowers petaliferous, often sterile, usually succeeded by apetalous or cleis- 
togamous flowers which are abundantly fertile. Petals spreadinc;. the lowermost 
one spurred or saccate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred. Capsule 3-valved, 
elastically dehiscent. About 175 species, of wide distribution. 

♦ACAULESCENT; FLOWERS SCAPOSE. 

t Plants not stoloniferous. 

X Leaves mostly lobed or parted {except in one variety of V. falntata.) 

Petals bearded ; cleistogamous flowers produced freely. 

Plants always more or less pubescent. i, V. fabnata 

Plants comparatively pflabrous, or with only slipfht pubescence. 



* Contributed by Mr. Charles L. Pollard. 



634 



FLORA. 



Leaves pedately divided into linear lobes. 

Eastern coastal plain species ; leaves thin. 2. V. Britto7tiana. 

Western prairie species ; leaves thick. 3. V. pedatifida. 

Leaves palmately lobed or cleft, the segments variously shaped. 

Leaf-segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse; cleistogamous flowers on decumbent 

peduncles. 4. V. Bernardi. 

Leaf-segments mostly ovate, coarsely incised; cleistogamous flowers on erect 

peduncles. 5. V. viarum. 

Leaf-segments often falcate; cleistogamous flowers on decumbent peduncles. 

6. V.falcata. 
Petals not bearded ; cleistogamous flowers wanting. 7. V. pedata. 

\\ Leaves merely crenate or dentate^ or incised at base, 7ione lobed. 

Leaves ovate, reniform or orbicular, often broader than long, not incised at base. 

Woodland species ; peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers, horizontal or decumbent. 
Plant densely hirsute or villous ; keel petal cuspidate. 8. V. cuspidata. 

Plants sparingly hirsute or glabrous ; keel petal not cuspidate. 

Leaves very thin, cordate-ovate, attenuate at apex. 9. V. obligua. 
Leaves thick, from ovate to reniform, obtuse or merely acute at apex. 
Petals dark violet-purple, narrow, the upper reflexed. 

10. V. papilionacea. 
Petals light blue, paler at base, broadly obovate. 

11. V. pratincola. 
Petals reddish-purple, nearly orbicular. 12. V. villosa. 

Meadow or swamp species ; peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers erect (often hori- 
zontal in V. venustuld). 

Flowers pale violet-blue ; leaves light green. 

Capsule strongly 3-angled ; plant not northern. 13. V. cucullata. 

Capsule very short, not angled ; plant far northern. 14. V. septentrionalis. 
Flowers deep purple, paler at base ; leaves rather dark green. 

Leaves attenuate at apex, crenate-serrate. 15. V. venustula. 

Leaves obtuse or merely acutish at apex, the margin crenulate. 

16. V. vagula. 
Leaves lanceolate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, often incised at base. 

Scapes shorter than the leaves. 

Petals scarcely emarginate ; leaf-blades sagittate-lanceolate. 

17. V. sagittata. 
Petals usually emarginate ; leaf-blades ovate or deltoid-triangular. 

18. V. emarginata. 
Petals not emarginate ; leaf-blades oblong-triangular. 19. V. dentata. 

Scapes longer than the leaves. 

Introduced European species ; leaf-blades lanceolate. 20. V. lancifolia. 

Native species ; leaf- blades ovate-lanceolate or oblong. 

Plants glabrous and succulent, densely tufted. 21. V. conjugeiis. 

Plants pubescent, not succulent, mostly solitary. 22. V. fimbriatula. 

tt Plants stoloniferous. 
Introduced species ; flowers deep violet-purple, sometimes white. 23. V. odorata. 
Native species; flowers pale purple, violet-blue, yellow or white. 

Flowers yellow. 24, V. rotu?tdi/olia. 

Flowers pale blue or lilac. 

Leaves glabrous, crenulate. 25. V. palustris. 

Leaves hirsute-pubescent, crenate. 26. V. Selkirkii. 

Flowers white. 

Leaves from broadly ovate to orbicular; cleistogenes on deflexed peduncles. 
Leaf-blades cordate-ovate, glabrate. = 

Upper and lateral petals twice as long as broad ; petioles not spotted. 

27. V. blanda. 
Upper and lateral petals three times as long as broad; petioles usually 
red-spotted, 28. V. alsophila. 

Leaf-blades reniform, pubescent. 29. V. renifolia. ■ 

Leaves from narrowly oval to linear; cleistogenes on erect peduncles. 

Leaf-blades oval or ovate, sometimes pubescent. 30. V. primulaefolia. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate linear-lanceolate, glabrous. 31. V. lanceolata. 

** CAULESCENT, LEAFY-STEMMED; FLOWERS AXILLARY 

Flowers yellow. 

Leaves lanceolate, decurrent at base. 32. V.Nuttallii. ' 

Leaves hastate, broadly ovate or reniform, not decurrent. 



VIOLACEAE. 635 

Leaves hastate-lanceolate or hastate-ovate. 33. V, hastata. 

Leaves broadly ovate or reniform. 

Plant pubescent or villous ; basal leaves early withering. 

34. F. piibescens. 
Plant sparsely pubescent or glabrate; basal leaves usually persistent. 

35. V. scabriuscula. 
Flowers blue, purple, white or cream-colored. 

Stipules entire. 36. V. Canadensis, 

Stipules incised or pinnatifid. 

Perennial ; stipules much smaller than the blades. 

Petals cream-colored, the lower one purple-veined. 37. V. striata. 
Petals blue or purple, rarely white. 

Spur of corolla shorter than the petals. 

Stems spreading; plant glabrous; leaves acutish. 

38. V. Labradorica. 
Stems spreading; plant puberulent; leaves rounded. 

39. V. arenaria. 
Stems prostrate; plant puberulent; leaves orbicular, often mottled. 

40. V, nmlticaulis. 
Spur of corolla longer than the petals. 41. V, rostrata. 

Annual; stipules nearly as large as the blades. 

Flowers 16-25 nim. broad ; plant escaped from cultivation. 

42. V. tricolor. 
Flowers 8-16 mm. broad; plant native, growing in dry ground. 

43. V. Rajinesquii. 

1. Viola palmata L. Early Blue Violet. (I. F. f. 2484.) Pubescent, or 
rarely nearly glabrous; petioles greatly exceeding the blades, the latter cordate- 
ovate in outline, 5-13-lobed, 3-15 cm. long when mature, the earliest merely cre- 
nate-dentate; lobes variously shaped, the middle one commonly broadest; scapes 
rarely exceeding the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals deep 
blue, sometimes pale, 1-2.5 cm. long; capsules 8-12 mm. long, those from the cleis- 
togamous flowers on horizontal or deflexed peduncles. In woodlands, Me. to Ont., 
Minn., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 

Viola palmata dilat^ta Ell. Leaves with most of the blades 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
ovate, the lateral subfalcate or semicircular. Range of the type, but more common south- 
ward. 

Viola palmata sor6ria (Willd.) Pollard. (L F. f. 2489.) Leaves villous, the blades 
from ovate to hastate-reniform, rarely lobed, the margins crenate. (F. sororia Willd.) 
Range of the type. 

2. Viola Brittoniana Pollard. Coast Violet. (I. F. f. 2485.) Nearly or 
quite glabrous; petioles much exceeding the blades, the latter pedately divided into 
linear or oblanceolate acute lobes; scapes exceeding the foliage, 1-2 dm. high; 
sepals lanceolate, acuminate; flowers bright blue, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; capsules ob- 
long, 12 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Sandy 
soil near the coast, Mass. to N. Car. May-June. \y. Atlantica Britton, not 
Pomel.] 

3. Viola pedatifida Don. Prairie Violet. (I. F. f. 2486.) Glabrous or 
glabrate, with a short ascending rootstock; leaves with blades 2-8 cm. wide, pe- 
dately 5-9-parted into linear, obtuse lobes, their margins and midveins ciliate; 
scapes usually exceeding the leaves; flowers deep blue, 2.5 cm. broad or more; 
sepals linear or lanceolate ; capsules 10-12 mm, long, those from the cleistogamous 
flowers on short erect peduncles. Prairies, III. to Br. Col. and Ariz. ^laixh- 
May. Forms occur in which the leaves are merely slightly lobed. 

4. Viola Bernardi Greene. Bernard's Violet. Pubescent or glabrate 
from a nearly vertical rootstock; leaf- blades broadly ovate, flabelliform, lobed. 
or more often palmately cleft into 5-11 variously shaped segments, tl\e middle 
usually the largest, these again lobed or incised, all obtuse; scapes equalling or ex- 
ceeding the foliage; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide, bright blue; sepals lanceolate, ciliate; 
petals broadly oval; capsules oval, those from the cleistogamous flowers on de- 
cumbent peduncles. Dr}' woods, III. and Wis. to Mo. May. 

5. Viola viarum Pollard, n. sp. Wayside Violet. Glabrous, growing in 
large clumps from a stout rootstock which becomes greatly elongated in loose soil; 
leaves firm, thick-petioled, the blades rugose-vcinod, broadly ovate or reniform iu 



636 



FLORA. 



outline, becoming 7-13 cm. wide, some undivided, merely dentate or coarsely ser- 
rate, mostly cleft or divided to below the middle into 5 or 7 incised lobes, the base 
strongly decurrent; flowers blue; sepals lanceolate, acute; capsules abundant, those 
from the petaliferous flowers oval, prismatic, 8- 1 6 mm. long, on erect peduncles, 
those from the cleistogamous flowers oblong, smaller, ascending or erect. Open 
ground along roads. Mo. to Kans. and Ind. Terr. Type collected by J. B. S. Norton 
at Valley Park, Mo., July 15, 1899. 

6. Viola falcata Greene. Falcate-leaved Violet. Plants solitary, with 
a long perpendicular rootstock; leaves few, sparsely pubescent, the blades 1-2.5 
cm. long when mature, broadly deltoid in outline, cleft or divided into several seg- 
ments which are either simple or again lobed, the outer distinctly falcate; flowers 
similar to those of V. palmata ; capsules from the apetalous flowers ovoid, usually 
hypogasous, on slender horizontal peduncles. In dry. but rich woods, N. Car. to 
southern 111. May-Jime. 

7. Viola pedata L. Bird's-foot Violet. (I. F. f. 2492.) Glabrous, from a 
short vertical rootstock; leaves numerous, the blades nearly orbicular in outline, 
1.5-5 cni- wide, pedately parted or divided into 5-1 1 linear, often toothed lobes., those 
of the earliest leaves broader and spatulate; flowers 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, lilac, blue, 
or rarely white, one or both of the upper petals frequently dark purple; stigma 
beardless, not rostrate; capsules 1-1.4 cm. long. Dry fields and hillsides, Me. and 
Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Fla. April-May. 

8. Viola cuspidata Greene. Cuspidate Violet. Low at flowering time, 
usually densely hirsute; leaves borne well above the flowering scapes, the blades 
from cordate-ovate to orbicular, crenate-serrate, rugose-veined, cucullate; flowers 
16-18 mm. broad, deep blue; sepals lanceolate, obtuse; upper petals obovate, acute, 
the lowermost one truncate and cuspidate ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers 
on decumbent pedxmcles. Woods, Ind., Wis., Minn, to Br. Cob April-May. 

9. Viola obliqua Hill. Thin-leaved Wood Violet. Slender, often soli- 
tary, from a horizontal or ascending rootstock; leaves dark green, long-petioled, 
the blades cordate-ovate, usually attenuate at apex, with a deep sinus at base, the 
margin irregularly crenate-dentate, 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; blade not at all cucullate, 
but spreading at right angles to the petiole; scapes nearly equalling the foliage; 
flowers pale blue; capsules oblong-oval, 6 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
flowers on filiform deflexed peduncles. Rich soil in shade, N. Y. to Va. April- 
May. \y. affinis LeConte. Not V. obliqiia of 111. Fl.]. 

10. Viola papilionacea Pursh. Meadow or Hooded Blue Violet. (I. F. 
f. 2487.) Usually glabrous, the foliage bright green; leaves with blades 5-13 cm. 
long, usually cucullate, reniform or ovate, crenate, cordate at base; scapes exceed- 
ing the leaves at flowering time; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, dark violet-purple, the 
two upper petals reflexed; keel petal narrow, this and the lateral ones copiously 
bearded with yellowish-white hairs ; capsules oblong, those from the cleistogamous 
flowers on deflexed peduncles. \V. obliqua of 111. FL, not of Hill.] Woodlands 
and meadows, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Kan. April-June. 

V. papilionkcea domestica (Bicknell) Pollard. (I. F. App, f. 2487a.) Plant of much 
stouter habit; blades of the leaves usually broadly reniform, somewhat decurrent at base, 
often 10-13 cm. wide ; cleistogamous flowers very numerous, mostly subterranean. [ V. 
domestica Bicknell.] Cultivated soil around dwellings, N. Y. to Va. April-May. 

11. Viola pratincola Greene. Entire-leaved Prairie Violet. Glabrous, 
from a stout ascending knotted rootstock; leaves light green, the blades cordate- 
reniform, crenate, abruptly attenuate, becoming 6-10 cm. broad; scapes mostly ex- 
ceeding the leaves ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide, light blue, the petals broad and 
roimded, paler at base, the lowermost purple -veined, the lateral conspicuously 
white-bearded; capsules from cleistogamous flowers oval, almost entirely subter- 
ranean. Prairies, Ind. to Minn, and Iowa. April-May. 

12. Viola villosa Walt. Southern Wood Violet. (I. F. f. 2488.) Root- 
stock short, thick, oblique. Leaves commonly appressed to the ground, dark green, 
often purple-veined above, purplish beneath, silvery-hairy or glabrate, the blade 
reniform or orbicular, with a narrow sinus, usually obtuse, crenate, 2.5-6 cm. 
wide; scapes exceeding the leaves; flowers reddish-purple, 12-16 mm. wide; sepals 
lanceolate, obtuse; spur blunt; capsules 6-8 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 



VWLACEAE. 637 

flowers on horizontal peduncles. Dry woods and hillsides, Penn. and N. J. to Ga. 
and La, April-May. 

13. Viola cucuUata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. (I. F. App. f. 2487b.) Gla- 
brous, the foliage pale green; leaves thin, from reniform to broadly ovate, obtuse, 
cucullate, the margins irregularly crenate-dentate; scapes equalling or exceeding the 
leaves; flowers pale blue or sometimes white, 1.5-2 cm. wide; capsules oblong, 
trigonous, those from the cleistogamous flowers on elongated slender peduncles 
usually longer than the leaves. Bogs and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to Ga. and 
Mo. April-June. 

14. Viola septentrionalis Greene. Northern Blue Violet. Tufted, low, 
the leaves and petioles sparsely hirsute; blades light green, paler beneath, from 
reniform to suborbicular, strongly cucullate, all obtuse, crenulate; scapes about 
equalling the foliage; flower pale violet-blue, 1.5-2 cm. wide, the petals broad and 
mostly obcordate ; sepals small, linear, ciliate; capsules oval, very short, those from 
the cleistogamous flowers on slender erect peduncles. Rich woods, Ont. to north- 
ern N. Eng. May.' 

15. Viola venustula Greene. Small Blue Violet. Very small at flower- 
ing time, from a short oblique rootstock; leaves glabrous, rather dark green, 
deltoid-ovate or cordate-ovate, acute or attenuate, crenate-serrate, cucullate when 
young; scapes equalling or barely exceeding the leaves; flower 10-15 mm. broad, 
deep violet-blue ; petals broad, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded with white hairs ; 
capsules small, nearly globose, those from the later cleistogamous flowers subter- 
ranean. Wet meadows. Prince Edward Island and Ont. to northern N. Eng. 
May. 

16. Viola vagula Greene. Small Mottled Blue Violet. Low, rather 
succulent, from an erect rootstock; leaves dark green with some scattered pubes- 
cence, the blades 2.5 cm. broad, deltoid-cordate, the margin obscurely crenate; 
scapes surpassing the leaves; flowers 2.5 cm. wide; petals deep violet, white at 
base with purple veinings, obovate, the lowermost often obcordate, the lateral 
densely bearded; sepals oblong, obtuse; capsules oblong, those from the cleis- 
togamous flowers on short ascending peduncles. Meadows, Ont. and Vt. May. 

17. Viola sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. (I. F. f. 2490.) Gla- 
brous or with traces of pubescence ; rootstock stout, ascending or erect; leaves 
with elongated petioles, the blades sagittate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually 
acute, obscurely crenate-dentate above the middle, the auricles of the cordate or 
truncate base commonly laciniately toothed or incised; flowers very dark purple, 
rarely white; capsules 8-14 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect 
peduncles. Wet meadows and marshes, Me. to Mich., Ga. and Tex. April-May. 

18. Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. Triangle-leaved Violet. (I. F. 
App. f. 2490a.) Glabrous; leaves with elongated petioles; blades broadly ovate 
or deltoid-triangular, merely dentate below the middle, or sometimes even deeply 
cleft or incised, the base subcordate, somewhat decurrent; flowers bright blue or 
purple, the oblong petals usually distinctly emarginate; capsules obscurely angled, 
those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Fields and hillsides, N. 
Y. to Va. April-May. 

19. Viola dentata Pursh. Upland Violet. Robust, from a stout branching 
rootstock; leaves long-petioled, dark green, the blade glabrous or pubescent along 
the veins, at first cordate-oblong, later oblong-triangular, 7-15 cm. long, the base 
subcordate, decurrent upon the petiole, the apex acute or obtuse, the margins irreg- 
ularly crenate-dentate, ciliate, sometimes incised below; scapes shorter than the 
leaves; flowers deep purple, 1.5-2 cm. wide; capsules obscui'ely 3-angled, those 
from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Dry rich soil in hilly regions, 
Penn. to Va. May. 

20. Viola lancifolia Thore. European Lance-leaved Violet. Tufted, 
glabrous, from a cluster of fibrous roots or a single thick root; leaves short-potiolod, 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, 2-8 cm. long, tapering at base; 
flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide, purple; spur large and blunt, half the length of the petals; 
capsules small, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Escaped 
from cultivation antl established, Washington, D.C. Adventive from Europe. 
April-May. 

21. Viola conjugens Greene. Maryland Violet. Nearly glabrous, densely 



638 FLORA. 

tufted, from short knotted rootstocks; leaves rather succulent, deep green, the 
blades narrowly ovate or subsagittate, subcordateat base, obtuse, crenulate; flowers 
bright blue; 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals obovate, densely white-bearded; capsules as 
in V. e77iarginata. Grassy places, Md. to Va. May. 

22. Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith. Ovate-leaved Violet. (I. F. f. 2491.) 
Densely pubescent or villous, tufted ; leaves with petioles usually shorter than the 
blades ; the latter ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong, obscurely crenate, the base trun- 
cate or subcordate, sometimes dentate or incised; flowers blue, 8-14 mm. wide, 
the petals bearded; capsules oval, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect 
peduncles. {V. ovata Nutt.] Dry soil, N. S. to Mo. and La. April-May. 

2"^. Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. (I. F. f. 2493.) Stolons 
rooting at the nodes; leaves pubescent or glabrate, the blades orbicular or 
broadly ovate, cordate, obtuse, crenate, 2-5 cm. wide; scapes equalling the foliage; 
flowers fragrant, 1-2 cm. broad; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals beardless; capsules 
from cleistogamous flowers borne on short decumbent peduncles. Escaped from 
gardens, N. S. to southern N. Y. and N. J. ; also in the South and on the Pacific 
Coast. Adventive from Europe. March-May. 

24. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Violet. (I. F. f. 2494.) 
Stoloniferous in late summer; leaves glabrate, yellowish-green, paler beneath, the 
petioles somewhat pubescent; blades ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate, I-5 cm. 
wide at flowering-time, afterward becoming 10-13 cm. wide and appressed to the 
ground; flowers yellow, 8-12 mm. broad; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse; lateral 
petals bearded and marked with brown veins; capsules ovoid, those from the 
cleistogamous flowers racemose on short deflexed peduncles. Woods and rocky 
hillsides, Lab. and Ont. to Minn., south in the mountains to N. Car. 

25. Viola paliistris L. Marsh Violet. (I. F. f. 2495.) Glabrous; root- 
stock slender, horizontal; blades of the leaves thin, reniform to nearly orbicular, 
2.5-4 cm. wide, crenulate; scapes exceeding the foliage; flowers pale lilac or 
nearly white, marked with purple veins; petals 8-12 mm. long, slightly bearded; 
spur short and blunt; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. in length; cleistogamous flowers 
not produced. Wet soil, Lab. to Alaska and N. Eng., and in the Rocky Mts. Also 
in Europe and Asia. May-July. 

26. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. Selkirk's Violet. (I. F. f. 2496.) Nearly 
glabrous; rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves dark green, the blades thin, 1-5 cm. 
wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, the margins crenate, the apex 
obtuse; basal sinus narrow, the auricles often overlapping; sepals lanceolate, acute; 
spur 5-8 mm. long, obtuse; petals beardless, pale violet-blue; capsules oblong, 
4-6 mm, long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on/^rect or ascending pedun- 
cles. Moist woods, N. S. to Mass., Penn. and Minn/ Also in northern Europe 
and Asia. April-May, 

27. Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. (I. F. f. 2497.) Gla- 
brate, somewhat stoloniferous, from a very slender rootstock; blades of the leaves 
thin, light green, reniform to orbicular, I-7 cm. wide, crenate, cordate at base, 
with a shallow sinus, the apex obtuse; sepals lanceolate, acute; flowers white, 
fragrant, 6-12 mm. broad; petals beardless, the lower and lateral ones marked 
with purple veins; capsules small, oval; cleistogamous flowers few. Swamps and 
wet meadows, Newf. to Br. Col. and N. Car. April-May. 

28. Viola alsophila Greene. Woodland White Violet. Strongly stolonif- 
erous; leaves somewhat pubescent, bright green above, paler beneath, the petioles 
red-spotted; blades from ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, with a deep narrow 
sinus; scapes mostly shorter than the leaves; flowers white, scarcely fragrant, 
1-2 cm. broad ; petals very narrow, the two uppermost often twisted ; capsules sim- 
ilar to those of V. blanda, but larger. [F. blanda a?7ioena (LeConte) B. S. P. Not 
V. ainoena Symons.] Wet, hilly woods; N. Eng. to N. Car. and III. April-May. 

29. Viola renifolia A. Gray. Kidney-leaved Violet. (I. F. f. 2498.) 
Densely pubescent or even villous, firom a slender horizontal rootstock; leaves with 
broad reniform or orbicular blades, 2-8 cm. wide, the margins obscurely crenate, 
the basal sinus deep; scapes about equalling the foliage; sepals linear-oblong, 
acute; flowers 8-10 mm. wide, white, the petals beardless and marked with brown- 
ish veins; capsules oval, 8 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on 
deflexed peduncles. W^oods and thickets, N. S. to N. Y. and Minn, April-June, 



VIOLACEAE. 639 

30. Viola primulsefolia L. Primrose-leaved Violet. (I. F. f. 2499.) Gla- 
brous or somewhat pubescent, producing long stolons in late summer; leaves with 
oval or ovate-oblong blades, the base usually decurrent upon the petioles, sometimes 
truncate or subcordate, the margins entire or crenulate; sepals lanceolate, acumi- 
nate; flowers white, 8-12 mm. wide, the petals purple- veined^ scarcely bearded; 
capsules oval, 6-10 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers nodding on 
short erect peduncles. Moist or wet ground, N. B. to Fla. and La. April-June. 

31. Viola lanceolata L. Lance- leaved Violet. (L F. f. 2500.) > Glabrous, 
the stolons rooting freely at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the 
blades 5-13 cm. long, decurrent upon the petiole, the margins obscurely crenulate; 
scapes usually somewhat shorter than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; 
flowers white, 8-10 mm. wide, the petals beardless, the lower and lateral ones 
with purple veins; capsules oval, 6-10 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
flowers nodding on short erect peduncles, frequently borne on the stolons. Wet 
meadows and along streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 

32. Viola Nuttallii Pursh. Nuttall's Violet. (I. F. f. 2501.) Subcau- 
lescent, later with ascending tufted leafy stems from a thick rootstock ; leaves firm, 
nearly glabrous, the blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or irregularly 
crenate, tapering below into margined petioles, the apex obtuse ; peduncles shorter 
than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; flowers yellow, 1-2 cm. wide; petals 
beardless, the lower and lateral ones often purple-veined; stigma bearded; capsule 
oval, 6 mm. long. Prairies, Manitoba to Mont., Kans. and Mo. May. 

33. Viola hastata Michx. Halberd-leaved Yellow Violet. (I. F. f. 
2502.) Stem simple, erect, usually glabrous, 1-3 dm. high; stem-leaves borne 
near the summit, short-petioled, hastate or hastate-ovate, 2-10 cm. long, repand 
or denticulate, acute; basal leaves, when present, larger, more cordate; flowers 
yellow, 8-16 mm. wide; lateral petals bearded; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute; 
spur short; capsule 8-10 mm. long. Woods, in hilly regions, Penn. and Ohio to 
Ga. and Ala. April-June. 

34. Viola pubescens Ait. Hairy Yellow^ Violet. (I. F. f. 2503.) Stem 
simple, erect, pubescent or villous, 1-5 dm. high; basal leaves ovate-reniform, 
long-petioled, early withering; stem leaves borne near the summit, short-petioled, 
the blades ovate or reniform, 5-13 cm. wide, acute or abruptly attenuate, crenate- 
dentate; sepals oblong-lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, 12-16 mm. wide; "petals 
obscurely purple-veined; spur short; capsule oblong, glabrous or tomentose, io-i6 
mm. long. Dry woods, Quebec to S. Dak., Ga. and Iowa. April-May. 

35. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein. Smoothish Yellow Violet. 
(I. F. f. 2504.) Stems clustered, glabrate or glabrous, decumbent or ascending, 
1-4 dm. high; basal leaves broadly ovate, long-petioled, more or less persistent; 
stem leaves with blades from reniform to cordate-ovate, acvite, crenate, dentate, 
2.5-6 cm. wide; sepals linear-lanceolate; flowers pale yellow, 10-16 mm. broad; 
petals purple-veined; spur short; capsule oval, glabrous or tomentose, 6- 10 mm. 
long. Moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Manitoba, Neb., Ga. and Tex. April- 
May. Blooms earlier than the preceding. 

36. Viola Canadensis L. Canada Violet. (L F. f. 2505.) Stems tufted, 
leafy, 0.7-4 dm. high; leaves short-petioled, glabrous, the blades cordtrte-ovate, 
acute or acuminate, 2.5-6 cm. long, serrate; stipules lanceolate, entire; flowers 
pale violet or white, 1-2 cm. broad; lateral petals bearded, purple- veined; sepals 
linear, attenuate ; capsule glabrous, oval, 6-8 mm. long. Woods, in hilly districts, 
Newf. and Sask. to N. Car., Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz." May-July. 

37. Viola striata Ait. Pale or Striped Violet. (I. F. f. 2506.) Stems 
tufted, glabrous, becoming over 6 dm. long in late summer; leaves numerous, 
slender-petioled, the blades ovate or nearly orbicular, 2.5-6 cm. wide, often slightly 
pubescent, the upper ones acute; stipules large, dentate or even laciniate; flowers 
long-peduncled, white or ci-eam-colored, sometimes bluish, 1-2 cm. broad; petals 
darker- veined, the lateral ones bearded; capsule ovoid, glabrous. Moist woods 
and thickets, N. Fng. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. April -May. 

38. Viola Labradorica Schrank. American Dog Violet. (I. F. f. 2507,) 
Stems tufted, glabrous, leafy; leaves slender-petioled, the blades reniform to or- 
bicular, cordate, acutish or obtuse, 1-4 cm. wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, 
entire or serrate; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers long-peduucled, liijht 



640 FLORA. 

blue or purple, rarely white, 12-16 mm. broad; petals twice as long as the slender 
spur, the lateral ones slightly bearded; capsule glabrous, 4-6 mm. long; cleistog- 
amous flowers short-peduncled, produced late in the season. Moist soil, Lab. to 
Minn., N. Car. and Ky. March-May. 

39. Viola arenaria DC. Sand Violet. (I. F. f. 2508.) Stems slender, 
tufted, decumbent or ascending, their surface and that of the long-petioled leaves 
finely puberulent; blades ovate, usually obtuse at apex, truncate or subcordate at 
base, 1-2.5 cm. long, the margins crenulate; stipules laciniate; sepals linear, acu- 
minate; flowers violet-purple, 10-14 mm. wide; spur 6 mm. long, blunt; capsule 
6-8 mm. long. Sandy soil, Me. to Sask. and S. Dak. Also in Europe. May-June. 

40. Viola multica-ulis (T. & G.) Britton. Prostrate Blue Violet. (I. F. 
f. 2509.) Stems slender, tufted, 5-20 cm. long; leaves numerous, slender-petioled, 
finely puberulent; blades orbicular, crenulate, cordate with a narrow sinus, often 
mottled or dark-veined, 2.5-4 cm. wide; stipules laciniate; peduncles exceeding 
the leaves; flowers violet-blue, 10-14 mm. wide; petals bearded; sepals lanceolate, 
acuminate; capsule glabrous, 6-8 mm. long; cleistogamous flowers borne on the 
shoots of late summer. Woods, Ky. to Fla. and Tex. Feb. -July. 

41. Viola rostrata Pursh, Long-spurred Violet. (I. F. f. 2510.) Stems 
numerous, erect; leaves glabrous, slender-petioled, the blades cordate -ovate or the 
lower reniform, acuminate, serrate, 1-4 cm. long; stipules laciniate, ciliate; flowers 
pale violet, darker veined, 1.5-2 cm. wide; sepals linear-lanceolate; petals beard- 
less; capsule glabrous, 8 mm. long. Rocky woods, Quebec to Mich., south in the 
mountains to Ga. June-July. 

42. Viola tricolor L. Pansy. Heart's-ease. (I. F. f. 2511.) Plant usually 
glabrous; stem branched, ascending, 1-3 dm. high; upper leaves oval-lanceolate, 
crenate-dentate, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower broader, often cordate; stipules large, 
foliaceous, laciniate or pinnatifid; flowers variously marked with yellow, purple or 
white, 1.6-2.5 cm. broad; petals veined, the lower one largest; capsule angled, 
6 -10 mm. long. Waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens. May-July. 

43. Viola Rafinesquii Greene. Field Pansy. (I. F, f. 2512.) Stems very 
slender, glabrous, 7-23 cm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obscurely 
crenate-dentate or entire, smaller than in the last; stipules similar; flowers yel- 
lowish-white or bluish-tinged, 10-16 mm. wide; petals scarcely exceeding the linear 
sepals; "capsule 4-6 mm. long. \y. tenella Muhl.; not Poir.] Woods and fields, 
Me. to Ga., Mich, and Tex. March-May. 

2. CUBELIUM Raf. 

A perennial erect leafy-stemmed herb, the alternate leaves entire or obscurely 
dentate, the small greenish flowers 1-3 together in the axils. Sepals 5, equal, not 
auricled. Petals nearly equal, erect, imbricated, the lower one broadest and some- 
what gibbous below. Stamens 5, syngenesious, the sheath glandular at base; 
anthers sessile. Style hooked at the apex. Capsule somewhat lobed, 3-valved. 
A monotypic genus of N. Am. 

I. Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. Green Violet. (I. F. f. 2513.) Plant 
3-9 dm. high, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate, 
tapering to a short petiole; stipules linear, acute; flowers 8 mm. long, on short 
recurved peduncles; seeds large. Moist woods, Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. 
May-June. 

3. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. 

Herbs or rarely shrubs, with small axillary or racemose flowers. Sepals un- 
equal, not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowermost one longest, gibbous or saccate 
at base, the upper pair shorter than the lateral ones. Anthers connivent, on distinct 
filaments, the lower glandular or spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent into 3 
valves. About 45 chiefly tropical American species. 

I. Calceolaria verticillata(Ort.)Kuntze. Nodding Violet. (LF. f. 2514.) 
Stems clustered, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high, 
from a woody base; leaves alternate, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, often fascicled; stipules 
subulate; flowers white, solitary, nodding, 4-6 mm. long. Dry ground, Kans, to 
Tex., Colo, and Mex. April-Juljr, 



FA SSIFL OJ^A CEA E—L OA SA CEA E. 64 1 



Family 6. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. 

Passion-fiower Family. 
Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with petioled 
usually palmately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube 
persistent. Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, 
or in some species united. Stamens 5. Throat of the calyx crowned 
with a double or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, mona- 
delphous, or separate. Ovary free from the calyx, i -celled ; placentae 
3-5, parietal ; styles 1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. 
About 18 genera and 325 species, of warm and tropical regions, most 
abundant in S. Am. 

I. PASSIFLORA L. 

Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and 
large axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted, peduncles. Calyx-tube cup- 
shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its 
throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none), 
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments mona- 
delphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers narrow, 
versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; endosperm 
fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the crucifixion.] 
About 250 species, mostly of tropical Am., a few in Asia and Australia. Besides 
the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. 

Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed; lobes serrate; petals whitish; corona purple, i. P. incarnata. 
Leaves obtusely 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes entire ; flower yellowish. 

2. P. lutea. 

1. Passlflora incarnata L. Passion-flower. Passion-vine. (I. F. f. 
2515.) Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above. Petioles 1-5 cm. long, with 
2 glands near the summit; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, glabrous, or often 
somewhat pubescent, 7-13 cm. broad, somewhat cordate at the base, the lobes ovate 
or oval, acute or acutish, finely serrate; flowers solitary, 3-5 cm. broad; peduncles 
usually 3 -bracted just below the flowers; calyx-lobes linear; berry ovoid, nearly 
5 cm. iQng, glabrous, yellow. In dry soil, Va. to Mo., Fla. and the Ind. Terr. 
Fruit edible, called Maypops. May-July. 

2. Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passion-flower. (I. F. f. 2516.) Gla- 
brous or nearly so, climbing or trailing. Petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaves much 
broader than long, more or less cordate at base, with 3 wide obtuse rounded lobes, 
the lobes entire; stipules 2-3 mm. long; peduncles usually in pairs from tlie upper 
axils; flowers greenish-yellow, 1-2 cm. broad; calyx-lobes linear; berry globose- 
ovoid, 10-12 mm. in diameter, glabrous, deep purple. In thickets, Penn. to Kans., 
Fla. and La. May-July. 

Family 7. LOASACEAE Reichenb. 
Loasa Family. 
Herbs, often armed with hooked stinginsjj or viscid hairs, with estipu- 
late leaves, and regular, perfect, white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx- 
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, 
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 00 , inserted with the 
petals ; filaments filiform, commonly arranged in clusters opposite the 
petals; anthers introrse. Ovary i -celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 
parietal placentae ; ovules anatropous. Capsule usually i -celled, crowned 
with the calyx-limb. Seeds mostly numerous ; endosperm scanty. 
About 13 genera and 200 species, all but i natives of America. 

I. MENTZELIA. L. 

Erect herbs, sometimes woody, with alternate leaves, and usually sliowy 
flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, obconic, or club-shaped, its limb generally 5-loL)ed. 



642 FLORA. 

Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 20-300. 
Styles 3, more or less united; stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule dehiscent at the 
summit, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat and sometimes winged, roughened, or 
smooth. [In honor of C. Mentzel, a German botanist, died 1701.] About 50 
species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in west- 
ern N. Am. 

Flowers 1-2 cm. broad, yellow. 

Leaves, at least the lower, petioled; stem very rough ; calyx-lobes 6 mm. long. 

I. M. oligosperma. 
Leaves sessik; stem little rough; calyx-lobes 4 mm. long. 3. M. albicaulis. 

Flowers 3-10 cm. broad. 

Flowers yellowish white, opening in the evening. 

Flowers 3-5 cm. broad; calyx-tube usually bractless. 2. M. nuda. 

Flowers 7-10 cm. broad ; calyx-tube usually bracted. 4. M. decapetala. 

Flowers bright yellow, opening in sunshine. 5. M. laevicaulis. 

1. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Few-seeded Mentzelia. (L F. f. 2517.) 
Rough and viscid-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, coarsely den- 
tate or sinuate, 2-8 cm. long, the upper rounded or truncate at the base and 
sessile, the lower narrowed at the base; flowers axillary or somewhat cymose, 
opening in sunshine; petals 5, oblong-cuneate, acute, about twice as long as the 
linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments 20-30, all filiform; capsule linear, 
12-16 mm, long, few-seeded; seeds oblong, wingless. Prairies, 111. to S. Dak., 
Kans., Colo., La. and Mex. May-July. 

2. Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. Bractless Mentzelia. (L F. f. 
2518.) Rough with minute pubescence, slender, 3-15 dm. high, the stems light- 
colored. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, usually sharply and 
deeply dentate, or the upper pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long; petals 10, about twice as 
long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; calyx-tube usually not bracteolate; stamens 100 
or more, the outer ones somewhat petaloid; capsule oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm, long, 
about 6 mm. thick; seeds numerous, wing-margined. Plains, S, Dak. to Kans., 
Colo, and Tex. July-Aug. 

3. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. White-stemmed Mentzelia. (I. F. f. 
2519.) Stem nearly white, shining, 1.5-5 <^"^' ^igh. Leaves mostly lanceolate, 
sinuate-pinnatifid, sinuate-lobed, or the upper and lower sometimes entire, rough 
with short stiff hairs, 2-8 cm. long; flowers few together at the ends of the branches, 
or also axillary, 1-2 cm. broad, short-pedicelled or sessile; calyx-lobes linear- 
lanceolate; capsule linear, 2.5 cm, long or less, many-seeded; seeds angled, tuber- 
culate, wingless. Neb. to Br. Col., Cal. and N. Mex. May-July, 

4. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Showy Mentzelia. 
(I. F. f. 2520.) Roughish-pubescent, stout, seldom over 6 dm, high. Leaves oval, 
lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sinuate-pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, the 
upper sessile, the lower petioled ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal; petals 10, about 
twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments all filiform, very numerous 
(200-300); capsule oblong, 3-5 cm. long; seeds numerous, margined, not winged. 
Plains, Dak. and Mont, to Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. 

,S. Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) T, & G, Smooth-stemmed Mentzelia, 
(I. F. f. 2521,) Stout, 6-12 dm, high, minutely pubescent, or the stems at length 
glabra'te and whitish. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate- 
pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, 2-8 cm, long; flowers mostly solitary, terminal, 
7-10 cm, broad; calyx-tube bractless; petals 5, or with 5 additional narrower inner 
ones, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens very numerous ; capsule oblong, 
about 2,5 cm, long; seeds numerous, winged, minutely tuberculate. Plains and 
dry soil. Neb:, Mont, and Wyo. to Ore., Utah and Cal. June-July, 



Order 24. OPUNTIALES. 



Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, leafless, or with small 
leaves, generally abundantly spiny, the spines developed from cushions 
of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary, sessile, perfect, 



CACTACEAE. 643 

regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-lobed. 
Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, mostly distinct. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Filaments fili- 
form ; anthers small. Ovary i -celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous, 
borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated; stigmas 
numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds 
smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm 
little, or copious. Only one family. 

Family i, CACTACEAE Lindl. 

Cactus Fa7nily. 
About 20 genera, and 1000 species nearly all natives of America. 

Stems subglobose, oval, ovoid or cylindric, tubercled, ribbed or angled; no proper leaves. 
Flow^ers borne on the turbercles or ribs, at or near the areolse. 

Flowers borne close to fully developed clusters of spines. i. Echinocereus. 

Flowers borne close to areolae, from which the spines subsequently develop. 

2. Echinocactus. 
Flowers borne between the tubercles, distant from the aieol^. 3. Cactus. 

Plants jointed, the joints flattened, or cylindric; leaves present, mostly subulate and 
deciduous. 4. Opuntia. 

I. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. 

Stems ovoid, cylindric or oval, ribbed, or tubercled, the ribs or rows of tubercles 
usually straight, vertical. Proper leaves none. Spine-bearing areolae on the ribs 
or tubercles. Flowers borne on the ribs or tubercles, at or near the areolae, close 
to fully developed clusters of spines. Calyx-tube with spine-bearing areolae, or 
scaly, prolonged beyond the ovary. [Greek hedgehog- C^r^fz^j.] About 45 species, 
natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the south- 
western U. S. 

Flowers greenish, about 2.5 cm. broad; fruit 10-12 mm. long. i. E. vi7-idiflo7-us^ 

Flowers rose-purple, 5-8 cm, broad ; fruit 18-20 mm. long. 2, E. caespttosus. 

1. Echinocereus viridifldrus Engelm. Green-flowered Cereus. (I. F. f. 
2522.) Stem subglobose to oval-cylindric, 2-20 cm. high, simple, or sparingly 
branched, 2-5 cm. in diameter. Ribs about 13; longer radial spines 12-18, with 
2-6 setaceous upper ones, the lateral ones reddish brown, the others white or rarely 
purple; central spine stout, or wanting, purple and white; flowers greenish brown 
without, yellowish green within; fruit ellipsoid, greenish; seeds tubercled. Kans. 
to Wyo., Tex. and N. Mex. 

2. Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm. & Gray. Tufted Cereus. (I. F. f. 
2523.) Stems ovoid-globose to ovoid-cy lindric, usually tufted, 2-15 cm. high, 2-10 
cm. in diameter; ribs 12 or 13; radial spines 20-30, pectinate, white, the lateral 
ones the longer, 4-8 mm. long; central spines wanting, or sometimes i or 2 short 
ones; fruit ovoid, green; seeds tubercled, black. Western Kans. (?), Ind. Terr. 
to Tex. and Mex. 

2. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto. 

Stems globose, oblong or cylindric, leafless, tubercled, the tubercles arranged 
in straight or spiral rows, bearing clusters of spines arising from areolae. Flowers 
borne on the tubercles, at or near areolae from which spines are subsequently de- 
veloped. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, usually covered with scales, its 
lobes numerous, the outer scale-like, tlie inner elongatetl. Petals numerous, sim- 
ilar to the inner sepals. Stamens numerous. Ovary exserted; style columnar. 
Berry usually covered with scales and often witli tufts of minute bristles. [Greek, 
hedgehog-cactus.] About 200 described species, natives of America. Besides the 
following, some 30 others occur in the Western States. 

I. Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Simpson's Cactus. Hedgehog- 
thistle. (I. F. f. 2524.) Stems globose or with a narrowed base. 7-15 cm. high. 



^44 FLORA. 

7-10 cm. in diameter. Tubercles ovoid, somewhat 4-sided at base, 12-16 mm. 
long, arranged in spirals; central spines yellowish below, nearly black above, 10- 
14 mm. long, the exterior ones slightly shorter, whitish; flowers greenish pink, 
1.5-2 cm. broad, borne to one side at the ends of the tubercles; petals oblong, cre- 
nulate, cuspidate; berry dry, 6-7 mm. in diameter, bearing 2 or 3 scales near its 
summit. Kans. (?), Colo, to Utah and Nev. April-May. 

3. CACTUS L. 

Stems globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric, woolly and 
with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne from areolae at 
the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, which is often 
hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth, ovoid; style 
filiform. Berry emersed, crowned by the withering corolla. [Greek name of some 
prickly plant. ] About 300 described species, natives of warm and tropical Amer- 
ica. Besides the following, 35 or more occur in the southv/estern States. 

Flowers yellow or reddish : central spine i. i. C. Missouriensis. 

Flowei3 purple; central spines several. 2. C. viviparus. 

1. Cactus Missouriensis (Sweet.) Kuntze. Missouri Cactus. (I. F. f. 
2525.) Stems globose, 2-5 cm. high. Tubercles 12-16 mm. long, arranged in 
about 8 spiral rows, slightly grooved; spines gray, 10-20 together, the stouter 
central one 10-12 mm. long, or wanting; flowers about 2.5 cm. broad; petals ab- 
ruptly mucronate; berry globose, scarlet, 6-8 mm. in diameter, ripening the fol- 
lowing spring; seeds black, globose, pitted, about I mm. in diameter. Plains 
and dry soil, S. Dak. to Kans. , Tex. and Colo. May. 

Cactus Missouriensis similis (Engelm.) Coult. Stems tufted; flowers 2-5 cm. long; 
seeds about 2 mm. long. Kans. and Colo, to Tex. 

2. Cactus viviparus Nutt. Purple Cactus. (I. F. f. 2526.) Stems 2-13 
cm. high, 3-5 cm. in diameter. Tubercles terete or nearly so, slightly grooved, 
bearing 3-8 slender reddish-brown spines, 1-2 cm. long, surrounded by 12-25 
somewhat shorter, whitish or greenish ones in a single row; flowers nearly 5 cm. 
long; petals lanceolate, narrow; sepals fringed; berry ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, 
green; seeds light brown, obovoid, curved, pitted, about 1. 5 mm. long. Prairies, 
Manitoba to Alberta, Kans. and Colo. 

4. OPUNTIA Mill. 

Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, and 
small mostly subulate deciduous leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine-bearing. 
Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes 
spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very numer- 
ous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the stamens; stigma 
2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny. [Named from a town in Greece 
where some species grew.] About 150 species, natives of America. Besides the 
following, some 50 others occur in the western States. 

Joints flattened, oval, oblong, obovate or orbicular; stems prostrate or ascending. 
Fruit fleshy, juicy, spineless or sparingly spiny. 

Joints spineless, or with solitary stout spines. i. O. Opuntia. 

Joints spiny (No. 2 sometimes unarmed), the spines 1-15 at each areola. 
Spines white, gray or yellowish. 

Joints 7-13 cm. long; longer spines 1-4 cm. long. 2. O. humifusa. 
Joints 15-20 cm. long; longer spines 2. 5-6 cm. long. 3. O. tortispiiia. 
Spines reddish brown to black; joints 15-20 cm. long. 4. O. Camanchica. 
Fruit dry, with spine-bearing areolae. 

Joints orbicular or broadly obovate, flat. 5. O. polyacantha. 

Joints little flattened, ovoid, or subglobose. 6. O.fragilis. 

Joints cylindric, or nearly so: stem erect. 7. O. arbo?-escens, 

I. Opuntia Opiintia (L.) Coult. Eastern Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. 
(I. F. f. 2527.) Prostrate or ascending; joints obovate, oblong, oval or orbicular, 
5-13 cm. long. Leaves svibulate, 4-8 mm. long, usually early deciduous; bristles 



THYMELEACEAE. 645 

greenish or yellowish brov/n; spines, when present, solitary, stout, not deflexed, 
6-35 mm. long; flowers yellow, sometimes with a reddish center, 5-8 cm. broad; 
fruit obovoid, edible, 2.5-4 cm. long, red. In dry sandy soil, or on rocks, E. 
Mass. to Penn. and Fla. June-Aug. 

2. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Western Prickly Pear. (I. F. f, 2528.) 
Prostrate, similar to the preceding; joints obovate, suborbicular, or oval, usually 
deep green, 7-13 cm. long; leaves subulate, spreading,"^ 6-10 mm. long; bristles 
reddish brown; spines few, mostly near the margins, 1-4 together, deflexed, or the 
longer one spreading and I-2.5 cm, long; flowers 6-10 cm. broad; fruit club- 
shaped, not spiny, edible, 3-5 cm. long. In dry sandy or rocky soil, S. Dak. to 
Minn., Ky., Mo., Kans. and Tex. Summer. 

3. Opuntia tortispina Engelm. Twisted-spined Cactus. (I. F. f. 2529.) 
Stems prostrate, the orbicular-obovate flattened joints 15-20 cm. long. Spines 
3-5, white, angled, the longer ones 3-6 cm. long, with 2-4 more slender and shorter 
ones; flowers sulphur-yellow, 6-8 cm. broad; fruit ovoid, fleshy, unarmed, about 
5 cm. long; seeds orbicular, shghtly notched at the hilum. Plains, Neb. to Tex. 

4. Opuntia Camanchica Engelm. Comanche Cactus. (I. F. f. 2530.) 
Prostrate, with obovate-orbicular flattened joints 15-20 cm. long. Spines 1-3, 
flattened, reddish brown to blackish, 3-8 cm. long, or with 3-6 additional shorter 
ones, the upper one suberect, the others deflexed or spreading ; fruit oval, deep red, 
3-5 cm. long; seeds angular, margined, deeply notched at the hilum. W. Kans. (?), 
Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. 

5. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Many-spined Opuntia. (I. F. f. 2531.) 
Prostrate; joints obovate to orbicular, tubercled, 5-15 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. 
thick, the tubercles 4 mm. high, densely spiny and with cushions of fine bristles; 
spines 5-12, slender, I- 5 cm. long, whitish; leaves minute; flowers light yellow, 
5-8 cm. broad; fruit dry, very prickly, 2-3 cm. long. Prairies and dry soil, S. 
Dak. to Br. Col., Neb., Mo. and N. Mex. May-June. 

6. Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle Opuntia. (I. F. f. 2532.) De- 
cumbent or prostrate; joints ovate, 2-5 cm. long, nearly terete. Leaves small, red- 
dish; cushions composed of few bristles; central spines 1-4, 1-4 cm. long, gray, 
darker at the apex, surrounded by 4-6 smaller ones ; flowers yellow, smaller than 
those of the preceding; fruit nearly 2.5 cm. long, becoming dry at maturity', pro- 
vided with cushions of bristles usually bearing a few short spines. Prairies and dry 
soil, Wis, and Minn, to S. Dak., Utah, Kans. and N. Mex. 

7. Opuntia arborescens Engelm. Northern Tree-like Cactus. (I. F. 
f- 2533.) Erect, tree-like, 1-8 m. high, 1-2 dm. in diameter at the base, verticil- 
lately branched. Joints verticillate, mostly in 3's and 4's, cylindric, 5-15 cm. long, 
the tubercles 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves terete, I-2 cm. long; spines 8-30, terete, in 
yellowish sheaths, diverging, the interior ones often '2.5 cm. long or more; flowers 
purple, 6-8 cm. broad; fruit subglobose, tuberculate, dry, or nearly so, yellow, 
unarmed, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. W. Kans., Colo, to Tex., N. Mex. and Mex. 



Order 25. THYMELEAlES. 

Mostly shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and incomplete flowers. 
Calyx inferior, 4-5-lobed or entire. Corolla mostly wantino-. Stamens 
twice As many as the calyx-lobes, or fewer. Ovary i-celled. Ovule i, 
anatropous. 

Leaves green ; seed pendulous. Fani. i. Thymeleaceae. 

Leaves silvery-scurfy; seed erect. Fam. 2. Eliieagnaceae. 

Family i. THYMELEACEAE Reichcnb. 

]\Ie2e7'eo)i Fajiiily. 

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with tough inner bark, and entire 
estipulate leaves. Flowers fascicled, capitate, racemose, or rarely soli- 
tary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx-tube cylindric or urn-shaped. Petals 



646 FLORA. 

none in our genera. Stamens borne on the calyx, often in two seri-es ; 
anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled, 
i-ovuled (2-celled and 2-ovuled in some Asiatic and Australasian genera) ; 
ovule pendulous ; stigma terminal, mostly capitate. Fruit a berry-like 
drupe in our plants. Seed-coat mostly crustaceous ; embryo straight ; 
cotyledons fleshy ; endosperm little or none, or copious in some exotic 
genera. About 37 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most 
abundant in Australia and South Africa, 

Calyx-lobes 4, large; stamens included; style very short. i. Daphne. 

Calyx-limb almost wanting ; stamens and style long, exserted. 2. Dirca. 

I. DAPHNE L. 

Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small purple pink or white flowers in fasci- 
cles, heads or racemes, borne in the following species at the leafless nodes of twigs 
of the preceding season. Perianth tubular, its 4 lobes spreading. Stamens 8, in 
2 series on the perianth-tube, included, or the upper 4 slightly exserted; filaments 
very short. Disk none. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i -celled; stigma large, capi- 
tate. Drupe ovoid, or oblong, the calyx deciduous or persistent. About 40 species, 
natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Daphne Mezereum L. Spurge Laurel. Lady Laurel. Mezereon. 
(I. F. f. 2534.) A shrub 3-12 dm. high, the young twigs somewhat pubescent. 
Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, narrowed 
into short petioles; flowers in sessile fascicles of 2-5, very fragrant; perianth-tube 
appressed-pubescent, rose-purple or white, 12 mm. long or less, the ovate acute 
lobes nearly as long ; drupe red, oval-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long. Escaped from cultiva- 
tion, Quebec to Mass. and. N. Y. Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 

2. DIRCA L. 

Shrubs, with tough fibrous bark, alternate thin short-petioled deciduous leaves, 
and yellowish flowers in peduncled fascicles of 2-4 from scaly buds at the nodes of 
twigs, of the preceding season. Perianth campanulate or funnelform, its limb un- 
dulately obsctu-ely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, borne on the perianth, the alternate ones 
longer; filaments very slender. Disk obsolete. Ovary nearly sessile; stigma 
small, capitate. Drupe red, oval oblong. [Named from a fountain in Thebes.] 
Two known species, the following and D. occidentalis A. Gray, of Cal. 

I. Dirca palustris L. Leather-wood. Moose-wood. (L F. f. 2535.) A 
shrub, 6-18 dm. high, the twigs yellowish green, glabrous. Leaves oval, or obo- 
vate, obtuse, glabrous, or very nearly so, and 5-8 cm. long when mature; bud- 
scales 3 or 4, oval, or oblong, very pubescent with brown hairs, deciduous; 
peduncle about 5 mm. long; flowers nearly sessile ; perianth 4-6 mm. long; style 
longer than the stamens; drupe about i cm. long. In woods and thickets, N. B. 
to Minn., Va., Tenn. and Mo., and Fla. (according to Chapman). April-May. 

Family 2. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. 

Oleaster Family. 

Shrubs or trees.mostly silvery-scaly, or stellate-pubescent, with entire 
leaves, the flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the pre- 
ceding season, rarely solitary. Lower part of the perianth of perfect or 
pistillate flowers enclosing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed 
or 4-cleft, deciduous (obscurely 2-lobed in the Old World Hippophoe) ; 
perianth of staminate flowers 4-parted (2-parted in Hippophoe'). Stamens 
4 or 8, those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of the perianth ; fila- 
ments mostly short ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
Disk annular, or lobed. Ovary sessile ; ovule i, anatropous ; style slender. 
Fruit drupe-like, the perianth-base becoming thickened and enclosing 
the achene or nut. Seed erect ; embryo straight ; endosperm little or 
wanting. Three known genera and about 20 species, widely distributed. 



MYR TALES. 647 

Stamens as many. as the perianth-parts; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate. 

1. Elaeag7ius. 
Stamens twice as many as the perianth-parts; flowers dioecious: leaves opposite. 

2. Lepargyraea. 

I. ELAEAGNUS L. 

Silver-scaly shrubs, some exotic species trees, with petioled leaves. Flowers 
solitary or 2-4 together in the axils, pedicelled, not bracted. Perianth tubular 
below, constricted over the top of the ovary, the upper part deciduous, the lobes val- 
vate. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the perianth. Ripened perianth-base 
fleshy or mealy. [Greek, sacred olive.] About 20 species; only the following is 
known in N. Am. 

I. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. Silver Berry. (I. F. f. 2536.) Stolon- 
iferous, sometimes 4 m. high, the young twigs covered with brown scurf, becom- 
ing silvery. Leaves oblong, ovate or oval-lanceolate, densely silver}''-scurfy on 
both sides, short-petioled, 2-1,0 cm. long; flowers usually numerous, I to 3 in the 
axils, fragrant, silvery, 12-16 mm. long; perianth silvery without, yellowish 
within, its lobes ovate, about 2 mm. long; fruit oval, silvery, 8-12 mm. long, the 
stone 8 -striate. James Bay to the N. W. Terr., Quebec, Minn., S. Dak. and 
Utah. May-July. 

2. LEPARGYRA^EA Raf. 

Shrubs, brown- or silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubescent, with petioled leaves. 
Flowers small, dioecious, or sometimes polygamous, subspicate or fascicled at the 
nodes of the preceding season, or axillary, the pistillate few or sometimes solitary. 
Pistillate flowers with a 4-lobed perianth, bearing an 8-lobed disk at its mouth 
which nearly closes it; style somewhat exserted. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted 
perianth and 8 stamens alternating with as many lobes of the disk; filaments short. 
[Greek, silvery-scaly.] Only the following species, and L. roiundifolia of Utah. 

Leaves ovate or oval, green above, silvery beneath; shrub thornless. i. L. Canadeitsis. 
Leaves oblong, silvery on both sides; shrub mostly thorny. 2. L. argentea. 

1. Lepargyraea Canadensis (L.) Greene. Canadian Buffalo-berry. 
(I. F. f. 2537.) A thornless shrub, 1-2.8 m. high, the young shoots brown- 
scurfy. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, green and sparingly stellate- 
scurfy above, densely silvery stellate-scurfy beneath ; petioles 4-6 mm. long; flow- 
ers yellowish; perianth about 4 mm. broad; fruit oval, red or yellowish, 4-6 mm. 
long, the flesh insipid, the nut smooth. On banks, Newf. to Alaska, Me., N. Y., 
Mich, and Utah. April-June. 

2. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. Buffalo-eerry. Rabbit- 
berry. (1. F. f. 2538.) A shrub, 2-6 m. high, the twigs often terminating in 
thorns. Leaves oblong, or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse 
at the apex, usually cuneate-narrowed at the base; densely silvery-scurfy on both 
sides; petioles 4-12 mm. long; flowers fascicled at the nodes; fruit oval, or ovoid, 
scarlet, sour, 4-6 mm. long, edible. Manitoba and Minn, to Saskatch., Kans. 
and Nev. April-May. 

Order 26. MYRTAlES. 

Our species mostly herbs, many tropical and subtropical ones shrubs 
or trees. Leaves simple, often lobed or dissected. Petals usually present, 
distinct (wanting in some Haloragidaceae). Calyx gamosepalous. mostly 
superior or adnate to the compound ovary. Ovules usually numerous. 

Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected. 

Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it, except at the base. 

Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. i. Lythraccae. 

Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fam. 2. Mehistomaceae. 

Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 3. Otiagi-aceae. 

Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hif^uris, which 
has whorled narrow leaves and only i stamen). 



648 FLORA. 

Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated; flowers rather large, white. 

Fam. 4. Trapaceae. 
Leaves mostly sessile; petioles, if present, not inflated; flowers small, greenish; seeds 
with I coat. Fam. 5. Haloragidaceae. 

Family i. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. 

Loosestrife Fuj/nly. 

Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite 
leaves and perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, 
free from the ovar}', the limb toothed. Petals as many as the primary 
calyx-teeth ; inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens inserted on the 
calyx. Anthers versatile. Ovary^ 2-6-celled or sometimes i -celled ; style 
i; ovules :« , rarely few, anatropous. Capsule i -several-celled. Seeds 
without endosperm ; cotyledons flat, often auricled at the base. About 
21 genera and 350 species, of wide distribution. 

Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric ; flo^^•ers regular. 
Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few ; low herbs. 

Petals 4 in our species; capsule bursting irregularly. i. Ammannia. 

Petals none; capsule indehiscent. 2. Didiphs. 

Petals 4: capsule septicidally dehiscent. 3. Rotala. 

Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub. . 4. Decodon. 

Calyx-tube cylindric: flowers regular. 5. Ly thrum. 

Calyx- tube tdbular, oblique; flowers irregular. 6. Farsonsta. 

I. AMMANNIA L. 

Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite 
sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, globose or 
ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 
4 in our species, deciduous. Stamens 4-8. inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary 
nearly globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. [Named for Johann Ammann, 
1699-1741, a German botanist,] About 2 species, of wide distribution. 

Flowers sessile, solitary, or 2-5 together. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; style elongated. i. A. coccinea. 

Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; style very short. 2. A. Koehnei. 

Flowers pedicelled, in axillary cymes. 3. A^auriculata. 

1. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Long-leaved Ammannia. (I. F. f. 2539.) 
Erect, 1.5-5 ^^- l^igb. Leaves obtusely cordate-auriculate and dilated at the 
somewhat clasping base, entire, 2-8 cm. long. 2-6 mm. wide; flowers I-5 in each 
axil, sessile or nearly so; petals purple, fugacious; style very slender, usually more 
than one-half the length of the capsule. In swamps, Ind. and Iowa to S. Dak., 
Fla., Mex. and Brazil. July-Sept. 

2. Ammannia Koehnei Britton. Koehne's Ammannia. (I. F. f. 2540.) 
Erect, 1.5^-5 dm. high. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or somewhat spatulate. the 
upper ones clasping and more or less auriculate at the base, the lower narrowed 
and sessile or tapering into a short petiole; flowers 1-3 together in the axils, sessile; 
petals fugacious; stamens very short, not exserted; style ve^-y short; capsule en- 
closed by the calyx. In swamps, N. J. to Fla. July-Sept. 

3. Ammannia auriculata Willd. Wright's Ammannia. (I. F. f. 2541.) 
Erect, 5-25 cm. high. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish 
at the apex, auriculate at the base, 1-4 cm. long; cymes peduncled; pedicels I-3 
mm. long; petals purple; style slender; stamens exserted; capsule partly enclosed 
by the calyx. Neb. to Tex. and Brazil. Also in Asia and Africa. May-June. 

2. DIDIPLIS Raf. 

Aquatic or marsh plants, with 4-angled stems, opposite narrow entire leaves, 
and small axillary solitary green flowers. Calyx hemispheric or campanulate, 
4-lobed, with no accessor}' teeth. Stamens 2-4, usually 4, inserted on the calyx- 



L Y THRA CEA E. 649 

tube; filaments very short. Ovary globose, 2-celled; style scarcely any; stigma 
obscurely 2-lobed; ovules 00. Capsule 2.celled. [Greek, twice double.] A 
monotypic genus of east-central N. Am. 

I. Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood. Water Purslane. (I. F. f. 2542.) 
Submersed or rooting in the mud, 0.7-3 ^"^- lo^^g- Submersed leaves thin, elon- 
gated-linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broader at the base, 
1-2 cm, long; emersed leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at the base; flowers about 
I mm. long; capsule about i mm. in diameter. Minn, and Wis. to Tex. andMex., 
N. Car. and Fla. Resembling Callitriche in habit. June-Aug. 

3. ROTALA L. 

Low annual mainly glabrous herbs, usually with opposite leaves, 4-angled stems, 
and axillary mainly solitary small flowers. Calyx campanulate or globose, 4-lobed. 
Stamens 4, short. Ovary free from the calyx, globose, 4-celled. Capsule glo- 
bose, 4-celled, the valves minutely and densely striate transversely. [Latin, wheel, 
from the whorled leaves of some species.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. 

I. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Rotala. (L F. f. 2543.) Glabrous, 
5-25 cm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, blunt at the apex, 
narrowed and sessile at the base or tapering into a short petiole, notauricled; flow- 
ers solitary or rarely 3 in the axils, very small ; petals minute ; style almost none. 
In swamps, Mass. to Fla., 111., Neb., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cal., Ore., S. Am. 
and the W. Indies. July-Sept. 

4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. 

Herbaceous shrubs, with verticillate or opposite, short-petioled entire leaves, and 
showy purple trimorphous flowers, in nearly sessile axillary cymes. Calyx broadly 
campanulate, or hemispheric, nerved, 5-7-toothed, with as many slender elongated 
accessory teeth in the sinuses. Stamens 10, rarely 8, alternately longer and shorter, 
inserted on the calyx-tube, the longer exserted. Style filiform; stigma small. 
Capsule globose, 3-5 -celled, included in the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent. [Greek, 
ten- toothed, referring to the calyx.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Swamp Loosestrife or Willow- 
herb. (I. F. f. 2544.) Aquatic, somewhat woody, with angular recurved gla- 
brous or slightly pubescent stems, 1-3 m. long, which root from the tip when they 
reach the water or mud. Leaves lanceolate, 5-13 cm, long, glabrous above, some- 
what pubescent beneath, acute at both ends; petioles 4-8 mm. long; flowers nearly 
2.5 cm. broad; petals cuneate at the base; capsule about 5 mm. in diameter. In 
swamps. Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ky. and La. Stems clothed with asrenchyma 
at the base. July-Sept. 

5. LYTHRUM L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled stems, entire leaves, and often dimorphous or 
trimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube 8-12-ribbed, straight, with 4-6 primary teeth 
and an equal number of accessory ones in the sinuses. Petals 4-6, usually obovate, 
rarely wanting. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary oblong, ses- 
sile, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma mostly capitate; ovules numerous. Capsules 
enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved, or bursting irregularly. 
[Greek, gore, from the purple flowers.] Abt^ut 23 species, of wide distribution. 
Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than petals. 
Leaves mostly alternate. 

Leaves obtuse ; stamens all included; annual. i. L. Hyssopifolia. 

Leaves acute; stamens of short-styled flowers exserted; perennial. 

2. L. alatum. 
Leaves mostly opposite. 

Leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base. 3. L. lincare. 

Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base. 4. L. Vidncraria. 

Flowers in panicled spikes, terminal; stamens twice as many as petals. 

5. L. Salican\i. 

I. Lythrum Hyssopifolia L. Hvssov Loosestrife. Grass Poly. (I. F. 
f. 2545.) Glabrous, pale green, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, mainly alter- 



650 FLORA. 

nate, the lowest sometimes opposite, oblong (jr linear-oblong, 8-20 mm. long; flow- 
ers not dimorphous, pink-purple, about i mm. broad; stamens included; calyx 
5-6 mm. long in fruit. Borders of salt marshes, Me. to N. J. Also in Cal. and 
S. Am. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angled Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2546.) 
Perennial, glabrous, dark green, 3-12 dm. high, the stem angled and often slightly 
winged. Leaves sessile, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or oblong, 
rounded or cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, deep purple, 
6-10 mm. broad, dimorphous; ovary nearly sessile; calyx 5-6 mm. long in fruit. 
In low grounds, southern Ont. to Mass., Ky., S. Dak. and Kans. June-Aug. 

3. Lythrum liireare L. Linear-leaved Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2547.) 
Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, 2-4 mm. wide, nearly all opposite; flowers light purple or nearly white, di- 
morphous, about 3 mm. broad; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; ovary 
short-stalked; fruiting calyx 3-4 mm. long. Borders of salt marshes, N. J. to Fla. 
and Tex. July-Sept. 

4. Lythrum Vulneraria Ait. Kennedy's Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2548.) 
Spreading or ascending, perennial, glabrous, 3- 12 dm long. Leaves short-pe- 
tioled, or sessile, 8-18 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rounded or cordate at the base, 
mostly obtuse ; flowers usually short-peduncled, purple, about 8 mm. broad; sta- 
mens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fruiting calyx 8-10 mm. long. St. Louis, 
Mo. (according to Koehne); Fla. to Mex. May -Aug. 

5. Lythrum Salicaria L. Spiked or Purple Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2549.) 
Perennial, 0.5-1 m. high. Leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate in 3's, sessile, 
lanceolate, cordate or clasping at the base, 5-8 cm. long; flowers purple, trimor- 
phous, 12-16 mm. broad, in terminal spikes; stamens 8-10, alternately longer and 
shorter, even the longer ones little exserted; ovary short-stalked; fruiting calyx 
about 6 mm. long. In swamps and wet meadows. Cape Breton Island to Ont. and 
Del. Said to be naturalized from Europe. Jime-Aug. 

6. PARSONSIA P. Br. 

Herbs (or shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate leaves. 
Flowers axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated, i2-ribbed, 
gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 primary teeth and 
usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens ii (sometimes 12 in 
our species), inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary 
with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. 
Capsule oblong, i -celled, laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In honor of 
James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.] About 180 species, natives of America. 
Besides the following 2 others occur in the Southern States. 

I. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Blue Wax-weed. Clammy Cuphea. 
Tar-weed. (I. F. f. 2550.) Annual, very viscid-pubescent, 1.5-5 <i"^- high. 
Leaves slender-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, scabrous, mostly rounded at the base and 
blunt-pointed at the apex, 2-4 cm. long; flowers short-peduncled, purple, 6-8 mm. 
broad; petals ovate, clawed; stamens sometimes 12; fruiting calyx swollen, about 
8 mm. long; capsule dehiscent before the seeds are ripe, the placenta projecting 
through the lateral orifice. In dry soil, R. L to 111., Kans., Ga. and La. Intro- 
duced into S. Ont. July-Oct. 

Family 2. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. 

Meadow- Beauty Faiiiily- 

Herbs (many shrubs or trees in tropical regions), with opposite 3-9- 
nerved leaves, and regular perfect often showy but rarely odorous flowers. 
Stipules none. Calyx-tube usually 4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. 
Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, and inserted on its throat, im- 
bricated. Stamens twice as many, or equal in number to the petals, often 
inclined or declined, the alternate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 
2-several-celled (often 4-celled) ; style terminal, simple ; ovules 00 , ana- 



ONAGRACEAE. 65 1 

tropous. Capsule included in the calyx-tube, irregularly or loculicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no endosperm. About 150 genera 
and 2500 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, most abundant in 
S. Am. ; represented in N. Am. only by the following genus. / 

I. RHEXIA L. 
Perennial herbs, often somewhat woody at the base, sometimes tuber-bearing, 
with mostly sessile opposite 3-5 -nerved leaves, and terminal showy cymose or 
rarely solitary flowers. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, constricted at the 
neck, its limb 4-lobed, the lobes shorter than the tube. Petals 4, obovate, oblique. 
Stamens 8, equal; anthers incurved or inverted in the bud. Ovary free from the 
calyx, glabrous, 4-celled; style slender; stigma truncate. Capsule 4-celled, 
4-valved. Placentae 4, central. Seeds numerous, coiled or bent, rough. [Greek, 
breaking, applied originally to a different plant.] Ten known species, of eastern 
N. Am. 

Stem cylindric, very pubescent. i. R. Mariana. 

Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous. 

Stem more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate. 2. R. Virginica. 

Stem glabrous. 

Leaves oblong or lance-oblong; calyx with a few hairs above. 3. R. aristosa. 
Leaves ovate, bristly-ciliate ; calyx glabrous. 4. R. ctliosa. 

1. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland Meadow-Beauty. (I. F. £ 2551.) 
Stem rather slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves spreading, short-petioled, oblong, or 
linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long, pubescent with scattered bristly 
hairs, 3-nerved, the Vnargins ciliate-serrulate; flowers loosely cymose, pedicelled, 
pale purple, about 2.5 cm. broad; pedicels and calyx-tube glandular-pubescent; 
petals rounded or short-aristate. In swamps, pine-barrens of L. I. to Fla., Ky., Mo. 
and Tex. June-Sept. 

2. Rhexia Virginica L. Meadow- Beauty. Ueer-Grass. (I. F. f. 2552.) 
Stem more or less pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves mostly sessile, ovate or 
ovate-oval, acute or acutish, 2-5 cm. long, usually with a few scattered hairs on 
both surfaces, mostly 5-nerved, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers bright purple, 
cymose, short-pedicelled, 2.5-4 cm. broad; calyx-tube and pedicels glandular- 
pubescent; petals rounded or slightly retuse. In sandy swamps. Me. to Fla., 111., 
Mo. and La. July-Sept. 

3. Rhexia aristosa Britton. Awn-petaled Meadow-beauty. (I. F. f. 
2553.) Stem square, 4-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, erect, obtusish at each end, 
1.5-3 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, 3-nerved, serrate toward the apex with appressed 
subulate teeth, glabrous or nearly so beneath, but with a few scattered hairs above; 
flowers 1-4 together, short-pedicelled, magenta-red, 2.5-4 cm. broad; petals 
rounded, but obtusely pointed and aristate at the apex; anthers linear, minutely 
spurred on the back. In sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J., Del. and S. Car. 
Base of the stem coated with a spongy tissue when growing in water. July- Aug. 

4. Rhexia ciliosa Michx. Ciliate Meadow-beauty. (I. F. f. 2554.) Stem 
square, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ascending, short-petioled, or sessile, acutish, 1-2 
cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so beneath, pubescent with 
a few scattered hairs above; flowers very short-pedicelled, violet-purple, 2.5-4 cm. 
broad; petals rounded, sometimes apiculate; anthers oblong, not spurred on the 
back. In swamps, Md. to Fla., west to La. June- Aug. 

Family 3. ONAGRACEAE Dumort.* 

Evenmo-prinirose Family. 

Herbs, or rarely Shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules 
or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calvx-tube 
adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobcd). Petals 2-9 
(usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many 
or twice as many as the petals. Ovary i-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; 

* Revised by Dr. John K. Small. 



652 FLORA, 

styles united ; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed ; ovules generally anat- 
ropous. Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. 
Forty genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most 
abundant in America. 

Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. 

Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore. 
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Seeds naked. 

Stamens 4, in i row. 

Leaves opposite ; stems creeping or floating. 

Flowers sessile; petals none, or very small ; leaves petioled ; cap- 
sules sessile, short, the top flat. i. Isnardia. 
Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous; leaves sessile; cap- 
sules elongated, curved, with a prominent 4-lobed stylopo- 
dium. 2. Ludwigiajitha. 
Leaves alternate; stems erect or ascending. 3. Ludwigia, 
Stamens 8-12, in 2 rows. 4. Jussiaea. 
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. Chamaenerion. 
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. 

Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 6. Epilobium. 

Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate. 
Stamens equal in length. 

Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear. 

Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows, 

prismatic-angled. 7, Onagra. 

Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 

Buds erect ; petals yellow ; ovules and seeds in 2 rows. 

8. Oenothera. 
Buds drooping; petals white or pink ; ovules and seeds in 
I row. 9. Anogra. 

Stigmas entire or slightly 4-toothed. 

Calyx-tube longer than the ovary; stigma disk-like, entire. 

16. Galpinsia. 
Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary; stigma disk-like, slightly 
4-toothed. 17. Meriolix. 

Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones longer. 

Ovules and seeds many, clustered, on slender funiculi; capsules usu- 
ally club-shaped. 

Flowers yellow, 10. Kneiffia, 

Flowers white, pink or reddish. 11. Hartmannia. 

Ovules or seeds few, sessile, in i or 2 rows. 
Plants normally acaulescent. 

Capsules obtusely or retusely 4-angled ; seeds furrowed 

along the raphe. 12. Pachylophus. 

Capsules sharply 4-angled or winged ; seeds with a tubercle 
at one end. 13. Lavauxia. 

Plants caulescent. 

Stems wiry, diffuse ; capsules sharply 4-angled. 

14. Gaurella. 
Stems stout, not diffuse; capsules 4-winged. 

15. Megapterium. 
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 

Calyx-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base ; ovary 4-celled. 

18. Gaura. 
Calyx-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged ; ovary i-celled. 

19. Stenosiphon. 
Floral whorls of 2 parts. 20. Circaea. 

I. ISNARDIA L. 

Succulent herbs. Stems creeping or floating; leaves opposite, relatively few, 
petioled. Flowers axillary, sessile, not yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter than 
the tube or slightly longer. Filaments very short. Ovary very short; styles often 
almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In honor of Antoine 
Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, died 
1724.] About 4 species in N. Am. and Mex. 

I. Isnardia palustris L. Marsh Purslane. (I. F. f. 2555.) Stems 
branching, I-5 dm. long; leaves oval, ovate or spatulate, 12-25 mm. long, nar- 



ONAGRACEAE. 653 

rowed into slender petioles; flowers solitary, about 2 mm. broad; bractlets at base 
of the calyx usually none; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; petals small, reddish, or 
often wanting; capsule 4-sided, slightly Longer than wide, about 3 mm. high, 
slightly exceeding the calyx lobes. In muddy ditches and swamps, N. S. to Man- 
itoba, Ore., Fla., Cal. and Mex. Widely distributed in the Old World. June-Nov. 

2. LUDWIGIANTHA Small. 

Fleshy herbs. Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves opposite, sessile, numerous. 
Flowers yellow, on slender bracted peduncles. Calyx-segments narrow, longer 
than the tube. Petals conspicuous, surpassing the calyx-segments. Filaments 
elongated. Ovary relatively long ; united styles filiform, elongated. Capsule club- 
shaped, curved at the base, about as long as the persistent calyx-segments. [Deriva- 
tion as in the following genus.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Ludwigiantha arcuata (Walt.) Small. Curved-podded Ludwigiantha. 
(I. F. f. 2556.) Stems glabrous or nearly so, 8-30 cm. long. Leaves oblanceolate, 
leathery, smooth, obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 12-25 mm. long; 
flowers axillary, solitary, bright yellow, 8- 12 mm. broad; calyx-lobes linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the obovate petals; capsule club-shaped, some- 
what curved, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long. In swamps, Va. to Fla. May-July. 

3. LUDWIGIA L. 

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axillary or 
terminal flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or winged. Calyx- 
lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4. Stamens usually 4. Ovary 4-5- 
celled. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, septicidally dehiscent, or opening by 
an apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773, Professor of Botany 
at Leipsic] About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abun- 
dant in N. Am. Besides the following about 10 others occur in the southern and 
southwestern States. 

Flowers inconspicuous ; petals none, or small, yellowish or greenish ; valves of the cap- 
sule separating; from the terminal disk. 
Capsules subglobose or top-shaped. 

Bractlets at the base of the calyx minute, or none ; capsule subglobose, finely 
pubescent. i. L. sphaerocarpa. 

Bractlets at the base of the calyx linear, about equalling the capsule; capsule top- 
shaped, glabrous. 2. L. polycarpa. 
Capsules cylindric or obpyramidal. 

Capsules cylindric. 3. L. glandulosa. 

Capsules obpyramidal. 

Capsules as long as broad, or broader, the angles winged. 

4. L. alata. 
Capsules several times longer than broad, the angles obtuse. 

5. L. /inca?-/s. 
Flowers showy, peduncled ; petals large, bright yellow ; capsules opening by an apical 

pore. 
Plants hirsute; capsules bristly pubescent. 6. L. htrtella. 

Plants glabrous or nearly so; capsules glabrous. 7. L. alteniifolia. 

1. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Globe-fruited Ludwigia. (I, F. f. 
2557.) Stem generally finely pubescent, 6-9 dm. high, the lower part clothed 
with serenchyma when growing in water. Leaves sessile, those of the stem and 
branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous and minutely 
denticulate, those of the stolons obovate; flowers sessile, greenish, about ^ mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals commonly none; capsule about 
4 mm. high, scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes. In swamps, eastern Mass. and 
southern N. Y. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 

2. Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited Ludwigia. (I. F. 
f. 2558.) Stems glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 
acute at each end, 5 -10 cm long, rough-margined, those of the stolons spatulato; 
flowers sessile, about 3 mm. broad, greenish; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
acute, sometimes serrulate; petals minute, greenish; capsule glabrous, slightlv 4- 
sided, about 5 mm. high, often twice the length of the cahx-lohes. In swauu^s 
Ont. to Minn, and Mass., south to Ky., Neb. and Kans. July-Oct. 



654 FLORA. 

3. Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. Cylindric-fruited Ludwigia. (I. F. £ 
2559.) Stems glabrous, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile orn arrowed 
into short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 5-10 mm. long ; flowers 
axillary, rarely 2 together, greenish, about 2 mm. broad; bractlets at base of calyx 
minute or none ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals none; capsule 4-grooved, 
6-8 mm. long, glabrous, 4-5 times as long as the calyx-lobes. In swamps, 
southern 111. and Mo. to Kans., Tex., east to Fla. and S. Car. July-Sept. 

4. Ludwigia alata Ell. Wing-stemmed Ludwigia. (I. F. f. 2560.) 
Stems 3-9 dm. tall, winged, often stoloniferous ; leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear- 
lanceolate, or sometimes nearly linear, 2.5-10 cm. long, those of the stolons sub- 
orbicular or spatulate; flowers inconspicuous, about 4 mm. broad, white or greenish ; 
calyx glabrous, its segments triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate; petals none; cap- 
sules 3-4 mm. high, winged; seeds about 0.5 mm. long, faintly pitted, In marshes, 
N. Car. to Mo., Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

5. Ludwigia linearis Walt. Linear-leaved Ludwigia. (I. F. f. 2561.) 
Stems branching, glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, often stoloniferous, lower part clothed 
with serenchyma. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, acute at each end, 2.5-5 cm. 
long, about 2 mm. wide, the margins roughish, or those of the stolons obovate ; 
flowers sessile, about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, slightly 
shorter than the yellowish petals; capsule narrowed at the base, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5 
times as long as the calyx-lobes. In swamps, southern N. Y. to Fla., west to La. 
July-Sept. 

6. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. Hairy Ludwigia. (I. F. f. 2562.) Stems 
branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong -lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, ob- 
tuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 2.5-3 cm. long; flowers solitary, peduncled, 
12-20 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the 
yellow petals; capsules cubic with a rounded base, about 5 mm. high, shorter than 
the calyx-lobes, opening by an apical pore. In swamps, pine barrens of N. J. to 
Fla., west to Tex. June-Sept. 

7. Ludwigia alternifoiiaL. Seed-box. Rattle-box. (L F. f. 2563.) Stems 
branching, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate 
at the apex, 5-12 cm. long; flowers short-peduncled, solitary, 12-16 mm. broad; 
calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, about equalling the yellow petals which fall away 
when the plant is shocked; capsules cubic with a rounded base, slightly wing-angled, 
about 5 mm. high, opening by a pore. In swamps, N. H. to northern N. Y., Ont.(?), 
Mich., Fla., Kans. and Tex. Roots often tuberous. June-Sept. 

Ludwigia alternifolia linearifblia Britton. Leaves linear, elongated; calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate; petals more persistent. W. Va. , 

4. JUSSIAEA L. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate, usually entire leaves, and white or yellow, axil- 
lary flowers. Calyx-lobes acute, persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more). Stamens 
8-12, in 2 rows. Ovary 4-6-celled. Capsule linear, oblong or club shaped, an- 
gular or ribbed, septicidally dehiscent. [In honor of Bernard de Jussieu, 1699- 
1777, founder of the Natural System of Botany.] About 35 species, of warm and 
temperate regions. Besides the following 7 others occur in the Southern States. 

Creeping or floating; petals 5; capsule cylindric. i. J. diffusa. 

Erect; petals 4; capsule club-shaped, 4-sided. 2. /. decurrens. 

1. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. Floating or Creeping Jussiaea or Prim- 
rose-willow. (I. F. f. 2564.) Stem 3-9 dm. long. Leaves oval, oval-lanceo- 
late or obovate, slender-petioled, veiny, obtuse or acute at the apex, 2.5-10 cm. 
long; peduncles slender; flowers yellow, 12-25 "^iri- broad; calyx-lobes 5, lanceo- 
late; stamens lo; capsule ridged, 2.5-4 cm. long; seeds in i row in each cavity. 
In ponds, Ky, and 111. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. Alsointrop. Am. and Asia. June- 
Aug. 

2. Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. Upright Primrose-willow. (I. F. 
f- 2565.) Stem angled, branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate at the apex, decurrent on the stem, 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers short-pe- 
duncled, yeUow, 8-J2 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate; stamens 8; cap- 



ONAGRACEAE, 655 

sule 2-3 times as long as the peduncle, 4-sided, the angles somewhat winged; seeds 
in several rows in each cavity. In swamps, Md. to Ga., Fla., Ill, Ark. and Tex. 
July-Sept. 

5. CHAMAENERION Adans. 

Perennial herbs, with tufted stems, often woody at the base. Leaves mostly 
alternate, entire; flowers irregular, showy, in terminal racemes; calyx-tube not 
prolonged beyond the ovary; calyx-segments 4, deciduous; petals 4, entire; sta- 
mens 8, declined; filaments dilated at. the base; stigmas 4-cleft. Capsule obtusely 
4-angled, elongated, opening loculicidally. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at 
the end. [Greek, ground rose-bay.] About 4 species, chiefly in the north tem- 
perate zone. 

Bracts small; lateral nerves of the leaves confluent in marginal loops; style pubescent at 
the base. i. C. angiistifolium. 

Bracts leaf-like; lateral nerves of the leaves obsolete ; style glabrous. 2. C. latifoliuyn. 

1. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Great or Spiked Willow- 
herb. Fire-weed. (I. F. f. 2566.) Erect, often finely pubescent above, 
0.5-2.5 m. high. Leaves lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, pale beneath, acute at 
the apex; flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad, purple, or sometimes white, in elongated 
terminal spike-like racemes; capsules 5-7.5 cm. long, finely canescent, at least 
when young; seeds about i mm. long, the coma long, whitish. In dry soil, Lab. 
to Alaska, N. Car., Kans., Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 

2, Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-leaved Willow-herb. 
(I. F. f. 2567.) Erect, often quite canescent above, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves 
2.5-5 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, those of 
the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous; flowers purple, 2.5-5 cm. broad, 
in mainly short leafy-bracted racemes; capsules 1-3 cm. long, canescent; seeds 
about 2 mm. long; coma elongated, whitish. Moist ground, Newf. to Alaska, 
Quebec, Colo, and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

6. EPILOBIUM L. 

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves, and soli- 
tary, spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, the 
limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, often notched. Stamens 8: stigma club- 
shaped or 4-lobed. Capsule narrow, elongated, 4-sided, loculicidally dehiscent 
by 4 valves. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the summit. [Greek, upon 
a pod, flower and pod appearing together.] About 65 species, of wide geo- 
graphic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides the following, 
about 30 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of N. Am. 

Stigma deeply 4-lobed ; flowers large. i. E. hirsutum. 

Stigma entire, or merely notched. 

Seeds smooth or nearly so ; arctic or alpine species. 

Flowers white; leaves usually denticulate. 2. E. alpiniim. 

Flowers violet; leaves mostly entire. 3. E. anagallidifoluim. 

Seeds papillose. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 
Plants crisp-pubescent or canescent. 

Leaves sessile, mostly obtuse. 4. E. palustre. 

Leaves petioled, very narrow, acute. 5. E. liueare. 

Plants glandular-pubescent throughout, or only above. 

Densely glandular throughout; leaves sessile. 6. E. strictum. 
Glandular-pubescent above; leaves petioled. 7. E. paniculatum. 
Leaves lanceolate pr ovate, serrate. 

Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 

Seeds obconic, beakless ; coma reddish 8. E. coloratum. 

Seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked; coma white. o. E. adcnocaulon. 

Leaves ovate, thin, obtuse. 10. E. llornftnanni. 

I. Epilobium hirsiTtum L. Great Hairy Wii.iAnv-UKRB. (I. F. f. 2568.^ 

Stout, 5-12 dm. high, softly hirsute- pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oMong-lan- 
ceolate, usually opposite, often chisping at the base, acute at the apex, sharply ter. 



6S6 FLORA. 

rulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers erect, rose-purple, about 2.5 cm. broad; petals 
pubescent at the base within; capsule stalked, 5-7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; 
seeds about i mm. long; coma whitish. In waste places, eastern N. Eng., N. Y., 
Ont. and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Epilobium alpinum L. Alpine Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 2569.) Slender, 
glabrous or nearly so, 8-30 cm. high. Leaves pale, petioled, opposite, or the 
upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 12-20 mm. long; flowers few, 
nearly erect, 4-8 mm. broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender-stalked, 
2.5-5 cm. long, about I mm. thick; seeds beaked. Lab. to Br. Col., N. H., Utah 
and Ore. Also in Europe. Summer. 

3. Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Pimpernel Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 
2570.) Low, usually tufted, 5-15 cm. high, resembling the next preceding 
species. Stems commonly pubescent in lines and nodding at the apex; leaves 
oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse at the apex, short-petioled, 10-20 mm. long; 
flowers few, clustered, nodding, about 5 mm. broad; stigma entire; capsule slender- 
pedicelled, about 2.5 cm. long, i mm. wide; seeds smooth, short-beaked, about 
I mm. long. Lab. and through arctic Am. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to 
Nev. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

4. Epilobium palustre L. Marsh or Swamp Willow-herb, (I. F. f. 
2571.) Erect, usually simple, 1.5-4 dm. high, canescent above with incurved 
hairs. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or subtruncate at the 
apex. 2.5-5 cm. long, erect or ascending, distinctly veined; flowers few, pink or 
whitish, usually nodding at first, 4-6 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels slender; cap- 
sules 2.5-5 cm. long, slightly more than I mm= thick; seeds about i mm. long, a 
little papillose translucent, the apex scarcely narrowed. In bogs, N. B. to Alaska, 
the White Mts., Ont., Colo, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

5. Epilobium lineare Muhl. Linear-leaved Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 
2572.) Slender, canescent throughout with incurved hairs, 3-6 dm. high, at 
length much branched. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, 
opposite or alternate, acute at both ends, 2.5-5 cm. long, the veins obscure; flowers 
erect, pink or whitish, 4-8 mm. broad; stigma entire or slightly notched; pedicels 
mostly slender; capsules about 5 cm. long; seeds less than 2 mm. long, slightly 
papillose. In swamps, N. B. to Del., W. Va., Br. Col., the Ind. Terr, and Wyo. 
July-Sept. Sometimes produces bulblets near the base of the stem. 

6. Epilobium strictum Muhl. Downy or Soft Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 
2573.) Erect, usually much branched, 3-9 dm. high, glandular-pubescent with 
whitish somewhat spreading hairs. Leaves broader than those of the next preced- 
ing species, lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, 1. 8-4 cm. long, mostly entire, evidently 
veined; flowers pink or whitish, about 4-5 mm. broad; capsules nearly 2mm. thick, 
short-pedicelled; seeds obconic, papillose. Bogs, Me. toW. Ont. and Minn., south 
to Va. and 111. July-Sept. 

7. Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. Panicled Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 2574.) 
Annual, slender, 3-6 dm. tall, loosely branched, glandular-pubescent above. 
Leaves alternate, varying from linear to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, den- 
ticulate or nearly entire, attenuate into slender winged petioles; calyx often purple, 
its tube funnelform, 2-3 mm. long, shorter than the lanceolate segments; petals 
cuneate, notched, 6-8 mm. long, violet; capsules ascending, linear-fusiform, 2-3 cm. 
long, curved; seeds obovoid, 2 mm. long, black, slightly papillose. Lake Huron 
to Br. Col., Colo., Ariz, and Cal. Summer. 

8. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb. (I. F. f. 
25750 Erect, much branched, 3-9 dm. high, more or less canescent above with 
incurved hairs often arranged in lines. Stem and leaves often purplish; leaves 
generally slender petioled but sometimes sessile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, sharply serrulate or denticulate, 5-15 cm. long; flowers numerous, pink 
or white, 4-6 mm. broad, generally nodding; capsules short-pedicelled, finely pu- 
bescent, 2.5-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds papillose, less than 2 mm. long. 
In low grounds. Me. to Ont., Wis., S. Dak., S. Car. and Kans. July-Sept. 

9. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern W^illow-herb. (I. F. f. 
2576. ) Closely resembling the next preceding species, but the inflorescence and 
capsules glandular pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or 
sometimes acute, sparingly serrulate or denticulate, seldom over 6.5 cm. long; 



ON A GRA CEA E. 657 

flowers usually nodding at first; seeds abruptly short-beaked, about i mm. long, 
papillose. In moist groxuids, N. B. to Ore., south to Mass., Penn., Iowa, Utah 
and Cal. July-Sept. 

10. Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. Hornemann's Willow-herb. 
(I. F. £ 2577.) Erect, 1.5-3 dm. high, simple or nearly so, slightly pubescent 
above. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly broadly obtuse at the apex, 
rather remotely denticulate, 1.2-3 cm. long; flowers few, purple or violet, 6-7 mm. 
broad; stigma entire; capsules 2.5-6 cm. long, nearly glabrous, slender-pedicelled; 
seeds about l mm. long, papillose, nearly beakless. Moist places, White Mts. to 
Lab., west to Wis. and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and to Cal. 
Also in Europe. Summer. 

7. o'nAGRA Adans. 

Annual or biennial herbs, with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate 
or toothed; buds erect. Flowers yellow, nocturnal, in terminal spikes. Calyx- 
tube elongated. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules iw 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 
4-angled, more or less tapering, opening loculicidally. Seeds prismatic-angled. 
[Greek, the wild ass, said to refer to the similarity of its leaves to the ears of that 
animal.] About 12 species, chiefly North American. 

Flowers relatively small; petals narrow, 2-4 mm. wide. i. O. cruciata. 

Flowers relatively large; petals broad, 12-50 mm. wide. 

Capsules 2-3 cm. long or shorter, abruptly narrowed at the apex; pubescence not 
velvety. 

Stems slightly hispid; capsules glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 

2. O. biennis. 
Stems very strlgose; capsules copiously pubescent. 3. O. strtgosa. 

Capsules 3 cm. long or longer, gradually narrowed to the apex; pubescence velvety. 

4. O. Oakesiana. 

1. Onagra cruciata (Nutt.) Small. Small-flowered Evening-primrose. 
(I. F. f. 2578.) Glabrous or sparingly villous. Stem erect, 6-12 dm. tall, usually 
simple; leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate (the upper ones often lanceolate), 
4-10 cm. long, acute, serrate-denticulate, the lower ones slender-petioled, the upper- 
most nearly sessile; spikes I-3 dm. long, leafy-bracted ; calyx-tube slender, 8-25 
mm. long, sparingly villous; petals linear, 10-12 mm. long, acutish; capsules 
2.5-2.8 cm. long, gradually narrowed from the base. Me. to N. Y. and Mass. 
Aug. -Oct. 

2. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evening-primrose. Night Wil- 
low-herb. (I. F. f. 2579.) Erect, generally stout, 3-25 dm. high, more or less 
hirsute pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower pe- 
tioled, repand-denticulate, 2.5-15 cm. long; flowers spicate, leafy bracted, bright 
yellow, 2.5-5 ^n^- broad; calyx-tube slender, much longer than the ovary; cap- 
sules oblong, narrowed above, erect, pubescent, 18-25 "^^- ^'^'^%> nearly terete; 
seeds nearly 2 mm. long. Usually in dry soil, Lab. to Fla., west to the Missis- 
sippi Valley. Nat. in the Old World. June-Oct. 

Onagra biennis grandifl6ra (Ait.) Lindl. Stouter. Leaves larger, thicker and 
broader; flowers 5-10 cm. broad. Range nearly that of the species; common southward. 

3. Onagra strigosa Rydb. Strigose Evening-primrose. Strigose and 
somewhat villous above with grayish hairs, 4-10 cm. high. Leaves various, the 
basal obovate or spatulate, obtuse; stem-leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm. 
long or the upper shorter, acute, undulate; spike leafy-bracted, many -flowered; 
calyx-segments with short free tips; corollas pure yellow. 3-4.5 cm. broad: capsules 
2.5-3 cm. long. In rich soil, S. Dak. and Mont, to Nob. Sununor. Nat. alxnit 
eastern seaports. 

4. Onagra Oakesiana (A. Gray) Britton. Oakes' Evening-primrose. 
(I. F.f. 2580.) Resembling the next preceding species, dull green, pubescent with 
appressed velvety hairs. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, often simple; leaves narrow, the 
basal narrowly oblanceolate. 7.5-25 cm. long, the caulinc lanceolate or litioar-lan- 
ceolate, all acute, distantly dentate; flowers 2.5-3.3 cm. broad; calyx-tube about 
2.5 cm. long; capsule linear-pyramidal, gradually narrowed to the summit, x- 



658 FLORA. 

3.7 cm. long, 4-sided, curved; seeds about 2 mm. long. Shores of the St. Law- 
rence and along the Great Lakes, to Mass., southern N. Y. and Neb. Summer. 

8. OENOTHERA L. 

Usually low annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, 
sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, 
nocturnal; buds erect. Calyx-tube sometimes filiform; calyx-segments deciduous. 
Ovary 4-celled, elongated; ovules in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly 
cylindric, sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending. Seeds terete, 
crowned by a tubercle. [Greek, wine-scenting, the roots being once used for that 
purpose.] About 20 species, in N. Am. and western S. Am. 

Flowers axillary. 

Silvery-pubescent with-appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 

I. OE. humifusa. 

Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted. 2. OE. laci?tiata. 

Flowers in terminal bracted spikes. 3, OE. rhombipetala. 

1. OEnothera humifusa Nutt. Seaside Evening-primrose. (I. F. f. 
2581.) Spreading and decumbent, or ascending, branched from the base; stems 
2-5 dm. long. Leaves acutish or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 1.2-5 cm. long, 
repand-denticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers axillary, yellow, 12-20 mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes somewhat spreading; capsule linear, 12-24 mm. long, about 
3 mm. thick, very pubescent; seeds striate longitudinally. On sea-beaches, N. J. 
to Fla. June-Sept. 

2. OEnothera laciniata Hill. Sinuate-leaved Evening-primrose. (L F. f. 
2582.) Decumbent or ascending, sometimes branched, 1-5 dm. high, glabrous or 
sparingly hirsute-pubescent. Leaves oval-lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, 
acute or obtusish at the apex, sinuate-dentate or often pinnatifid, 2.5-5 cm. long; 
flowers axillary (or on small plants sometimes solitary and terminal), 12-36 mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes reflexed; capsule linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, 
more or less pubescent; seeds strongly pitted. In sandy dry soil, southern N. J. to 
Penn., 111. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., extending into S. Am. May- 
Jvme, Naturalized in Vt. 

Oenothera laciniata grdndis Britton. Similar to the species, but the leaves more 
prominently toothed and the flowers 5-7 cm. broad. Mo. and Kans., south to Tex. 

3. OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt. Rhombic Evening-primrose. (I. F. f. 
2583. ) Erect, finely and densely appressed-pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, sessile and rounded at the base or the lower narrowed into petioles, 
acuminate at the apex, remotely denticulate, 5-10 cm, long; flowers 2.5-5 cm. 
broad; calyx-lobes canescent; petals rhombic-obovate; capsule columnar, curved, pu- 
bescent, 12-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds obovoid, tuberculate at the top. 
On prairies, Minn, to Ind., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. June-July. 

9. ANOGRA Spach. 

Low annual or perennial canescent herbs, often with a papery bark. Leaves 
alternate, usually pinnatifid. Buds drooping; flowers white or pink, usually axil- 
lary, diurnal. Calyx-tube elongated. Ovary elongated ; ovules numerous, in I row, 
ascending. Capsules elongated, spreading or ascending, loculicidal. Seeds terete. 
[Anagram of Onagra.~\ About 10 species, chiefly in southern N. Am. 

Tips of the calyx-segments not free in the bud. i. A. albicaulis. 
Tips of the calyx-segments free in the bud. 

Throat of the calyx-tube villous within. 2. A. coronopifoha. 

Throat of the calyx-tube glabrous within. 3. A. pallida. 

I. Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton. Prairie Evening-primrose. 
(I. F. f. 2584.) Diff'usely branched; branches decumbent or ascending, more or 
less hirsute or puberulent, whitish and often shreddy, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ob- 
lanceolate or lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or the lowest repand-dentate (rarely en- 
tire), 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, white, becoming rose-color; 
petals obcordate or emarginate; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; 



ON A GRA CEA E. 659 

capsule linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds finely pitted. Prairies, 
N. Dak. and ISTeb. to N. Mex. and Sonora. April-June. 

2. Anogra coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton. Cut-leaved Evening-prim- 
rose. (I. F. f. 2585.) Erect, branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, more or less hispid or 
canescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate in outline, 1.2-5 cm. long, usually 
finely and deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong lobes; flowers white, turning pink, 
1.8-3 cm. broad; calyx-segments linear; petals broadly obovate; capsule oblong, 
abruptly constricted at the top, straight, 8-20 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick; seeds 
tuberculate. Prairies, S. Dak. to Colo., Utah, Kans. and N. Mex. June-Sept. 

3. Anogra pallida (Lindl.) Britton. White-stemmed Evening-primrose. 
(I. F. f. 2586.) Erect, 1.5-12 dm. high; stems white or pale, rarely with scattered 
hairs, the bark often shreddy. Leaves linear or oblong -linear, entire, repand Or 
somewhat pinnatifid, 2.5-8.5 cm. long; flowers white, turning pink, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
broad; segments of the calyx linear; petals nearly orbicular ; capsule linear, curved, 
2.5-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick; seeds smooth. Prairies, Minn, to Br. Col., 
Neb., Mex. and Cal. May- Aug. 

10. KNEIFFIA Spach. 

Usually slender annual or perennial caulescent shrubby herbs. Leaves mostly 
narrow, entire or shallowly toothed; buds erect. Flowers yellow, diurnal, in ter- 
minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube slender. Ovary usually club-shaped, 4- 
angled; ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-shaped, 
or oblong by the wings, 4-winged or rarely sharply 4-angled. Seeds not angled, 
without a tubercle. [In honor of Prof. C. Kneiff, of Strassburg, who wrote on crypto- 
gamic botany.] About 10 species, mostly in temperate N. Am. 

Stem-leaves filiform-linear; capsules 4-angled or very slightly 4-winged. 

1. K. linifolia. 
Stem-leaves never approaching filiform ; capsules prominently winged. 

Capsules club-shaped. 

Pedicels and capsules pubescent. 

Stems decumbent, spreading ; body of the capsule becoming subglobose. 

2. K. Alleni. 
Stems erect or nearly so ; body of the capsule more or less elongated. 

Pedicel longer than the body of the capsule, the wings thick and pubes- 
■ cent. 3' K. longipedicellata. 

Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule, the wings, thin and gla- 
brous. 4- K. linearis. 
Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate. 5. A'; pu77iila. 
Capsules oblong or nearly so. 

Plants not glaucous, usually piibescent ; capsules less than 8 mm. long. 

6. K.friiticosa. 
Plants somewhat glaucous, glabrous; capsules more than 10 mm. long. 

7. K. glauca. 

1. Kneiffia linifolia (Nutt.) Spach. Thread-leaved Sundrops. (I. F. f. 
2587!) Erect, very slender, 1.5-4-5 dm. high, finely pubescent above. Stem- 
leaves filiform-linear, entire, 12-30 cm. long; basal leaves tufted, oblanceolate or 
spatulate, about 2.5 cm. long; flowers in loose spike-like racemes, 6-)$, mm. broad; 
calyx-tube rather shorter than the ovary; stigma-lobes very short; capsule obovoid, 
puberulent, sharply 4-sided, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, III. to Kans.. Ga., L;i. 
and Tex. May-July. 

2. Kneiffia Alleni (Britton) Small. Allen's Sundrops. (I. F. f. 2588.) L<nv. 
appressed-pubesccnt; stems decumbent, diffusely branched, 0.8-6 dm. long, zigzag. 
Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 1.2-3 cm. long, undulate; flowers about 2.5 cm. 
broad; calyx villous, its tube 4-6 mm. long, its segments linear-oblong, as long as 
the tube; petals orbicular-obovate; capsules club-shaped, 6-8 mm. long, the body 
winged, 'shorter than the pedicel; seeds obovoid to oblong, mimitely pitted in rows. 
In sand, eastern L. T. ]une-Aug. 

3. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. Long-stemmed Sundrops. (I. F. f. 
2589.) vSlcnder, puberulent; stems erect or assurgent, 3-8.5 dm. tall. Basal leaves 
spatulate or obovate-spatulate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long; stem-leaves few, lii\ear-l.uuvolato, 
2.5-6.5 cm. long, entire, s(mietimes undulate; flowers velUnv. J.5 5 cm. broad; 
calyx hirsute; petals emarginate; capsules narrowly obovoid, the body aKnit 10 



66o FLORA. 

mm . long, the angles with stout pubescent \ring5. the faces strongly ridged: seeas 
irregular, minutely papillose. X. Y. to W. Va. and Fla. May- Aug. 

4. KneifBa linaeris plichx.) Spach. Xarrow-leaved Sundrops. (I. F. f. 
2590.) Slender, pilose or nearly glabrous. Stems erect or ascending. 1.5-5 ^^• 
tall, finally angled; basal leaves spatiilate or broadly oblanceolate. 5-S cm. long, 
entire or nearly so; cauline leaves linear or linear- lanceolate. 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
slightly toothed; flowers 1.S-3 cm. broad; calyx slightly pubescent; petals shal- 
lowly notched at the apex and eroded; capsule, oblong-club-shaped. 8-14 mm. long, 
the angles with papery glabrous wings, its faces ridged; seeds irregtilar. angled. 
Conn, to Tenn. and Ga. June-Sept. 

5. Kneiffia pumila -L.) Spach. Small Sundrops. (I. F. f. 2591.) Erect. 
sometimes finely puberulent, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, nar- 
rowed at the base and often petioled, entire or very nearly so. 2-5 cm. long, the 
basal ones broader and shorter; flowers 8-25 mm. broad; calyx-tube shorter than 
the ovary; petals obcordate; capsule sessile or short-stalked, glabrous or nearly so, 
6-12 mm. long, the body obovoid. somewhat ^ing-angled. In drj' soil, X. S. to 
Manitoba. X. J.. Ga. and Kans. Tune-Aug. 

6. KneifGa fruticosa (L.) Raimann. Common. St-'Xdrops. (I. F. f. 2592.) 
Erect, usually branched. 3-9 dm, high, rarely glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, repand- denticulate, or rarely nearly entire. 2.5-10 cm. 
long; flowers 2.5-5 ^^i- broad; calyx-segments lanceolate ; petals obcordate ; capstile 
sessile or short- stalked, oblong, prominently winged, glabrous or pubescent, 
^-Z mm. long. In dry soil. X. S. to Ga., Minn, and La. Jime-Aug. 

KneiflBa fruticosa pilosella (Raf.) Britton. Pubescent with long spreading hairs 
throughout. X. Y. to IlL, south to Ga. 

7. Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach. Glaucous Sundrops. (I. F. f. 2593.) 
Erect, glabrous and glaucous. 4—9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, repand-den- 
ticulate. 5-14 cm. long; flowers bright yellow. 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, very showy; 
petals broadly obovate. emarginate; cah-x-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acvmiinate; cap- 
sule oblong, broadly 4-winged. glabrous. 10-12 mm. long, borne on a short stalk. 
In dry woods, mountains of Ya. to Ga. and Ala. May-Sept. 

II. HARTMANNIA Spach. 

Annual or perennial herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, commonly 
piimatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers white, red. or purple, diurnal, in 
terminal spikes or racemes. Cah-x-tube fuimelform. Ovar^- elongated; ovules 
numerous on slender stalks, in many rows,. Capsules club-shaped. 4-winged. 
Seeds not tubercidate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann. a resident of Louisiana.] 
About 10 species, in X. and S. Am. 

I. Hartmannia speciosa (Xutt) Small. Showy Prlmrose. (I. F. f. 2594.) 
Erect, ascending or decumbent, branched, 1.5—9 dm. high, puberulent or finely 
pubescent. Stem-leaves lanceolate or Unear-lanceolate, acutish. sinuate or pin- 
natifid. 5-7.5 cm. long; basal leaves oval or oval-lanceolate, repand or pinnatifid at 
the base; flowers white or pink. 3.5-8 cm. broad; petals emarginate; cah-x-lobes 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; capsule club-shaped, strongly 4-ribbed. 4-winged. 
pubescent. 12-iS mm. long. Prairies. Mo. and Kans. to La.. Tex.. Ariz, and 
northern Mex. May-July. Extensively naturalized in 111., S, Car. and Ga. 

12. PACHYLOPHUS Spach. 

Pereimial acatJ.escent or nearly acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal, pinnatifid or 
pinnately -toothed. Flowers basal, tufted. Calyx-tube linear-furmelform, the 
seoTnents shorter than the tube. Petals white or pink. Capsules basal, woody, 
p;^amidal. their angles retuse or obtuse, transversely wrinkled. Seeds sessile, in i 
or 2 rows, deeply furrowed along the raphe. [Greek, referring to the tuberculate 
edo-es of the valves of the capsule.] A monot\-pic genus of western X. Am. 

"i. Pachylophus caespitosa (Xutt. j Raimann. Scapose Primrose. (I. F. 
f. 2595.) Perennial or biennial from a woody root. Leaves clustered at the base, 
narrowed into slender petioles, lanceolate, oblanceolate or oval, densely pubescent, 
sinuate-dentate, often densely ciliate with white hairs, repand or pinnatifid, 
3.5-20 cm. long; flowers few, white or rose, 3.5-8 cm. broad; calyx pubescent, its 



ON A GRA CEA E. 66 1 

tube 5-18 mm. long, dilated at the mouth; capsule sessile, ovoid, strongly tuber- 
culate on each side, the angles ribbed; seeds minutely tuberculate. Neb. and 
Mont, to theN. W. Terr., Nev., N. Mex. and Sonora. June-July. 

13. LAVAUXIA Spach. 

Low usually perennial acaulescent herbs. Leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid. 
Flowers white, pink or pale yellow. Calyx-tube slender. Ovary short, 4-angled; 
ovules few. Capsules stout, their angles sometimes winged above. Seeds few. [In 
honor of Francois Delavaux, founder of the botanical garden at Nismes.] About 6 
species, chiefly in southern N. Am. 

Leaves membranous ; capsules beaked, glabrate. i. L. triloba. 

Leaves leathery; capsules hardly beaked, pubescent. 2. L. brachycarpa. 

1. Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach. Three-lobed Primrose. (I, F. f. 
2596.) Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or sinuate, 
sometimes ciliate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 7-30 cm. long; flowers white or 
pink, 2.5-6 cm. broad; petals often 3-lobed; capsule ovoid, 4-wing-angled, retic- 
ulate-veined, 12-25 mm. long; seeds finely and densely tuberculate. In dry soil, 
Ky. and Tenn. to Kans., Cal., Miss., Tex. and northern Mex. May-July. 

Lavauxia triloba Watsonii Britton. Annual; flowers smaller; fruit densely crowded. 
Perhaps a distinct species. Kans. 

2. Lavauxia brachycarpa (A. Gray) Britton. Short-podded Primrose. 
(I. F. f. 2597.) Softly canescent. Leaves basal, ovate to narrowly oblong, 7.5— 
22 cm. long, lyrate-pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire ; petioles sometimes as 
long as the blade; flowers yellow, basal; petals undulate; capsules elliptic, 16-18 
mm. long, leathery or corky, the angles very thin, the faces somewhat wrinkled. 
Mont, to Kans., Tex. and N. Mex. April-July. 

14. GAURELLA Small. 

Low perennial herbs with wiry diffusely branched stems. Leaves nearly entire 
or distantly toothed. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx-tube slightly dilated at the 
throat, its segments slightly longer than the tube. Petals white or pink, spotted or 
striped with red. Ovary short; united styles stout, enlarged above. Capsules ses- 
sile, with a curved beak, the faces swollen. Seeds angled, delicately striate 
[Diminutive of Gaura.'\ A monotypic genus of the west-central U. S. 

I. Gaurella guttulata (Geyer) Small. Spotted Primrose. (I. F. f. 2598.) 
Stems 1-2 dm. high, canescent with appressed hairs, the branches decumbent or 
ascending. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtusish at the apex, 8-16 mm. 
long, repand-denticulate or entire; flowers white or pink, 18-25 ^^'^- wide; petals 
obovate, entire; capsule canescent, 8-10 mm. long, angled, not winged; seeds 
angled, slipper-shaped. Prairies, Neb. to N. Mex. June-Sept. 

15. MEGAPTERIUM Spach. 
Spreading perennial herbs with stout stems. Leaves alternate, entire or slightly 
toothed. Flowers few, but large and showy, axillary, vellow. Calvx-tube much 
elongated. Ovary 4-angled or 4-winged; united styles filiform; ovules few. sessile. 
Capsules broadly 4-winged. Seeds crested. [Greek, broad- winged.] About ^ 
species, in N. Am. and Mex. 

Corollas 7.5-15 cm. broad; capsules 5-7.5 cm. Ions;, with suborbicular wing-s. 

I. M. Missourit'nse. 
Corollas 2.5-5 cm. broad; capsules 1.8-3 cm. loni^-, with oblont;- wiuq-s. 

Pubescent; capsules mostly less than 2.5 cm. lonj^. " "2. J/. Frcmontii. 

Glabrous; capsules mostly over 2.5 cm. lonj;-. " -. M. Oklahomenst\ 

I. Megapterium Missouriense (Sims) Spach. Missorui Primrose. (I. F. 
f. ^599.) Stems dectnnbent or ascending, densely canescent. 1.5-6 dm. long. 
Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, 
entire or remotely denticulate, 5 -15 cm. long; flowers 7.5-15 cm. broad; calvx- 
tube 5-15 cm. long; capsule short-slalked, nearly orbicular, verv broadlv winged. 
In dry soil, Mo. and Neb. to Tex. May-July. 



662 FLORA. 

2. Megapterium Fremcntii (S. Wats.) Britton. Fremont's Primrose. 
(I. F. f. 2600.) Stems ascending, 5-15 cm. high, appressed-pubescent. Leaves 
lanceolate to somewhat oblancolate, acuminate at the apex, entire or very nearly 
so, silvery canescent, 3.5-7-5 cm. long; flowers 2.5-5 cm. broad; calyx-tube 4-5 
times the length of the ovary; capsule oblong, broadly winged, rounded at the 
summit. Kans. to Tex. Summer. 

3. Megapterium Oklahomense Norton. Glabrous. Stems or branches 
1.5-3 d™' ^o'^g; leaves rather numerous, lanceolate or almost oblong, 3-9 cm. 
long, remotely toothed or merely undulate; calyx-tube 8-10 cm. long; calyx- 
segments purple-spotted; corollas 4-5 cm. broad; capsules oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, 
the wings less than I cm. broad. On prairies and hillsides. Kans, and Okla- 
homa. Summer. 

16. GALPINSIA Britton. 

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants with much-branched stems. Leaves alter- 
nate. Flowers yellow, axillary. Calyx-tube slender, longer than the ovary. 
Ovary 4-celled, elongated; stigma disk -like, entire. Capsules elongated, narrowed 
at the base, more or less curved. Seeds sometimes tuberculate. [Anagram of 
Saipingia.'] About 4 species, in the southern U. S. and Mex. 

I. Galpinsia Hartwegi (Benth.) Britton. Hartweg's Primrose. (I. F. f. 
2601,) Canescent or pubescent, much branched, 1.5-4 ^^- ^^^g^- Leaves linear- 
. oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 1.3-5 cm. long, entire or 
slightly repand-denticulate; flowers 1.8-5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes acuminate; 
petals rhombic-obovate, acutish; capsule nearly sessile, narrowly cylindric, 
12-25 i^ni. long, 2-4 mm. thick; seeds obscurely tuberculate. Prairies, Neb. and 
Colo, to Tex. and northern Mex. May-Sept. 

17. MERIOLIX Raf. 

Biennial or perennial herbs with branched stems or sometimes shrubby. Leaves 
alternate, narrow, entire or sharply serrate. Flowers regular, axillary, yellow. 
Calyx-tulDe funnelform, shorter than the ovary; calyx-segments keeled on the back. 
Petals often blotched at the base. Stigma disk-like, 4-toothed. Capsules linear, 
4-angled, sessile. Seeds longitudinally grooved. A monotypic genus. 

I. Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. Tooth-leaved Primrose. (I. F. f. 
2602.) Erect, canescent or glabrate, 1-5 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong, or 
lanceolate, sharply dentate or denticulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers 12-18 mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, the tube funnelform, silvery canescent; petals 
obovate, crenulate; capsule linear-cylindric, canescent, T.5-3 cm. long, about 
2 mm. thick, slightly grooved longitudinally. Li dry soil, Manitoba and Minn, to 
Tex. and N. Mex. May-July. 

Meriolix serrulkta spinulosa (T. & G.) Small. More robust than the species. 
Leaves usually more spiny-toothed ; flowers 2.5-5 cm. broad; petals with a dark blotch 
at the base. Saskatch. to Mo. and Tex. 

18. GAURA L, 

Annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate narrow leaves, and white, 
pink or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube narrow, prolonged 
beyond the ovarv, the limb 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Petals clawed, unequal. 
Stamens usually 8, declined, each with a small scale at the base. Ovary 4-celled; 
united styles declined; stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border; ovules 
usually 4, pendulous. Fruit nut-like, ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, 
1-4-seeded. [Greek, proud, some species being showy,] About 18 species, na- 
tives of N, Am, and Mex. 

Fruit sessile or very nearly so ; flowers spicate. 

Flowers 3-4 mm. broad; stig-ma little exserted beyond its cup, i. G. parvijlora. 

Flowers 8-10 mm. broad ; stig:ma exserted beyond its cup. 

Flowers red, turning: scarlet; fruit canescent. 2, G. coccinea. 

Flowers white, turning: pink; fruit villous. - 3. G. biennis. 

Fruit pedicelled: flowers racemose. 

Fruit about 6 mm. long-, the body nearly as thick as long. 4. G. Michauxii, 



ON A GRA CEA E. 663 

Fruit 10-14 mm. long, the body much longer than thick. 

Leaves mostly glabrous; fruit 14 mm. long, glabrous, its stout pedicel club- 
shaped. 5. G. sinuata. 
Leaves densely villous; fruit 10 mm. long, pubescent, its slender pedicel nearly 
filiform. 6. G. villosa. 

1. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered Gaura. (I. F. f. 2603.) 
Erect, villous-pubescent with whitish hairs, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repand- denticulate, softly pubescent, 3.5- 
10 cm. long; spikes elongated; flowers pink, the ovary and calyx-tube slender; fruit 
contracted at the base, 4-nerved, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. 
long. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Mo., La., Max., Ore. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 

2. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Scarlet Gaura. (I. F. f. 2604.) Erect or 
ascending, much branched, canescent or glabrate, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
lanceolate, or linear-oblong, denticulate, repand or entire, acute or obtuse at the 
apex, 1.2-3.5 cm. long; flowers red, turning scarlet; fruit terete below, 4-sided 
and narrowed above, canescent, 6-8 mm. long. Prairies and dry soil, Manitoba 
and Minn, to Neb., Tex., Mont., Utah, Ariz, and in Mex. May- Aug. 

3. Gaura biennis L. Biennial Gaura. (I. F. f. 2605.) Erect, villous or 
downy-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate at each end, remotely denticulate, 5-10 cm. long; spikes slender; 
flowers white, turning pink, 8-10 mm. broad; fruit narrowed at each end, 
4-ribbed, villous, 6-8 mm. long. In dry soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., 
Neb. and Ark. July-Sept. 

4. Gaura Michauxii Spach. Michaux' Gaura. (I. F. f. 2606.) Erect, 
glabrous or nearly so, paniculately branched above, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves 
linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, sinu- 
ate or denticulate, 2.5-8 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, long-peduncled ; 
flowers pedicelled, white, turning reddish, 6-8 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, 4-angled 
above, borne on a pedicel of nearly or quite its own length. In dry fields, Va. 
to 111., Kans., Fla. and La. July-Aug. 

5. Gaura sinuata Nutt. Wavy-leaved Gaura. (I. F. f. 2607.) Erector 
decumbent, glabrous, or rarely sparingly villous. Stem branched at the base, 
3-9 dm. tall, usually naked above; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, or nearly 
linear, sinuate-toothed, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute; calyx slightly pubescent, its tube 
funnelform, 2-4 mm. long; petals 8-10 mm. long; fruit 4-ridged and 4-grooved 
above the club-shaped pedicel. In dry soil, Kans. to Ark. and Tex. May-July. 

6. Gaura villosa Torr. Woolly Gaura. (I. F. f. 2608.) Erect or nearly 
so, canescent or villous. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, often naked above; leaves varying 
from lanceolate to oblanceolate or sometimes nearly linear, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, sinu- 
ate-toothed or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate; calyx canescent, its tube funnelform, 
2-4 mm. long; petals iO-i4mm. long; body of the fruit sharply 4-angled. abruptly 
narrowed into a filiform pedicel. In dry soil, Kans. to Ark. and Tex. June-Sept. 

19. STENOSIPHON Spach. 

Erect perennial herbs, with alternate sessile narrow leaves, and white flowers in 
elongated terminal spikes. Calyx-tube filiform, much prolonged beyond the 
ovary, 4-lobed. Petals clawed. Stamens 8, declined, not appendaged by scales at 
the base. Ovary i-celled; stigma as in Gaura. Fruit 8-ribbcd, indehiscent. 
i-celled, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Greek, referring to the slender calyx-tube.] 
A monotypic genus of the south-central U. S. 

I Stenosiphon linifolium (Nutt.) Britton. Flax-leaved Stenosivhon. 
(I. F. f. 2609.) Slender, glabrous, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear- 
lanceolate or linear, acuminate or acute at the apex, entire, 2.5-5 cm- long; spikes 
dense, narrow, sometimes 3 dm. long in fruit; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; calyx-tube 
very slender, 8-10 mm. long; fruit ovoid, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long, very nmcti 
shorter than the linear-subulate bracts. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to the Ind. Terr, 
and Tex. June-July. 

20. CIRCAEA L. 

Low slender perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white 
flowers in racemes. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, its limb 



664 FLORA. 

2-parted. Petals 2, notched. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-2- 
celled; ovules usually i in each cavity. Fruit obovoid, indehiscent, bristly with 
hooked hairs. [Named for Circe, the enchantress.] About 5 species, of the 
northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 

Fruit 2-celled ; leaves mainly of an ovate type. 

Hairs of the fruit stiff, copious. i. C. Lutetiana. 

Hairs of the fruit weak, few. 2. C. intertnedia. 

Fruit i-celled ; leaves mainly of a cordate type. 3. C. alpina. 

1. Circaea Lutetiana L. Enchanter's Nightshade. (I. F. f. 2610.) 

Finely pubescent, at least above; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate 
at the apex, rounded or rarely slightly cordate at the base, remotely denticulate, 
5-10 cm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; bracts deciduous; flowers 
about 3 mm. broad; fruit broadly obovoid, nearly 4 mm. long, densely covered 
with stiff hooked hairs. In woods, N. S. to western Ont., S. Dak., Ga., Neb. and 
Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

2. Circaea intermedia Ehrh. Resembling the preceding species in habit, 
glabrous or sparingly pubescent above ; stems 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, repand or sharply denticulate, cuneate or cordate at the 
base; fruit obovoid. 3-3.5 mm. long, with very slender, weak, hooked hairs orgla- 
brate. In woods, Me. and Vt. Also in Europe. Summer. 

3. Circaea alpina L. Smaller Enchanter's Nightshade. (I. F. f. 2611.) 
Smaller, 7-20 cm. high, weak, glabrate or pubescent above. Leaves ovate, acute 
or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely dentate, 2.5-5 
cm. long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; pedicels 3-4 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; 
fruit narrowly obovoid, about 2 mm. long, covered with weak, soft, hooked hairs. 
In cold moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Ind., Mich, and S. Dak. Also in Europe 
and Asia. July-Sept. 

Family 4. TRAPACEAE Dumort. 

Water-nut Family. 

Aquatic herbs, with opposite pinnatifid submerged leaves, and clus- 
tered rhombic-ovate dentate floating ones with inflated petioles. Flowers 
perfect, axillary, solitary, short-peduncled. Calyx-tube short, the limb 
4-parted, the lobes persistent. Petals 4, sessile, inserted on the perigy- 
nous disk. Stamens 4, inserted with the petals ; filaments subulate-filiform. 
Ovary 2-celled, conic above ; style subulate ; ovule i in each cavity. Fruit 
coriaceous or bony, large, 2-4-spinose or swollen at the middle, i-celled, 
I -seeded, indehiscent. Seed inverted. A single genus of 3 species, na- 
tives of Europe, tropical Asia and Africa. 

I. TRAPA L. 
Characters of the family. [Latin, from Calcitrapa, the Caltrop.] 

I. Trapa natans L. Swimming Water-nut. Water-chestnut. Water- 
caltrop. (I. F. f. 2612.) Rooting in the mud. Submerged leaves, pectinately 
dissected, 2-10 cm. long, floating leaves in a rosette, their blades rhombic-ovate, 
sharply dentate above, broadly cuneate and entire below, about 2.5 cm. wide, gla. 
brous and shining above, the conspicuous veins of the lower surface beset with short 
stiff hairs ; flowers white, about 6 mm. broad ; fruit 2-5 cm. long, armed with 4 
somewhat recurved spines. Nat. in ponds and streams, eastern Mass. and near 
Schenectady, N. Y. Native of Europe. June-July. 

Family 5. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. 

Water-jnilfoil Family. 

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or 
verticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers 
perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary 
or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4- 



HALORAGIDACEAE, 66$ 

lobed. Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 
or short-cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas 
papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or drupe, compressed, angular, 
ribbed or winged ; indehiscent, of 2-4 i -seeded carpels. Endosperm 
fleshy ; cotyledons minute. Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide 
distribution. 

Stamen i; ovary i-celled. i. Hippuris. 
Stamens 2-8 ; ovary 3-4-celled. 

Fruit 3"angled or 4-angled. 2. Proserpinaca. 

Fruit of 4 carpels. . 3« Myriophyllum. 

I. HIPPURIS L. 

Aquatic herbs, with simple erect stems, and verticillate simple entire leaves. 
Flowers small, axillary, perfect, or sometimes neutral or pistillate only. Limb of 
the calyx minute, entire. Petals none. Style filiform, stigmatic its whole length, 
lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small i-celled i -seeded drupe. [Greek, 
mare's-tail.] Three known species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones 
and of southern S. Am. Besides the following, the third occurs in arctic America. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate, in verticils of 5-12. i. //. vulgaris. 

Leaves obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate, in verticils of 4-6. 2. H. tetraphylla. 

1. Hippuris vulgaris L. Bottle Brush. Mare's-tail. Joint-weed. 
(I. F. f. 2613.) Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves acute, sessile, 1-25 mm. 
long, more or less sphacelate at the apex; stamen with a short thick filament, and 
comparatively large 2-celled anther, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds ovoid; stigma 
persistent. Swamps and bogs, Greenland to Alaska, Me., Lake Superior, N. Mex. 
and Cal. Also in Patagonia, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Hippuris tetraphylla L.f. Four-leaved Mare's-tail. (L F. f. 2614.) 
Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves not sphacelate at the apex or but slightly so, 8-14 mm. 
long. Lab. and Quebec to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in northern Europe 
and Asia. Summer. -- 

2. PROSERPINACA L. 

Aquatic herbs, with simple stems. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate or 
pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the triquetrous 
ovary, the limb 3-4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 4. Styles 3 or 4, cylin- 
dric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4-celled, with 
I seed in each cavity. [Middle Latin, forward-creeping.] Two known species, 
natives of eastern N. Am., extending to the W. I. 

Emersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate ; fruit sharp-angled, i. P. palusfris. 
Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid ; fruit obtusely angled. 2. P. pectinata. 

1. Proserpinaca paliistris L. Mermaid-weed. (I. F. f. 2615,) Glabrous, 
simple or sometimes branched, 2-5 dm. long. Emersed leaves, 2-5 cm. long, 2-12 
mm. wide, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate-pinnatifid into stiff linear 
acute segments which are often serrulate, bearing a minute black spine in their 
axils; flowers solitary or several together, sessile in the axils of the emersed leaves; 
fruit about 4 mm. long, the faces concave, smooth or rugose. In swamps, N. B. to 
Lake Huron, Fla., Iowa and Cent. Am. Also in Cubal! July. 

2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid- weed. (T. F. 
f. 2616.) Resembling the preceding, but usually smaller. Leaves all pectinate or 
pinnatifid, the segments shorter and rarely serrulate, more subulate, or capillary; 
calyx-lobes broader; fruit about 3 mm. long, the faces flat or slightly convex, often 
wrinkled or somewhat tuberculate, the angles obtuse. In sandy swamps near the 
coast, eastern Mass, to Fla. and La. Summer. 

3. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. 

Aquatic herbs, with verticillate or alternate leaves, the submerged ones pin- 
natifid into capillary segmei\ts. and axillary commonly n\ona\M'ous 2-bracted 
flowers, often interruptedly spicate. Upper flowers generally staminate with a very 
ghort calyx-tube, its limb 2-4-lobed, or none; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Interme- 



666 FLORA. 

diate flowers often perfect. Lower flowers pistillate, the calyx 4-grooved and with 
4 minute lobes, or none; ovary 2-4-celled; ovule I in each cavity, pendulous; styles 
4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting into 4 bony i -seeded indehiscent carpels. 
[Greek, myriad-leaved.] About 20 species, of wide distribution. In addition to 
the following, another occurs in the western U. S. The plants flower in summer. 

Carpels smooth. 

Flowers in emersed spikes. 

Floral leaves shorter than the flowers. 

Flowers in whorls. \. M. spicatum. 
Flowers alternate, or the lower sub-verticillate. 3. M. alterniflorum. 

Floral leaves longer than the flowers, pinnatifid. -2. M. verticillation. 

Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts. 4. M. ienellum. 

Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems. 5. M. humile. 

Flowers only on submersed stems. 9. M . proserpinacoides. 
Carpels rough or tuberculate. 
Flowers on emersed spikes. 

Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. 6. M. heterophyllum. 

Floral leaves linear, pectinate. 7. M. pinnatum. 

Flowers on submersed stems. 8. M. Farwellii. 

1. MyriophyMum spicatum L. Spiked Water-milfoil. (I. F. f. 2617.) 
Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's, dissected into capillary divisions. 
Floral leaves ovate, or sometimes none ; spike 2-8 cm. long ; petals 4, deciduous ; 
stamens 8; fruit about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. thick; carpels rounded on the back, 
with a deep wide groove between them. In deep water, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
Fla., Iowa, Kans. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 

2. Myriophylluili verticillatum L. Whorled Water-milfoil. (I. F. f. 
2618.) Submerged leaves in crowded whorls of 3's and 4's, the capillary divisions 
very slender, often minutely scabrate. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers; 
spike 5-15 cm. long; petals of the staminate flowers 4, purplish; stamens 8; fruit 
2-3 mm. long, and about 2 mm. thick, somewhat gibbous at the base. Quebec 
and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 

3. Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Loose-flowered Water-milfoil. 
(I. F. f. 2619.) Submerged leaves usually in whorls of 3's to 5's, occasionally scat- 
tered, the pinnate divisions capillary. Spikes short, 2-5 cm. long; uppermost floral 
leaves ovate or linear, entire or minutely toothed, early deciduous; petals of the 
staminate flowers 4, longer than the stamens, pale rose-color, deciduous; stamens 
8; fruit nearly 2 mm. long, slightly less than 2 mm. thick; carpels rounded on the 
back, with a deep groove between them. In deep water, eastern Mass. to Newf. 
and Greenland. Common in Europe. 

4. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Slender Water-milfoil. (I. F. .f. 
2620.) Stems slender, scape-like, nearly leafless, 4-30 cm. high. Rhizome creep- 
ing, sending up many sterile stems; flowers alternate, solitary; uppermost bracts 
obovate, often longer than the flowers, the lower oblong, often shorter, the lowest 
minute or none; petals 4, purplish; stamens 4; fruit I mm. long and about as 
thick at the top, sometimes enlarged at the base; carpels rounded or obtusely 
angled on the back, separated by a shallow groove. Sandy bottoms of ponds and 
streams. Newf. to N. J., Penn. and Mich. 

" 5. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. Low Water-milfoil. (I. F. f. 
2621.) Typical form terrestrial, 2-4 cm. high, rooting in mud. Leaves entire or 
pectinate. Floating forms with stems often 3 dm. long, with all or most of the 
leaves pectinate; these produce the typical form if they take root; petals 4, pur- 
plish; stamens 4; fruit usually less than 2 mm. long and about as thick at base, its 
carpels separated by a shallow groove. In ponds, Me., R. I., to Md. and 111. 

6. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Various-leaved Water-mil- 
foil. (I. F. f. 2622.) Floral leaves in whorls of 3's to 5's, linear, ovate or lan- 
ceolate, serrate or rarely entire, much longer than the flowers. Submerged leaves 
subverticillate or scattered, crowded, pectinate-pinnatifid, about 2 cm. long, the 
divisions capillary; flowering spike elongated; petals 4; stamens 4, rarely 6; fruit 
2 mm. long, and slightly longer than thick; carpels 2-keeled on the back. In 
ponds, Ont, and N. Y. to Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. 

7. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Pinnate Water-milfoil. 



ARALIA CEA E. 66"^ 

(I. F. f. 2623.) Leaves in whorls of 3's-5's, or sometimes scattered, the floral ones 
linear, serrate or pectinate, 5-12 mm. long, gradually passing into the submerged 
ones which are crowded, pinnately dissected, the divisions capillary; spikes 1-2 
dm. long; petals purplish; stamens 4, very rarely 6; carpels strongly 2-keeled and 
scabrous on the back, separated by deep grooves ; mature fruit about 2 mm. long. 
In ponds, R. I. to Fla., Kans., La., Tex. and Panama. 

8. Myriophyllum Farwellii Morong. Farwell's Water-milfoil. (I. Y. f. 
2624.) Dioecious (?). Specimens with submerged leaves only, in whorls of 3's- 
6's, or scattered, narrow, pinnately parted, the divisions finely capillary in 5—7 
opposite or subopposite pairs, with minute black spines in the axils; petals 

4, purplish, oblong; pistillate flowers only seen; styles 4, short; stamens 4, minute, 
abortive; fruit about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick; carpels crossed longitudinally 
by 3 or 4 tuberculate or slightly toothed ridges, 2 on the back and commonly i on 
each margin; groove between the carpels shallow. In still water, Me. to Mich. 

9. Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill. Chilian Water-milfoil. (I. F. 
f. 2625.) Dioecious. Leaves all alike and submerged, somewhat glaucous, pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid in crowded whorls of 4's and 5's, 1.5-2 cm. long; segments 20-25, 
capillary or sometimes linear-spatulate, about 5 mm. long; pistillate flowers axil- 
lary, about I mm. high, without petals; stigmas 4, white, plumose; young carpels 
glabrous; small white hair-like bracts are borne at the bases of the leaves and 
among the flowers. Haddonfield, N. J. Apparently established. Native of Chili. 

Order 27. UMBELLALES. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. 
Calyx-segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, 
adnate to the calyx, compound ; ovule i in each cavity. 

Stamens 5: styles 2-5, rarely united; flowers umbellate, capitate or panicled. 

Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 1. Araliaceae. 

Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 2. UmbelUferae. 

Stamens 4; style i; stigma i ; shrubs and trees; flowers not umbellate. 

Fam. 3. Coj'naceae. 

Family i. ARALIACEAE Vent. 

Ginseng Family. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate (rarely oppo- 
site) leaves, and flowers in umbels, heads, or panicles. Calyx-tube ad- 
nate to the ovary. Petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together, in- 
serted on the margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and 
alternate with them (rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk; 
anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, i-several-celled ; styles as^iiany as the 
cavities of the ovary ; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Seeds 
flattened, or somewhat 3-angled, the testa thin ; endosperm copious, 
fleshy; embryo small, near the hilum ; cotyledons ovate or oblong. About 
52 genera and 450 species, widely distributed. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. i. Aralia, 

Herbs; leaves verticillate, digitately compound ; styles 2 or 3. 2. Panax, 

I. ARALIA L. 

Leaves alternate, pinnately or ternately decompound. Flowers small mostly 
perfect, in racemose corymbose or paniculate umbels. Flowers white or groonisli. 
Petioles sheathing at the base. Stipules none or inconspicuous. Pedicels jointed 
below the flowers. Petals 5, spreading, obtuse, or with short infloxcd points, val- 
vate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed. Ovary 5-colled: styles 

5. Fruit a small berry enclosing about 5 seeds. About 27 species, natives of N. 
Am. and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the western I'. S. 
Umbels numerous, panicled or racemose. 

Spiny shrub or tree ; U^aflets thick, ovate. t. A. s/>inosa. 

Branching unarmed herb; leaflets thin, large, cordate. 2. .-/. racemosa^ 



66S FLORA. 

Umbels 2-several, sometimes numerous, terminal or corymbosa. 

Plant glabrate ; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis. 

Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy, erect. 4. A. hispida. 

1. Aralia spinosa L. Hercules' Club. Angelica or Spikenard Tree. 
(I. F. f. 2626.) A shrub or tree. Leaves long-petioled, bipinnate; leaflets acute 
or acuminate, stalked, serrate, dark green above, glaucous and sometimes slightly 
pubescent beneath, 2.5-10 cm. long; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; flowers 
white, 4 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, black, 5-lobed, about 6 mm. long; styles distinct. 
In low grounds and along streams. Conn, to Fla., Ind., Mo. and Tex. June-Aug. 

2. Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard. Indian-root. (I. F. f. 
2627.) Herbaceous, 1-2 m. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Roots large 
and thick, aromatic ; leaves ternately or rarely quinately compound, the divisions 
pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate or orbicular, thin, acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, sharply 
serrate; peduncles and pedicels puberulent; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. broad; 
fruit nearly globular, dark purple or reddish-brown, about 6 mm. in diameter; 
styles united below. In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and Kans. July-Aug. 

3. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild or Virginian Sarsaparilla. (I. F. f. 
2628.) Acaulescent or nearly so. Rootstock long; petioles erect, i.5-3 dm. long; 
primary divisions of the leaf ternate, slender-stalked, pinnately 3-5-foliolate; 
leaflets oval or ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, 5-13 cm. long; umbels commonly 
3, simple; involucre none; pedicels slender; flowers greenish, 3 mm. broad; fruit 
globose, purplish-black, about 6 mm. long. In woods, Newf. to Manitoba, N. Car., 
Neb. and Mo. May-June. 

Aralia nudicaulis prollfera A. C. Apgar. Leaves more divided and umbels com- 
pound. Western N. J. 

Aralia nudicaulis elong^ta Nash. Leaflets longer and narrower, gradually acumin- 
ate, coarsely serrate, paler beneath. Catskill Mountains. 

4. Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. (I. F. f. 
2629.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, the stem and petioles more or less hispid with slender 
bristles. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate or oval, acute, irregularly serrate, 2-5 
cm. long; umbels slender-peduncled, simple, corymbo-racemose at the summit of the 
stem; flowers white, 2 mm. broad; fruit dark purple, ^-Z mm. in diameter, strongly 
5-lobed when dry. In rocky or sandy woods and clearings, Newf. to N. Car., 
Ont., Minn, and Ind. June-July. 

2. PANAX L. 

Erect perennial herbs, with aromatic roots, and a verticil of digitately com- 
pound leaves at the summit. Umbel terminal, simple. Flowers greenish or white, 
polygamous. Calyx-limb obscurely 5 -toothed. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. 
Fruit a small drupe-like somewhat flattened berry, enclosing 2 or 3 seeds. [Greek, 
all-healing.] About 7 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Asia. 

Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. i. P. quinquefolium. 

Leaflets 3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifoHum. 

1. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. (I. F. f. 2630. ) Glabrous, 2-4 dm. 
high. Root fusiform, deep, simple or branched. Petioles 4-10 cm. long; leaflets 5 
(rarely 6 or 7), thin, ovate or obovate, 5-13 cm. long, irregularly dentate; peduncle 
slender, 2-5 cm. long; umbel 6-20-flowered ; flowers greenish yellow, about 2 mm. 
broad; styles usually 2; fruit flattened, somewhat didymous, bright crimson, i cm. 
broad. In rich woods, Quebec to Ala., Minn., Neb. and Mo. July-Aug. 

2. Panax trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng or Ground-nut. (I. F. f. 2631.) 
Glabrous, 0.7-2 dm. high. Root globose, deep, about i cm. in diameter, pungent 
to the taste; petioles 1-5 cm. long; leaflets 3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse, 
usually narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long, dentate or serrate; peduncles 2.5-6 
cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, in fruit; flowers white, often monoecious, about 
2 mm. broad; styles usually 3; fruit mostly 3-angled (or when with 2 styles, didy- 
mous), yellow, about 4 mm. broad. In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Ga., 
Ont., Minn., Iowa and 111. April-June. 



UMBELLIFERAE. 669 

Family 2. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss.* 
Carrot Family. 

Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple 
leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely 
present and minute. Flowers small, generally in compound or simple 
umbels, rarely in heads or capitate clusters, often polygamous. Umbels 
and umbellets commonly involucrate or involucellate. Calyx-tube ad- 
nate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed, the teeth seldom 
conspicuous. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx, usually with 
an infiexed tip, often emarginate or 2-lobed, those of the outer flowers 
sometimes larger than those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
epigynous disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2- 
celled ; styles 2, filiform, persistent, often borne on a conic or depressed 
stylopodium ; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, 
composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which generally separate from each 
other at maturity along the plane of their contiguous faces (the commis- 
sure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right angles to the commis- 
sure), or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or nearly terete (not 
flattened). Carpels after parting from each other supported on the sum- 
mit of a slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5 primary ribs in their 
pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some genera with 4 additional secondary 
ones, the ribs or some of them often winged. Pericarp membranous or 
corky-thickened, usually containing oil-tubes between the ribs, or under 
the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, 
sometimes none. Seeds i in each carpel, usually adnate to the pericarp ; 
seed-coat thin ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo small, placed near the 
hilum; cotyledons ovate, oblong or linear. About 170 genera and 1600 
species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for the cer- 
tain determination of most of the genera and many of the species. The 
following key is wholly artificial. 

* Leaves simple, undivided, sometimes slightly lobed. 
Leaves narrow, mostly spiny-toothed ; flowers in dense heads. 4. Eryngium. 

Leaves ovate and perfoliate in our species ; flowers yellow. 15. Bupleurum. 

Leaves orbicular or ovate, slender-petioled, often peltate. 

Ribs of the fruit simple ; leaves i at a node. i. Ilydrocotyle. 

Ribs anastom^ng ; leaves tufted at the nodes. 2. Centella. 

Leaves reduced to hollow jointed petioles or phyllodes. 

Umbels simple, few-flowered; plant low. 21. Liliaeopsis. 

Umbels compound ; plant tall. 42. Oxypolis. 

* * Leaves, or some of them, pinnate, ternate, digitate, decompound or deeply lobed. 

Flowers in sessile or short-stalked capitate clusters opposite the leaves. 

9. Torilis. 
Flowers in simple umbels; leaves pedately lobed. i. Hydrocotyle. 

Flowers in dense peduncled heads ; leaves sometimes bristly. 4' Erytigmm. 

Flowers in more or less compound umbels. 
1. Flowers white, greenish or pink. 

a. Fruit, or its beak, bristly, papillose or tuberculate. 

Leaves digitately 3-7-parted or lobed. 3. Sanicula. 

Leaves pinnately or ternately decompound or dissected. 

Fruit linear, ribbed, long-attenuate at the base. 8. U'iis/n'ngtonia. 
Fruit linear, with a beak much longer than the body. 

7. Scattdix. 
Fruit ovoid, small, tuberculate or bristly. 
Carpels flattened dorsally. 

Seed- face concave. ii- A pi as t rum. 

Seed-face flat. 17. Ammosdinum, 



*Text prepared >vHh the assistance of Dr. J. N. Rose, 



670 FLORA. 

Carpels terete, or slightly flattened laterally. 43. Spermolepis. 
Fruit with 4 strong- bristly wings. 

Fruit dorsally flattened ; calyx-teeth obsolete. 48. Daucus. 
Fruit laterally flattened ; calyx-teeth prominent. 

9. Torilis, 
b. Fruit smooth, ribbed or winged, rarely pubescent. 

Fruit winged, at least on the lateral ribs, dorsally flattened. 

Plants acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves bipinnate or dissected. 

44. Peucedanum. 
Plants tall, leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves simply ternate or pinnate. 

Leaf-segments ovate-lanceolate to oblong. 

42. Oxypolis. 
Leaf-segments very broad. 45. Imperatoria. 

Leaves ternately or pinnately compound ; segments broad. 
Segments ovate or oval, not cordate. 

Bracts of the involucels setaceous or none. 

38. Angelica. 
Bracts of the involucels connate at base. 

39. Levisticum. 
Segments large, cordate, pubescent. 47. Heracleutn. 

Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound ; segments narrow. 

37. Conioselinum. 
Fruit winged or wingless, not flattened either dorsally or laterally. 

All its ribs winged. 40. Cymopterus. 

Ribs distinct, but not winged. 

Leaves finely dissected; segments narrow. 32. ^thusa. 
Leaf-segments broad. 

Fruit with numerous oil-tubes between the ribs. 

34. Ligusticutn. 
Fruit with solitary oil-tubes between the ribs. 

35. Coelopleurum. 
Leaves entire, or with a few narrow segments. 30. Cynosciadium. 

Fruit laterally flattened. 

Fruit broader than long, the carpels globose, attached by a very nar- 
row commissure. 10. Bifora. 
Fruit linear or linear-oblong. 

Leaves 3-foliolate. 21. Deringa. 

Leaves decompound or finely dissected. 

Fruit long-beaked, smooth, ribless. 6. Anthriscus. 

Fruit short-beaked or beakless, ribbed. 5. Chaerophyllum. 
Fruit ovoid or oval. 

Umbels opposite the leaves. 16. Apium. 

Umbels terminal or axillary. 

Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments. 

Ribs of the fruit equal, prominent. 29. Ptilimnium. 
Lateral ribs much thickened. 16. Apiuyn. 

Ribs filiform, inconspicuous. 22. Carum. 

Leaves pinnate or decompound; segments linear to ovate-oblong. 
Plants acaulescent, or nearly so. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular. 

12. Erigenia. 
Calyx-teeth prominent ; fruit oblong. 

14. Musineon. 
Plants leafy-stemmed. 

Oil-tubes of the fruit none. 

Leaves biternate with broad segments. 

25. ^gopodium. 
Leaves decompound into small pinnatifid segments. 

13. Conium. 
Oil-tubes solitary between the ribs; leaves pinnate. 

20. Ctcuta. 
Oil-tubes numerous. 

Leaves pinnately compound ; segments linear. 

26. Eulophiis. 
Leaves pinnate; the segments sometimes pinnatifid. 

Tall native marsh perennials. 

Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals between the 
prominent ribs. 27. Stum, 



UMBELLIFERA E, -67 1 

Oil-tubes numerous and close together 
along inner side of the pericarp ; ribs 
filiform. 28. Berula. 

Introduced plant of dry ground. 

24. Pimpinella. 
2. Flowers yellow or purple. 
Fruit dorsally flattened. 

Plants acaulescent ; leaves finely dissected. 44. Peucedanum. 

Plants leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves pinnate; segments ovate; fruit with thin lateral wings. 

46. Pastinaca. 
Leaves pinnately compound ; fruit-wings thick and corky. 

41. Polytaerna. 
Fruit not flattened ; ribs or some of them winged. 36. Thaspium. 

Fruit laterally flattened; leaves decompound (except in Zizia), 

Leaf-segments oval or ovate, entire. 23. Taetitdia. 

Leaf-segments crenate, lobed or incised. 

Leaf -segments broad, crenate or dentate. 19. Zizia. 

Leaf-segments deeply incised. 

Plant native, western; ribs of the fruit filiform. 

14. Muiitteon. 
Plant sparingly escaped from cultivation ; ribs prominent. 

18. Petroselinum. 
Leaf-segments filiform; fruit prominently ribbed. 

33. Foe7%iculum. 

I. hydroco'tyle l. 

Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with palmately 
lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 2 scale-like 
stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves. Bracts of the 
involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk flat. Fruit lat- 
erally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 5 primary ribs, 
the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes, but an oil-bearing layer of tis- 
sue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About 75 species of wide dis- 
tribution. Besides the following another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 

Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate. 

Umbels simple, rarely shghtly proliferous ; pedicels slender. i. H. umbellata. 

Umbels, at least some of them, proliferous; pedicels, or some of them, short. 

Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi. 

Fruit not notched at either end. 3, H. verticillata. 
Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, or reniform, not peltate. 

Leaves 5-13-lobed ; umbels nearly sessile. 4. H. Americana. 

Leaves 3-7-cleft; umbels long-peduncled. 5. PI. ran7tnc\iIoides. 

1. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Umbellate or Many-flowered Marsh- 
pennywort. (I. F. f. 2703.) Glabrous; stem creeping, the subterranean branches 
tuberiferous. Petioles slender, 2-15 cm. long; leaves sometimes cordate at the 
base, 1-4 cm. wide, crenately 7-11-lobed, the lobes mostly crenulate; pedicels 
slender, 4-12 mm. long; mature "fruit notched at both ends, 2-3 mm. broad, not 
qujte^s long; intermediate ribs corky-thickened; dorsal rib obtuse. In swamps 
and low grounds, eastern Mass. to Fla. and the W. Indies, Minn., Tex. and Mex. 
Also in S. Am. June-Sept. 

2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. Canby's Marsh-pennywort. (I. F. f. 
2704.) Stems creeping, sometimes 3 dm. long, the subterranean branches tuberif- 
erous. Leaves 1-4 cm. wide, with 7-1 1 shallow mostly crenulate lobes; peduncles 
elongated; inflorescence mostly proliferous; verticils 3-10-flowered; pedicels 2-S 
mm. long; fruit about 2 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, much flattened, the interme- 
diate ribs corky-thickened, the dorsal one very obtuse. In moist ground, N. J. to 
Md. June-Sept. 

3. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Whorled Marsh-pknnywort. (I. F. 
f. 2705.) Similar to the two preceding. Inflorescence proliferous, 2-5 cm. long; 
verticils 2 -6-flowered; pedicels usually less than I mm. long; fruit alxnit 2 mm. 
long, 3-4 mm. broad, rounded or truncate at each end; intermediate ribs not corky- 
tluckened, the dorsal one acute. In moist soil, Mass. to Fla.. west to southern 
Cal., and in Central and S. Am. June-Sent. 



6/2 FLORA. 

4. Hydrocotyle Americana L. American Marsh-pennywort. (I. F. f. 
2706,) Stems creeping, often bearing small tubers; leaves reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, 
with shallow lobes; umbels sessile or very nearly so, 1-5-flowered; pedicels less 
than 2 mm. long; fruit slightly more than I mm. broad and nearly as high, the 
ribs all filiform. In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Penn. and N. Car. June-Sept. 

5. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. Floating Marsh-pennywort. 
(I. F. f. 2707.) Stem usually floating, rooting from the nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
Petioles elongated, weak; leaves reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, 3-7 -cleft, the lobes cre- 
nate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles, recurved in fruit; umbels 5-10- 
flowered ; fruit nearly orbicular, about 3 mm. broad, the ribs obscure and filiform. 
In ponds and swamps, Penn. to Fla., near the coast, west to Tex.; Ore. to L. Cal. 
Also in Cent, and S. Am., Abyssinia and Italy. June-Sept. 

2. CENTELLA L. 

Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems root- 
ing and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1-3. 
long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-bases 
sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prorninent. Calyx-teeth none. 
Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, 
rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-tubes none. [Latin, 
diminutive of centrum, a prickle.] About 20 species, of wide distribution, most 
abundant in S. Africa. 

I. Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban. Ovate-leaved Marsh-pennywort. 
(I. F. f. 2708..) Stem 2-15 cm. long. Petioles 0.5-3 dm. long, sometimes pubes- 
cent; blades ovate, rather thick, rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base, 
not peltate, 2-4 cm. long, repand-dentate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves, 
I-5 cm. long; umbellets capitate, 2-4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flow- 
ers nearly sessile; fruit 4-5 mm. broad, about 3 mm. high, prominently ribbed and 
reticulated. In wet grounds, Md. to Fla., west to Tex. Also in tropical Am., 
Asia, Africa and Australia. June-Sept. 

3. SANI'CULA L. 

Perennial or biennial mostly glabrous herbs, with palmately 3-7-foliolate or 
pinnatifid leaves and small flowers in compound generally few -rayed umbels. Um- 
bellets globose. Involucre foliaceous; involucels small. Calyx-lobes mostly per- 
sistent. Petals obovate, or narrower, emarginate. Disk flat. Fruit somewhat 
flattened laterally, subglobose, covered with hooked bristles in our species. Car- 
pels not ribbed; oil-tubes usually 5. [From the Latin, to heal.] About 20 
species, natives of the north temperate zone, S. Am. and S. Africa. Besides the 
following, about lO others occur ui the southern and western U. S. 

* Perennial; some staminate flowers in separate heads; styles longer than the bristles. 
Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx-segments lanceolate, cuspidate ; fruit 6 mm. 

2qj^ I. S. Marylandica. 

Petals and anthers yellow ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse ; fruit 3 mm. long, or less. 

2. S. gregaria. 

* * Biennial; staminate flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the 

bristles. 
Leaves i-q-divided- pedicels of staminate flowers 2 mm. long; fruit less than 4 mm. 

Jq^ ^ "^ • Z- S. Canadensis. 

Leaves vfoliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 4 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. long, or more. 

4. S. trifoliata. 

I. Sanicula Marylandica L. Sanicle. Black Snake-root. (L F. f. 
2664.) Rather stout, 4-12 dm. high, topped by a 2-4-rayed umbel. Leaves 
firm, bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile, 5-7-parted; segments 
4-15 cm. long, obovate to oblanceolate, serrate or dentate, often incised; involucral 
leaves much smaller, 3 -cleft; involucel-bracts rarely 2 mm. long; pedicels of 
staminate flowers 4 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. long, parted into subulate segments; 
petals little exceeding the calyx; fruit sessile, ovoid, the slender recurved styles 
longer than the stout bristles; oil-tubes 5, large; seed furrowed dorsally. In rich 
woods, Newf. to Alberta, Ga. and Colo. May-July, 



UMBELLIFERAE. 673 

2. Sanicula gregaria Bickriell. Clustered Snake-root. (I. F. f. 2665.) 
Stems erect, 3-9 dm. high, umbellate-branched, the branches slender. Leaves 
thin, bright green, 5 -divided; segments stalked, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate, doubly serrate with bristle- tipped teeth, sharply incised, mostly less 
than 8 cm. long; basal leaves numerous, those of the stem only i or 2, petioled; in- 
volucralleaves large, 3-parted; pedicels of staminate flowers, 2-3 mm. long, 3 or 4 
times the length of the minute campanulate calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals 
much surpassing the calyx; fruit stipitate, broadly obovoid, 3 mm. long, the 
slender styles recurved; bristles very small; oil-tubes 5; seed not furrowed. In 
woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Neb. May-June. 

3. Sanicula Canadensis L. Short-styled Snake-root. (I. F. f. 2666.) 
Rather dull green, 3-12 dm. high, widely branched, the umbellate fruit-bearing 
rays only 2-10 mm. long. Stem leafy; leaves petioled, 3-5 -divided; segments 
cuneate-obovate to narrowly oblong, acute, mucroiiate-serrate, or incised, often 
small; involucral leaves small, those of the involucels bract-like; staminate flowers 
few; calyx i mm. long, parted into linear- lanceolate acute lobes which exceed the 
minute white petals; fruit short- stipitate, subglobose; the bristles slender; oil-tubes 
5; seed dorsally furrowed. In woodlands, Vt. to Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. June- Aug. 

4. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell. Large-fruited Snake-root. (I. F. f. 2667.) 
Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Umbels of 3-5 often irregular rays 8-25 mm. long; 
leaves rather bright green, thin, slender-petioled, 3 -divided; segments stalked, 
broadly ovate, or obovate, or the lateral ones rhomboid, acute, coarsely doubly ser- 
rate, or incised, the teeth spinulose-cuspidate ; staminate flowers few; calyx i mm. 
long, its linear rigid lobes incurved, subulate; petals white, about half as long as 
the calyx; larger oil-tubes 2, with numerous minute ones; seed not sulcate. In 
hilly woods, Vt, to Ont., N. Y. and Ind, June-July. 

4. ERYNGIUM L. 

Herbs, with spiny-toothed lobed dentate or sometimes dissected, rarely entire 
leaves, and bracted heads or spikes of small white or blue flowers subtended by 
bractlets. Calyx-teeth rigid, pungent, or acute. Petals erect. Disk expanded. 
Fruit scaly or tuberculate, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, 
their ribs obsolete or none, the oil-tubes usually 5. [Greek, a kind of thistle.] 
About 150 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 18 others 
occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Plants erect, tall ; stem-leaves spiny or bristly-margined. 

Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. i. E. aquatictan. 

Leaves elongated-linear, reticulate-veined. 2. E. Virginicirntjn. 

Stem-leaves palmately incised-pinnatifid. 3. E. Leavenivoi-thii. 

Plants prostrate, slender; leaves unarmed. 4. E. prostratton. 

1. Eryngium aquaticum L, Rattlesnake-master. Button Snake- 
Koot. (I. F. f. 2660.) Stout, 6-18 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves acuminate, mostly 
clasping at the base, the lower sometimes i m. long and 4 cm. wide; heads stout- 
peduncled, globose-ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, longer than the ovate or lanceolate cuspi- 
date bracts; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; fruit scaly, about 2 mm. long. In wet soil 
or upland. Conn, to S. Dak., Fla., Kans. and Tex. June-Sept. 

2. Eryngium Virginianum Lam. Virginian Eryngo. (I. F. f. 2661.) 
Stem glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Upper stem-leaves linear, acuminate, sessile and 
clasping at the base, 5-20 cm. long, rarely laciniate; basal and lower leaves long- 
petioled, the blade linear-oblong, entire, or remotely denticulate; heads subgloK^se, 
8-14 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the lanceolate reflexed bracts; bractlets 
usually 3-cuspidate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, cuspidate; fruit scaly. In marshes 
near the coast, N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. July -Sept. 

3. Eryngium Leavenworthii T. & Ci. Leavenworth's Eryngo. (I. F. 
f. 2662.) Stout, glabrous, 3-9 dm.- high. Stem-leaves sessile, palmately pinnati- 
fid into spiny-toothed segments; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate. mosth- ob- 
tuse, spinose-denticulate ; heads peduncled, ovoid-oblong. 25 cm. long, miualling 
or longer than the spinose bracts; bractlets 3-7-cuspid;ite. those oi. the upper part 
of the heads large and resembling the bracts; calyx-lobes innnaiilid. In drv soil, 
Kans. to Tex. July-Oct. 



674 FLORA, 

4. Eryngium prostratum Nutt. Prostrate Eryngo. (I. F. £ 26('3.) Pros- 
trate, rooting from the nodes, the branches very slender. Lower and basal leaves 
slender-petioled, oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire, or crenate-dentate; stem- 
leaves smaller, often clustered at the nodes, ovate, few-toothed, or entire, or some of 
them 3-parted; heads ovoid-oblong, dense, about 6 mm. long, mostly shorter than 
the lanceolate reflexed bracts; bractlets very small; fruit about i mm. long, tuber- 
culate. In low grounds, Ky. to Mo. , Fla. and Tex. Summer. 

5. chaerophy'llum l. 

Herbs, our species annuals, with decompound leaves and small umbels of white 
flowers. Involucre none or rarely of i or 2 bracts. Involucels of numerous small 
bractlets. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong, flattened 
laterally. Carpels 5 -angled, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs slender, obtuse; 
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face channeled. [Greek, pleasant leaf, 
from the fragrance.] About 30 species, only the following North American. 

Fruit not beaked, its ribs slender, narrower than the intervals between them. 

. I. C. procumbens. 

Fruit beaked, its prominent ribs mostly as broad as the intervals. 2. C. Teinturieri. 

1. Chaerophy Hum procumbens (L.)Crantz. Spreading Chervil. (I. F. f. 
2678.) More or less pubescent, slender, spreading, 1.5-5 ^"^- ^ig^- Lower leaves 
ternately decompound, the divisions ovate, pinnatifid, the ultimate segments ob- 
tuse; umbels 2-6-rayed; rays 2-5 cm. long in fruit; flowers few in the umbellets; 
bracts of the involucels ovate; fruit glabrous, 4-5 mm. long. In moist groxmd, 
N. Y. and Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. April-June. 

Chaerophyllum prociimbens Shortii T. & G. Fruit broader, ovate-oblong', pubes- 
cent, blunt, or scarcely narrowed at the summit. Penn. to Ky., La. and Ark. 

2. Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. Teinturier's Chervil. (I. F. f. 
2679.) Similar to the preceding, much branched, often taller. Ultimate leaf- 
segments acute or obtuse; rays of the umbels 2-8 cm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. long, 
less than 2 mm. wide, glabrous, or pubescent. In dry soil, Va. to Tenn., Kans., 
Fla. and Tex. March-May. 

6. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm. 

Annual or biennial herbs, with decompound leaves, and compound umbels" of 
white flowers. Involucre commonly none ; involucels of numerous bracts. Calyx- 
teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium conic or depressed. Fruit linear in our 
species, beaked, laterally compressed. Carpels nearly terete, ribless except at 
the beak; oil-tubes none. Seed-face channeled. [Greek name of this or some 
allied plant. ] About 10 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Anthriscus Cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Garden Chervil or Beaked- 
parsley. (I. F. f. 2676.) Annual, glabrous, or finely pubescent above, 4-6 dm. 
high. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all ter- 
nately decompound into small segments; umbels 3-6-rayed, the rays divergent, 
I-4 cm. long in fruit; pedicels stout, 4-6 mm. long; bracts of the involucels linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. long, glabrous and ribless, 
tipped with a ribbed beak of one-third its length. Eastern and southern Penn. 
Nat. from Europe. May-June. 

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. WiLD Beaked-PARSLEY, a tall anmial with 
glabrous beakless fruit, has been found as a waif on Staten Island, and in ballast about 
the seaports. 

Anthriscus Anthriscus (L.) Karst. BUR-CHERViL, readily 'recognized by its short- 
beaked muricate fruit, has been found as a waif in N. S., according to Macoun. 

7. SCANDIX L. 
Annual herbs, with dissected leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. 
Involucre none, or rarely of i bract. Involucels of several bracts. Petals mostly 
unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, or linear-oblong, flattened laterally, pro- 
longed into a beak mostly much longer than the body; primary ribs prominent; 
secondary ribs none ; oil-tubes solitary, or wanting. Seed-face sulcate. Stylopo- 
dium short. [Greek name of the plant.] About 10 species, of the Old World. 



UMBELLIFERA E. 6y 5 

I. Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. Venus'- or Lady's-comb. Shepherd's- 
NEEDLE. (I. F. f. 2683.) Pubescent; stem 1.5-5 <i^- high. Leaves 2-3-piimately 
dissected, the lobes acute, less than i mm. wide; involucels of several lanceolate 
bracts sometimes 2-3-lobed at the apex; flowers nearly sessile; fruiting carpels 
8-12 mm. long, terminated by a straight flat beak 4-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. 
wide, its edges with stiff ascending hairs. In waste places, N. J., D. C, and in 
ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. May-July. 

8. WASHINGTONIA Raf. 
Perennial herbs from fleshy clustered roots, with decompound leaves, and few- 
rayed umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels of few narrow bracts, or 
none. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit narrow, linear or oblong-linear, short- 
beaked, compressed, bristly along the ribs, attenuated at the base. Carpels 
5 -angular, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes obso- 
lete or none, [In honor of George Washington.] About 15 species, of N. Am., 
Asia and S. Am. Besides the following about 8 others occur in the western U. S. 
Pubescent ; style and stylopodium i mm. long or less. 

Style with stylopodium i mm. long; involucel-bracts mostly present. 

I. TV, Claytoni. 
Stylopodium 0.5 mm. long; involucel-bracts few or none. 3. W. divaricata. 

Glabrate; style and stylopodium 2 mm. long. 2. W. longistylis. 

1. Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britton. Woolly Sweet-cicely. 
(I. F. f. 2680.) Erect, 4-9 dm. high, villous-pubescent. Lower leaves sometimes 
3 dm. wide, the segments ovate or oval, incised- dentate; umbels longpeduncled, 
2-6-rayed; rays divaricate, 2-5 cm. long in fruit; involucels of several subulate 
bracts; fruit about 12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; stylopodium slender-conic. 
In woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Minn,, N. Car., 111. and Kans. May-June. 

2. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Smoother Sweet- cicely. 
(I. F. f. 2681.) Similar to the preceding but only slightly pubescent, the stems 
and petioles at length quite glabrous; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, 6-8 mm. 
long, persistent. In woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ala., Tenn. and Kans. Roots 
more spicy than those of W. Claytoni. May- June. 

3. Washingtonia divaricata Britton. Western Sweet-cicely. (I. F. f. 
2682.) Stem 6-9 dm. high; leaf-segments thin, ovate, acute, or acuminate, 
coarsely toothed and usually incised, 1-6 cm. long; umbels long-peduncled, 3-6- 
rayed, the very slender divaricate rays 5-10 cm. long in fruit; involucels of 1-3 
subulate bracts, or none; pedicels very slender, 4-25 cm. long; fruit about 12 mm. 
long, 2 mm. wide or rather more, beaked. Manitoba to S. Dak., Br. Col. and 
Cal. May-June. 

9. TORILIS Adans. 
Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com- 
pound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. Bracts 
of the involucre few and small or none. Involucels of narrow bracts. Petals mostly 
2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid or oblong. Primary ribs 5. fili- 
form. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of barbed or hooked bristles 
or tubercles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural 
side. [The Greek name.] About 20 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
Umbels sessile or short-stalked, capitate, opposite the leaves. i, 7". tiodosa. 

Umbels compound, peduncled ; rays slender. 2. T, Anthriscus, 

1. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Knotted Hedge-parsley. (1. F. f. 2633.) 
Decumbent and spreading. Leaves bipinnate, the segments linear-obkmg, 
acute; rays 1-3, very short; fruit sessile, ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the outer with 
barbed prickles on the secondary ribs, the inner with tubercles. In waste places, 
Pa., Md. and Iowa. Also in the Southern States, Cal., the W. Indies and S. Am. 
Adventive from Europe. May Aug. \CaiicaIis nodosa (\...) Huds.] 

2. Torilis Anthriscus (L.) C.mel. Erect IIedgk-parslev. (I. F. f. 2634. ) 
Erect, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves bipinnate, or the upj-iermost simply pinnate, the seg- 
ments lanceolate, obtuse, dentate or pinnatifid; umbels slender-peduncled; pedicels 
2-4 mm. long in fruit; rays 3-8, about I cm. long: fruit ovoid-oblong, densely 
bristly, 3-4 mm. long. In waste places, N. J. to D. C. and Ohio. Adventive 
from Europe. July-Scpt. \Cancalis Ant hri sens (L.) lluds.] 



^^6 



FLORA. 



10. BIFORA Hoffm. 



Glabrous annuals, with dissected leaves and few-rayed umbels of white flowers. 
Involucre and involucels of few small bracts. Fruit didymous, laterally flattened, 
with globose glabrous hard carpels. Carpels with 4 filiform secondary ribs. Stylo- 
podium conic. Styles recurved. Oil-tubes none. [Latin, referring to the didy- 
mous fruit. ] About 4 species, natives of N. Am. and Europe. 

I. Bifora Americana (DC.) A. Gray. American Bifora. Slender, 
roughish above, 2-4 dm. high. Ultimate leaf-segments narrowly linear, acutish. 
Rays 5-8, 2.5 cm. long or less; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; carpels about 2 mm. in 
diameter. Mo. (according to Drude); Ark. to Tex. and N. Mex. April-May, 

Bifora rddians Bieb., has been collected in waste places and ballast, in R. I. and 
Penn. It differs from the preceding in its larger wrinkled fruit. 

11. APIASTRUM Nutt. 

Annual glabrous much branched herbs, with petioled finely dissected leaves, the 
leaf-segments linear or filiform. Flowers very small, white, in compoimd unequal- 
rayed umbels. Involucre none ; involucels of a few small bracts, or none. Calyx- 
teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, or suborbicular, laterally flattened, tuber cled, not 
ribbed; pericarp thin; oil-tubes few, not clustered, 2 on the commissural side. 
Seed-face concave. Stylopodium small. [Greek, false celery.] Two species, the 
following, and one in Cal. 

I. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Spreading Apiastrum. (I. F. 
f. 2672.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, divergently branched above. Stem-leaves short- 
petioled, biternately dissected; umbels terminal, or axillary, I-4 cm. broad; rays 
6-12 mm. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long in fruit; fruit ovate, slightly more than 
I mm. long, more or less tuberculate, usually densely so. Neb. and Mo. to Tex. 
and N. Mex. Jtme. 

12. ERIGENIA Nutt. 

Low glabrous nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, arising from a deep tuber, 
with ternately decompound leaves, usually a single-leaved involucre, and small 
umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals flat, entire. Fruit nearly 
orbicular, notched at both ends, glabrous. Carpels incurved at top and bottom, 
with 5 slender ribs and I -3 small oil-tubes in the intervals. [Greek, spring- 
born. ] A monotypic genus. 

I. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger of Spring. (I. F. f. 2709.) 
Stem scapose, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-4, ternately divided into thin 
oblong obtuse segments, the involucral one similar, smaller; petioles much dilated 
at the base; umbels mostly compound, of I-4 slender rays; involucels spatulate 
or sometimes foliaceous; pedicels 2-5 mm. long in fruit; fruit about 2 mm. long 
and 3 mm. broad. Ont. to D. C, Ala., Minn, and Kans. Feb.-April. 

13. CONIUM L. 

Tall biennial glabrous herbs, with spotted stems, pinnately decompound leaves, 
and small white flowers in compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involu- 
cels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete ; petals obcordate, or entire 
with a short inflexed point; fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened later- 
ally. Carpels strongly wavy-ribbed; large oil-tubes none, but a layer of oil- 
secreting tissue next the deeply concave seed. [Greek, hemlock.] Two species, 
one of them native of Europe and Asia, the other of Africa. 

I. Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. (I. F. f. 2684.) Erect, 
much-branched, 6-15 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile 
or nearly so, all pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ultimate 
segments dentate, or incised; petioles dilated and sheathing at the base; umbels 
2-8 cm. broad, the rays slender, 2-4 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 4-6 mm. long in 
fruit ; flowers about 2 mm. broad ; fruit 3 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, its ribs very 
prominent when dry. In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Del., Ind. and Mich. 
Also in Cal. and Mex. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 



UMBELLIFERAE. 677 

14. MUSINEON Raf. 

Low perennial resiniferous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com- 
pound umbels of yellow or white flowers. Involucre none. Bracts of the involu- 
cels few, narrow. Calyx-teeth ovate. Stylopodium small, depressed. Fruit 
ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed laterally. Carpels somewhat 5 -angled, 
the ribs filiform, equal; oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals. Seed-face concave. 
[A name of fennel. ] Three known species, natives of N. Am. 

Stem leafy, branching ; fruit about 4 mm. long. i. M. divaricatum. 

Plant acaulescent, tufted ; fruit about 2 mm. long. 2. M. tenui/olium. 

1. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. Leafy Musineon. (L F. f. 2673.) 
Branched, glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves bipinnatifid, petioled, 5-15 cm. 
long, the rachis narrowly winged, the segments oblong or ovate, acutish, 3-5 -den- 
tate; umbels mostly long-peduncled, 2.5-6 cm. broad, 8-25-rayed; rays 6-25 mm. 
long; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, or very nearly so. Prairies, S. Dak. to Mani- 
toba, the N. W. Terr, and Ore. May-June. 

2. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt. Scapose Musineon. (L F. f. 2674.) 
Acaulescent from a woody root, tufted, glabrous, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves decom- 
pound into linear acute incised segments; umbel I-2.5 cm. broad, 5-18-rayed; 
rays 4-10 mm. long; flowers greenish white (?); fruit oblong, nearly smooth, its 
ribs rather prominent when dry. In dry rocky places, S. Dak., Neb. and in the 
Rocky Mts. June-July. 

15. BUPLEURUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate leaves, and 
compound umbels of yellow or greenish yellow flowers. Involucre none in our 
species. Involucels of 5 ovate mucronate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopo- 
dium conic. Styles short. Fruit oblong or oval, somewhat compressed laterally. 
Carpels angled, with slender equal ribs ; oil-tubes none in our species. Seed-face 
concave. [Greek, ox-ribbed, referring to the leaves.] About 65 species of wide 
distribution. Besides the following another occurs in northwestern Am. 

I. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Hare's Ear. Thorough-wax. (I. F. f. 
2677.) Annual, rather stiff, glabrous, pale, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, 
or oval, mostly obtuse, mucronate, 2-4 cm. long, perfoliate, or the lowest narrowed 
into a petiole; umbels 3-6-rayed, the rays seldom over 8 mm. long; bracts of the 
involucels about as long as the rays, yellowish; fruit glabrous, about 3 mm. long. 
In fields, N. H. to N. Car., S. Dak., Kans. and Ark. Also in the Southwest, 
Nat. from Europe. July-Aug. 

Bupleurum Odontites L., with narrowly linear leaves, also European, has been 
found in waste places in Mass. 

16. APIUM L. 

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound 
leaves, and white flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
ovate, mostly inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic. Fruit 
ovate, or broader than long, smooth, or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with promi- 
nent ribs, somewhat 5 -angled; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the 
commissural side. Seed terete, or nearlv so. [Latin name of these or some simi- 
lar plants.] About 15 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 
others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Leaf-segments broad. i. A. graveoJens. 

Leaf-segments very narrow. ^ 2. A. Ifptophyllum. 

I. Apium ^raveolens L. Celery. (T. F. f. 26SS.) Glabrous; stem 3-9 
dm. high. Leaves pinnate; leaf-segments 3 or 5, thin, broadly ovate to oval, 
coarsely toothed and often incised; umbels 3-7-rayed; involucre and involucels 
small, or none; flowers small, short-pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely i mm. long, the 
ribs somewhat winged; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals and 2 on the com- 
missural side. In waste places, escaped from cultivation in Va. and nat. in salt 
marshes on the coast of Cal. Native of Europe. May-July. 



6;^S FLORA. 

2. Apium leptoph^llum (DC.) F. Muell. Fine-leaved Marsh ParsleYc 
(I. F. f. 2689.) Slender, much branched, 0.7-6 dm. high. Leaves ternately pinna- 
tisected, the ultimate segments narrow, often incised ; umbels 1-4 cm. broad, oppo- 
site the leaves ; fruit ovate, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, the ribs equal and promi- 
nent. In moist grounds, N. J. ; " St. Louis, Mo." (Nuttall). Common in the South- 
ern States. Widely distributed in tropical Am. and the Old World. June-Aug. 

17. AMMOSELINUM T. & G. 

Low annuals, with ternately divided finely dissected leaves, and small white 
flowers in terminal slender-rayed umbels. Involucels of a few linear or dissected 
bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit laterally flattened, strongly ribbed, the ribs 
tuberculate or spinulose-tuberculate ; pericarp thick and dense; oil-tubes solitary in 
the intervals, and 2 on the commissural side. Styles and conic stylopodium short. 
[Greek, sand-parsley.] Two known species, of the southwestern U. S. and Mex. 

I. Ammoselinum Popei T. & G. Pope's Sand-parsley. (L F. f. 2668.) 
Diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches, rays of the umbels and pedicels 
rough. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, or nearly so, all dissected 
into linear segments about i mm. wide; involucre usually of i dissected leaf or more; 
longer rays of the umbels 2.5 cm. long in fruit, or less, the shorter ones often I- 
flowered; fruit ovate, 4-5 mm. long, narrowed above, 2 mm. wide, or a little more, 
the ribs rather strongly tubercled, or even spinulose. In sandy soil, Kans. to Tex., 
Mex. and Ariz. April-May. 

18. PETROSELINUM Hoffm. 

Annual or biennial herbs, with I-3 -pinnate leaves, and yellow or yellowish 
flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium short-conic. 
Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on 
the commissural side. [Greek, rock-parsley.] A genus of 5 European species. 

I. Petroselinum Petroselinum (L.) Karst. Parsley. (L F. f. 2687.) 
Usually biennial, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, the segments ovate, 
dentate, or incised, or those of the upper leaves linear-oblong and entire; umbels 
peduncled, 2.5-6 cm. broad, 15-20- rayed; pedicels about 3 mm. long; involucre of 
2-4 linear bracts; bractlets of the involucels subulate; fruit glabrous, about 4 mm. 
long, the ribs rather prominent when dry. Md. to Ont. , escaped from cultivation. 
Introduced from Europe. Summer. \Apium Petroselmum L.] 

19. Zl'ziA Koch. 

Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones 
undivided, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none; involucels 
of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium none. Styles elon- 
gated. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, glabrous, or nearly so, somewhat compressed, the 
ribs filiform, wingless; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, with a small one under each 
rib. Seed-face flat. [In honor of I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist,] Three species. 

Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 

Rays of the umbel numerous, stout; fruit 4 mm. long. i. Z. aurea. 

Rays of the umbel 2-12, slender ; fruit about 2 mm. long. 2. Z. Bebbii. 

Basal leaves cordate, undivided ; fruit about 3 mm. long. 3. Z. cordata. 

1. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Early or Golden Meadow-parsnip. (I. F. 
f. 2690.) Glabrous, 3-8 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 2-3-ternately com- 
pound, the segments ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, sharply serrate; 
upper leaves shorter-petioled, ternate; rays 9-25, stout, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; 
fruit oblong. In fields, meadows and swamps, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak,, Fla. and 
Tex. April-June. 

2. Zizia Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Bebb's Zizia. (L F. f. 2691.) 
Slender, ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 2-3-ternate, the seg- 
ments ovate, oblong, or oval, mostly obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long, sharply serrate; stem- 
leaves ternate, or biternate, their segments lanceolate, generally narrower than 



UMBELLIFERAE. 679 

those of the preceding; rays 2-12, slender, divergent, 2-8 cm. long; fruit oval, or 
broader than long. Mountain M^oods, Va. and W. Va. to N. Car. and Ga. May. 
3. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. Heart-leaved Alexanders. (I. F. f. 
2692.) Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 
broadly ovate, or orbicular, undivided, deeply cordate, sometimes 1.5 dm. long, 
crenate; stem-leaves ternate, or rarely quinate, the segments ovate, or oval, cre- 
nate, orlobed; rays 7-16, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; fruit ovate, or oval. In woods, 
Conn, to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Ga., Mo., Wyo. and Ore. May-June. 

20. CICUTA L. 

Erect tall perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, 
and terminal umbels of white flowers. Involucre of few bracts, or none; involu- 
cels many-bracted. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium short-conic; fruit ovate to 
oblong, glabrous, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs corky, the lateral ones strongest; 
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete. 
[The ancient Latin name.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone 
and Mex. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaf-segments lanceolate. ' i. C maculata. 

Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 2. C. bulbifera. 

1. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock. Musquash Root. (I. F. f. 2694.) 
Stout, 9-18 dm. high, the stem marked with purple lines. Roots several, tuberi- 
form; leaves petioled, bipinnate, or tripinnate, the lower often 3 dm. long; leaf- 
segments coarsely and sharply serrate, their veins apparently ending in the notches ; 
umbellets many-flowered; pedicels unequal; fruit ovate, or oval, 2-3 mm. long. In 
swamps, N. B. to Manitoba, Fia. and N. Mex. Poisonous. June-Aug. 

2. Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock. (I. F. f. 2695.) 
Slender, 3-10 dm. high. Roots few, tuberiform. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the upper 
ones less divided, smaller, and bearing clustered bulblets in their axils; leaf- 
segments linear, sparingly serrate with distant teeth; fruit broadly ovate, slightly 
more than 2 mm. long. In swamps, N. S. to Del., Manitoba, Ind. and Neb. July- 
Sept. 

21. DERINGA Adans. 

A perennial glabrous herb, with 3 -divided leaves, and irregular umbels of white 
flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium 
conic; fruit oblong, laterally compressed, glabrous. Carpels nearly terete, the ribs 
equal, obtuse ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and also beneath each rib. Seed- 
face flat or nearly so. [Said to be named for Deering or Dering.] A monotypic 
genus of eastern N. Am. and Japan. 

I. Deringa Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Honewort. (I. F. f. 2696.) Erect, 
3-9 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves long.petioled, 3-divided, the segments 
thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate, incised, or some- 
times lobed, 2-10 cm. long, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the terminal one ab- 
ruptly narrowed into a margined incised stalk; umbels 4-iO-rayed; fruit narrowed 
at both ends, 4-6 mm. long, often curved. In woods, N. B. to S. Dak., Ga. and 
Tex. June -July. 

22. CARUM L. 

Glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellowish 
flowers in terminal umbels. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, 
or oblong, somewhat compressed, glabrous. Carpels somewhat 5-angled, the ribs 
filiform, or inconspicuous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the com- 
missural side. Seed dorsally flattened, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, 
caraway.] About 50 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the 
following, about 4 others occur in western N. Am. 

I. Carum Carui L. Caraway. Carvies. (T. F. f. 2603.) Biennial or some- 
times perennial, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves pinnatisccted into linear or filiform seg- 
ments; involucre of 1-3 linear bracts, or none; involucels commonly none; uml)els 



680 FLORA. 

7-10-rayed; rays I-5 cm. long in fruit; fruit oblong, usually slightly curved, about 
4 mm. long, the ribs conspicuous when mature. Occasional in waste places, Newf. 
to S. Dak., Penn. and Colo. Adventive from Europe. May-July. 

23. TAENIDIA Drude. 

A glabrous perennial herb, with 2-3-ternate leaves and compound umbels of 
yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopo- 
dium broadly conic. Fruit oval, more or less compressed. Carpels obscurely 
5 -angled with slender equal distant ribs; oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the inter- 
vals. Seed-face flat or slightly convex. A monotypic genus. 

I. Taenidia integerriraa (L.) Drude. Yellow Pimpernel. (I. F. f. 2670.) 
Erect, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 2-3-ternate, the upper with 
short dilated petioles, the lower long-petioled; segments ovate, oval, or lanceolate, 
obtuse, or acutish and often mucronulate at the apex, entire, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
rays 10-20 ; pedicels slender; fruit oval, about 4 mm. long. In rocky or sandy 
soil, Quebec to N. Car., Ont., Minn., Kans. and Miss. May-June. \Pimpinella 
integerrima A. Gray.] 

24. PIM^INELLA L. 

Perennial herbs, mostly with ternately compound leaves and white flowers in 
compound umbels. Involucre and involucels none in our species. Stylopodium 
broadly conic. Fruit oval to ovate, compressed. Carpel-ribs slender. Oil-tubes 
2-6 in the intervals. About 75 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Pimpinella Saxifraga L. Bennet. Pimpernel. (I. F. f. 2671.) Erect, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves pinnate; segments of the lower 9-19, sharply serrate, or 
incised, ovate, or nearly orbicular, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; umbels 7-20-rayed; rays 
2-4 cm. long in fruit; fruit oval. In waste places, N. Y., Penn., N. J. and Ohio. 
Adventive from Europe. Jime-Oct. 

25. AEGOPODIUM L. 

Perennial herbs, with 1-2-ternate leaves, and compound umbels of white 
flowers. Bracts of the involucre and involucels none, or rarely few and early de- 
ciduous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovate-oblong, 
glabrous, somewhat compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled, the ribs equal, dis- 
tant; oil-tubes none. [Greek, goat-foot.] Two species, of Europe and Asia. 

I. AEgopodium Podagraria L. Goutweed. Goutwort. Herb-Gerard. 
(I. F. f. 2702.) Erect, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves bitemate, 
the primary divisions stalked, the segments ovate, acute, or acuminate at the 
apex, rounded, or cordate at the base, sharply serrulate, 3-8 cm. long; umbels 
long-pedvmcled, 9-25-rayed; rays 2.5 cm. long in fruit or more; fruit about 4mm. 
long, scarcely 2 mm. wide, the styles deflected. In waste places, Mass. to Penn. 
and Del. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

26. EULOPHUS Nutt. 

Perennial glabrous herbs, with deep tuberous roots, ternately compound leaves, 
and long-peduncled compound umbels of white or pinkish flowers. Involucre 
generally of I bract, sometimes none. Involucels of several bracts. Calyx-teeth 
usually prominent. Stylopodium conic. Styles recurved. Fruit glabrous, linear 
to oblong in our species; ribs filiform, with 1-5 oil-tubes in the intervals. Seed- 
face concave. [Greek, well-plumed.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am. 

I. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. Eastern Eulophus. (I. F. f. 2675.) Erect, 
9-15 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves large, long-petioled; segments linear; 
umbels 7-10 cm. broad, the rays 6-12, very slender, 5-10 cm. long; involucels of 
narrowly lanceolate acuminate bracts; pedicels almost filiform, 8-16 mm. long in 
fruit; flowers whitish (?); fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, Ohio to Kans., 
Tenn. and Ark. July. 

27. siUM L. 

Perennial marsh herbs, with simply pinnate stem-leaves, the lower and basal 
ones often pinnatisected, and large umbels of white flowers. Involucre and 



UMBEL L I PER A E. 6 8 1 

involucels of numerous narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Styles short. Fruit 
ovate or oval, somewhat compressed. Carpels with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 
1-3 in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek name of a marsh plant.] About 8 
species, natives of the north temperate zcme and South Africa. 

Plant stout, 6-18 dm. high; leaf-segments 7-17, i. S. cicutaefolium. 

Plant weak, 3-9 dm. high; leaf -segments 3-7. 2. S. Carsoni. 

1. Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. Hemlock Water-parsnip. (I. F. f. 2685.) 
Erect, stout. Lower leaves long-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile; leaf-seg- 
ments linear, or lanceolate, 3-13 cm. long, 3-25 mm. wide, acuminate, sharply 
serrate; or the lowermost pectinately dissected; umbels 8-20-rayed; rays 1-4 cm. 
long; fruit ovate, compressed, about 3 mm. long. In swamps, N. S. to Br. Col., 
Fla., La. and Cal. Very variable in leaf-form. July-Oct. 

2. Sium Carsoni Durand. Carson's Water-parsnip. (L F. f. 2686.) 
Stem slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf segments 3-7, those of the upper leaves 
linear, or lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sharply 
serrate; lower leaves often floating and very thin, the segments broader and 
laciniate, or dissected; umbels 7-15-rayed; rays 1-2.5 ^m. long in fruit. In 
streams. Me. to R. I. and Penn. July-Aug. 

28. BERULA HofiEm. 

A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with pinnate leaves, serrate or some- 
times incised leaf-segments, and terminal compound umbels of white flowers. 
Involucre and involucels of several narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth very small. Stylo- 
podium conic; styles short. Fruit subglobose, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous, 
the ribs very slender, the pericarp thick and corky ; oil-tubes numerous and close 
together along the inner side of the pericarp. Seed-face flat. [Latin name of the 
watercress.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. 

I. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Cut-leaved Water-parsnip. (L F. f. 
2701.) Erect, rather stout, much branched, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaflets 7-19, 
ovate, oval, or linear-oblong, deeply serrate, laciniate, or lobed, 1-3.5 cm. long, 
4-10 mm. wide, those of the upper leaves commonly more laciniate than those 
of the lower; umbels numerous, short-peduncled, io-20-rayed; rays 1-6 cm. long 
in fruit; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; fruit less than 2 mm. long, nearly orbicular, 
somewhat cordate at the base, the ribs inconspicuous. In swamps and streams, 
southern Ont. to Br. Col., south to Mass. (?), N. Y., 111., Kans., in the Rocky Mts. 
to N. Mex. and to Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

29. PTILIMNIUM Raf. 

Annual glabrous herbs, with dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white 
flowers. Bracts of the involucre filiform or dissected in our species. Calyx-teeth 
obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, slightly 
compressed, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, the dorsal and intermediate 
ribs prominent, slender, the lateral ones thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary in the 
intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek, referring to the finely divided leaves.] Besides 
the following, another occurs in Texas and one in the East Indies. 

Involucral bracts mostly pinnate; fruit 2-3 mm. long. i. P. capillaceum. 

Involucral bracts short, entire; fruit 1-1.5 n^"^- long. 2. P. A'attallii. 

1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Mock Bishop-weed. (I. F. f. 
2699.) Slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments; in- 
volucral bracts or some of them pinnately parted; invokicels of several linear 
bracts; umbels 5-10 cm. broad, 5-20-rayed; fruit ovate, acute. In wet soil, espe- 
cially brackish meadows, Mass, to Fla., west to Tex. Tune-(\":t. 

2. Ptilimnium Nuttallii (DC.) Brittcm. Nuttat.i.'s Mock Bishop-weed. 
(I. F. f. 2700.) Similar to the preceding, but generally stouter, 6-9 dm. high, 
the branches nearly erect. Umbels 7-25-rayed; bracts of the involucre linear, 
entire, short, those of the involucels minute; fruit ovate-orbicular, obtusish. In 
swam-ps. 111. to Kans., La. and Tex. May-Sept. 



682 FLORA. 



30. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. 

Glabrous annuals, the lower and basal leaves mostly linear and entire, those of 
the stem mainly divided into few linear segments. Involucres and involucels of 
several subulate or narrowly linear bracts. Flowers small, white, in compound 
umbels. Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, nearly terete, 
strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs the larger; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 
on the commissural side of each carpel. Seed-face flat. Stylopodium conic. 
[Greek, dog-celery.] Two known species, natives of the southern U. S. 

I. Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Pinnate Cynosciadium. (I. F. f. 2659.) 
Stem 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the blade elongated-linear, 
entire, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; stem-leaves pinnately divid- 
ed into 3-9 linear entire segments, the terminal segment much larger than the 
lateral ones, or some of them entire; bracts 4-6 mm. long; umbels 4-10-rayed; rays 
very slender; fruit about 4 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, crowned by the ovate 
calyx-teeth. In wet soil, Mo. to the Ind. Terr, and Tex. May-Aug. 

OEnanthe aquatica (L.) Poir., a tall usually aquatic herb with finely dissected leaves, 
the umbels mostly opposite them, the involucre wanting and the involucels of small 
bracts, has been found as a fugitive at Washington, D. C. \0E. Phellandrium Lam.] 

31. LILAEdPSIS Greene. 

Small creeping glabrous perennial marsh herbs, the leaves reduced to linear 
terete septate hollow petioles, with simple umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the 
involucre several, small. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium conic. Fruit glabrous, 
globular, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, the dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones much larger and corky-thickened, the com- 
missural faces each with a corky longitudinal projection; oil-tubes solitary in the 
intervals. Seed terete. [Greek, resembling the genus Lilaea.'\ A small genus of 
wide distribution, 

I. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx,) Greene, Lilaeopsis. (I. F, f. 2658.) Root- 
ing in the mud. 5-13 cm. long. Petioles linear-spatulate, obtuse, generally 2-8 
cm, long, but sometimes longer, about 3 mm, thick; peduncles somewhat exceeding 
the leaves ; umbels 5-10-rayed, the rays 3-6 mm, long; fruit about 2 mm, long. In 
salt and brackish marshes, and on river- shores, N, H. to Fla., west to Miss. 
June-Aug. . ^ 

32, AETHUSA L. 

Annual glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, and compotmd umbels, 
both terminal and opposite the leaves. Involucre none, or of a single bract. Bracts 
of the involucels 1-5, setaceous, turned to one side. Calyx-teeth obsolete, Stylo- 
podium broad, thick. Fruit globose-ovoid, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, 
the ribs prominent, corky, acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Seed-face flat. [Greek, burning, from the sharp taste.] A monotypic genus of 
Europe and Asia. 

I. AEthusa Cynapium L, Fool's Parsley, (I, F, f, 2656.) Erect, leafy, 
dichotomously branched, 3-8 dm, high. Leaves 2-3 -pinnate; petiole-bases dilated; 
ultimate segments linear, acutish; umbels long-peduncled, 5-8 cm, broad in fruit, 
8-i2-rayed; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit about 3 mm. long. In waste places, N. 
S, to N. J. and Minn, Poisonous, Adventive from Europe, June-Sept, 

33. FOENICULUM Adans. 

Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments linear or 
capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels none. 
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, 
terete, or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dorsally flattened, prominently ribbed; 
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or slightly concave. [Latin, 
diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] About 4 species, of the Old World, 

I. Foeniculum Foeniculura (L, ) Karst, Fennel, (I. F, f, 2669,) Peren- 
nial, 6-12 dm, high. Leaves dissected into capillary segments; petioles broad, 
clasping; umbels large, 9-25 -rayed, the rays rather stout, somewhat glaucous, 
2-8 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm, long; fruit about 6 mm, long. In waste 



UMBELLIFERAE. 683 

places, N. J. and Penn. to Va. and La. Escaped from gardens. Adventive from 
Europe. July-Sept. 

Anethum graveolens L., DiLLWEED, similar to Fennel, but with the fruit somewhat 
flattened dorsally, and the root annual or biennial has been found in waste places at 
Wilmington, Del. 

34. LIGUSTICUM L. 

Perennial glabrous herbs, with aromatic roots, ternately compound leaves, and 
large compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several narrow mostly 
deciduous bracts. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. 
Stylopodium conic. Fruit oblong or ovoid, scarcely flattened. Carpels dorsally 
compressed, the nibs prominent, acute, separated by broad intervals; oil-tubes 2-6 
in the intervals. Seed-face flat or slightly concave. [Named from Liguria, where 
Lovage abounds.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides 
the following, some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaves thin ; fruit ovoid ; southern species. i, L. Canadense. 

Leaves fleshy ; fruit oblong ; northern seacoast species. 2. L. Scoticutn. 

1. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. Nondo. Angelico. (I. F. f. 
2654.) Stout, 0.6-1.8 m. high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal petioled, often 
3 dm. wide, their primary divisions ternate; segments ovate, or oval, 4- 13 cm. 
long, acute, rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, or those of the uppermost leaves 
linear-lanceolate and entire; umbels mostly twice -compound, sometimes 2.5 dm. 
broad; bracts of the involucre 2-6, linear; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; fruit 
ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, with prominent slightly winged ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the 
intervals; seed angled on the back. In rich woods, southern Penn. to Ga., Mo. 
and Ky. June -Aug. 

2. Ligusticum Scoticum L. Scotch Lovage. Sea Parsley. (I. F. f. 
2655.) Stem 2.5-9 dm. high. Leaves mostly biternate, the segments laroadly 
obovate or oval, 2-10 cm. long, shining, dentate; umbels 5-10 cm. broad in fruit; 
pedicels 4-10 mm. long; fruit oblong, 6-10 mm. long, the ribs prominent and 
somewhat winged; seed rounded on the back. Along salt marshes, Conn, to Lab. 
and the lower St. Lawrence River. Also on the Pacific coast and the shores of 
northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

35. COELOPLEURUM Ledeb. 

Stout and tall maritime perennials, nvith large 2-3 -ternate leaves, inflated 
petioles, and compound umbels of greenish white flowers. Involucre of a few 
linear deciduous bracts, or none. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx- 
teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong, scarcely flattened; dorsal 
and intermediate ribs prominent, corky-thickened, the lateral ones slightly broader, 
acute, but not winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, i or 2 under each rib and 
2-4 on the commissural side. Seed loose in the pericarp, its face flat or slightly 
concave. [Greek, hollow-ribbed.] Two species, one widely distributed in the 
northern hemisphere, the other on our northwestern coast. 

I. Coelopleurum Gmelini (DC.) Ledeb. Seacoast Angelica. (I. F. f. 
2657.) Branching, 6-9 dm. high, the umbels and upper part of the stem puberu- 
lent. Lower leaves large, 2-3-ternate, the segments thin, ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate, sharply dentate and incised, 3-6 cm. long; umbels 7-13 cm. broad, 
10-25 -rayed; pedicels slender, 6-12 mm. long; fruit 5-7 mm. long. Seacoast, 
Greenland to Mass., on the lower St. Lawrence River and the Pacific coast. Also 
on the coasts of eastern Asia. Summer. 

36. THASPIUM Nutt. 

Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones 
sometimes undivided, and compound umbels of yellow or purple tlowers. Invo- 
lucre none, or of 1-3 bracts. Involucels of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth 
prominent, acute. Styk)podium none. Style slender. Fruit ovoid or oblong, 
glabrous or nearly so, scarcely flattened. Carpels somewhat dorsally flattentxl, 
the ribs or at least some of them strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
vals. Seed-face flat. [Name from the island 'Fhapsus.] About 3 species, natives 
of eastern N. Am. 



684 FLORA. 

Leaves mostly temate; segments crenate, thickish. i. T. trifoliatutn. 
Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin. 

Segments ovate, incised. 2. T. barbinode. 

Segments pinnatifid into oblong lobes. 3. T. pinnatifidum, 

1. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Purple Meadow-parsnip. (I. F. 
f. 2651.) Glabrous; stems 3-6 dm. high. Upper stem-leaves short-petioled, ter- 
nate, or rarely biternate, the segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long; 
basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes undivided; umbels 2-5 cm. broad; petals 
dark purple; fruit nearly 4 mm. long, all the ribs usually winged. In woods, R. 
I. to N. J., Tenn. and Mo. June-July. 

Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton. Flowers yellow. Range of the type. 

2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Hairy-jointed Meadow-parsnip. 
(I. F. f. 2652.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, pubescent at the joints and sometimes also 
on the shoots and rays of the umbels. Leaves petioled, mostly bipinnate; seg- 
ments acute, incised-serrate or cleft, 2-5 cm. long; umbels 2-5 cm. broad; flowers 
light yellow; fruit nearly 6 mm. long, usually glabrous, 7 of the ribs commonly 
broadly winged. Along streams, Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla., Ky. and Ark. May- 
June. 

Thaspium barbinode angustifolium Coult. & Rose. Leaf-segments more sharply 
cleft into narrower lobes; fruit puberulent. Penn. to W. Va. and 111. 

3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. Cut-leaved Meadow- 
parsnip. (I. F. f. 2653.) Divergently branched, 6-12 dm. high, more pubescent 
than the preceding. Leaves ternately pinnatifid into numerous oblong or linear- 
oblong lobes, the basal ones long-petioled and very large; flowers light yellow; 
fruit 3-5 mm. long, puberulent, all the ribs winged, but 7 of the wings broader 
than the other 3. In woods and copses, Ky. to N. Car. and Tenn. June. 

37. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. 

Perennial glabrous branching herbs, with decompound leaves, and compound, 
umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few short bracts. Involucels of 
narrowly linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed-conic. Fruit 
oval or oblong, dorsally flattened. Carpels with prominent approximate dorsal 
and intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged. Oil-tubes mostly 2 or 3 in 
the intervals, and 4-8 on the commissural side. Seed-face slightly concave, its 
back strongly convex. [Greek, hemlock-parsley.] Besides the following, some 
3 others occur in western N. Am. 

I. Conioselinum Chinense (L.) B.S.P. Hemlock-parsley. (I. F. f. 
2638.) Stem terete, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves decompound into linear-oblong acutish 
segments; petioles sheathing; umbels 5-8 cm. broad, 9-16-rayed; rays 3-6 cm. 
long; pedicels slender, 4-6 mm. long; fruit broadly oval, about 4 mm. long. In 
cold swamps. Lab. to Mass., N. Y., N. Car., Minn., Wis. and Ind. Aug. -Sept. 

38. ANGELICA L. 

Tall perennial herbs, with compound leaves and large umbels of white flowers 
(in our species). Involucre none, or of a few small bracts. Involucels of several 
small bracts, or sometimes wanting. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or oval, 
dorsally compressed. Dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, the lateral ones 
broadly winged. Oil-tubes solitary or several in the intervals, 2-10 on the com- 
missural side. [Named for its supposed healing virtues.] About 30 species, of 
the northern hemisphere and New Zealand. Besides the following, some 13 others 
occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Umbels glabrous, or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish. 

Oil-tubes I (rarely 2-3) in the intervals ; wings broader than the carpels 

1. A. Curtisii. 
Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous; wings narrower than the carpels. 

2. A. at7-opurpurea. 
Umbels densely tomentose; leaf-segments obtuse. 3. A. villosa. 

I. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Curtis' Angelica. (I. F. f. 2635.) Plant 
6-10 dm. high. Leaves biternate, the lower long-stalked, the divisions pinnate, 



UMBELLIFERA E. 685 

the upper mostly reduced to inflated petioles; segments sharply and irregularly 
dentate or incised, 5-10 cm. long; umbels 7-15 cm. broad, 9-25-rayed; rays 
4-8 cm. long; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; fruit oval, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, emar- 
ginate at the base. In woods, Penn. to N. Car. and Ga. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Angelica atropurpurea L. Great or Purple-stemmed Angelica. 
(I. F. f. 2636.) Stout, 1-2 m. high, glabrous, or the umbel slightly rough-hairy. 
Lower leaves often 6 dm. wide, biternate and the divisions pinnate, the upper ones 
smaller, all with broad dilated petioles; segments oval or ovate, serrate and often 
incised, 3-5 cm. long; umbels sometimes 2.5 dm. broad, 9-25-rayed, the rays 
5-10 cm. long; fruit broadly oval, 6-8 mm. long, slightly emarginate at the base. 
In swamps and moist ground, Lab. to Minn., Del. and 111. June-July. 

3 Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Pubescent Angelica. (I. F. f. 2637.) 
Rather slender, 6-12 dm. high, the umbels and upper part of the stem tomentose- 
canescent. Lower leaves ternate or biternate, the divisions pinnate, the segments 
thick, oval, rather finely dentate, obtuse or obtusish, 2-5 cm. long; upper leaves 
mostly reduced to sheathing petioles; umbels 5- 10 cm. broad, 7-30-rayed; rays 
2-4 cm. long ; fruit broadly oval, emarginate at the base, 6 mm. long, finely pu- 
bescent; lateral wings about as broad as the carpels; oil-tubes generally 3-6 in 
the intervals. In dry soil. Conn, to Fla., Minn., Tenn. and Mo. July -Aug. 

Angelica sylv^stris L., of Europe, similar to the preceding', but with acute or 
acutish leaf-segments, their teeth acuminate, is reported as occurring on Cape Breton 
Island. 

39. LEViSTICUM Koch. 

A perennial herb, with decompound leaves, the segments broad, cuneate, and 
large umbels of whitish yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels of numerous 
narrow bracts. Fruit ovate-oblong, somewhat flattened dorsally; primary ribs 
winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. A monotypic genus. 

I. Levisticum Levisticum (L.) Karst. Lovage. Glabrous, tall. Leaves 
1-3-pinnately divided, the segments 5-10 cm. long, acute, deeply cleft or those of 
the upper leaves entire; umbels 7-10 cm. broad. In waste places, Vt., Conn, and 
N. Y. \_Ligusticum Levisticum L.] 

40. CYMdPTERUS Raf. 

Perennial subscapose herbs, with thick roots, pinnately decompound leaves, 
and white flowers (m our species) in peduncled umbels. Involucels of i to numer- 
ous bracts. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Stylopodium depressed or wantincr. 
Carpels dorsally flattened, with 3-5 flat equal wings; oil-tubes several or soli- 
tary m the intervals. [Greek, wave- winged, referring to the fruit. 1 About 13 
species, natives of western and central N. Am. 

Involucre none. ^^ ^ ^^^^^^. 

Involucre promment. ^_ ^ montanus. 

1. Cymopterus acarilis (Pursh) Rydberg. Plains Cymopterus. (I. F. f. 
2649.) Stem seldom over 2.5 cm. high. Leaves 0.7-2 dm. long, slender-petiolcd, 
pinnate or bipinnate into linear-oblong obtuse segments; umbels slonder-pcdunclod 
capitate, 2.5 cm. broad or less; rays 2-5 mm. kmg; involucre none- involucel of a 
single palmately-lobed bractlet; fruit broadly oval, about 6 mm. in diameter- 
oil-tubes 4 or 5 m the intervals. In dry soil, Minn, and Wis. to Ark. the N. W.' 
lerr., Br. Col. and Colo. April-May. 

2. Cymopterus montanus T. & G. Mountain Cymopterus. (I. F f 
2650.) Similar to the preceding, somewhat glaucous, or very slightly pubes- 
cent. Leaves 2-15 cm. high, pimiate, or bipinnate. the segmen'ts oblong, c^btuse- 
peduncles stout, 2-15 cm. high; involucre and involucels \)f broad membranous 
somewhat united veined bracts; umbels 2-5 cm. broad in fruit: ravs several. 6-iS 
mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 6-12 mm. long, the carpels broadly 3-5-winged- oil- 
tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Dry soil. S. Dak. to Wyo. and Tex'. ^March-Aj^ril. 

41 POLYTAENIA Dr. 
Perennial, nearly glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leave-^ and com- 
pound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none, or rarely of i or 2 linear bracts. 



686 FLORA. 

Involucels of a few subulate deciduous bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, triangular. 
Petals obovate-cuneate, with a long incurved tip. Stylopodium none. Fruit oval 
or obovate, flattened dorsally, thick and corky; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
obscure, the lateral ones with thick wings which form a broad margin to the fruit, 
and are nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes 12-18, contiguous, with numer- 
ous smaller ones irregularly disposed in the thick pericarp. Seed flat. [Greek, 
many-fillets, or oil-tubes.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Polytaenia. (I. F. f. 2644.) Stem slightly 
scabrous, lealy, 3-9 dm. high; roots fusiform. Leaves pinnate, the segments 
deeply pinnatifid or parted, 2-8 cm. long, the lobes ovate, oblong or obovate ; umbels 
6-i2-rayed, 2.5-6 cm. broad; rays scabrous, 1-6 cm. long; pedicels finely pubes- 
cent, 2-4 mm. long; fruit glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, i mm. thick, the margins 
obtuse, the central part of both carpels depressed when dry. Dry soil, Mich, and 
Wis. to Tenn., Kans., Tex. and La. April-May. 

42. OXYPOLIS Raf. 

Perennial glabrous marsh herbs, from clustered tuberous roots, with pinnate or 
ternate leaves, or in one species the leaves reduced to hollow jointed phyllodes, and 
compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few linear bracts. 
Involucels of small bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium thick, conic. 
Fruit glabrous, dorsally compressed, oval or obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
slender, the lateral ones winged, strongly nerved along the inner margin of the 
wing, the carpels appearing as if equally 5-ribbed. Oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
vals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed-face nearly flat. Four known species, 
natives of N. Am. 

Leaves all reduced to hollow usually jointed phyllodes. i. O.filifortnis. 

Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 2. O. rigida. 

1. Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton. Oxypolis. (I. F. f. 2639.) Stem 
hollow, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves 2.5-45 cm. long; involucre of several linear- 
subulate bracts; umbels 4-10 cm. broad, 6-1 5 -rayed; rays 1-5 cm. long; pedicels 
4-8 mm. long; fruit oval, or slightly obovate, 4-6 mm. long; oil-tubes large. In 
ponds and swamps, southern Va. to Fla., west to La. Aug. -Sept. Plants collected 
in Delaware, referred to this species, differ in having broadly oval corky-winged 
fruit, an inconspicuous disk, slender conic stylopodium and smaller oil-tubes. 

2. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Raf. Cowbane. Hemlock. (I. F. f, 2640.) 
Rather slender. 6-12 dm. high. Leaves petioled. simply pinnate, the lower often 
3 dm. long or more; leaflets thick, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, entire, or 
remotely dentate, 3-8 cm. long; involucre of 1-4 bracts, or none; umbels 5-10 cm. 
broad, 7-25-rayed; rays slender, 2-10 cm. long; pedicels 4-18 mm. long; fruit 
oval, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; oil-tubes small. In swamps, N. Y. to Fla., 
Minn., Mo. and La. Aug. -Sept. 

Oxypolis rigidus longifolius (Pursh) Britton. Leaflets elongated-linear, entire, 2-3 
mm. wide ; fruit smaller. N. J. to S. Car. and Tenn. 

43. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. 
Glabrous slender annuals, the branches often nearly filiform, with dissected 
petioled leaves, the leaf-segments narrowly linear. Flowers small, white, in un- 
equal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few narrow bracts, or none. 
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, laterally flattened, tuberculate or bristly; peri- 
carp thick; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or also under the ribs, 2 on the com- 
missural side. Stylopodium short, conic. Two species, of the southern U. S. 

Fruit tubercled. i- S. divaricatus. 

Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 2. S. echinatus. 

I. Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Raf. Rough-fruited Spermolepis. 
(I. F. f. 2697.) Similar to Apiastrum patens, but more slender and more widely 
branching. Rays of the umbels almost filiform, 1-4 cm. long, divaricate; pedicels 
6-12 mm. long; fruit ovate, densely tuberculate, I mm. long; the ribs rather 
prominent. Neb. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. Also in ballast at Philadelphia. 
April-May. 



UMBELLIFERAE. 687 

2. Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Heller. Bristly-fruited Spermolepis. 
(I. F. f. 2698.) Resembling the preceding, but lower, seldom over 3 dm. high, 
the branches ascending or sometimes spreading. Rays very slender; fruit about 
I mm. long, covered with spreading hooked bristles, the ribs obsolete, the com- 
missure narrow. Ala. to Mo., Tex. and Cal. April-May. 

44. PEUCEDANUM L. 

Perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, from thick roots, with ternate, pin- 
nate, or in our species bipinnate or finely dissected leaves, and compound umbels 
of white or yellow flowers. Involucre none. Involucels of several or numerous 
bracts. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or none. Fruit 
oval, oblong, or orbicular, dorsally compressed. Carpels with filiform dorsal and 
intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged; oil-tubes 1-4 (rarely more) in 
the intervals, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed -face flat or slightly concave. 
[Name Greek.] About 125 species, of wide distribution. In addition to the fol- 
lowing, about 47 others occur in western N. Am. 

Flowers white or pinkish. i. P. nudicaule. 
Flowers yellow. 

Fruit glabrous ; involucel-bracts united. 

Plant pubescent. 2. P. foeniculaceum. 

Plant glabrous. 3. P. Kingii. 

Fruit finely pubescent ; involucel-bracts linear, distinct. 4. P. villosum. 

1. Peucedanum nudicaule (Pursh) Nutt. White-flowered Parsley. 
(I. F. f. 2645.) Leaves and peduncles 0.7-2 dm. high. Root elongated. Leaves 
bipinnate, the segments oblong or ovate, generally pinnatifid into linear or linear- 
oblong obtusish lobes; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, scarious-margined; um- 
bel 4-8-rayed, the rays unequal, I-4 cm. long in fruit; fruit oval or orbicular, 
glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal and 
intermediate ones inconspicuous; oil-tubes generally- solitary in the intervals. In 
dry soil, Minn, to Manitoba, Kans., the N. W. Terr, and N. Mex. March-May. 

2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt. Fennel-leaved Parsley. (I. F. f. 
2646.) Peduncles 1-2.5 '^™- ^^^gh, usually exceeding the leaves. Leaves finely 
dissected into short linear or filiform acute lobes and segments; umbels unequally 
3-12-rayed, the rays I-4 cm. long; involucels tomentose; fruit broadly oval, about 
6 mm. long, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, dorsal and intermediate 
ones rather prominent; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Prairies, N. W. Terr, to S. 
Dak., Kans., Mo. and Tex. March-April. 

3. Peucedanum Kingii S. Wats. King's Parsley. (I. F. f. 2647.) Scape 
1.5-5 d^- hig^^- Leaves long-petioled, pinnately or 2-pinnately divided into nar- 
rowly linear segments i mm. wide or less; umbel unequally 4-20-rayed; rays i- 
4 cm. long; calyx-teeth short; fruit oblong, glabrous, 8-12 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. 
wide, the carpels with narrow lateral wings, the dorsal and intermediate ribs also 
somewhat winged; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, and 6-10 on the commissural 
side. Western Neb. to Utah. June-Aug. 

4. Peucedanum villosum Nutt. Hairy Parsley, (I. F. f. 2648.) Tomen- 
tose-pubescent ; peduncles 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves finely dissected into narrowly 
oblong obtuse k)bes and segments; umbel 4-io-raye(l, the rays 8-20. mm. long in 
fruit; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, separate or nearly so; fruit oval. 6-7 mm. 
long, about 5 mm. broad, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal 
and intermediate ribs prominent; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals. Prairies and dry 
soil, Neb. and S. Dak. to the N. W. Tetr., N. Mex. and Cal. April- May. 

45. IMPERATORIA L. 

Tall perennial herbs, with ternately divided or 2-pinnate leaves, and compound 
umbels of white ilowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, broadly 
oval, to nearly orbicular, the lateral ribs broadly winged all around, the interme- 
diate and dorsal ribs slender, wingless; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on 
the commissural side. Styles and stylopodium short. Seed-face flat. [Named for 
its supposed forceful medicinal properties.] About 10 species, of the Old World. 



688 FLORA. 

I. Imperatoria Ostruthium L. Masterwort. (I.F. f. 2643.) Glabrous, 
or sparingly pubescent; stem stout, hollow, erect, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves ternately 
divided into broad stalked segments w^hich are often 3 -parted to the base, sharply 
serrate and often incised, the segments of the long-petioled lower leaves often 1.3 
dm. broad; rays numerous, slender; involucre none, or of i or 2 lanceolate bracts; 
involucel-bracts few, narrow, deciduous; fruit about 4 mm. long. In fields, Penn. 
and Mich. Reported from Newf. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May-July. 

46. PASTINACA L. 

Tall branching herbs, wiuh thick roots, pinnate leaves, and compound umbels 
of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. 
Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally; dorsal and 
intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, those of the two carpels contiguous 
and forming a broad margin to the fruit; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 
on the commissural side-. Seed very flat. \l^z.im pas tus, food.] About 7 species, 
natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. (I. F. f. 2642.) Biennial or rarely 
annual, glabrous, or somewhat downy-pubescent, 6- 15 dm. high. Lower and basal 
leaves petioled, pinnate, often 4.5 dm. long, the segments rather thin, ovate or oval, 
obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised and sharply dentate, 2-8 cm. long; umbels 5-15 
cm. broad, 7-15-rayed, the rays 1-5 cm. long; pedicels 6-12 mm. long in fruit; fruit 
broadly oval, 5-7 mm. long, the oil-tubes conspicuous. Roadsides and waste places, 
a common weed in nearly all parts of our area. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

47. HERACLEUM L. 

Erect perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and compound umbels 
of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre few and deciduous, or none. Involucels 
of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals cuneate, or 
clawed; those of the outer flowers dilated and obcordate or 2-lobed. Stylopodium 
thick, conic. Fruit flattened dorsally, broadly oval, obovate or orbicular; dorsal 
and intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones broadly winged and the wings nerved 
near the outer margin; oil -tubes extending only to about the middle of the carpels, 
conspicuous, i in each interval, 2-4 on the commissural side. [Greek, to Hercu- 
les]. About 60 species, of the northern hemisphere, only the following in N. Am. 

1. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip. (L F. f. 2641.) Verystout, 
tomentose-pubescent, 1-3 m. high, the stem ridged, often 5 cm. thick at the' base. 
Leaves petioled, very pubescent beneath, the segments broadly ovate, or orbicular, 
cordate, stalked, lobed and sharply serrate, rather thin, 7-15 cm. broad; petioles 
much inflated; umbels 1.5-3 dm. broad, 8-30-rayed, the rays stout, 5-10 cm. long; 
fruit 8-12 mm. long, 6-9 mm. broad, finely pubescent, emarginate at the summit. 
In moist ground, Newf. to Alaska, N. Car., Mo., Utah and Cal. June-July. 

48. DAUCUS L. 

Biennial or annual, mostly hispid-pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound 
leaves, and compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Involucre of several 
foliaceous bracts in our species. Involucels of numerous entire or toothed bracts. 
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed, those of the outer flowers 
often dilated and 2-lobed. Umbels concave in fruit. Fruit somewhat flattened 
dorsally. Primary ribs 5, slender. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row 
of barbed prickles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, and 2 on the com- 
missural side of each carpel. [The ancient Greek name.] About 25 species, of 
wide distribution. 

Stem retrorsely hispid; leaf-segments linear. i. D. pusillus. 

Stem bristly pubescent; leaf-seg-ments lanceolate. 2. D. Carota. 

T. Daucus pusillus Michx. American Carrot. Biennial, 3 cm.-6 dm. high, 
closely resembling the following species. Leaves finely dissected, the segments 
linear, acute; umbels 2-8 cm. broad; pedicels very unequal. N. Car. to Fla., 
Mo., Mex. and Cal. April-June. 

2. Daucus Carota L. Wild Carrot. (I. F. f. 2632.) Usually biennial, 
3-9 dm. high, the root fleshy, conic. Lower and basal leaves 2-3 -pinnate, the 



CORNACEAE. 689 

segments dentate, lobed or pinnatifid ; upper leaves less divided ; bracts of the in- 
volucre parted into linear or filiform lobes; umbels 5-10 cm. broad; rays numerous ; 
flowers white, the central one of each umbel often purple, that of each umbellet 
occasionally so, all rarely pinkish; fruit 3-4 mm. long. In fields and waste places, 
common throughout our area, often a pernicious weed. Nat, from Europe. The 
original of the cultivated Carrot. June-Sept. 

Family 3. CORNACEAE Link. 

Dogwood Fa m ily. 

Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually 
entire leaves, and regular flowers in cymes, heads or rarely solitary. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate, or none. Petals 
generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, in- 
serted at the base of the epigynous disk. Stamens as many as the petals 
or more numerous, inserted with them ; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary 
inferior, 1-2-celled in our species ; style i, short or elongated; ovules i 
in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe. Seeds oblong; 
embryo nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. About 
16 genera and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. 

Flowers pertect, 4-parted ; ovary 2-celled. i, Cornus. 

Flowers polygamous or dioecious ; petals minute or none ; ovary i-celled. 2. Nyssa. 

I. CORNUS L. 

Flowers small, white, greenish or purple, in cymes, or heads, the latter involu- 
crate with large white bracts in our species. Calyx-tube top-shaped or campanu- 
late, its limb 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 
truncate or capitate; ovules I in each cavity. Drupe ovoid or globular, the stone 
2-celled and 2-seeded. [Greek, horn, from the toughness of the wood.] About 
25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mex. and Peru. Besides the fol- 
lowing, some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 

* Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large white bracts. 
Low herbaceous shrubs ; rootstocks slender. 

Upper leaves verticillate; flowers greenish. i. C. Cajtadenszs. 

Leaves all opposite; flowers purple. 2. C. Suecica. 

Tree or large shrub; flowers greenish yellow. 3. C.florida. 

* * Flowers cymose, white, not involucrate. 
Leaves opposite. 

Leaves downj'-pubescent beneath, at least when young; (sometimes glabrate in No. 5). 
Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular; fruit blue. 4. C. ctrcviata. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 

Fruit blue ; stone pointed at the base. 5. C. Amomum. 

Fruit white. 

Stone globose, broader than high. 6. C. asperifolia. 

Stone compressed, much broader than high. 7. C. Baileyi. 

Leaves glabrate, or minutely pubescent beneath. 

Leaves ovate, short-pointed ; twigs purple. 8. C. stolonifera. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 

Fruit white; twigs gray. 9, C. candidissima. 

Fruit pale blue; twigs reddish. 10. C. stricta. 

Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering branches. 11. C alterni'folia. 

I. Cornus Canadensis L. Low or Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry. 
(L F. f. 2710.) Flowering stems scaly, 7-30 cm. high. Rootstock nearly hori- 
zontal; leaves verticillate at the summit, or sometimes I or 2 jxiirs of opposite ones 
below, sessile, oval, ovate, or obovate, pinnately veined, glabrous or minutely ap- 
pressed-pubescent, acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; peduncle 1-4 cm. long; invo- 
lucral bracts ovate, 8-12 mm. long; flowers greenish, capitate; petals ovate^ one of 
them with a subulate a])pendage; fruit globose, bright red, about 6 mm. in diame- 
ter; stone smooth, globose. In low woods, Ncwf. to Alaska, N. J.. Ind., Miim., 
Colo, and Cal Rarely the upper leaves are opposite. May-July. 



690 FLORA. 

2. Cornus Suecica L. Northern Dwarf Cornel. (I. F. f. 271 1.) 

Flowering stems 5-25 cm. high. Leaves 3-6 pairs, all opposite, sessile, ovate, or 
oval, entire, minutely appressed -pubescent above, the upper 1-4 cm. long, the 
veins all arising from near the base; involucral bracts usually 4, ovate, 6-12 mm. 
long, obtusish ; flowers dark purple, capitate ; fruit globose , red, 6-8 mm. in diame- 
ter; stone flattened. In cold, wet woods, Newf. to Quebec and Alaska. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

3. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood". (I. F. f. 2712.) A small 
tree, or large shrub, with very rough bark and spreading branches. Leaves peti- 
oled, ovate, or oval, rarely obovate, entire, pale and slightly pubescent on the 
veins beneath, dark green above, 7-15 cm. long, acute at the apex, usually nar- 
rowed at the base ; bracts of the involucre white or pinkish (rarely rose-red), very 
conspicuous, obovate, obcordate, or emarginate, strongly parallel-veined, 2.5-6 cm. 
long; flowers greenish yellow, capitate; fruit ovoid, scarlet, 10-12 mm. long, 
crowned with the persistent calyx; stone smooth, channeled. In woods, Me. and 
Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. April-June. 

4. Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. (I. F. 
f. 2713.) A shrub, 0.8-3 ™- tiig^, the twigs warty, green and glabrous. Leaves 
petioled, broadly ovate, or orbicular, acute, or short-acuminate, pale beneath, 
slightly pubescent above, 5-15 cm. long; flowers in rather dense cymes 3-7 cm. 
broad, the pedicels usually somewhat pubescent; petals ovate; fruit globose, light 
blue, about 5 mm. in diameter; stone subglobose. In shady, often rocky situa- 
tions, N. S. to Manitoba, Va.,Ill. and Iowa. May-June. 

5. Cornus Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik. (I. F. f. 2714.) A shrub, with 
purplish twigs, the youngest commonly pubescent. Leaves petioled. ovate, oval, 
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, usually finely pubescent with brownish hairs be- 
neath, 2.5-13 cm. long; flowers in flat cymes; petals narrowly oblong; fruit glo- 
bose, light blue, 6-7 mm. in diameter, stone oblique, ridged. In wet soil, N. B. to 
Ont., Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. May-July. 

6. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Rough-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. 
(I. F. f. 2715.) A shrub, the twigs reddish brown, the youngest rough-pubes- 
cent. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate-oval, or elliptic, acuminate, pale and woolly- 
pubescent beneath, densely rough-pubescent above, 3-13 cm. long; petioles and 
rays of the cyme rough-pubescent; cymes rather loosely-flowered, 5-8 cm. broad; 
petals oblong-lanceolate; fruit globose, white, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone 
slightly furrowed, little compressed. In wet ground, Ont. to Fla., Iowa, Kans. 
and Tex. May- June. 

7. Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans. Bailey's Cornel or Dogwood. (I. F. 
f. 2716.) A shrub with reddish twigs. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather densely woolly-pubescent beneath, 2.5-13 cm. 
long; petals ovate-oblong; cymes compact, the rays pubescent; fruit white, about 
6 mm. in diameter; stone flattened, slightly oblique. Lake shores and in moist 
ground, Penn. to Minn, and the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and Neb. May-June. 

8. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood. (I. F. f. 
2717.) A shrub, 1-5 m. high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs glabrous and bright 
reddish purple. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or 
short-acuminate, white or whitish and sparingly pubescent or glabrous beneath ; 
petals ovate-oblong; fruit white or whitish, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In 
moist soil, N. S. to Yukon Terr., Va., Ky., Neb., Ariz, and Cal. June -July. 

9. Cornus candidissima Marsh. Panicled Cornel or Dogwood. (I. F. 
f. 2718.) A shrub with gray smooth twigs. Leaves petioled. lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, minutely appressed- 
pubescent on both sides, pale beneath, 3-10 cm. long; cymes somewhat paniculate; 
petals lanceolate ; fruit globose, white, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone subglobose. 
In rich soil. Me. to N. Car., Minn, and Neb. May-June. 

10. Cornus stricta Lam. Stiff Cornel or Dogwood. (I. F. f. 2719.) 
A shrub, 2.5-5 "^' ^i&^' resembling the preceding; twigs purplish or reddish 
brown. Leaves petioled, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sparingly 
appressed-pubescent on both sides. 3-8 cm. long, the margins often minutely den- 
ticulate, green above and beneath; cymes rather loosely flowered, their rays 



ERICA LES. 691 

nearly or quite glabrous; fruit pale blue, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone globose, 
nearly smooth. In swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April-May. 

II. Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. 
(I. F. f. 2720.) A shrub, or small tree, with smooth greenish bark. Leaves slen- 
der-petioled, oval or ovate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, pale and appressed-pubes- 
cent beneath, the margins minutely denticulate; cymes pubescent; petals lanceo- 
late; fruit globular, or slightly depressed, blue, about 8 mm. in diameter; stone 
somewhat obovoid, channeled, scarcely flattened. In woods, N. S. to Ga., Ont., 
Minn., W. Va. and Ala. May-July. 

2. NYSSA L. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, greenish, 
polygamo-dioecious, in capitate clusters, short racemes, or the fertile ones some- 
times solitary, borne at the summit of slender axillary peduncles, appearing with 
the leaves. Staminate flowers numerous, the calyx 5 -parted, the petals minute 
and fleshy, or none; stamens 5-15; filaments slender; disk entire or lobed; pistil 
none or rudimentary. Pistillate flowers 2-14, or solitary, bracted; calyx-limb 
5 -toothed, or truncate; petals minute and fleshy, or none; stamens several, or com- 
monly abortive; ovary I -celled, with I pendulous ovule; style slender, recurved. 
Drupe ovoid or oval, the stone bony, compressed, I -seeded. [Name of a water 
nymph.] About 7 species, natives of N. Am., eastern and central Asia. Besides 
the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 

Leaves usually entire; pistillate flowers 2-14; fruit 6-14 mm. long. 

Leaves mostly acute or acuminate; stone little flattened. i. N. sylvatica. 

Leaves mostly obtuse; stone much flattened. 2. N. biflora. 

Leaves usually dentate; pistillate flower solitary; fruit 16-30 mm. long. 3. N. aquattca. 

1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum. Tupelo. (I. F. f. 
2721.) A large tree, with rough bark. Leaves obovate or oval, entire, glabrous 
and shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long; staminate 
flowers capitate; pistillate flowers larger, 2-14 together; fruit ovoid, nearly black, 
8-14 mm. long, acid; stone ovoid. In rich moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Mich. 
and Tex. Leaves rarely angulate-toothed on young trees. April-June . 

2. Nyssa biflora Walt. Southern Tupelo. Water Tupelo. (I. F. f. 
2722.) Similar to the preceding, the base swollen. Leaves mostly smaller and 
narrower, obtuse or sometimes acute, 2.5-13 cm. long, glabrous when mature; pis- 
tillate flowers only 1-3 together; fruit oval,- or subglobose, 6-12 mm. long, acid; 
stone oval or oblong, distinctly flattened and furrowed. In swamps and along 
ponds, N. J. to Va., Fla. and Ala. April-May. 

3. Nyssa aquatica L. Large Tupelo. Cotton or Tupelo Gum. (I. F. 
f. 2723.) A large tree. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or oval, angular-dentate, 
or entire, acute, or acuminate, downy-pubescent beneath, especially when young, 
becoming glabrate on both sides, 0.7-2.5 dm. long; fruit oval, dark blue when 
ripe; stone narrowly obovate, flattened, spongy, with several sharp longitudinal 
ridges. In swamps, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. April. 

Series 2. QatnopetalaCo 
Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting. ' 

This series is also known as Sympetalae and has been called Monopetalae. The 
coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite separate, as in Clethraceae, 
Pyrolaceae, some Ericaceae, Primukiceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae, Cu- 
curbitaceae and Galax in Diapensiaceae. I'^rom this condition the coherence varies 
through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of some Convolvulaceae, Capri- 
foliaceae and CJonipositae. In American species of J-^axtnus (Oleaceae) and m G/aux 
(Primulaceae), there is no corolla. 

Order i. ERICALES. 

Flowers complete, regular. Calyx toothed, k)bcd. or divided, superior, 
except in Vacciniaceae. Corolla mainly gamopctalous. Stamens free 
from the corolla, or adnate only to its base (except in D/a/>cusia and 



692 



FLORA. 



Pyxidanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as its lobes and alternate 
with them, or twice as many. Ovary compound. 

Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube. 
Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous. 
Corolla essentially polypetalous. 

Ovary 3-ceiled ; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. i. Clethraceae. 

Ovary 4-5-celled; low, mostly evergreen perennials. 

Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 
Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of the 
Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Ericaceae), 
Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Monotropaceae. 
Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 

Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry or drupe in fruit. 

Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae, 
Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a lo-lobed tube. 

Fam. 6, Diapensiaceae. 

Family i. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch. 

IVhite-alder Family. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate deciduous serrate or serrulate petioled 
leaves in our species, and small white fragrant flowers in terminal usually 
elongated racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, persistent, the segments 
imbricated. Petals 5, slightly united at the base, imbricated, deciduous. 
Stamens 10; filaments slender; anthers sagittate, inverted in anthesis, 
the sacs opening by large apical pores ; pollen-grains simple. Disk obso- 
lete. Ovary 3-angled or 3-lobed, 3-celled, pubescent ; ovules numerous ; 
style slender ; stigmas 3 in our species. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 
3-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. Only the following genus, compris- 
ing about 30 species, of N. Am., Japan, Mex. and S. Am. 

I. CLETHRA L. 

Characters of the family. [Greek, alder, from the resemblance of the foliage.] 
Besides the following, another species occurs in the southern States. 

Leaves obovate, acute or obtuse; filaments glabrous. i. C. alnifolia. 

Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate ; filaments hirsute. 2. C. acuminata. 

1. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. White Alder. (I. F. f. 
2724.) A shrub, 1-3 m. high, the twigs minutely canescent. Leaves narrowed or 
cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, at least beyond the middle, glabrous or nearly 
so on both sides, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; petioles 2-12 mm. long; bracts short, deciduous; 
pedicels, calyx and capsule canescent; calyx -lobes obtuse, nerved; flowers about 
8 mm. broad, of spicy fragrance; style longer than the stamens; capsule subglo- 
bose, about 3 mm. in diameter, about the length of the calyx. In wet soil, Me. to 
northern N. J. and Fla., mostly near the coast. July- Aug. 

2. Clethra acuminata Michx. Mountain Sweet Pepperbush. (I. F. f. 
2725.) A shrub or small tree, similar to the preceding. Leaves green above, pale 
and sometimes pubescent beneath, serrulate with sharp- pointed teeth, 5-18 cm. 
long, sometimes I cm. wide; petioles 8-25 mm. long; racemes spreading or re- 
curved, 5-20 cm. long, the rachis, pedicels and calyx densely pubescent or canes- 
cent; bracts longer than the flowers, caducous. In mountain woods, Va. and W. 
Va. to Ga. July-August. 

Family 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh. 

Wintergreen Family. 

Low mostly evergreen perennials, with branched rootstocks. Leaves 
petioled. Flowers nearly regular, white or pink. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Co- 
rolla deeply 4-5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice as many as the 
divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse in the bud, inverted at aH" 



PYROLACEAE. 693 

thesis, opening by pores or short sHts ; pollen-grains in 4's. Ovary 4-5- 
celled ; style often declined ; stigma 5-lobed, or 5-crenate ; ovules numer- 
ous, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Seeds numer- 
ous, minute, the loose cellular coat much larger than the almost undiffer- 
entiated embryo. Three genera and about 20 species, natives of the 
northern hemisphere. 

Flowers racemose; leaves basal. i. Pyrola. 
Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. 

Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long. 2. Moneses. 

Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. Chimaphila. 

I. PYROLA L. 

Acaulescent or nearly so. Leaves basal, persistent (one northwestern species 
leafless). Flowers white, yellov/ish, pink, or purple, racemose, on erect scapes. 
Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, sessile. Stamens 10, declined, or 
straight and conni vent; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers erect in the bud, emar- 
ginate or 2-beaked at the base, mostly reversed at flowering, each sac opening by 
a basal but apparently apical pore. Ovary 5 -celled; stigma 5-lobed. Disk usually 
obsolete, rarely present and lo-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 5-lobed, 5 -celled, loculi- 
cidally 5-valved from the base, the valves cobwebby on the margins when opening, 
the apex and base intruded. [Latin, diminutive of Pyrus^ pear, from the similar 
leaves.] About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the follow- 
ing, 3 others occur in western N. Am. 

Style and stamens declined (slightly so in No. 6). 
Petals very obtuse; leaves rounded at the apex. 

Leaves rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base. 

Flowers white or greenish white; plants of dry woods. 

Calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining. i. P. rotundifolia. 
Calyx-lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull. 

Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than petioles. 

2. P. chlorantha. 
Blades oval, membranous, longer than their petioles. 

3. P. ellipti-ca. 
Flowers pink or purple; bog plant. 4. P. ultginosa. 

Leaves reniform, cordate; flowers pink. 5. P. asari/olia. 

Petals and leaves acute, the latter small. 6. P, oxypetala. 
Style straight ; stamens connivent. 

Style short; disk none; raceme regular. 7. P. minor. 

Style elongated; disk lo-lobed; flowers in a i-sided raceme. 8. P. secunda 

1. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 2726.) 

Scape 1.5-5 ^™- l^igl^j 6-20-flowered. Blades orbicular or oval, spreading, coria- 
ceous, crenulate, 4-8 cm. long, often shorter than their petioles; flowers white, 
noddirg, very fragrant, 14-18 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, mostly longer 
than their bracts; calyx lobes about one- third the length of the petals; capsule 
4-6 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Ga. and Ohio. Also in 
Europe. June-July. 

Pyrola rotundifolia pumila Hornem. Scape 7-15 cm. high; leaves seldom 2.5 cm. 
long; calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse. Greenland and Lab. to the N. W. Terr. 

2. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Greenish flowered Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 
2727.) Scape 1-3 dm. high, 3-10-flowered. Blades mostly obtuse at both ends, 
olDscurely crenulate, or entire, 1.2-2.5 '^'^^- lo^^S". flowers nodtling, slightly odorous, 
greenish white, 10-14 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, mostly longer than their 
bracts; calyx- lobes about one-fourth the length of the petals; anther-sacs short- 
beaked; capsule about 6 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, Lab. to l^r. Col., D. C, 
111., Neb. and Colo. Also in Europe. June-July. 

3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-leaf. (I. Y. f. 2728.) Scape 1-2.5 '■l"^- 
high, 7-15-flowered. Blades dark green, obtuse at the apex, plicate-crenulate 
with very low teeth, 3.5-4.5 cm. long; flowers greenish white, nodding, 12-16 mm. 
broad, very fragrant; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate, alxnit one- 
fourth as long as the petals; anther-sacs scarcely beaked; capsule about 6 mm. in 



694 FLORA. 

diameter. In rich, mostly dry woods, N. S. to Br. Col., D. C, III., Mich, and in 
the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex, June-Aug. 

4. Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Bog Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 2729.) Scape 
1.5-4 dm. high, 7-15 -flowered. Blades broadly oval, or orbicular, dull, rather 
thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both ends; flowers 10-16 mm. broad; calyx- 
lobes oblong or ovate -lanceolate, one-fourth to one-third the length of the petals; 
anther-sacs beaked; capsule about 5 mm. in diameter. In swamps and bogs, N. 
S. to Br. Col., N. Eng., central N. Y.. Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June. 

5. Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-leaf Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 2730.) 
Similar to the preceding. Blades usually wider than long, coriaceous, shining 
above, obtuse, crenulate, 2.5-4 cm. long, usually shorter than their narrowly 
margined petioles ; flowers racemose, nodding, purple, or rose, 12-16 mm. broad; 
calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about one-third the length of the petals; 
anther-sacs slightly beaked ; capsule about 6 mm. in diameter. In wet woods and 
swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Mass., N. Y., Minn, and Colo. June-July. 

6. Pyrola oxypetala Austin. Sharp-petaled Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 
2731.) Scape slender, 2-2.5 dm. high, about 9- flowered. Blades ovate, coria- 
ceous, dull, narrowed at the base, obscurely crenulate, 14-20 mm. long, shorter 
than their petioles; flowers racemose, ascending, greenish, 8-10 mm. broad; bracts 
shorter than the pedicels; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about one-third the 
length of the elliptic-lanceolate acuminate connivent petals; anther-sacs slightly 
horned. Hills, Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. June. 

7. Pyrola minor L. Lesser Wintergreen. {I. F. f. 2732.) Blades rather 
thin, broadly oval to orbicular, crenulate, obtuse, rounded, slightly narrowed, or 
subcordate at the base, 1-2 cm. long; flowers racemose, nodding, white or pink- 
ish, 6-8 mm. broad; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes mostly triangular-ovate 
and acute; stamens not declined; petals oval or orbicular, obtuse; capsule about 
5 mm. in diameter. In woods, Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, N. Eng., Ont. and 
Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

8. Pyrola secrinda L. Serrated or One-sided W^intergreen. (I. F. f. 
2733.) Scapes slender, 1-2. 5 dm. high. Blades ovate, or often oval, mostly thin, 
acute, or rarely obtuse, crenulate -serrulate, 2-5 cm. long, longer than their peti- 
oles; flowers many, at first erect, soon drooping, greenish white, 6-8 mm. broad; 
pedicels short; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, or obtusish, very short; petals oval, ob- 
tuse, with a pair of tubercles at the base, campanulate-connivent; stamens not 
declined; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets. Lab. to 
Alaska, D. C, Neb., along the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and to Cal. Also in Europe 
and Asia. June-July. 

Pyrola secunda pumila Paine, is a low northern form, the scape 5-10 cm. high. 
3-8-flowered, the leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 1-2.5 cm. long. 

2. MONESES Salisb. 

Leaves petioled, crenulate, opposite, or verticillate in 3's. Flower solitary, 
drooping, white or pink, at the summit of a slender scape. Calyx 4-5 -parted, per- 
sistent. Petals 4 or 5, broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, similar 
to those of Pyrola. Ovary globose, 4-5 -celled; style straight; stigma 4-5-lobed; 
ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose. 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled, loculicidally 4-5- 
valved from the summit, the valves glabrous on the margins. Seeds minute, the 
testa reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, single-delight, from the single 
flower.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Moneses uniflora (L. ) A. Gray. One- flowered Wintergreen. (I. F. f. 
2734.) Stem 5-15 cm. high. Blades orbicular or ovate, obtuse, rather thin, 
8-24 mm. long; flower 12-20 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, about one- 
fifth the length of the petals ; capsule erect, 6-8 mm. in diameter, about as long as 
the peristent style and stigma. In woods, Lab. to Alaska, Conn., Penn., Mich., in 
the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and to Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

3. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. 
Perennial herbs, with decumbent stems, ascending leafy branches, the leaves 
opposite, or verticillate, coriaceous, evergreen, short-petioled and serrate, and white 
or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 



MONO TROPA CEAE. 69 5 

5-deft, or 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular, sessile. Stamens 
10, similar to those of Pyrola. Ovary globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous; 
style short, obconic; stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 
5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-vaIved from the top, the valves not woolly on the 
margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at each end. 
[Greek, winter-loving, from its evergreen leaves.] About 6 species, natives of N. 
Am., Mex. and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs on our Pacific Coast. 

Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white. i. C. maculata. 

Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green. 2. C. umbellata. 

1. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. (I. F. £ 
2735.) Stem sending up both sterile and flowering branches 8-25 cm. high. 
Leaves acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 6-24 mm. wide be- 
low the middle; flowers few, white or pinkish, 12-20 mm. broad; peduncle and 
pedicels puberulent; filaments villous at the middle; capsules erect, depressed- 
globose, about 8 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and 
Miss. June-Aug. 

2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince's Pine. (I. F. f. 
2736.) Similar to the preceding, the branches commonly stouter, sometimes 3 dm. 
high, usually more leafly. Leaves obtuse or acutish, sharply serrate, shining, 2.5- 
6 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide above the middle ; flowers several, white or pinkish, 
commonly smaller than those of the preceding, usually marked by a deep pink 
ring; filaments ciliate; capsule 6-8 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, N. S. to Br. 
Col., Ga., Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. 

I7tdia 7i-pipe Fa m ily . 

Humus-plants or saprophytes, with mostly simple, leafless scaly scapes. 
Calyx 2-6-parted ; sepals erect, imbricated, deciduous. Corolla gamo- 
petalous or polypetalous (wanting in the California Allotropa); lobes or 
petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogy nous; anthers 2-celled or confluently 
I -celled, attached to the filaments by their backs or bases ; pollen-grains 
simple. Disk obsolete or 8-12-lobed. Ovary 4~6-lobed, i-6-celled ; 
stigma capitate or peltate ; ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule 4-6- 
lobed, or terete, i-6-celled, loculicidally 4-6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
minute, the testa reticulated. About 9 genera and 12 species, mostly of 
the northern hemisphere. 
Corolla gamopetalous, persistent. 

Corolla globose-ovoid ; anthers 2-awned. i. Pterospora. 

Corolla campanulate; anthers awnless. 2. Moitotropsis. 

Corolla polypetalous, deciduous. 

Flower solitary. 3. Monotropa. 

Flowers racemose. 4. Hypopitys. 

I. PTEROSPORA Nutt. 

Scape slender, from a thick base of fibrous roots. Flowers and capsules race- 
mose, pendulous. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globose-ovoid, with 5 reflexed 
lobes. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers introrse. hori- 
zontal in the bud, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; style 
short, columnar; stigma capitate, 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 
5 -celled, 5-valved, the apex and base intruded. Seeds horizontal, globose-ovoid, 
with a terminal reticulated wing. [Greek, wing-seeded.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. Giant Bird's-nest. Pine-drops. 
(I. F. f. 2737.) Roots astringent, forming a rounded mass sometimes 5 cm. in 
diameter. Scape purplish or brown, 1.5-14 dm. high, grooved, covered with vis- 
cid hairs; scales lanceolate, or linear, numerous and crowded at the base; flowers 
white, 4-8 mm. broad; pedicels at first spreading, soon recurved, 6-20 mm. long, 
viscid; sepals oblong, about one-half the length of the corolla; capsule S-12 mm. 
in diameter. In rich woods, Quebec and N. H. to Penn., Br. Col. and Cal., south 
in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. June-Aug. 



696 



FLORA. 



2. MONOTROPSIS Schweio. 



Scape slender; plant glabrous. Sepals 5, oblong to linear. Corolla oblong- 
campanulate, persistent, 5 -saccate at the base, 5-lobed, the lobes not reflexed. 
Stamens 10, included ; filaments glabrous ; anthers horizontal in the bud, introrse, 
the sacs confluent, opening by large terminal pores. Disk lO-crenate. Ovary glo- 
bose, 5 -celled; style short, thick; stigma 5 -angled. Capsule ovoid, 5 -celled. Seeds 
numerous. [Greek, resembling 7J/6'?Z(?/'?'^/(3.] Two species, of southeastern N, Am. 

I. Monotropsis odorata Ell. Sweet Pine-sap. Carolina Beech-drops. 
(I. F. f. 2738.) Plant light purplish brown; scapes usually several, 5-10 cm. high. 
Scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, 4-8 mm. long; flowers few, pink, spicate, 
fragrant, 2-bracteolate at the base, spreading or erect, the spike at first recurved, 
becoming erect, 2.5-5 cm. long, sepals mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute, about as 
long as the corolla and the bractlets. In woods, Md. to N. Car. Feb. -May. 

3. MONOTROPA L. 

Scapose succulent white yellowish or red herbs, with a solitary nodding flower, 
the capsule becoming erect. Sepals 2-4, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, not saccate at 
the base, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12; filaments subulate-filiform.; anthers 
short, peltate, horizontal, opening at first by 2 transverse chinks, becoming trans- 
versely 2- valved. Disk io-i2-toothed, confluent with the base of the ovary. Ovary 
5-celled; style short, thick; stigma funnelform, its margin obscurely crenate. Cap- 
sule 5 -celled, 5 -valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, the testa produced at each 
end. [Greek, once-turned. J Two species, of N. Am., Mex., Colombia, Japan and 
the Himalayas. 

I. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. (I. F. f. 2739.) Scapes white, 
glabrous, usually clustered, I-2.5 dm. high from a mass of brittle roots, turning 
dark in drying. Flower inodorous, nodding, oblong-campanulate, 12-25 mm. 
long; petals 4-6, puberulent within, white, rather longer than the usually 10 
stamens; filaments pubescent; ovary ovoid, acute, narrowed into the short style; 
capsule obtusely angled, 10-16 mm. high, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In moist rich 
woods, Anticosti to Fla., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in Japan and the Himalayas. 
Whole plant occasionally pink or red. June-Aug. 

4. HYPOPITYS Hill. 

Scapes pubescent, at least above, bearing white yellowish or red flowers in a 
nodding one-sided raceme which soon becomes erect. Roots a mass of fleshy fibres. 
Terminal flower usually 5 -parted, the lateral ones 3-4-parted. Sepals commonly 
as many as the petals. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10; filaments subu- 
late-filiform; anther-sacs becoming confluent, opening by 2 unequal valves, the 
larger one spreading or reflexed, the smaller erect. Disk 8-io-toothed. Ovary 3-5- 
celled; stigma funnelform, its margin glandular-ciliate. Capsule 3-5 -celled, 3-5- 
valved, erect. [Greek, referring to its growth under firs.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Hypopitys Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops. 
(I. F. f. 2740.) Plants usually slightly fragrant; scapes 1-3 dm. high. Bracts 
ovate-lanceolate, imbricated at the base, scattered above; raceme 3-15-flowered, 
2.5-13 cm. long; pedicels 6-20 mm. long; flowers oblong-campanulate, 8-14 mm. 
long, bracteolate at the base, the bractlets closely resembling the sepals ; filaments 
pubescent; capsule globose-oblong, 4-6 mm. high. In dry woods, Anticosti to Fla., 
Br. Col. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. Jvme-Oct. 

Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. 

Heath Family. 

Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple estipulate leaves, and 
mostly perfect flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, 4-5-parted or 4-5- 
cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped, 
usually 4-5-toothed, -lobed or -parted. Stamens hypogynous, usually as 
many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes, teeth or petals ; anthers 
2-celled, attached to the filaments by the back or base, the sacs often 



ERICA CEAE, 697 

prolonged upwardly into tubes. Ovary 2-5-celled ; stigma peltate or 
capitate; ovules usually numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or 
drupe. Seeds usually numerous and minute, or sometimes only i in each 
cavity ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central ; cotyledons short ; radicle 
terete. About 55 genera and 1050 species of wide distribution. 

* Fruit a septicidal capsule ; corolla deciduous ; anthers unappendaged. 
Corolla of separate petals. i. Ledum. 

Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in No. 6). 

Corolla somewhat irregular (except in No. 5); seeds flat, winged. 
Corolla funnelform to campanulate ; stamens exserted. 

Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves deciduous. 2. Azalea, 
Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base ; leaves deciduous. 

3. Rhodora. 
Corolla campanulate; leaves evergreen. 4. Rhododendron, 

Corolla urn-shaped; stamens not exserted. 5. Menziesia. 

Corolla regular; seeds angled or rounded. 

Corolla polypetalous. 6. Dendrium, 

Corolla gamopetalous. 

Stamens 5; capsule 2-3-celled. 7. Chatnaecistus, 

Stamens 10; capsule 5-celled. 

Corolla saucer-shaped, lo-saccate. 8. Kalmia. 

Corolla ovoid. 9. Phyllodoce. 

* * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe ; corolla deciduous ; anthers often 

awned. 

t Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not accrescent, mostly small. 
Low heath-like shrubs; leaves subulate, very small. 10. Cassiope, 

Shrubs, or trees ; leaves linear to broadly oval. 

Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink. 

Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. 

Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5 valves. , 11. Leucothoe. 

Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner lo-valved. 

12. Chamaedaphne. 
Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate, or separate, in the bud. 

Anthers 2-awned on the back. 

Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric ; leaves not glaucous. 

13. Pier is. 
Corolla globose ; leaves narrow, glaucous beneath. 14. Andromeda, 

Anthers awnless. 15, Xolisma. 

Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 

Corolla ovoid-cylindric, 5-toothed ; tall shrub or tree. 16. Oxydendron. 

Corolla salverform, 5-lobed; trailing shrub. 17. Epigaea. 

f t Fruit a drupe, or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy accrescent calyx. 
Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the capsule. 18. Gaiiltheria. 

Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets. 

Nutlets coalescent; leaves persistent. 19. Arctostaphylos. 

Nutlets separate ; leaves deciduous. 20. Mairania. 

* * * Fruit a septicidal capsule ; corolla withering-persistent ; anthers appendaged. 



21. Call una. 



I. LEDUM L. 



Erect evergreen resinous shrubs, with scaly buds, the foliage fragrant when 
crushed. Leaves alternate, thick, short-petioled, oblong or linear, revolute-mar- 
gined. Flowers white, in terminal umbels or corymbs. Pedicels bracted at the 
base, the bracts deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, obtuse, spread- 
ing, imbricated. Stamens 5 or 10 (rarely 5 to 7), exserted; filaments filiform; anthers 
small, attached by their backs to the filaments, globose-didymous, the sacs opening 
by terminal pores. Disk annular, 8-io-lobed. Ovary ovoid, scaly. 5-celled; 
ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule oblong. 5-celled, 5-valved 
from the base. [Greek, ledon, the plant now called Cistus Lcufon.'] Three species, 
natives of the north temperate and sub-arctic zones. Besides the following, an- 
other occurs on the Pacific coast. 

Leaves linear, 2-4 mm. wide ; stamens 10. i. L. paliisfre. 

Leaves oblong, 6-16 mm. wide ; stamens 5-7. 2. /,. Grocnlandicum. 

I. Ledum paKistre L. Narrow-leaved Lat5rador Tea. (L F. f. 2741.) 
A shrub, 1.5-6 dm. high, the twigs rusty -tomentose. Leaves dark green and 



698 



FLORA. 



somewhat rugose above, densely tomentose with brown wool beneath, 12-40 mm. 
long; flowers 6—10 mm. broad; pedicels very pubescent. 12-25 i^d^- loi^g i^ fruit; 
capsule scurfy, about 4 mm. high and 2 mm. in diameter, nodding; cahoc-teeth 
less than i mm. long, ovate, obtusish. In bogs. Xewf. to Alaska. Also in north- 
ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Ledum Groenlandicum OEder. Labrador Tea. (I. F. f. 2742.) A 
shrub. 3-12 dm. high, similar to the preceding. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, slightly 
rugose above, densely brown-tomentose beneath; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; pedicels 
2-2.5 cm. long and recurved in fruit: capsule canescent, nodding. 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 
mm. in diameter. In bogs and swamps. Greenland to Br. Col., Mass., N. J. 
and Wis. May-June. 

3. AZALEA L. 

Mostly tall shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers large, in terminal umbels 
developed from cone-like scaly buds. Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla funnelform, the 
tube mostly narrow, the limb nearly regularly 5.1obed or somewhat 2-lipped. 
Stamens 5 (rarely 10). exserted, usually declined; anthers attached to the filaments 
by their backs, the sacs opening by terminal pores; style declined, exserted. 
Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous. Capsule oblong or linear-oblong, 5 -celled, 5- 
valved from the summit, many-seeded. [Greek, dry. from its habitat.] About 40 
species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur on the 
Pacific coast. 
Flowers expanding before or with the leaves. 

Flowers pink or white. 

Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath ; corolla-tube hirsute, i. A. nudiflora. 
Leaves canescent beneath ; corolla-tube glandular. 2. A. catiescens. 

Flowers orange, yellow or red ; leaves canescent beneath. 3. A. lutea. 

Flowers expanding later than the leaves. 

Leaves shining, glabrofus beneath. 4. A. arborescens. 

Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath. 5. A. viscosa. 

1. Azalea nudiflora L. Wild Honeysuckle. PI^-KSTER-FLo^^'ER. Pur- 
ple OR Pink Azalea. (I. F. f. 2743.) A shrub. 0.6-2.8 m. high. Leaves oblong 
to obovate. acute at both ends, short-petioled. glabrous or with a few scattered 
hairs above when old. 5-10 cm. long, the margins ciliolate; pedicels strigose, 8- 
14 mm. long; flowers faintly odorous, the limb somewhat 2-lipped. 3.5-5 cm. broad, 
shorter than the narrow tube, stamens much exserted; capsule strigose, 16-18 
mm. long, erect. In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 111., Fla. and Tex. Reported 
from Canada. April-]\Iay. 

2. Azalea canescens Michx. Mountaln Azalea. (I. F. £ 2744.) A 
shrub, 12-45 dm. high. Leaves oval, elliptic or sometimes obovate. wider and 
shorter than those of the preceding, pale beneath and stift'-hain.* or pubescent on the 
veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the margins ciliolate serrulate; pedicels glandu- 
lar; flowers ver^- fragrant; corolla-limb often 5 cm. broad, about equalling the 
rather stout, slightly viscid tube; stamens slightly exserted; capsule glandular, 12- 
16 mm. long. In woods, Mass. and X. Y. to Fla. and La. April-May. 

3. Azalea liitea L. Flame Azalea. (I. F. f. 2745.) Similar' to the two 
preceding. Leaves obovate or oval, glabrous, or with some scattered hairs above, 
the margins ciliolate-serrulate ; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; flowers slightly 
fragrant; corolla-tube about the length of the nearly regular limb, glandular-pilose, 
the limb often 5 cm. broad; stamens long-exserted; capsule about 16 mm. high. 
In drj^ woods, X. Y. and Penn. to Ga. May-June. 

4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Smooth or Tree Azalea. (I. F. f. 2746.) 
A shrub. 2-6 m. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obovate. oblanceolate or 
oval, acute or sometimes abruptly acuminate, petioled. firm, bright green above, 
light green beneath. 5-10 cm. long, fragrant in drying, the margins ciliate; flowers 
white, or tinged with pink, fragrant, the limb nearly regular. 3.5-5 cm. broad, 
about as long as the slender glandular tube; stamens and st^de red. long-exserted: 
capsule densely glandular, 12-16 mm. long. In woods, Penn. to N. Car. and 
Tenn. June-July. 

5. Azalea viscosa L. Swamp Pink or Honeysuckle. White Azalea. 
(I. F. f. 2747.) A shrub. 1-2 m. high, the twigs hairy. Leaves obovate-oblong 



ERICACEAE. 699 

to oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, short-petioled, narrowed at the base, glabrous or 
with a few scattered hairs above, ciliolate, green on both sides ; flowers white, fra- 
grant; pedicels glandular; corolla 3.5-5 cm. long, the limb 2.5-5 cm. broad, more 
or less 2-lipped, much shorter than the slender, very viscid, densely glandular tube ; 
capsule 10-14 mm. high, glandular-bristly. In swamps. Me. to Ohio, Fla. and 
Tex. June-July. 

Azalea viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britten. Pedicels bristly-hispid; flowers, at least the 
limb, pink; leaves glaucescent beneath ; shrub 2-5 m. high. Borders of ponds, Shawan- 
^unk Mts. to Penn. and Montauk Point, N. Y. 

Azalea visc6sa glauca Michx. Leaves white-glaucous beneath, 2.5-5 cm. loiig) shrub 
3-18 dm. high. Mass. to Va. 

Azalea visc6sa nitida (Pursh.) Britton. Leaves about 2.5 cm. long, bright green on 
both sides ; low shrub. Mass. to Va. 

3. RHODORA L. 

A shrub, with oval or oblong short-petioled alternate leaves. Flowers umbel- 
late or short-corymbose, short-pedicelled, rose-colored, purple, or nearly white, 
from terminal scaly buds. Calyx minute. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip un- 
equally 2-3-lobed, the lower divided to the base, the segments recurved. Stamens 
10, about equalling the corolla; anthers attached by their backs to the filaments. 
Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous; style slightly exserted; stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule linear-oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the summit, many-seeded. [From the 
Greek, rhodon, a rose.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Rhodora Canadensis L. Rhodora. (I. F. f. 2748.) Stems 3-9 dm. 
high; twigs sparingly strigose. Leaves obtuse and mucronulate, entire, dark green 
and glabrous, or nearly so, above, pale, glaucous and slightly pubescent, at least 
on the veins, beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide; flowers expanding with or 
before the leaves; pedicels very short, hairy; corolla 2.5-4 cm. broad; capsule 
puberulent, glaucous, 10-14 mm. high. In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newf. to 
N. J., Quebec, central N. Y. and Penn. May. 

4. RHODODENDRON L. 

Leaves alternate, persistent, coriaceous. Flowers purple, rose-colored or white, 
corymbose or umbellate, from scaly cone-like buds. Calyx 5-lobed or 5 -parted. 
Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 5-10 (usually 10), little 
exserted, declined or equally spreading. Anthers attached by their backs to the 
filaments, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Style slender; stigma capitate or 
5-20-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule mostly woody, 5-20-valved from the sum- 
mit. Seeds numerous. [Greek, rose-tree.] About 100 species, natives of the 
northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern 
and western parts of N. Am. 

Arctic-alpine shrub, 5-30 cm. high; leaves small, lepidote. i. R. Lapponicum. 

Tall shrubs or low trees; leaves large, glabrous. 

Leaves usually acute at both ends; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. 2. R. maxiyvian. 

Leaves mostly obtuse at both ends ; calyx-lobes short, acute. 3. R. Catazvbiense. 

1. Rhododendron Lapponicum (L.) Wahl. Lapland Rose Bay. (I. F. f. 
2749.) Depressed or pro^:trate. Leaves oval, elliptic or oblong, obtuse and mu- 
cronulate, 8-18 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, short-petioled; flowers few, on shin-t 
pedicels with scurfy scales; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, pubescent; corolla purple. 
5-lobed, 14-18 mm. broad, the lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
high. Summits of the higher mountains of N. Fng. and the Adirondacks of N. Y. ; 
Quebec to Greenland and Alaska. Delles of the Wisconsin River. Also in Eu- 
rope and Asia. Summer. 

2. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. (I. F. f. 
2750.) A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or 
broadly oblanceolate, dark green on both sides, I-2 dm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, 
drooping in winter; petioles stout, 12-25 mm. long; pedicels viscid-pubescent, 
2.5-5 cm. long; corolla 3.5-5 cm. broad, about 2.5 cm. long, rather deej^ly 5-cleft 
into oval obtuse lobes, rose-color, varying to white, sprinkled with yellowish or 



700 FLO^A. 

orange spots withm; capsule oblong, puberulent, 10-14 mm. high. In woods and 
along streams, N. S. to Ont., Ohio and Ga. June-July. 

3. Rhododendron Catawbiense Michx. Mountain Rose Bay. Catawba 
OR Carolina Rhododendron. (I. F. f. 2751.) A shrub, 1-6 m. high. Leaves 
oval or broadly oblong, mucronate, 7.5-13 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, dark green 
above, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles stout, 12-35 "^^- ^^ng; pedicels rather 
stout, becoming glabrous; corolla lilac-purple, 3.5-5 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. broad, 
5-lobed, the lobes rounded; capsule linear-oblong, puberulent, 16-20 mm. high. 
Mountain slopes and summits, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. May-June. 

5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. 

Shrubs, with alternate entire deciduous leaves, and small nodding greenish 
purple slender-pedicelled flowers, in terminal corymbs or umbels, developed from 
scaly buds. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 
or nearly globose, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stamens 8; filaments subulate, flattish, 
anthers linear-oblong, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening by 
terminal pores or chinks. Disk obscurely 8-crenate. Ovary mostly 4-celled; 
ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Capsule 4-celled, 
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds slender, the testa membranous, prolonged at both 
ends. Parts of the flower rarely in 5's. [Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, 
surgeon and naturalist, died 1842. J About 7 species, natives of N. Am. and Japan. 

Filaments glabrous; seeds pointed at each end. i, M. pilosa. 

Filaments pubescent below; seeds long-appendaged at each end. 2. M. glabella. 

1. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. (I. F. f. 2752.) 
Shrub 6-18 dm. high; twigs chaffy and with stiff hairs. Leaves oval, oblong or 
obovate, rough-hairy above, pale-, glaucescent and sometimes chaffy on the veins 
beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long, the margins ciliate; petioles 4-10 mm. long, pubescent; 
flowers few, drooping; pedicels filiform, glandular, 12-25 "^°^- lo^gJ calyx-lobes 
short and broad, hirsute-ciliate; corolla 4-6. mm. long; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. 
high, erect, glandular-bristly. In mountain woods, Penn. to Ga. May-June. 

2. Menziesia glabella A. Gray. Smooth Menziesia. (I. F. f. 2753.) 
Similar to the preceding. Leaves obovate, obtuse and glandular-mucronulate at 
the apex, pale, glaucous and glabrous or nearly so beneath, sparingly pubescent 
above, 18-36 mm. long, the margins ciliolate; flowers 1-5 in the umbels, becoming 
erect; pedicels 12-25 mm. long, glandular; corolla about 4 mmi. long; capsule 
oblong or obovoid, erect, about 4 mm. high, glabrous. Minnesota Point, Lake 
Superior, west to Ore. and Br. Col. May-June. 

6. DENDRIUM Desv. 

A glabrous evergreen shrub, with coriaceous entire small mostly opposite leaves, 
and numerous small white or pinkish flowers, in terminal corymbs. Bracts coriaceous, 
persistent. Calyx 5-parted, the segments rigid, acute, persistent. Petals 5, ses- 
sile, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; anthers small, 
globose, didymous, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening lon- 
gitudinally. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 2-5 -celled; ovules numerous; style slender, 
straight; stigma simple, truncate. Capsule ovoid, 2-5-valved from the top. [Greek, 
a tree. ] A small genus of eastern N. Am. 

I. Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. Sand Myrtle. (I. F. f. 2754.) A 
shrub with box-like foliage, widely branching, I-4.5 dm. high. Leaves crowded, 
oblong or oval, thick, obtuse, dark green and shining above, lighter and black- 
dotted beneath, short-petioled, somewhat revolute-margined, 6-14 mm. long, the 
midrib prominent; flowers in short corymbs, about 4 mm. broad; anthers purple; 
pedicels 6-10 mm. long in fruit; capsule acute, slightly over 2 mm. high. In dry, 
sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. April-June. 

7. CHAMAECl'sTUS OEder. 

A low glabrous straggling shrub, with small linear-oblong petioled obtuse entire 
evergreen leaves, and small flowers on terminal erect pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, 
the segments ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla broadly campanulate, with 5 
obtuse lobes. Stamens 5, included; filaments adnate to the corolla; anthers globose- 



ERICACEAE. 70I 

didymous, dorsally attached to the filaments, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk ob- 
scurely 5-lobed. Ovary globose; style short; stigma capitate; ovules numerous. 
Capsule subglobose, 2-3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds ovoid, the testa granu- 
lar. [Greek, ground cistus.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Chamaecistus procumbens (L.) Kuntze. Alpine or Trailing Azalea. 
(I. F. f. 2755.) Tufted, diftuse; branches 5-10 cm. long. Leaves mostly opposite, 
crowded, dark green above, paler beneath, 4-8 mm. long, the midrib very promi- 
nent on the lower side, the margins strongly revolute; petioles I mm. long or less; 
flowers 1-5 from terminal coriaceous buds; pedicels 6-8 mm. long; corolla pink or 
white, about 4 mm. high, longer than the purplish sepals; capsule about 2 mm. in 
diameter. Summits of the White Mts. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and Alaska. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-August. 

8. KALMIA L. 

Erect shrubs, with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves. Flowers in umbels or 
corymbs, or solitary, or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx 5 -parted or 5 -divided, 
the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla saucer-shaped, the limb strongly 
lo-keeled in the bud, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb, the keels extending 
from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; 
anther-sacs opening by large terminal pores; filaments erect in the bud, soon 
curving outward, placing the anthers in the pouches of the corolla, straightening 
elastically when the flov/er is fully expanded. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary 5 -celled; 
ovules numerous; stigma depressed-capitellate. Capsule subglobose, obscurely 
5-lobed, 5 -celled, 5 valved from the summit. Seeds small, subglobose. [Dedicated 
by Linnaeus to his pupil, Peter Kalm, 1715-1779, who travelled in America.] 
Seven known species, 6 of N. Am., the other Cuban. 

Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete. 

Leaves oblong-, mostly obtuse; flowers 6-10 mm. broad. i. K. angustifolia. 

Leaves elliptic or oval, acute; flowers 16-25 mm. broad. 2. K. latifolia. 

Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca. 

Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; leaves and twigs hirsute. 4. K. hirsuta. 

1. Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep-laurel. Lambkill. (I. F. f. 2756.) 
Leaves mostly opposite, or verticillate in 3's, obtuse or sometimes acute, nar- 
rowed at the base, petioled, glabrous, dark green above, light green beneath, 2.5-6.5 
cm. long, 6-22 mm. wide; flowers purple or crimson, in lateral compound or simple 
corymbs; pedicels filiform, 12-24 mm. long, recurved in fruit; sepals ovate, acute, 
canescent, persistent; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, canescent, 3-4 mm. in 
diameter, the apex impressed; filiform style long-persistent. In moist soil, Newf. 
to Hudson Bay, south to Ga. and Mich. June-July. 

2. Kalmia latifolia L. American or Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush. 
(I. F. f. 2757.) Often forming dense thickets, becoming a tree; branches very stiff". 
Leaves alternate, or some of them opposite, or rarely verticillate in 3's, petioled, 
glabrous, flat, green on both sides, persistent, 5-13 cm. long, 12-35 mm. wide; 
flowers pink to white, numerous and showy in compound terminal corymbs; ped- 
icels bracted and 2-bracteolate at the base, 12-35 mm. long, glandular, erect, even 
in fruit; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, glandular, 4-6 mm. in diameter; calyx 
and style long-persistent. In woods, N. B. to Ont., Ohio, Fla. and La. May-June. 

Kalmia latif61ia myrtifblia Rand. Low, compactly much branched ; leaves not 
over 4 cm. long and 6-8 mm. wide. Mass. 

3. Kalmia glauca Ait. Pale or Swamp Laurel. (I. F. f. 2758.) Gla- 
brous, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite or sometimes in 3's, nearly sessile, ob- 
long or linear-oblong, green above, white-glaucous beneath, 12-50 mm. long, 4-12 
mm. wide, the margins revolute; flowers few (1-13), purple, 10-18 mm. broad; 
pedicels filiform, 12-35 mm. long, erect, even in fruit; sepals ovate, scarious- 
margined, persistent; capsule depressed-globose, glabrous, aliout 5 mm. in diam- 
eter. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Conn., N. J., Pcnn. , Mich, and Cal. Summer. 

4. Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Hairy Laurel. (I. F. f. 2750.) Branching, 3-6 
dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, noarlv 
sessile, villous-hirsute, becoming glabrate in age, dark green above, lighter beneath. 
0-12 mm. long; flowers rose-purple. 10-18 mm. broad; pedicels slendei-, nearly or 



702 FLORA, 

quite glabrous; sepals acute, hirsute or ciliate, longer than the capsule, at length 
deciduous ; capsule depressed, about 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous. In moist pine- 
barrens, Va. to Fla. May-Aug. 

9. PHYLLODOCE Salisb. 

Low branching shrubs, with small crowded linear obtuse evergreen leaves. 
Flowers long-pedicelled, nodding, mostly pink, blue or purple, in terminal umbels. 
Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla contracted at 
the throat, 5 -toothed. Stamens 10, included; anthers attached to the filaments by 
their backs, oblong, obtuse, the sacs dehiscent by oblique chinks. Disk obscurely 
lobed. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous ; style included; stigma obscurely 5 -lobed, 
or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose-oblong, 5-valved to about the middle. 
Seeds minute, the testa coriaceous. [Greek, a sea nymph.] Three species, of 
arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. 

I. Phyllodoce coerulea (L.) Gren. & Godr. Mountain Heath. (I. F. f. 
2760.) A shrub, 1-1.5 dm. high. Leaves yew-like, 6-10 mm. long, articulated 
with the branches, crowded above, the margins acutish, scabrous or serrulate- 
cilioiate; pedicels erect, very glandular, elongating in fruit; corolla 8-10 mm. long, 
about 4 mm. in diameter, pink or purple; sepals acuminate, glandular; capsule 
erect, about 4 mm. high. Summits of the higher mountains of Me. and N. H. ; 
Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. to Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

10. CASSlOPE D. Don. 

Low tufted heath-like evergreen shrubs, with small sessile imbricated or 
crowded, entire apparently veinless leaves, and solitary peduncled white or pink 
nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, not bracted at the base. Corolla campanulate, 
4-5 -lobed or 4-5 -parted. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments glabrous ; anthers 
attached to the filaments near the apex, the sacs opening by large terminal 
pores and tipped with a recurved awn. Disk lO-crenate. Ovary 4-5 -celled; 
ovules numerous; stigma simple. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5-valved, each 
valve 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds minute, numerous. [Name from Cassiope, 
mother of Andromeda.] About 10 species, of the colder parts of the northern 
hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in northwestern N. Am. 

Peduncle terminal ; corolla 5-cleft ; leaves subulate, crowded. i. C. Jiypnoides, 

Peduncles lateral; corolla 5-lobed; leaves thick, 4-ranked. 2. C. tetragona. 

1. Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don. Moss-plant. Cassiope. (L F. f. 
2761.) Glabrous, 2.5-7.5 cm. high. Leaves imbricated, acute, flat above, convex 
beneath, 2-4 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; peduncles erect, 8-24 mm. long; 
corolla nearly white ; style conic ; capsule globose, about 3 mm. in diameter, 2-3 
times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Summits of the higher mountains of 
N. Eng. and the Adirondacks ; Quebec and Lab. to arctic Am. Also in arctic 
Europe and Asia. Plant with the aspect of a moss. Summer. 

2. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. Four-angled Cassiope. (L F. f. 
2762.) Tufted, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves imbricated, thick, ovate or ovate-oblong, 
closely appressed, channeled on the back, usually puberulent when young, 2-3 mm, 
long; peduncles slender, 10-24 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; style slightly 
thickened below; capsule nearly globular, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Lab., Greenland 
and Hudson Bay to Alaska and Ore. Also in Asia. Summer. 

II. LEUC®THOE D. Don. 
Shrubs, mostly tall, with alternate petioled leaves, and small usually white 
bracted flowers in racemes, jointed with their pedicels, or the pedicels jointed with 
the rachis. Sepals 5, distinct. Corolla cylindric or ovoid-urceolate, 5-toothed. 
Stamens 10, included; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, oblong, 
the sacs opening by terminal pores, obtuse, 2-mucronate or 1-2-awned at the apex. 
Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5-celled; stigma capitate or 5-lobed; ovules numerous. 
Capsule depressed-globose, often 5-lobed, 5-valved, the valves membranous, entire. 
Seeds numerous, minute. [Name mythological.] About -^i^ species, natives of 
N, and S. Am, and eastern Asia, 



ERICACEAE. 703 

Racemes in the axils of persistent leaves of the previous season. 

Shoots puberulent; petioles 4-8 mm. long; sepals imbricated in flower. 

1. L. axillaris. 
Shoots glabrous; petioles 8-16 mm. long; sepals not imbricated in flower. 

2. L. Catesbaei. 
Racemes .terminating the branches; flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 

Racemes mostly recurved; capsule 5-lobed. 3. L. recurva. 

Racemes erect or spreading; capsule not lobed. 4. L. racemosa. 

1. Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. Downy Leucothoe. (I. F. f. 
2763.) Leaves evergreen, oval to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, sparsely 
beset with minute hairs beneath, acute or acuminate, serrulate, 5-15 cm. long, 
12-35 "^'^- wide; racemes many- flowered, dense; bracts ovate, concave, borne 
near the bases of the short pedicels; anthers awnless; corolla about 6 mm. long; 
stigma depressed, 5 -rayed. In moist woods, Va. to Fla. and Ala. April. 

2. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray. Catesby's Leucothoe. (L F. f. 
2764.) Similar to the preceding. Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, ever- 
green, acuminate, sharply serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, 7.5-15 cm. long, 
18-35 "^"^- wide; racemes dense, many-flowered; bracts borne at the bases of the 
short petioles; corolla narrowly cylindric, about 5 mm. long; capsule depressed, 
strongly 5-lobed, about 4 mm. in diameter. Along streams, Va. to eastern Tenn. 
and Ga. April. 

3. Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray. Mountain Leucothoe. (L F. f. 
2765.) Widely branched, 6-30 dm. high, similar to the following species. Leaves 
deciduous, ovate or oval, often acuminate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-10 cm. 
long; calyx 2-bracteolate, the bracts persistent; corolla about 6 mm. long; anther- 
sacs i-awned; capsule depressed, about 4 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high; seeds 
winged. In dry woods, mountains of Va. to Ala. April-May. 

4. Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray. Swamp Leucothoe. (I. F. f. 
2766,) Leaves oblong to ovate, mostly acute at each end, deciduous, short-petioled, 
glabrous, or with some short hairs above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 
serrulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, the 
bractlets firm, persistent; pedicels about 2 mm. long, jointed with the rachis; 
corolla nearly cylindric, 6-8 mm, long; anther- sacs 2-awned; stigma capitate;- 
capsule depressed-globose, slightly grooved, 3 mm. in diameter; seeds smooth, 
wingless. In swamps and moist thickets, Mass. to Penn. , Fla. and La. April-June. 

12. ANDROMEDA L. 

A glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, linear or oblong, entire, revolute-mar- 
gined, evergreen, short-petioled, white-glaucous beneath. Flowers white, drooping, 
in' terminal umbels. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla globose-urceolate, 
5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; filaments bearded; anthers 
attached to the filaments at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the sacs opening by 
large terminal pores, each with a reflexed awn. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; 
style columnar; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 5-angled, 5-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds oval, the testa smooth, coriaceous, shining. [Named for Andro- 
meda of mythology.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Andromeda Polifolia L. Wild Rosemary. Marsh Holy Rose. 
MooRWORT. (I. F. f. 2767.) A shrub, 3-9 dm. high, the foliage acid. Leaves 
mucronulate, narrowed at the base, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; petioles about 
2 mm. long; umbels few-flowered; bracts small, ovate, persistent; pedicels S-12 
mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla 4-6 mm. in diameter; cap- 
sule about 4 mm. in diameter, about as long as the style. In bogs, Newf. to 
Alaska, N. J., Penn., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 

13. pIeRIS D. Don. 

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, persistent or tardily deciduous. 
Flowers mostly white, in bracted racemes or umbels, the pedicels commonly 1-3- 
bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate, acute, valvate in the bud, per- 
sistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, 
included; filaments often pubescent or ciliate; anthers oblong or ovoid, the sacs 
opening by large oval pores. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous; 



704 FLORA, 

style columnar; stigma truncate. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-angled, 5-celled. 
Seeds linear-oblong, not winged, clavate or falcate, the testa smooth, membranous. 
[Name from one of the Muses.] About 12 species, natives of eastern N. Am., 
Cuba, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 

Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, serrulate; flowers racemose. i. P.fleribunda^ 

Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire; flowers in axillary umbels. 2. P. nitida. 

Leaves membranous, deciduous, entire ; flowers in lateral umbels. 3. P. Mariana. 

1. Pieris floribiinda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. Mountain Fetter-bush. 
(I. F. f. 2768.) Branches nearly erect, bristly or strigose-pubescent, leafy. Leaves 
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous above, black-dotted beneath, acute or acu- 
minate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; petioles 4-8 mm. long, very bristly, at 
least when young; flowers white, about 7 mm. long; calyx-segments ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute; corolla slightly 5-angled, 5-saccate at the base; filaments unappen- 
daged; capsule globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. high, longer than the slender style. 
Mountains of Va. to Ga. May. 

2. Pieris nitida (Bartr. ) Benth. & Hook. Fetter-bush. (I. F. f. 2769.) 
A glabrous shrub, 6- 18 dm. high, the branches acutely angled. Leaves short- 
petioled, oblong, oval, oblong-lanceolate, or obovate, acuminate or acute, somewhat 
black-dotted beneath, revolute, bordered by an intra-marginal nerve; flowers 
nodding or spreading; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-segments rigid, purplish, 
valvate in the bud; corolla white or red, ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, 
6-8 mm. long; filaments 2 -spurred; capsule globose, about as long as the calyx- 
segments. In wet woods, Va. to Fla., Cuba and La. April-May. 

3. Pieris Mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook. Stagger-bush. (I. F. f. 2770.) 
Branches nearly erect, glabrous or nearly so, black-dotted. Leaves oval or oblong, 
glabrous above, sparingly pubescent on the veins and black-dotted beneath; 
5-7.5 cm. long; flowers nodding on the nearly leafless branches of the preceding 
season; calyx-segments acuminate, deciduous; corolla ovoid-cylindric, white, or 
faintly pink, 10-12 mm. long; filaments pubescent on the outer side, usually with 
2 setose appendages; capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 3-4 mm. high, truncate, about as 
long as the sepals. In sandy soil, R. I. to Fla., Term, and Ark. May-July. 

14. XOLI'SMA Raf. 

Tall shrubs, or small trees, with terete twigs, alternate short-petioled leaves, 
and small mostly white flowers in clusters. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5 -cleft. Corolla 
globose, or urceolate, pubescent, 4-5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 8 or 
10, included; filaments flat, incurved, pubescent; anthers attached to the filaments 
near their bases, truncate, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Disk 8-io-lobed. 
Ovary 4-5 -celled; style columnar; stigma truncate; ovules numerous, pendulous. 
Capsule 4-5 -angled, 4-5-valved, its apex intruded. Seeds elongated, the testa 
membranous, loose, reticulated. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, natives 
of eastern N. Am. , the W. Indies and Mex. 

I. Xolisma iigustrina (L.) Britton. Privet Andromeda. (I. F. f. 2771.) 
A shrub 1-4 m. high. Leaves obovate, oblong, oval or ovate, deciduous, minutely 
serrulate or entire, acute or abruptly acuminate, usually quite glabrous above, 2.5-6.5 
cm. long; racemes mostly leafless, in terminal panicles; bracts small, caducous; 
pedicels 2-6 mm. long, pubescent; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla nearly 
globular, 3 mm. in diameter; capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-angled, about 3 
mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, Canada (?), Me to N. Y., Fla., Tenn. 
and Ark. May-July. 

15. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. 

An erect shrub, with stiff" terete branches, alternate evergreen short-petioled 
narrow leaves, and white short-pedicelled secund flowers, solitary in the axils of the 
small upper leaves. Calyx of 5 distinct persistent sepals, bracted at the base. 
Corolla oblong-cylindric. narrowed at the throat, 5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. 
Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anther-sacs tapering upward 
into tubular beaks, opening by terminal pores. Disk lo-toothed. Ovary 5-celled, 
5 -grooved; stigma simple. Capsule depressed-globose, the epicarp 5-valved, sep- 



ERICACEAE. 705 

arating at length from the lo-valved endocarp. [Greek, ground or low Daphne.] 
A monotypic genus. 

I. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather-leaf. Dwarf 
Cassandra. (I. F. f. 2772.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, densely covered on 
both sides with minute scurfy scales, at least when young, 1.2-3.5 cm. long, the 
margins obscurely denticulate; upper leaves gradually smaller, the uppermost 
reduced to floral bracts; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; corolla about 6 mm. long; 
capsule 4 mm. in diameter, about twice as long as the ovate sepals. In bogs and 
swamps, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga., 111., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
Asia. April-June. 

16. OXYDENDRUM DC. 

A tree, with alternate petioled deciduous sour leaves, and numerous white 
flowers, in terminal panicled racemes. Pedicels 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, slightly 
imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, minutely canescent, 
narrowed at the throat, tardily expanding, 5 -toothed. Stamens 10 ; filaments wider 
than the linear anthers; anther-sacs opening by long chinks. Ovary ovoid, 5 -celled, 
ovules numerous, near the base of the cavities; stigma simple. Disk lo-toothed. 
Capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-valved. Seeds ascending or erect, elongated, 
the testa reticulated, loose and extended at each end beyond the linear nucleus. 
[Greek, sour- tree.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sour- wood. Sorrel-tree. (I. F. 
f- 2773). A smooth-barked tree. Leaves oblong, oval or oval-lanceolate, sharply 
serrulate, or entire, green and glabrous, finely reticulate-veined, acuminate, 1-1.5 
dm. long, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide; racemes long and slender, erect or curving, panicled, 
the rachis and short pedicels canescent; flowers 6-8 mm. long; capsule 4-6 mm. 
long, canescent, tipped by the persistent style, the pedicels curving. In woods, Ohio 
and Penn. to Va., Fla. and Miss. June-July. 

17. EPIGAEA L. 

Prostrate slightly woody branching shrubs, with alternate evergreen entire 
leaves. Flowers rather large, perfect, heteromorphous or dioecious, bracted, sessile, 
white or pink, fragrant, clustered at the ends of the branches. Sepals 5, oblong, 
persistent, dry, much imbricated. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4- 
or 6-lobed). Stamens 10; filaments filiform; anthers attached to the filaments 
below the middle. Disk lO-lobed. Ovary ovoid, hirsute, 5-lobed, 5 -celled; ovules 
numerous; style columnar; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed- globose, hirsute, 
slightly 5-lobed, at length loculicidally 5-valved. [Greek, on the earth.] Two 
species, the following of eastern N. Am., the other of Japan. 

I. Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. Ground Lau- 
rel. (L F. f. 2774.) Twigs hirsute; branches 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves oval or 
nearly orbicular, thick, cordate or rounded at the base, mostly glabrous above, 
hirsute beneath, green both sides, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 ^nm. wide; petioles 
hirsute, 0.6-5 cm. long; flowers 10-16 mm. long and nearly as broad when expand- 
ed; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the sepals. In sandy or rocky woods, 
Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich. Often forms patches. March-May. 

18. GAULTHERIA L. 

Shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, and small axillary, white, red or pink 
flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped or campanu- 
late, 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Stamens 10, included, inserted at the base of the 
corolla; filaments dilated above the base; anther-sacs opening bv a terminal pore, 
commonly awned. Stigma obtuse, entire. Disk lo-toothed. Ovary 5 celled, t^- 
lobed. Calyx becoming fleshy and at length surrounding the capsule,' forming'a 
berry-like fruit. [Named after Dr. Gaultier, of Quebec] About 100 species, 
mostly of the Andes. Besides the following, 3 others occur on the Pacific Coast. 

I. Gaultheria procumbens L. Spring or Cref.imng Wintek(;rkfn. 
Ciieckerberry. (I. F. f. 2775.) Nearly glabrous, aromatic; stems slender, 
creeping or subterranean; branches erect, 5-15 cm. higli. Leaves mostly clustered 
at the ends of the branches, oval, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, short- 



7o6 



FLORA. 



petioled, the margins serrate with low bristle-tipped teeth, dark green and shining 
above, pale beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers usually solitary in the axils, on 
recurved pedimcles 4-8 mm. long, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; corolla ovoid- 
urceolate, white, 5-toothed, 4-6 mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, slightly 5 -lobed, 
bright red, 8-12 mm. in diameter, mealy, very spicy. In woods, Newf. to Mani- 
toba, Ga. and Mich. June-Sept. 

19. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. 

Shrubs, some western species small trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, firm or 
coriaceous, evergreen. Flowers small, nodding, pedicelled, white or pink, in ter- 
minal clusters. Calyx 4-5 -parted, persistent. Corolla 4-5 -lobed, the lobes recurved, 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included; filaments short; anthers 
short, erect, introrse, with 2 recurved awns on the back, the sacs opening by a 
terminal pore. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4-10-celled ; ovules solitary in the 
cavities; style slender. Fruit a drupe, with 4-10 seed-like nutlets coherent into 
a solid stone. [Greek, bear-berry.] About 20 species, the following of the north- 
em hemisphere, the others of western N. Am. 

I. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L.) Spreng. Red Bearberry. Kinniki- 
Nic. (I. F. f. 2776.) Trailing or spreading, branches 1.5-6 dm. long, the twigs 
puberulent. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, glabrous or minutely puberulent 
toward the base, 12-25 ^^- ^o^g; 4-10 mm. wide, finely reticulate-veined; pet- 
ioles about 2 mm. long; flowers few in short racemes; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; 
corolla ovoid, constricted at the throat, white, about 4 mm. long; drupe globose, 
red, glabrous, insipid, rather dry, 6-10 mm. in diameter, usually containing 5 
coalescent nutlets. In dry, sandy or rocky soil. Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Penn., 111., 
Neb., Colo, and Cal. Also in Europe and, Asia. May-June. 

20. MAIRANIA Neck. 

A low shrub, with shreddy bark, alternate thin deciduous leaves clustered to- 
ward the ends of the branches, and small white clustered pedicelled flowers. Calyx 
4-5-parted. Corolla 4-5-toothed, the short teeth spreading or recurved. Stamens 
8 or 10, included; anther-sacs with 2 recurved dorsal awns. Ovary 4-5 -celled; 
ovules I in each cavity. Drupe globose, with 4 or 5 separate i-seeded nutlets. A 
monotypic genus. 

I. Mairania alpina (L.) Desv. Alpine or Black Bearberry. (I. F. f. 
2777.) Tufted or depressed-prostrate; branches 5-12 cm. high, the twigs glabrous 
or nearly so. Leaves obovate, crenulate, conspicuously reticulate-veined, ciliate 
at least when yotmg, 12-25 mm. long, 6-14 mm. wide; flowers few, appearing 
from scaly buds before or with the leaves; corolla white, ovoid, constricted at the 
throat; drupe black (or bright red, according to Macoun), juicy, 6-10 mm. ii^ 
diameter. Mountains of N. Eng. ; Quebec to Newf., Alaska and Br. Col. Also in 
northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

21. CALLUNA Salisb. 

A low evergreen shrub, with minute linear opposite imbricated leaves, and 
small white or pink flowers, in terminal one-sided dense spike-like racemes. Sepals 
4, scarious, obtuse, longer than and concealing the corolla. Corolla campanulate, 
4-parted, slightly twisted, persistent. Stamens 8; filaments short; anthers oblong, 
attached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longitudinal slit, each sac 
with a dorsal reflexed appendage. Disk 8-lobed. Ovary depressed-globose, 
8-angled; style slender. Capsule somewhat 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, few-seeded. 
Seeds ovoid, pendulous, not winged. [Greek.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Salisb. Ling. Heather. Moor. Besom. (I. F. 
f. 2778.) Straggling, the branches ascending, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
about I mm. long, imbricated in 4 rows, usually 2-auricled at the base, 3-angled, 
grooved on the back; calyx with 4 bracts at the base; corolla about 3 mm. long. 
Sandy or rocky soil, Newf. to N. J. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 



VACCINIACEAE. 707 

Family 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. 

Huckleberry Fainily. 

Shrubs, or small trees, with alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers, 
the pedicels commonly bracted. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the 
limb 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into 
separate petals, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 
epigynous, or inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments mostly short ; 
anthers dorsally attached, 2-celled, the connective entire or 2-awned. 
Ovary inferior, 2-10-celled, crowned by the epigynous disk; style fili- 
form'; ovules anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe in our genera, globose ; 
cells i-several-seeded, or the drupe containing several nutlets. Seeds 
compressed; testa bony ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central ; radicle 
near the hilum. About 20 genera and 300 species of wide distribution. 

Ovary lo-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe with i-seeded 10 nutlets. i. Gaylussacia. 

Ovary 4-5-celled; fruit a many-seeded berry. 
Corolla open- campanulate, 4-5-lobed. 

Flowers 4-parted ; leaves small, coriaceous, persistent; low shrub. 

2. Vitis-Idaea. 
Flowers 5-parted; leaves large, thin, deciduous; tall shrubs. 
Flower not jointed with its pedicel; anthers exserted. 3. Polycodium. 

Flower jointed with its pedicel; anthers included; berry black. 4. Batodendron. 
Corolla cylindric, subglobose or urceolate. 

Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not white. 

5. Vaccinium, 
Low trailing shrub; ovary half inferior; berry snow-white. 6. Chiogenes. 

Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed. 7. Oxycoccus. 

I. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. 

Branching shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small white or pink flowers in 
lateral bracted racemes. Pedicels mostly 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube obconic, or 
turbinate, the limb 5-Iobed or 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, or 
tubular-campanulate, the tube terete or 5. angled, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 
10, equal; filaments short; anther-sacs tapering upward into tubes, awnless, open- 
ing by terminal pores or chinks. [Named for the celebrated chemist, Gay-Lussac] 
About 40 American species. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the Southern 
States. 

Laaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit blue with a bloom, i. G. frondosa. 
Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit mostly black. 

Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the" pedicels. 2. 6". resinosa. 

Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. dumosa. 

Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate, not resinous; bracts scale-like. 4. G. brachycera. 

1. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T. & G. Blue Tangle. Tangleberry. 
Dangleberry. (I. F. f. 2779.) An erect shrub, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oval to 
obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, 3.5-6.5 cm. long, the upper 'surface green, gla- 
brous; petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers few, greenish pink; bracts linear-oblong, 
shorter than the filiform pedicels, deciduous; corolla globose'-campanulate. :; mm! 
long; filaments glabrous; fruit globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, sweet. In moi^t 
woods, N. H. to Fla., Ohio and La. May -June. 

2. Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Black or High-bush Huckle- 
berry. (L F. f. 2780.) A shrub, 3-9 dm. high, the yoinig shoots commonly 
pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, rarely obovate, entire, mucronulate, glabrous or 
nearly so, firm, 2.5-5 cm. long; petioles aboxit 2 mm. long; flowers few. pink or 
red, in one-sided racemes; corolla ovoid-conic, 5-angled. becoming campanulate- 
cylindric, 4-5 mm. long; filaments ciliate; fruit (rarelv white) about 6 mm. in 
diameter, sweet but seedy. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Ga., Manitoba. Wis. 
and Ky. May-June. 

Gaylussacia resinosa glaucoci^rpa Robinson. Fruit blue, with a bloom, lar^-er than 
that of the type. Me. to N. Car. 



708 FLORA. 

3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf or Bush Huckleberry." 
(I. F. f. 2781.) A shrub, 3-6 dm. high, the branches usually leafless below, the 
young twigs pubescent or hirsute, glandular. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceo- 
late, obtuse, mucronate, entire, firm or coriaceous, shining when old, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
long, sessile or nearly so; flowers white, pink or red, in rather loose racemes; bracts 
foliaceous, pubescent; corolla campanulate, 4-5 mm. long; filaments pubescent; 
calyx puberulent; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter, watery, rather insipid. In sandy 
swamps, Newf. to N. Y., Fla. and La. May-June. 

Gaylussacia dumosa hirtella (Ait.) A. Gray, Pedicels and calyx hirsute, Va. 
to Fla. and La. 

4. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray, Box-huckleberry. (I. F. f. 
2782.) A low shrub, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches angular, the twit s glabrous or 
nearly so. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, persistent, oval or oblong, 12-25 ^^"^• 
long, with low teeth, the margins somewhat revolute; petioles 2 mm. long or less; 
flowers few, white or pink, in short racemes; bracts and bractlets caducous; pedi- 
cels short; corolla cylindric-ovoid, about 4 mm. long; filaments ciliate; fruit 
(according to A, Wood) light blue. In dry woods, Penn. to Va. May. 

2. VITIS-IDAEA Tourn. 

A low evergreen shrub, with creeping stems, alternate oval or obovate coria- 
ceous leaves, and small white or pink nodding flowers, secund in small terminal 
clusters. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla open-campanulate, 4-lobed, Stamens 8; an- 
thers upwardly prolonged into tubes. Ovary 4- celled, inferior. Fruit a dark 
red acid many-seeded berry. [Ancient name.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Vitis-Idaea Vitis-Idaea (L.)Britton. Mountain Cranberry. (L F. f, 
27950 Branches erect, I-2 dm, high. Leaves thick, crowded, green and some- 
what shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, glabrous, or minutely ciliate 
toward the base, short-petioled, entire or sparingly serrulate, 6-16 mm. long, the, 
margins revolute; bracts reddish, short-oblong; bractlets 2 ;* berries 8-10 mm, in 
diameter. In rocky places, Essex Co,, Mass,, coast of Me., higher mountains of 
N, Eng, to Lab,, west to Lake Superior, Br, Col, and Alaska, Also in northern 
Europe and Asia, \_Vaccmm7?i Vitis-Idaea L,] 

3. POLYCODIUM Raf. 

Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves, and purplish or yellowish green flow- 
ers in leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open-campanulate, 
5-lobed. Stamens 10; anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes. Ovary 5. celled, 
inferior. Berry green, nearly black, or yellow, globose to pyriform. Four or five 
species of eastern N, Am, [Greek, many bells,] 

I. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene, Deerberry. Buckberry, (I. F, 
f, 2796,) Divergently branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong or rarely 
obovate, acute or sometimes acuminate, petioled. entire, firm, green above, pale 
beneath, 2.5-IO cm, long, 12-35 mm, wide; corolla purplish or yellowish green, 
deeply cleft, 4-6 mm, long, 6-10 mm, broad; berry globose or pear-shaped, green 
or yellow, 8-10 mm, in diameter, inedible. In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 
Ont,, Minn., Fla., Ky. and La. April-June, \^Vaccinitim stamineum "L.^ 

4. BATODENDRON Nutt. 

Shrubs or small trees, with firm deciduous leaves, and white flowers in leafy- 
bracted racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, Stamens 10; 
style exserted. Berry black, globose, many-seeded. Two or three N. Am. species. 
[Greek, blackberry tree.] 

I. Batcdendron arboreum (Marsh.) Nutt. Farkleberry. (I. F. f. 2797.) 
Divergently branched, reaching a maximum height of about 9 m. Leaves obovate 
or oval, short-petioled. shining and bright green above, duller, and sometimes spar- 
ingly pubescent beneath, entire or glandular-denticulate, 2,5-5 cm, long, 12-25 
mm. wide; flowers slender-pedicelled; bracts persistent; berry about 6 mm. in 
diameter, inedible. In dry sandy soil. N. Car, to Ky., 111., Ind. Terr,, Fla, and 
Tex. ^ May-June, [Vaccinium arboreum Mz.rsh..'\ 



VA CCINIA CEA E. 709 



5. VACCINIUM L. 

Shrubs (some species small trees) with alternate leaves, and small white pink 
or red flowers, in racemes or clusters, or rarely solitary in the axils. Calyx-tube 
globose, hemispheric or turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5- 
toothed or 4-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, urn-shaped, or cylindric, 
rarely subglobose, its limb 4-5 -toothed or 4-5-lobed. Stamens twice as many as 
the lobes of the corolla; anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes, opening by termi- 
nal pores or chinks. Ovary 4-5 -celled, or 8-io-celled by false partitions; ovules 
several or numerous; stigma small. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Latin, blue- 
berry.] About 125 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 11 
others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Flowers solitary, or 2-4 together, on drooping- pedicels; low shrubs. 

Most or all the flowers 4-parted, and stamens 8. i. V. uliginosum. 

Flowers all or nearly all 5-parted, and stamens 10. 

Shrub 7-15 cm. high; leaves obovate or cuneate. 2. V. caespitosum. 

Shrubs 0.3-4 m. high; leaves oval or oblong; northern species. 
Leaves serrulate, green both sides; berries purple-black. 

3. V. membranaceum. 
Leaves entire or nearly so, pale beneath; berry blue with bloom. 

4. V. ovalifolium. 
Flowers fascicled or racemose, short-pedicelled ; leaves deciduous. 

Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick. 

Flowers appearing before the leaves ; berry black. 5. V. virgatum. 

Flowers appearing with the leaves; berry blue with a bloom. 

6. V. corymbosum. 
Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as thick. 

Leaves not glaucous; glabrous or pubescent beneath. 
Leaves mostly entire, pubescent beneath. 

Shrub 1-5 m. high ; leaves oval, large, fruit black. 

7. V. atrococcutn. 
Shrub 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves oblong, small; fruit blue. 

8. V. Canadense. 
Leaves serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous; low shrub; fruit blue. 

9. V. Fennsylvanicum^ 
Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, mostly glabrous both sides. 

Fruit black; shrub 1.5-5 dm. high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 

10. V. 7itgrti7n. 
Fruit blue ; shrubs 3-18 dm. high ; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate. 

Leaves firm, mostly entire; berry about 6 mm. in diameter. 

11. V. vacillans. 
Leaves thin, sharply serrulate; berry 8-12 mm. in diameter. 

12. V. pallidum. 

1. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Great Bilberry. Bog Whortleber'ry. 
Bleaberry. (I. F. f. 2783.) Much branched, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves thick, 
glabrous or nearly so, dull, pale or glaucous beneath, obovate, oblong, or oval, ob- 
tuse, or retuse, entire, nearly sessile, finely reticulate-veined, 10-25 ^^'^' lor^g; 
flowers mostly shorter than the pedicels; calyx sometimes 5-lobed; corolla pink, 
ovoid or urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed; berry blue with a bloom, about 6 mm. in diam- 
eter, sweet. Mountains of N. Eng. and the Adirondacks; Lab. and Quebec to the 
shores of Lake Superior and Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 

2. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf Bilberry. (I. F. f. 2784.) 
Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves 12-25 '^"''- long, green and shining both 
sides, nearly sessile, serrulate; flowers longer than their pedicels; corolla obovoid 
or obovoid -oblong, pink or white, rarely 4-toothed; stamens rarely 8; berry blue 
with a bloom, sweet, about 6 mm. in diameter. Me., N. H., N. B. to Lab., west 
to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 

3. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thin leaved Bilberry. (L F. f. 
2785.) Nearly glabrous, 3-15 dm. high, the twigs slightly angled. Loaves 
thin, not shining, acutish to aciuninate, short-petioled, 2.5-5 ^'"^- ^'-^'^J^? tlowers 
with their pedicels becoming erect in fruit; corolla depressed-globose or glolxise- 
urceolate, greenish or inirplish, mostly 5-toothed; berry rather acid. In moist 
woods, Mich, to Mont., Ore. and Br. Col. June-July. 



7IO FLORA, 

4. Vaccinium ovalifolium J. E. Smith. Tall or Oval-leaved Bilberry. 
(I. F. f. 2786.) A straggling shrub, 9-36 dm. high; twigs glabrous, sharply angled. 
Leaves short-petioled, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, rounded at both 
ends, or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes mucronulate, 2.5-5 cm. 
long; flowers on rather short recurved pedicels ; corolla globose-ovoid; berry 8-10 
mm. in diameter. Woods, Quebec to Mich., Ore. and Alaska. June-July. 

5. Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Southern Black Huckleberry. (I. F. f. 
2787.) A shrub, 9-36 dm. high, the branches slender, the young twigs puberu- 
lent. Leaves narrowly oval-oblong, broadest at the middle, mucronate, short- 
petioled, entire, green and glabrous above, pale or glaucous beneath, thick when 
old, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide, veins pubescent; flowers equalling or 
longer than their pedicels; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 6-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 
white or light pink; stamens lo; berry with or without bloom, 4-6 mm. in diam- 
eter. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 

Vaccinium virgktum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray. Low, mostly less than 6 dm. high ; 
leaves smaller, narrower, 12-35 mm. long; flowers white, or nearly so, 4-6 mm. long. 
Va. to Ark., Fla. and Ala. 

6. Vaccinium corymbosum L. High-bush or Tall Blueberry. (I. F. 
f. 2788.) A shrub, 2-4.5 ^* ^^ig^; twigs terete, greenish brown. Leaves oval or 
oblong, mostly acute at each end, usually entire, sometimes ciliate, glabrous above, 
paler and often pubescent beneath, short-petioled, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 ™™' 
wide; flowers equalling or longer than their pedicels; bracts deciduous; calyx 5- 
lobed ; corolla white or faintly pink, 6-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, 5-toothed 
(rarely 5-lobed); stamens 10; berry 6-8 mm. in diameter, pleasantly acid. In 
swamps, thickets and woods, Newf. to Va., Minn, and La. May-June. 

7. Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Black Blueberry. (I. F. f. 
2789.) Similar to the two preceding; branches minutely warty, young twigs 
pubescent. Leaves dark green above, light green beneath, usually acute at both 
ends, mucronate, thick, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 ^'^- wide; flowers appearing with 
the leaves, about the length of their pedicels ; calyx 5-lobed; corolla short-cylindric 
or ovoid, pink or red, 4-6 mm. long, about 3 mm. thick, 5-toothed, constricted at 
throat; berry without bloom, sweet, 6-10 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet 
woods, N. B. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn. May-June. 

8. Vaccinium Canadense Richards. Canada Blueberry. (I. F. f. 2790.) 
Pubescent. Leaves acute, narrowed at the base, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; 
flowers few in the clusters, which are sometimes numerous on naked branches, 
appearing with the leaves; corolla oblong- campanulate, greenish white, about 4 mm. 
long and 3 mm. thick; berry with a bloom (rarely white), sweet, 5-6 mm. in diam- 
eter. In moist places. Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., 111. and Mich. May-June. 

9. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf, Sugar or Low-bush Blue- 
berry. (I. F. f. 2791.) Similar to the preceding species, but with green warty 
branches and nearly or quite glabrous throughout. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, acute at both ends, 1.8-3.6 cm. 
long, 6-12 mm. wide; flowers few in the clusters, longer than the very short pedi- 
cels ; corolla oblong-campanulate, slightly constricted at the throat, 4-5 mm. long, 
about 3 mm. thick, white or pinkish; berry with a bloom, very sweet, 6-10 mm. 
in diameter. In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., 111. and 
Mich. May-June. 

Vaccinium Pennsylvdnicum angustifblium (Ait.) A. Gray. Leaves narrower, 2-3 
mm. wide. Mts. of Me., N. H. and Adirondacks ; Quebec to Lake Superior and arctic Am. 

10. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low Black Blueberry. (I. F. f. 
2792.) Similar to V. Pennsy'lvanicum and often growing with it, the twigs gla- 
brous. Leaves acute, finely serrulate, very nearly sessile, 12-25 ™"^- l^^g' 6-12 
mm. wide, green above; flowers few in the clusters, longer than their pedicels; 
corolla globose-ovoid, little constricted at the throat, white or cream color, about 4 
mm. long, 3 mm. thick; berry without bloom, about 6 mm. in diameter. In dry 
rocky soil, Me. to N. J., Penn. and Mich. Blooms earlier than V. Pennsylva. 
nicuvz. May. 

11. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Low^ Blueberry. Blue Huckleberry. 
(I.F. f. 2793.) A stifle shrub, 1.5-12 dm. high, with glabrous yellowish-green warty 



VA CCINIA CEAE. 7 1 1 

branches. Leaves usually mucronulate, finely reticulate-veined beneath, 2.5-6.5 
cm. long, 12-30 mm. wide; flowers several or few in the clusters which are some- 
times racemose on naked branches; corolla oblong-cylindric, somewhat constricted 
at the throat, pink, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick ; berry with a bloom, sweet. In 
dry soil. Me. and N. H. to Ont., Mich., N. Car. and Mo. May-June. 

12. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Pale or Mountain Blueberry. (I. F. f. 
2794.) A shrub, 6-24 dm. high, with glabrous green warty twigs. Leaves oval, 
ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, light green above, sometimes 
pubescent on the veins beneath, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers about equalling their slen- 
der pedicels; corolla oblong-cylindric to urceolate, slightly constricted at the throat, 
greenish-pink, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; berry delicious. In woods, moun- 
tains of Va. to S. Car. May-June. 

6. CHIOGENES Salisb. 

Creeping evergreen shrubs, with alternate 2 -ranked oval or ovate small leaves, 
and solitary axillary small white flowers, on short recurved peduncles. Calyx- 
tube 2-bracted at the base, its limb 4-cleft. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft, 
its lobes rounded. Stamens 8, included ; filaments shoft, nearly orbicular, 
roughish; anthers not awned nor prolonged into tubes, each sac 2-cuspidate at 
the apex and opening by a slit down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, surmounted 
by the 8-lobed disk; style short. Berry snow-white, many-seeded, rather mealy, 
[Greek, snow-born, in allusion to the berries.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Chiogenes hispidula {L.)T. & G. Creeping Snowberry. (I. F. f. 2798.) 
Branches strigose-pubescent, slender, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves coriaceous, short- 
petioled, acute, dark green, glabrous above, entire, with appressed stiff brownish 
hairs beneath and on the revolute margins, 4-10 mm. long; flowers about 4 mm. 
long; berry aromatic, usually minutely bristly, crowned by the 4 calyx-teeth, be- 
coming almost wholly inferior, about 6 mm. in diameter. In cold wet woods and 
bogs, Newf. to Br. Col, N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 

7. OXYCOCCUS Hill. 

Glabrous, or slightly pubescent shrubs, with alternate nearly sessile leaves, 
and pendulous or cernuous, slender-peduncled red or pink flowers. Calyx-tube 
nearly hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5 -cleft, persistent. Corolla 
long-conic in the bud, 4-5 -divided into separate or nearly separate petals, these 
narrow and revolute. Stamens 8 or 10, the filaments distinct; anthers connivent 
into a cone, long-exserted when the flower is expanded, upwardly prolonged into 
hollow tubes dehiscent by a pore at the apex. Ovary 4-5 -celled; style slender or 
filiform. Fruit a many-seeded juicy red berry. [Greek, sour berry.] Four species, 
natives of the northern hemisphere. 

Trailing bog shrubs; leaves evergreen, entire; flowers 1-6 from terminal buds. 

Leaves ovate, acute, 4-8 mm. long; berry globose. i. O, Oxycoccics. 

Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long; berry ovoid or oblong. 

2. O. tnacrocarpus. 
Erect mountain shrub; leaves deciduous, serrulate; flowers solitary, axillary. 

3. O. erythrocarpus. 

1. Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small or European Cranberry. 
(I. F. f. 2799.) Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Branches ascending 'or erect. 2.5-15 
cm. high; leaves thick, rounded or cordate at the base, dark green above, white 
beneath, 2-4 mm. wide, the margins revolute; flowers mostly umbellate, rarelv 
racemose, from terminal scaly buds, on erect filiform pedicels; corolla pink, about 
8 mm. broad; filaments puberulent, about half the length of the anthers; berry 
6-10 mm. in diameter, acid. In cold bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Mich, and Br. 
Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 

2. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. Large or American Cranberry. 
(I. F. f. 2800.) Similar to the preceding, but larger, the branches often 2 dm. 
long. Leaves 2-6 mm. wide, white or pale beneath, the margins revolute; flowers 
several, in somewhat racemose clusters, nodding on erect pedicels; cc>rolIa light 
pink, 8-10 mm. broad; filaments ]nibcrulont; berry acid, S-18 mm. long. In 
bogs, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car., W. Va., Mich, and Miim. June- Aug. 



712 FLORA, 

3. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. Southern Mountain Cran- 
BERRY. (I. F. f. 2801.) A shrub, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, green both sides, 
paler beneath than above, reticulate-veined, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, flat, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 "^^- wide; peduncles pendulous, 
filiform, less than half as long as the leaves; corolla red, about I cm. broad; fila- 
ments villous ; berry globose, dark red vi^hen ripe, acid, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In 
woods, mountains of Va. to Ga. June -July. 

Family 6. DIAPENSIACEAE Link. 

Diapensia Family. 

Low tufted shrubs, or perennial scapose herbs, with alternate or basal 
simple estipulate leaves, and small, white pink or purple, perfect and regu- 
lar flowers, solitary in the axils, or racemose at the summit of scapes. 
Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; sepals imbricated in the bud. Corolla 
5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
throat of the coroU^, and alternate with its lobes, or connate, sometimes 
with as many alternating staminodia ; pollen-grains simple. Disk none. 
Ovary free from the calyx, superior, 3-celled ; style persistent ; stigma 
3-lobed ; ovules anatropous oramphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculici- 
dally 3-valved. Seeds minute, the testa loose or close ; endosperm 
fleshy; embryo terete ; cotyledons short ; radicle elongated. Six genera 
and about 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 

Low tufted evergreen shrubs ; corolla gamopetalous. 

Tufted arctic-alpine shrub; flowers terminal, peduucled. i. Diapensia. 

Trailing shrub; flowers solitary, sessile. 2. Pyxidanthera. 

Tall scapose perennial-herb; flowers spicate-racemose; petals separate. 

3. Galax. 

I. DIAPENSIA L. 

Densely tufted glabrous low evergreen shrubs, with thick rather fleshy imbri- 
cated narrow leaves, and solitary terminal erect peduncled white or pink flowers. 
Calyx 2-4-bracted at the base, the sepals oval, obtuse, somewhat rigid. Corolla 
campanulate, tardily deciduous, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at 
the sinuses of the corolla; filaments short and broad; anther-cells pointed, divergent, 
obliquely 2-valved; staminodia none. Style slender; ovules numerous in the cells, 
anatropous. Seeds oblong-cubic, the testa close, reticulated. [Greek, by fives, 
alluding to the stamens and corolla-lobes.] Two species, the following, the other 
Himalayan. 

I. Diapensia Lapponica L. Diapensia. (I. F. f. 2802.) Glabrous, forming 
cushion-like tufts; stems 2-8 cm. high. Leaves crowded below, thick,, spatulate, 
sessile, often curved, entire. 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; peduncles 2-5 cm. 
long in fruit; sepals and bracts oval; corolla usually white, 6-8 mm. long; capsule 
ovoid, 4-6 mm. high. Summits of the Adirondack Mts., and of the mountains of 
N. Eng. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and arctic Am. Also in northern and alpine 
Europe and Asia. June-July. 

2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx. 

A creeping tufted evergreen shrub, with small narrow alternate imbricated 
leaves, and numerous white or pinkish sessile flowers, solitary at the ends of the 
branches. Calyx bracted at the base, the sepals oblong, ciliate. Corolla short- 
campanulate, 5-lobed, tardily deciduous. Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the 
corolla; filaments broad and thick; anthers 2-celled, the sacs globose, transversely 
2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate; staminodia none. Style columnar. Seeds 
globose-oblong, amphitropous, the testa black, cancellate. [Greek, box-anther. j 
A monotypic genus. 

I. Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. Pyxie. Flowering Moss. (I, F. f. 
2803.) Glabrous, or sparingly ' pubescent, growing in mats or large patches. 
Leaves sessile, linear, lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate tipped. 



PRIMULA CEA E. 713 

entire, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. broad; corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, 
obtuse, retuse or eroded; capsule about 2 mm. high, globose, surrounded by the 
upper leaves. In dry sandy pine-barrens, N. J. and N. Car. March-May. 

3. GALAX L. 

An acaulescent perennial herb, with orbicular cordate crenate-dentate long- 
petioled basal leaves, and numerous small white flowers, spicate-racemose at the 
ends of tall slender scapes. Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-parted, the sepals 
nerveless. Corolla 5 -divided, the petals oblong, entire, adnate to the bases of the 
monadelphous stamens. Stamen-tube lo-lobed at the summit, the lobes which are 
opposite the petals petaloid (staminodia), those alternate with the petals antherif- 
erous; anthers nearly sessile, granular on the back, i-celled, transversely 2-valved. 
Style very short. Seeds ovoid, the testa loose. [Greek, milk; name not charac- 
teristic of this genus.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Galax aph^ila L. Galax. Galaxy. Beetle-weed. (I. F. f. 2804.) 
Scape 3-5 dm. high, terete, with red scales at the base and many red fibrous roots. 
Leaves with a rather narrow sinus, persistent, shining, commonly shorter than their 
slender petioles, 2-8 cm. in diameter; spike-like raceme dense, narrow, 5-13 cm. 
long; flowers 3-4 mm. broad, spreading; capsule ovoid, acute, erect, short-pedi- 
celled, 2 mm. long, slightly exceeding the lanceolate acutish sepals. In dry 
woods, Va. to Ga. May-July. 

Order 2. PRIMULALES. 

Our species herbs. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx 
mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as 
its lobes, or twice as many, or more. 

Style i; fruit a capsule. Fam. i. Primulaceae. 

Styles 5; fruit an achene or utricle, Fam. 2. Pliimbaginaceae. 

Family i. PRIMULACEAE Vent. • 

Primrose ^^^jnily. 

Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary 
(adnate to its lower part in Samolus\ usually 5-parted, persistent or rarely 
deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species (wanting in Glaux), 
usually 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and 
opposite them, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, inserted on the corolla; 
filaments distinct, or connate at the base ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the 
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obsolete, or none. Ovary superior 
(partly inferior in Sauiohis), i -celled ; placenta central, free; ovules 
anatropous, or amphitropous ; style i ; stigma simple, capitate, entire. 
Capsule i-celled, 2-6-valved ; rarely circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds 
few or several, the testa adherent to the fleshy or horny copious endo- 
sperm ; embryo small, straight ; cotyledons obtuse. About 28 genera 
and 350 species of wide distribution. 

* Lobes or segments of the corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed. 
Lobes of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud. 
Ovary wholly superior. 

Terrestrial scapose plants ; leaves not pinnatifid. 

Corolla-tube lone^er than the calyx : style slender. i. Primula. 

Corolla-tube shorter tlian the calyx; style short. 2. Androsace. 

Aquatic leafy-stemmed plant ; leaves finely pinnatifid, 3. Hottonia. 

Ovary adnate to the calyx ; mars' herbs. 4. Satnclus. 

Lobes of the corolla convolute or vaivate, at least in the bud (corolla wanting; in No. 9). 
Capsule long^itudinally dehiscent. 

Corolla rotate, or rarely short-funnelform. 
Stem leafy throuichout ; flowers yellow. 

Staminodia none; corolla-lobes convolute. 5. Lysimjc/tt'a. 



7H FLOJ^A. 

Staminodia 5 ; each corolla-lobe cur\-ed around its stamen. 

6. Steironema. 
Staminodia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillar}- spike-like racemes or 
heads. 7. Xatiytibiirgia. 

Lea%-es whorled at the top of the stem ; flowers white. 8. Trietitalis. 

Corolla none ; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 9. Glaux. 

Capsule circumscissile ; flowers axillar>'. 

Corolla longer than the calyx: stamens borne on its base. 10. A7iagallis. 
CoroUa shorter than the calyx; stamens borne on its tube. 11. Centunculus. 
** Segments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. 12. Dodecatheon. 

I. pri'mula L. 
Perennial scapose herbs, with basal leaves, and dimorphous flowers, umbellate, 
or in bracted racemose whorls. Calyx persistent, often angled, 5-lobed. the lobes 
imbricated. Corolla funnelform or salverform. the tube longer than the calyx in 
our species, the limb 5 -cleft. Stamens 5. included; filaments short; anthers ob- 
long, obtuse. Ovary globose or ovoid; o\-ules amphitropous ; stj'le filiform; stigma 
capitate. Capsule oblong, ovoid or globose. 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. 
Seeds peltate, the testa punctate. [Diminutive of the Latin primus, first, from the 
early blossoms.] About 150 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. Besides 
the following, some 10 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaves almost always white-mealy beneath; scape 1-5 dm. high. i. P. farmosa. 
Leaves green both sides; scape 2-15 cm. high. 

Leaves spatulate or obovate, denticulate. 2. P. Mistissi7iica. 

Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire. 3. P. Egaliksensis. 

1. Primula farinosa L. Bird's-eye or Mealy Primrose. (I. F. f. 2805.) 
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse. 2-10 cm. long, the margins crenulate denticu- 
late; scape 3-20-flowered; flowers umbellate; bracts acute or acuminate; calyx- 
lobes acute ; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly 
longer than the calyx, the lobes ctmeate, retuse or obcordate, 4-6 mm. long ; cap- 
sule narrowly oblong, erect, about I cm. long, longer than the cal}-:x. In moist 
places. Me. and Quebec to Greenland, the X. W. Terr, and Alaska. Also in 
Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Primula Mistassinica Miclix. Mistassini or Dwarf Canadian 
Primrose. (I. F. f. 2806.) Similar to the preceding, but smaller. Leaves spat- 
ulate or obovate, denticulate or repand, obtuse, 1-4 cm. long; flowers 2-8. umbel- 
late; bracts acute or acuminate; corolla pink, or pale purple, with or without a 
yellow eye. the tube longer than the calyx; corolla-lobes obcordate, 3-5 mm. long; 
capsule narrowly oblong, erect. 5-8 mm. high. On wet banks. !Me. to Greenland, 
X. Y., ]Slich. and the X. W. Terr. Occurs also in Europe. Summer. 

3. Primula Egaliksensis Homem. Greenland Primrose. (L F. f. 2807.) 
Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire, or slightly undulate, obtuse or obtusish, 
1-2.5 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; scape slender, 5-15 cm. high; umbels 
2-6-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-lobes 
2-4 mm. long, much shorter than the tube, obovate. sometimes cleft to the middle; 
capsule erect, about 6 mm. high, longer than the calyx. Lab. and Greenland. 
Summer. 

2. ANDROSACE L. 

Low herbs, our species scapose, with tufted small basal leaves, and terminal 
umbellate involucrate small white or pink flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. the 
lobes erect in flower. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube not longer than 
the calyx, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; 
filaments short; anthers short, oblong, obtuse. Ovan,- turbinate or globose; ovules 
amphitropous; stj^le short; stigma capitellate. Capsule 5-valved from the apex, 
few many-seeded. [Greek, man's shield, from the shape of the leaf in some species.] 
About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 
6 others occtir in western and northwestern X. Am. 

I. Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Androsace. (L F. f. 2808.) Annual, 
minutely pubescent, or glabrate; scapes filiform, 2-8 cm. long. Leaves oblong or 
spatulate, obtuse, entire, sessile, 6-16 mm. long; bracts of the involucre similar to 



PRIM ULA CEA E. 7 1 5 

the leaves but much smaller; pedicels filiform; calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, 
the lobes acute, becoming foliaceous; corolla white, shorter than the calyx; calyx 
longer than the capsule. In dry soil, Minn, and 111. to Kans., the N. W. Terr., 
Utah and N. Mex. April-June. 

3. HOTTONIA L. 

Aquatic glabrous herbs, with large pinnatifid submersed crowded leaves, and 
small white or purplish flowers, racemose-verticillate on bracted hollow erect 
emersed peduncles. Calyx deeply 5 -parted, the lobes linear, imbricated, persistent. 
Corolla salverform, the tube short, the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included; fila- 
ments short. Ovary ovoid; style filiform; stigma minute, capitate; ovules numer- 
ous, anatropous. Capsule subglobose, 5-valved. Seeds ellipsoid, numerous. 
[Dedicated to Peter Hotton, 1648-1709, professor at Leyden.] Two species, the 
following of eastern N. Am. , the other of Europe and Asia. 

I. Hottonia inflata Ell. American Featherfoil. (I. F. f. 2809.) Stem 
submerged, spongy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, ovate or 
oblong in outline, divided very nearly to the rachis into narrowly linear entire seg- 
ments 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-2 mm. wide; peduncles several in a cluster at the ends of 
the stem and branches, jointed, constricted at the joints; 0.7-2 dm, high; pedicels. 
4-25 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. long in verticils of 2-10 at the joints; corolla 
white, shorter than the calyx; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter. In shallow stag- 
nant ponds, N. H. and Mass. to central N. Y., Fla. and La. June-Aug. 

4. SAMOLUS L. 

Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones rosulate. 
Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species. Calyx per- 
sistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5 -cleft. Corolla perigynous, 
subcampanulate, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
tube of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many staminodia (these 
wanting in S. ebracteatus)^ filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovary partly infe- 
rior; ovules amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute. 
[Name Celtic] About 10 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following 
another occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Samolus floribiindus H. B. K. Water Pimpernel. Brookweed. 
(I. F. f. 2810.) Erect or ascending, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, obo- 
vate, obtuse; flowers less than 2 mm. broad, in elongated panicled racemes; pedi- 
cels filiform, spreading, 8-25 mm. long, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes 
acute, shorter than the corolla; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter. In swamps and 
brooks, N. B. to Fla., Br. Col., Tex. and Cal. May-Sept. 

5. LYSIMACHIA L. 

Herbs, mostly perennial, with leafy stems. Leaves entire, often glandular- 
punctate; flowers in our species yellow, solitary in the axils, or clustered. Calyx 
5-7-parted or 5-7-divided, persistent. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-7-parted, 
the tube very short. Stamens 5-7; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. 
Style filiform; stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-5-valved. [Greek, loose-strife.] About 
70 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides tlie following, 2 
others occur in the southern U. S. 

Leaves verticillate in s's-y's, or some of them rarely opposite. 
Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure yellow, 1-2.5 cm. broad. 

Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes i^labrous. i. Z,. vulgaris. 

Flowers axillary ; corolla-lobes olandular-ciliolate. 2. L. punctaf,i. 

Corolla rotate, 0.8-1.6 cm. broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3. L. quadri/olia. 
Leaves opposite, or some of them rarely alternate, sometimes verticillate in No. 5. 
Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect. 

Raceme leafy only at the base. 4. L. terrestris. 

Raceme leafy to the middle or beyond. 5. L, producfa. 

Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creepin";;. 6. L. yumwularia. 

I. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Golden or YKLiAnv Loosestrife. (L F. f. 
2811.) Densely downy-pubescent; stem 6-10 dm. high. Leaves short -petioled, 
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; flowers i-2 cm. 



7l6 FLORA. 

broad; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla deeply- 
parted ; filaments monadelphous to about the middle, glandular ; capsule about 3 
mm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In fields and along roadsides, Me. to 
N. Y. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 

2. Lysimachia punctata L. Spotted Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2812.) Re- 
sembles the preceding, but sometimes glabrate. Leaves oval or ovate-lanceolate, 
short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, usually proportionately shorter and broader than those 
of L. vulgaris; flowers crowded in the upper axils, or racemose-verticillate, yellow, 
1.5-2 cm. broad; pedicels 6-20 mm. long; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; 
filaments monadelphous at the base. In waste places, N. S. to N. J. Adventive 
from Europe. June-July. 

3. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Crosswort, Whorled Loosestrife. (I. 
F. f. 2813.) Stem slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceo- 
late, oblong or ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-10 cm. long, usually black-punctate; 
flowers axillary, 6-12 mm. broad, borne on filiform spreading peduncles; sepals 
narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla glabrous, dark-streaked or spotted; 
filaments monadelphous below ; capsule nearly as long as the sepals. In thickets, 
N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Wis. June-Aug. 

4. Lysimachia terrestris (L.)B.S. P. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. (I. F. 
f. 2814.) Glabrous; stem 2-6 dm. h'igh, often bearing after flowering long bulb- 
lets in the axils. Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alternate, lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, or sessile, usually 
black-punctate, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 6-10 mm. broad, in terminal bracted racemes ; 
pedicels 1-2 cm. long; sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute; corolla rotate, deeply 
parted, yellow with purple streaks or dots; filaments monadelphous below, gland- 
ular; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter, nearly as long as sepals. In swamps and 
moist thickets, Newf., Manitoba, Ga. and Ark. July-Sept. 

5. Lysimachia producta (A. Gray) Fernald. Intermediate between Z. quadri- 
folia and L. terrestris, the leaves sometimes opposite, sometimes verticillate, 
pale green or glaucous and inconspicuously veined beneath ; bracts of the usually 
loosely flowered raceme large. Me. to N. Y. , Mass. and Mich. [Z. poly ant ha 
Fernald. ] 

6. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Moneywort. Creeping Loosestrife. 
(I. F. £ 2815.) Glabrous; stems creeping, sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves oppo- 
site, orbicular or broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes cordate, petioled, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, sparingly black-punctate; flowers solitary in the axils, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; 
sepals cordate-ovate to lanceolate, acute, half as long as the rotate, deeply 5-lobed, 
yellow and dark-dotted corolla; filaments glandular, monadelphous at the base; 
capsule shorter than the sepals. In moist places, Newf. to N. J., Penn. and Ind. 
Nat. from Europe, June-Aug. 

6. STEIRONEMA Raf. 

Perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate entire leaves, and axillary slender- 
peduncled yellow flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent, the segments valvate in the 
bud. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 -parted, with no proper tube, the lobes cuspidate or 
erose-denticulate, each involute or convolute around its stamen. Stamens 5 ; fila- 
ments distinct, or united into a ring at the base, granulose-glandular; anthers 
linear, becoming curved; staminodia 5, subulate. Ovary globose. Capsule 
5-valved. Seeds margined or angled. [Greek, sterile threads, from the abortive 
stamens.] About five species, natives of N. Am. 

Leaves membranous, pinnately veined. 
Leaves ovate to lanceolate. 

Stem erect; flowers 12-25 ni™- broad. 

Petioles strongly ciliate ; capsule longer than the calyx. 

1. ,5". ciliatutn. 
Petioles not ciliate, or slightly so at base; capsule not longer than the calyx. 

2. S. tonsum. 
Stem reclined; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; leaves not ciliate; petioles naked. 

3. S. 1- a die an s. 
Leaves lanceolate, oblong or linear; stem erect. 4. S. lanceolatum. 

Leaves firm, linear, i-nerved, the lateral veins obscure. 5. S. guadriflorum. 



PRIM ULA CEA E. 717 

1. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2816.) 

Stems mostly glabrous, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex, 
obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, the margins ciliolate; pedun- 
cles 1-5 cm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the erose-denticulate 
commonly mucronate corolla-segments; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad. In moist 
thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., Ga., Ala., Kans. and Ariz. June- Aug. 

2. Steironema tonsum (Wood) Bicknell. Southern Loosestrife. (I. F. 
f. 2817.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, obtusely 4-angled, minutely glandular-puberulent 
above. Leaves 5-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 
ciliolate, the upper much smaller; panicle open, leafy; pedicels 2-6 times as long 
as the flowers; calyx-segments lanceolate, very acute; corolla 1.8-2 cm. broad, its 
segments cuspidate. On dry rocks, Va. to Ky., Tenn. and Ala. June-July. 

3. Steironema radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. Trailing Loosestrife. (I. F. 
f. 2818.) Stem soon decumbent or reclined, slender, glabrous, 3-9 dm. long. 
Leaves acute or acuminate, 2-10 cm. long; peduncles 1-5 cm. long; calyx-segments 
ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the erose-denticulate corolla- 
segments; capsule about one-half as long as the calyx. In swamps, Va. andW. Va. 
to Ark. and La. June-Aug. 

4. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. 
(I. F. f. 2819.) Stem erect, glabrous, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear 
or oblong- lanceolate, petioled or nearly sessile, acute or acuminate, 2-13 cm. long, 
the margins naked or ciliate; lower leaves shorter, often oblong or nearly orbicu- 
lar; petioles naked or ciliate • peduncles 1-4 cm. long; calyx segments lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; capsule nearly as long as the calyx- 
segments. In moist soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ariz. June-Aug. 

5. Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. Prairie Moneywort. Linear- 
leaved Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 2820.) Stem erect, strict, glabrous, 4-sided, 2.5-6 
dm. high. Stem-leaves all but the lowest sessile or very nearly so, i -nerved, acute 
or acuminate at both ends, 2-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, usually with smaller ones 
fascicled in the axils ; basal leaves oblong or linear-oblong, shorter, slender-petioled ; 
peduncles filiform; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the cuspidate and 
slightly erose corolla-segments; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, often somewhat clustered 
in. 4's at the ends of the branches. Along streams and lakes, W. Va. to western 
N. Y., Ont., Ky. and Manitoba. June-July. 

7. NAUMBURGIA Moench. 

An erect perennial leafy herb, with slender rootstocks, opposite sessile lanceolate 
entire leaves, the lower much smaller or reduced to scales, and small yellow flowers 
in axillary peduncled spike-like racemes or heads. Calyx 5-7-divided, the sepals 
linear, slightly imbricated. Corolla deeply 5-7-parted, the tube short, the segments 
narrow. Stamens 5-7, exserted; filaments slender, glabrous, slightly united at the 
base, alternating with as many small tooth-like staminodia. Ovary globose-ovoid; 
ovules few or several; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 5-7-valved, few- 
seeded. Seeds somewhat angled. A monotypic genus. 

I. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Tufted Loosestrife. (I. F. f. 
2821.) Stems simple, erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, the upper lan- 
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower smaller; peduncles soli- 
tary in the axils; racemes 1-2.5 cm. long, spike-like; pedicels very short; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad; corolla-segments yellow with black spots; anthers oblong; capsule 
globose, black-spotted, when mature slightly longer than the sepals. In swamps, 
N. S. to Alaska, N. Y., Penn., Mo. and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 

8. TRIENTALIS L. 
Glabrous low perennial herbs, with simple erect stems, and leaves mostly 
clustered in a verticil at the summit. Flowers few or solitary, terminal, slendor- 
peduncled, small, white or pink, deeply 5-9- (mostly 7-) parted. Sepals narrow, 
persistent, spreading. Corolla rotate, its tube almc^st none, its segments acute or 
acuminate, entire; filaments united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers linear, 
recurved after anthesis. Staminodia none. Ovary glolK)se; ovules numennis; stylo 
filiform. Capsule globose, 5-valved. [Latin, one-third of a foot, referring to the 
height of the plant.] About 4 species, of the northern hemisphere. 



7l8 FLORA. 

I. Trientalis Americana (Pers.) Pxirsh. Star-flower. Chickweed 
WiNTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2822.) Rootstock horizontal, sending up simple stem- 
like branches 0.7-2.5 dm. high, the leaves in a verticil of 5-10 at the summit. 
Leaves membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
sessile or short-petioled, minutely crenulate, 3-10 cm. long; pedicels filiform, erect, 
2-5 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate; flowers 8-12 mm. 
broad ; capsule shorter than the sepals. In damp woods and thickets, Lab. to the 
N. W. Terr., Va., III. and Mich. May-June. 

9. GLAUX L. 

A small succulent perennial leafy herb, with opposite entire obtuse fleshy leaves, 
and minute dimorphous nearly sessile axillary pink or white flowers. Calyx 5- 
parted, the lobes petaloid. Corolla none. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the 
calyx and alternate with its lobes ; anthers cordate, attached by their backs to the 
filaments. Ovary ovoid, glandular; ovules few; stjde filiform; stigma capitellate. 
Capsule globose-ovoid, beaked, 5-valved at the top, few-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid. 
[Greek, sea-green.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Glaux maritima L. Sea Milkwort. Black Saltwort. (I. F. f. 2823.) 
Glabrous, pale or glaucous, 0.5-2 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong or linear- oblong, 
rarely somewhat spatulate, sessile, 4-12 mm. long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, 
usually numerous; calyx-lobes oval; capsule nearly enclosed by the calyx. In salt 
marshes and on sea-beaches, N. J. to Newf. ; in saline soil from Minn, to the N. W. 
Terr., Neb. and Nev. ; on the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 

10. ANAGALLIS L. 

Herbs, with opposite or verticillate (rarely alternate) sessile or short-petioled 
leaves, entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, 
the lobes lanceolate or subulate, persistent. Corolla deeply 5 -parted, rotate, the seg- 
ments entire or erose, convolute in the bud, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 ; fila- 
ments puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into a narrow ring at the base; 
anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose ; ovules numerous ; stigma obtuse. Capsule 
globose, circumscissile, many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Greek, 
delightful.] About 15 species, mostly of the Old World. 

I. Anagallis arvensis L. Red or Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's or 
Shepherd's Weather-glass. (I. F. f. 2824.) Annual, diffuse; branches 1-3 
dm. long, 4- sided. Leaves ovate or oval, membranous, sessile or somewhat clasp- 
ing, 6-20 mm. long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, I-4 cm, long, 
recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes keeled, slightly shorter than the crenate glandular- 
ciliate corolla-segments; flowers scarlet, sometimes white, usually with a darker 
center, 4-6 mm. broad, opening only in bright weather; capsule glabrous, about 4 
mm. in diameter. In waste places, Newf. to Fla., Minn, and Mex., and on the 
Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 

Anagallis arvensis coerulea (Lam.) Ledeb. Flowers blue; corolla-segments gla- 
brous. Reported as sparingly occurring in waste places. 

II. centunculus l. 

Low annual glabrous erect herbs, with alternate small entire sessile or short- 
petioled leaves, or the lower opposite, and minute solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 
4-5-parted, persistent, the lobes longer than the corolla. Corolla 4-5-cleft, marces- 
cent, the tube subglobose, the lobes entire. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat 
of the corolla; filaments short, distinct; anthers ovate or cordate, obtuse; stigma 
capitate. Ovules numerous, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circumscissile, 
many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Latin, diminutive of cento^ a 
patch.] Three species, of wide distribution. 

I. Centunculus minimus L. Chaffweed. False Pimpernel. (L F. £ 
2825.) Slender, 2-15 cm. high. Leaves spatulate, obovate or oblong, 4-8 mm. 
long; flowers sessile or nearly so, shorter than the leaves, mostly 4-parted, 2-4 mm. 
broad; calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla pink; capsule 
shorter than the calyx. In moist soil. 111. and Minn, to Br. Col., Fla., Tex. and 
Mex. Also in Europe and S. Am. April-Sept. 



PL UMBA GIN A CEA E. 7 1 9 

12. DODECATHEON L. 

Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with basal leaves. Flowers in involucrate 
umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, the lobes at first 
reflexed. Corolla 5 -parted, the lobes reflexed, imbricated, the tube very short, 
thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla; filaments short, 
flat, monadelphous, connivent into a cone, exserted; anthers linear or lanceolate, 
connivent, attached by their bases to the filaments. Ovary superior; ovules amphit- 
ropous; style exserted; stigma simple. Capsule oblong or cylindric, erect, 5-6- 
valved at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds numerous, minute; the testa 
punctate. [Greek, twelye gods; name used by Theophrastus for some different 
plant] About 15 species, of N. Am. and northeastern Asia. 

I. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star. American Cowslip. 
Pride-OF-Ohio. (I. F. f. 2826.) Perennial by a stout rootstock; scape erect, 
2-5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, narrowed into 
margined petioles, entire or toothed, 0.7-3 ^™- lo^g; flowers 2-3 cm. long; bracts 
of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ; pedicels imequal, the outer ones some- 
times I dm. long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla purple, pink or white; capsule nar- 
rowly ovoid, erect, 5 -valve d above. On moist cliffs and prairies, Penn. to Mani- 
toba, Ga. and Tex. April-May. 

Dodecatheon Meadia Frenchii Vasey. Leaves ovate or elliptic, base abruptly con- 
tracted or cordate. 111. to Ark. ; southern Penn. (?) 

Family 2. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. 

Plumbago Fainily. 

Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal tufted leaves, 
and small perfect and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosep- 
alous, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla 
of 5 hypogynous clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a 
tube. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous ; anthers 
2-celled, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally 
dehiscent. Disk none. Ovary superior, i -celled; ovule solitary, anat- 
ropous, pendulous ; styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the 
calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary ; testa membranous ; 
endosperm mealy, or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons entire. About 
10 genera and 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly in saline situations. 

Inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; flowers in one-sided spikes. i. Limonium. 

Flowers in a dense terminal head. 2. Statice. 

I. LIMONIUM Adans. 

Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous small flowers cymose-panicu- 
late on bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, forming one-sided 
spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube 
usually lo-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals. 
Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. 
[Ancient name of the wild beet.] About 120 species. Besides the following, i 
occurs on the South Atlantic and i on the Pacific Coast and i in the Southwest. 

I. Limonium Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Sea Lavender. Marsh 
Rosemary. Canker-root. (I. F. f. 2827.) Glabrous, fleshy, rootstock thick; 
fusiform or branched; scape terete, striate, paniculately branched above, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into margined petioles, entire, or slightly 
undulate, 0.7-2.5 dm. long, shorter than the scapes, the midvein prominent, the lat- 
eral veins very obscure; flowers erect, about 4 mm. high; calyx 5-toothed, some- 
times with as many minute intermediate teeth in the sinuses; corolla pale purple; 
petals spatulate; styles filiform. On salt meadows. Lab. to Fla. and Tox. July-Oct. 

2. STATICE L. 
Tufted acaulescent fleshy herbs, with mostly naked scapes, basal persistent 
rosulate narrow leaves with no differentiation into blade and petiole, and short- 



720 FLORA. 

pedicelled or sessile flowers, in dense terminal glomerate heads, subtended by 
scarious bracts and bractlets, the lower bracts forming a kind of involucre to the 
head, the two lowest reflexed and more or less united into a sheath. Calyx lo- 
ribbed, 5 -toothed, oblique at the base or decurrent on the pedicel, scarious. Styles 
united at the base, pubescent below the middle. Utricle 5 -pointed at the summit, 
rarely dehiscent. [Greek, standing. ] About 20 species. The following is the only 
one native in N. Am. 

I. Statice Armeria L. Thrift. Sea Pink. Ladies' Cushion. (I. F. f. 
2828.) Scape 1-4.5 ^^^- liig^- Leaves narrowly linear, obscurely i -nerved, 
entire, 2-8 cm. long; bracts obtuse; head of flowers 1-2.5 cm. in diameter; co- 
rolla pink, purple or white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals obtuse or cuspidate. Along the 
sea -coast and on mountains. Lab. to Alaska, south on the Pacific Coast to Cal. 
Also in Europe, Asia and apparently at the Strait of Magellan. Summer. 



Order 3- EBENALES. 

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regu- 
lar. Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. 
Corolla gamopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on 
the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, 
or more numerous. 

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. i. Sapotaceae. 
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. 

Styles 2-8 ; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 2. Ebenaceae, 
Style I, simple or lobed ; flowers mostly perfect. 

Stamens in several series. Fam. 3. Symplocaceae. 

Stamens in i series. Fam. 4. Styracaceae. 



Family i. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. 

Sapodilla Family. 

Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves entire, mostly 
coriaceous and estipulate. Flowers small, regular and perfect, in axillary 
clusters. Calyx inferior, the sepals usually 4-7, much imbricated. Co- 
rolla gamopetalous, the tube 4-7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, 
sometimes with as many or twice as many lobe-like appendages on the 
throat. Stamens as many as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted 
on its tube ; staminodia usually present, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; 
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, or 
rarely many-celled ; ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous or amphit- 
ropous ; stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry, commonly i -celled and 
I -seeded. Seed large, the testa bony or crustaceous ; embryo straight; 
endosperm fleshy, or none. About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of 
tropical regions. 

I. BUMELIA Sw. 

Wood very hard. Leaves sometimes clustered at the nodes. Flowers small, 
pedicelled, white, fascicled in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments un- 
equal. Corolla, 5 -lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube 
short. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate. 
Staminodia 5, petaloid. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform. Berry small, the peri- 
carp fleshy, enclosing a single erect seed. Seed shining, the hilum at the base. 
[Greek, ox (large) ash.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the fol- 
lowing, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. i. B. lycioides. 

Foliage, pedicels and calyx tomentose-pubescent. 2. B. lanugmosa. 



EBENACEAE, 721 

1. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern Buckthorn. (I. F. f. 2829.) 
Bark gray, the twigs commonly spiny. Leaves rather firm, tardily deciduous, 
glabrous, finely reticulate- veined, oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 5-13 cm. long; 
petioles 4-12 mm. long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, numerous; pedicels about the 
length of the petioles, glabrous; calyx-segments obtuse, glabrous; staminodia ovate, 
boat-shaped, entire; berry subglobose, black, 8-10 mm. long. In moist thickets, 
Va. to 111., Mo., Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 

2. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. Woolly Buckthorn. (I. F. f. 
2830.) Leaves persistent, rather coriaceous, glabrous above, densely tomentose- 
pubescent beneath, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, usually obtuse at the apex, nar- 
rowed orcuneate at the base, 3-8 cm. long; flowers 3-18 in the fascicles, about 3 
mm. broad; pedicels tomentose, longer than the petioles; calyx-segments ovate, 
tomentose, obtusish; staminodia ovate, obscurely toothed; berry oval, black, 8-10 
mm. long. In woods and thickets, III. to Kans., Tex., Ga. and Pla. June-July. 

Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent. 

Ebony Fainily. 

Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and 
dioecious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitary or cymose 
in the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persist- 
ent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually con- 
volute in the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla 
in the sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones 
in the pistillate flowers; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary 
superior, several-celled ; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none ; 
ovules 1-3 in each cavity, suspended ; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below ; 
stigmas terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the 
testa bony ; endosperm copious, cartilaginous ; embryo small ; cotyledons 
large, foliaceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly tropical. 

I. DIOSPYROS L. 

Flowers lateral, cymose, racemose or solitary, the pistillate commonly solitary, 
the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft. Corolla urceolate in our species, 
4_6.1obed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers. Styles 2-6 in the pistillate flowers; 
ovary globose or ovoid, its cavities twice as many as the styles. Berry large, 
pulpy, containing 4-12 flat hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus' wheat.] About 160 species, 
abundant in Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southwest. 

I. Diospyros Virginiana L. Persimmon. Date-plum. (I. F. f. 2831.) 
A tree; bark hard, dark, furrowed. Leaves ovate or oval, deciduous, pubescent 
when young, acute or acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath, 5-13 cm. long; 
petioles loosely jointed with the twigs, the leaves falling away in drying; flowers 
mostly 4-parted; corolla greenish yellow; stamens of the sterile flowers about 16, 
those of the pistillate 8 or fewer; fruit globose, about 2.5 cm. long, reddish yellow 
and sweet when ripe, astringent when green. In fields and woods, R. I. to Kans., 
Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Nov. 

Family 3. SYMPLOCACEAE Miers. 

Sweet-leaf Faviily. 

Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate broad leaves, and regular mostly 
yellow and perfect flowers, in lateral or axillary clusters. Calyx-tube com- 
pletely or partly adnate to the ovary, its limb i;-lobed. Corolla 5-parted, 
sometimes nearly to the base, the segments imbricated. Disk none. 
Stamens numerous in several series; lilamcnts usually slightly united in 
clusters at the base of each corolla-segment; anthers innate, laterally 
dehiscent, Ovary 2-5-celled ; ovules commonly 2 in each cavit3% pendu- 



/Long; stylfeahd stigma b'We. 'FrMt a smalt mostly neaky^^fy-^r^^ 

with I. dbtong seed; embryo straight ; eridospferm fles%'. ' Only the fol- 

ipwing' g^ntis,' eomprising about 175 spedes, most abijndant in S., Am. 

'^^^tMSf-aCters of the'famil^^ [Greek, cprBie.Qteci, referring io'tbestarnensijr^j _f^r 

?. .1. .Symplocd'srrtlflctdria (L7)' L'He'r. ■ •Sweet-leaf; HdfesE-siJCfaH- ■ (5- F. 
£-2832.'):^: A; shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong or slightly obbvate, acute or'acit- 
rainate at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, shdrt-petioled, glabrous or neaHy 
go:abOve. and dark green when old, pale and pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. Ibn^ 
flowers bright yellow, fragrant,' 8-12' mm. broad,- in Sessile scaly-bracted elustefS, 
appearing at the North before the leaves; .'Corolla-segments oblong, bbtuse, eaen 
bearirig'^avcluster of stamea^s^-di-upe nut-like, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, pvibescen?, 
crowned with the small calyx-lobes. Woods and thickets, Del. to Fla. and La. 
March-April. 






Family 4. STYRilCTOKAE A DC. 

■-^nSH^/O -'O ^^-'^--'V'.r; ^'T^'^'i^U -xc'^''^^^-' ^■r-^^lr'^ 7'3"'""t "^O ?.UC;n^P:p^rlo<3. RUOlD^yib 

Frowers' regular, perfect, J3r Farely - polygamo-^dicecious,^ clusterqq, 
pubescence mostly stellate. Calyx jmore or less adnate to .the ovary^ 
Corolla ganiopetalous or polypetalous, the lobes or petals 4^8. Stameti^ 
twice as. many as the lobes, of the corolla or petals,, or more^ inserted .pj^ 
its tube or base, arranged in i series, the filaments monadelphous or 4-5;- 
adelphous. Disk none... Ovary partly superior, 2-5-celled; ovules. anail- 
rqpbus^ style slender ; stigma simple or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a jberry-.py 
drupe, or often nearly dry, winged- ia some_ genera, i -seeded, or 2.-5 -celled 
with a seed in each cavity. . Endosperpa cQpiovis, fleshy, ; .embryo usually 
straight ; cotyledons .flat. ,,Ab.out-7-g.enera-^,n,(jN7^,gg^ies,:,nK^ 

Calyx superior, its tube obconic ; fruit 2-4- winged. i. Mohrodendron, 

Calyx nearly inferior, its tube campamliate J frail 'globose or oblong. 2. Sty rax. 

, . , ..,, ■'•■■■-'".--- " -. ■ -■ - ' ' - ofTt 

Small trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with denticulate or deii- 
tate leaves, and lar^e white slender-pedicelled drooping bell-shaped . fiowers^^ i)^ 
lateral fascicles or short racemes, appearing with or before thejeaves. .Calyx-tu|)e 
obconic or obpyramidal, 4-5 -ribbed, adnate to the ovary, the limb short,- 4-tp'Qthed; 
Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft or 4-5 -parted nearly to the base. .. Stamens 8-10; 
filaments flat, more or less monadelphous, slightly adnate to the corolla. ..Ovary .;2.-^- 
celle^.'; ovules about 4 in each cavity, the lower ascending, ..the upper, p.ehdulou^^ 
Fruit (^fy, oblong, 2-4-winged, 1-4-celled, tipped with the style and the mimite caly^'T 
teeth, [in honor of Chas. Mohr, botanist of the -Geological Survey of Alabama,] 
About 3 species, natives of southeastern N.. Am. ,. ,., -. . ,, . , - ,. ■ ; .r.". 

' ■ iVfMphrodendron , Carolinum (L.) Britton. Sii^ver^beI-L or Snow-drpe 
TR^fefe'- '-^(I: F: f. 2833. y A small. tree. Leaves oval, ovate .or ovate -oblong, dentie^ 
ulate, acuminate, dark green and glabrous above when old, pale green and stellate- 
pubescent beneath, 5-15 cm. long; pedicels filiform, I-4 cm. long; corolla I-2 cm. 
long; ovary 4-celled; ^uj^; (:^^,Qng^J^psgid,Qf-^I:^ec^^ 2r~/!px!& long. Li woods and 
along streams, Va. to 111., Fla. and Ala. March- April. 

" 2. STYRAX L. ^ , ^ , ^ .^ 

Y'^^®^^B§^<>r^fi^rtr^s,^'with\f ather large, mostly^ white " drebp^iig^ ,fiov?;^rs,".^' felv^ 
ei^le^ or leafy racemes. Calyx persistent, nearly inferior, its tube . campanula|:e^- 
adaate to the lower part of the ovary, its limb minutely 5 -toothed. Corolla 5 -parted 
or '5'^divided. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals (rarely fewer)^ 
filarhenf J flat,"- monadelphous below or rarely separate.. Ovary nearly superioiV 
niO'stly :3;-'ceHed -at the base; ovules several in each cavity,- ascending ; stigma /'3j-' 
toosfeh^; 3'ffebe(|) qracap.rtate/'i ¥'ivat^^^m.rif''JdJi^, \c6ii^^r^^<Si'^%vymd^<M^^''e^^ 



OLEACEAE. 723 

monlyonly i-seeded, 3-valved at the summit. [Greek name of Storax.] About 
70 species, natives of America, Asia and southern Europe. Besides the following, 
2 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Foliage and inflorescence glabrous ; calyx glandular-scurfy. i. S. Americana. 

Lower surfaces of the leaves and inflorescence canescent or tomentose. 

Leaves oblong to oval, 2.5-6 cm. long. . 2. S. pulverulenta. 

Leaves obovate to oval, 5-15 cm, long. 3. S. grandifolia. 

1. Styrax Americana Lam. Smooth Storax. (I. F. f. 2834, ) A shrub, the 
foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves green on both sides, oblong, oval or obovate, 
2-8 cm. long; flowers few or sometimes solitary, 8-14 mm. long, about the length 
of their pedicels; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, valvate or but slightly overlapping 
in the bud; fruit subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter. In moist thickets and along 
streams, Va. to Fla., Ark. and La. March-April. 

2. Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Downy Storax. (I. F. f. 2835.) Similar 
to the preceding, but the lower surfaces of the leaves, the calyx and pedicels are 
stellate-pubescent or scurfy. Leaves oval or oblong, usually denticulate, pale 
beneath; flowers in short terminal racemes and often in pairs in the axils, usually 
longer than their pedicels; petals puberulent on both sides or only on the exterior, 
convolute or imbricated in the bud. In moist pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 
March-April. 

3. Styrax grandifolia Ait. Large-leaved Storax. (I. F. f. 2836.) A 
shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, tomentose or canescent and pale beneath, 5-15 cm. 
long, or on young shoots larger; flowers 10- 1 6 mm. long, longer than their pedicels, 
mostly several in loose sometimes elongated racemes ; petals oblong, acutish, imbri- 
cated or convolute in the bud, puberulent without and often also within; fruit 
obovoid, about 8 mm. long. In woods, Va. to Fla. and Ga. March-May. 

Order 4. GENTIANAlES. 

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate. 
Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, nerved, 
wanting in Adelia and in our species of Fraxmus of the Oleaceae. 
Stamens mostly borne on the lower part of the corolla when this is pres- 
ent, as many as its lobes or fewer and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, 
distinct, or i with 2 cavities (rarely more), or 2 placentae. 

a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species 
trees or shrubs. Fam. i. Oleaceae. 

b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ; mostly herbs. 
Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky; ovary i, compound. 

Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line. 

Fam. 2. Loganiaceae. 
Ovary i-celled, leaves not stipulate. 

Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in 

the bud. Fam. 3. Gentianaceae. 

Leaves basal or alternate; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud ; marsh or 
aquatic herbs. Fam. 4. Menyanthaceae. 

Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species. 

Styles united ; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains. Fam. 5. Apocynaceae. 
Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; poUen-t^rains united into wax}' 
masses. Fam. 6. Asclept'adaccae. 

Family i. OLEACEAE Lindl. 

Olive Family. 

Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or 
rarely alternate simple or pinnate estipulate leaves and regular 2-4-parted 
flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually small, 
sometimes none. Stamens 2-4; filaments separate; authors ovate, 
oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 



724 FLORA. 

superior, 2-celled ; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; 
style usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. 
Endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting ; embryo straight, rather large ; 
radicle usually short. About 21 genera and 500 species, of wide distri- 
bution in temperate and tropical regions. 

Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves simple; flowers complete. i. Syringa. 

Fruit a samara ; leaves pinnate ; flowers mostly dioecious; corolla wanting. 

2. Fraxinus. 
Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. 

Flowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, from catkin-like scaly buds. 3. Adelia. 

Flowers complete, polypetalous, paniculate; petals linear. 4. Chionanthus. 

Flowers complete, gamopetalous, paniculate. 5. Ligustrum. 

I. SYRINGA L. 

Shrubs with opposite entire (rarely pinnatifid) leaves, and gamopetalous flow- 
ers, in terminal panicles or thyrses. Calyx campanulate, mostly 4-toothed, per- 
sistent. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes indup- 
licate-valvate. Stamens 2, inserted near the summit of the corolla-tube. Ovary 
2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style elongated; stigma 2-cleft. 
Capsule narrowly oblong, somewhat compressed, coriaceous, loculicidally 2-valved 
from above. Seeds pendulous, compressed, obliquely winged. [Greek, a pipe or 
tube.] About 12 species, natives of Asia and eastern Europe. 

I. Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac. (I. F. f. 2837.) Glabrous, 3-8 m. high. 
Leaves oyate, entire, deciduous, green on both sides, acuminate at the apex, trun- 
cate or subcordate at the base, 5-13 cm. long; flowers lilac or white, very numer- 
ous, 10-15 mm. long, in large terminal thyrses; ultimate pedicels short; capsule 
1.5-2.5 cm. long. Escaped from gardens to roadsides, Me. and N. H. to N. Y. 
and Penn. Native of eastern Europe. April-May. 

2. FRAXINUS L. 
Trees, with opposite, and in our species, odd-pinnate leaves, and small dioecious 
or polygamous (rarely perfect) greenish fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate flowers, 
appearing before or with the leaves from the axils of those of the previous season. 
Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregularly toothed, entire or none. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 
4). Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat 
samara, usually i- seeded. Seed oblong, pendulous. [The ancient Latin name.] 
About 40 species. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the Southern 
and Western States. 

Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present in the fertile flowers. 

Body of the samara terete or nearly so, the wing chiefly terminal. 
Wing almost entirely terminal. 

Foliage and twigs glabrous or nearly so. i. F. Americana. 

Foliage and twigs pubescent. 2. F. Biltmoreana. 

Wing manifestly extending down on the sides of the body. 
Wing of samara spatulate. 

Foliage, twigs and pedicels glabrous or very nearly so. 

3. F. lanceolata. 
Foliage, young twigs and pedicels velvety-pubescent. 

Samara 3-5 cm. long. 4. F. Pennsylvanica. 

Samara 5-7 cm. long. 5. F. profunda. 

Wing of samara long linear. 6. F. Darlingthnii. 

Body of the samara flat, the wing extending all around it. 

Twigs terete; leaflets 5-7; samara elliptic or spatulate. 7. F. Carolimana. 
Twigs 4-sided ; leaflets 7-1 1 ; samara oblong or cuneate. 8. F. qtiadrangulata. 
Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx none; samara winged all around. 9. F. nigra. 

I. Fraxinus Americana L. White Ash. (L F. f. 2838.) Twigs, peti- 
oles and rachis of the leaves glabrous; leaflets 5-9 (commonly 7), ovate, ovate- 
lanceolate, oblong or rarely slightly obovate, entire or denticulate, pale or light 
green and often pul^escent beneath, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute; flowers 
dioecious (rarely monoecious); samara 2-5 cm. long, its body terete, not margined, 
winged only from near the summit, one-fourth to one-half the length of the wing. 
In rich WQods, N. S, to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. April-June, 



OLEACEAE. 725 

2. Fraxinus Biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore Ash. Young twigs pubes- 
cent. Leaflets 7-9, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely denticu- 
late, more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; rachis pubes- 
cent; samaras 3.5-5cm. long, the wing linear, or somewhat broadened above, 2 to 
3 times as long as the narrowly elliptic, nearly terete body. Woods, Penn. to Ga. 

3. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash. (I. F. f. 2839.) Glabrous or 
nearly so. Leaflets 5-9, entire or denticulate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate or acute, green on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; samara 2-5 cm. long, very simi- 
lar to that of the two preceding species, the usually spatulate and proportionately 
slightly longer wing usually decurrent on the sides of the body to below the 
middle. Moist soil, Vl. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ariz. April-May. 

4. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. (I. F. f. 2840.) Twigs, 
petioles, rachis, petiolules and lower surfaces of the leaves velvety-pubescent; leaf- 
lets 5-9, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute, usually denticulate, 
7-15 cm. long; samara 2.5-6 cm. long, its body linear, margined above by the 
decurrent linear or spatulate wing, and about equalling it. In moist soil, N. B. to 
S. Dak., Fla., Ala. and Kans. April-May. 

5. Fraxinus profiinda Bush. Swamp Ash. Foliage and young twigs 
densely pubescent. Leaflets mostly 7, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
very nearly so, 7-15 cm. long; samaras 5-7 cm. long, the wing obtuse, longer than 
the linear body and decurrent on its sides to the middle or beyond. In swamps, 
Mo. to Fla. \^F. Americana profunda Bush.] 

6. Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton, n. sp. Darlington's Ash. Similar to 
F. lanceolata and F. Pennsylvanica^ the foliage and twigs either quite pubescent 
or glabrate; samaras 5-7.5 cm. long, the wing about 4 mm. wide, longer than the 
narrowly linear body and decurrent on it for one-fourth to one-third of its length. 
N. Y. and Penn. Type from Westchester, Penn. 

7. Fraxinus Caroliniana Mill. Water Ash. (I. F. f. 2841.) Foliage gla- 
brous, or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 5-7 (rarely 9), ovate, ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong, acuminate or acute; samara 2-5 cm. long, elliptic or spatulate, the body 
linear, flat, broadly winged all around, extending more than half-way to the apex of 
the fruit, the wing pinnately veined. In swamps and wet soil, Va. to Fla., Ark. 
and Tex. Also in Cuba. March-April. 

8. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue Ash. (I. F. f. 2842.) Foliage 
glabrous, or sparingly pubescent when young. Leaflets 7-1 1, ovate, oblong or 
lanceolate, acuminate, green on both sides, sharply serrate or serrulate, 7-13 cm. 
long; samara linear-oblong or cuneate, 2-5 cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, winged all 
around, parallel-nerved, the body extending more than half-way to the apex. In 
woods, Ont., Minn, and Mich, to Ala., Iowa and Ark. March-April. 

9. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. (I. F. f. 2843.) Foliage 
glabrous, except the midrib of the lower surfaces of the leaflets. Leaflets 7-1 1, ses- 
sile, green on both sides, oblong- lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate or ser- 
rulate, 7-15 cm. long; samara oblong or linear-oblong, parallel-nerved. 2.5-4 cm. 
long, the body flat, winged all around, extending to or beyond the middle. In 
swamps and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Va. and Ark. April-May. 

3. ADELIA P. Br. 

Shrubs with opposite leaves and small yellow or greenish dioecious or polygam- 
ous flowers, fascicled, short-racemose or paniculate from scaly buds produced at the 
axils of the preceding season, appearing before or with the leaves. Corolla wanting, 
or of I or 2 small deciduous petals. Stamens 2-4. Ovary ovoid, 2-ceiled; ovules 
2 in each cavity, pendulous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe with i or 
rarely 2 seeds. [Greek, inconspicuous, perhaps referring to the flowers.] About 
15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the 
southern U. S. 

I. Adelia acuminata Michx. Adelia. (I F. f. 2844.) A shrub or small 
tree, the branches somewhat spiny, the foliage glabrous. Loaves ovate, lanceolate 
or oblong, acuminate or acute at both ends, tinely denticulate. 2.5-10 cm. long; 
petioles slender; staminate flowers fascicled; pistillate flowers short-paniculate; 
calyx obsolete; drupe narrowly oblong, about 2 cm. long, when young fusiform and 
often curved. River-banks, 111. to Ga., Mo., Ark. and Tex. March-April. 



726 FLORA. 

4. CHIONANTHUS L. 

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire leaves, and complete conspicuous 
white flowers, in large loose panicles from the axils of the upper leaves of the pre- 
ceding season. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-parted, inferior, persistent. Corolla of 
4 linear petals, slightly united at the very base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3), inserted 
on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the 
ovary, pendulous; style short; stigma thick, emarginate or slightly 2-lobed. Fruit 
a usually i-seeded drupe. [Greek, snow-blossom.] About 3 species, the following 
of southeastern N. Am., the others Chinese. 

I. Chionanthus Virginica L. Fringe-tree. (I. F. f. 2845.) A shrub, or 
small tree, the young twigs, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent, or 
sometimes glabrate. Leaves oval, oblong or some of them obovate, rather thick, 
narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long; panicles drooping, sometimes 2.5 dm. long, 
usually with some sessile ieaflike bracts, its branches and the pedicels very slen- 
der; petals 2.5 cm. long or more, 2 mm. wide or less; drupe oblong or globose- 
oblong, nearly black. 1-1.6 cm. long, the pulp thin. In moist thickets, Del. and 
southern Penn. to Fla. and Tex. May-June. 

5. LIGUSTRUM L. 

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire leaves, and small white complete 
flowers in terminal thyrses or panicles. Calyx small, truncate or 4-toothed, infe- 
rior. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, its tube mostly short, the limb 4-lobed, 
the lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; 
stigma thickened. Fruit a 1-3-seeded mostly globose berry. [The classical Latin 
name.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Prim. (I. F. f. 2846.) A shrub, the 
branches long and slender. Leaves firm, tardily deciduous, glabrous, lanceolate or 
oblong, short-petioled, 1.5-5 cm. long, obscurely veined; panicles dense, short, 
minutely pubescent; flowers about 6 mm. broad; pedicels very short; stamens 
included ; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Escaped from cultivation, Me. and 
Ont. to Penn. and N. Car. Native of Evurope and Asia. June-July. 

Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. 

Logania Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or 
verticillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipu- 
lar line or membrane, and regular perfect 4-5-parted flowers. Calyx infe- 
rior, the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbri- 
cated, at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanu- 
late, or rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the 
corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent ; pollen-grains 
simple. Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2-celled Crarely 3-5-celled) ; 
ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our 
species. Embryo small, usually straight ; endosperm copious ; radicle ter- 
ete or conic. About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in 
warm and tropical regions. 

Style 4-cleft; woody vine; flowers large yellow. i. Gelsemium. 
Style simple, 2-lobed or 2-divided with a common stigma: herbs. 

Corolla-lobes valvate: capsule didymous or 2-lobed; leaves broad. 

Style simple, jointed: spike simple. 2. Sptgeha. 

Style 2-divided below; spikes cymose. 3, Cymoctonum. 

Corolla-lobes imbricate; capsule su'bglobose; leaves linear. 4. Polypremum. 

I. GELSEMIUM Juss. 
Glabrous vines ; leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, their bases connected by a 
stipular line; flowers in axillary and terminal nearly sessile cymes, the pedicels 
scaly-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla fun- 



LOGAMMMAE. PT-. 

nelform, with- 5 broad ipbes imltricat?^' in the^l3u4T...'^'llJ«n[§iSixi0S^r|^d'-^n,:the 
tut)e of tlie corolla; anthers linear pUong,, Ovary oblong, 2 -celled; ;&tjde; slender; 
or filiform, 4-,cleft ; , ovules numerous, on. lii;iear _placentse. . . Capsule . elliptic^ flattened/ 
contrary to the partition, septicidally dehiscent, the valves boa t-shapedv J2-cleft.atj 
the syunmit; seeds flattened, winged. [Ffom the Italian GelsominOy:theJessaininej|^ 
Two known, species, the following, the other of eastern Asia., ^ -\ -^^ '-'--' 

'I' i.ygelsemiuni sempervirens (^.) Ait. f. Yslloav Jessamine. (I. F. -^l. 
2S47.') Stems sometimes 6 m. long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong Jan^eotate .or. o^va tew'' 
lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, persistent, evergreen, 3-8 cm. long; cymes 1-6- 
flowered; pedicels short; bractlets several, dry, oblong or lanceol^ite; flowers dimor- 
phous; corolla bright yelloW^, 2^-5-4 cm.iong^ stigmas in 'Pnfe fdrttt short and anthers 
exserted, in the other form longer, and anthers included; capsule flat, channeled on 
both sides, 8-14 mm. long, cuspidate. In woods and thickets, Va. to Fla., Tex. 
ai)ji^Goatf;malai.';JMa5i:c|]k^ctj --'■= ^^ ,;:,.,„■:..',,..■;-/•. .-^ '^^ ... •■,. .'^....i ^^ ^ 

n ; Herbs^ ^ith ;oppbsite^mgiSib^rahoifs'entii*e''iJi'Hnately veined leiv^s, siria^ft'Vti^ui^g/ 
or, ■ the : Jeaf-bases connected by a stipular ^line/ and red, yellow or purple 'flowers 
ifL seorpioid:' cymes -or - unilateral spikes, or terminal and- in the forks of the. 
branches. jQfdyx ; deeply 5-parted.. . Corolla S^lobed,. ^the^ -^ tube finely - i5inerved'. 
Stfii:p,ensJ,, jnserted on thecoroUartube; anthers;2rlobed at the base. ^ OVules numerJ' 
Q\is^,gn peltate placentae ; style filiformi jointed near,' the v middle^' ^ stigma obkise^J 
Caf^sule didymous, 2-celled, somewjiat flattened ; contrary: to. the .dissepiment,^ eir- 
cumscissite^ the '2. carpels becoruing 2-yalved. Seeds pdtatey^ U6t^, w-ingediO 
[Named for Adrian" von der Spigel, I558-1625, physician.], Abput .35, -speci^s,^ 
airAme?riean.'''' 'Besides' the following, 4 others occur in the Squ^tern;State|,^o Lj.1^. 
I. Spigelia Marylandica L. Indian or Carolina Pink. (I.^F. f. 2848.), 
Perennial; stem 4-angled, glabrous- or' nearly so,' 3-6 dm. high. Teave'^ ^e^^fl^T' 
ovate, or ovate-lanceolate,' 'acttte 01^ attimihateVS-iO'^CtriVlbng, sparingly pubescent 
on the -ydiri's; flowers in a terminal i-sided peduncled spike; corolla scarlet putside, 
yellow Within, 2-5 cm. long, its lobes lanceolate, about, 6. rnni, long; calyx-segments 
subulate'." 'In woods, N. J. (according, .tjo.Qray) tp Wis. , Fla. aadTex,. May-July. 

.v.vxv>\\A-;0 -> 3. CyN,dCTONUM.j;v|G...GaiekMhuinul i^rtuioD 

Herbs, oUr species annual, with opposite entire leaves, and minute . stipules, or 
the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers small, whitish, in one-sided 
spikes forming cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-.lobed. Stamens 
5^ included; filanientJScSihoFtjr anthers cordate. Ovules numerous, on peltate pta*' 
centse; style short, .^-dividedfeelow, united above by the common stigma, the divi- 
sions becoming'^ separat-^.-'">€apsulef 2-lobed^'at'^h€' 'slimriiit;' carpdlS" divaricate, 
dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small, tuberculate. [Greek, dog- 
killing.] About 5 species, of wai-m and tropical regions. 
Aiili iCynoctoiiuto.Mitir^ola<L-)Britton. MiTREWORTi'-^fr; F. f. '2S49.J Stem 
glg^POUS,. erect,,, terel^, J 3;-^6i,!dmi^. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, petioled, ' 
2t5rf3iQjni long;,^ ^-725' n>m*> wide, acute at both ends, glabrous; cymes terminal and' 
oftgii,al§o>,Jnirtlie .upper, axil^, slender-ipeduncled; flowers about 2 mm. broad, 
nun>'?rQug, ,«!essalie or nearly (^ so ;, capsule deeply 2-lobed,' compressed, the lobes at 
leVgtrh 'WidelyKdiiVerging, .acute. lu wet^onmod^tt^ gdily '¥ai' ita'F4a.','-Tex;- and MeX;' ■ 
AJl§o,:i;i,lheW. Indies.; .vJune^Sept). u.:oj :;!lr .Im J-rnO] .h-jj; ki.ifji J;;oj.|,;,m,-: 

A glabrous, diffusely branched annual herb, with opposite linear-siibi^lat? lfia.yeSi i 
their bh:^^^^(i;6nnected by a stipular membrane, and,^mall,whito flowers. in tcrmiuaj. 
bragted cyj}iLt;s. ^^ Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5.partotl),' the segnxents subulate. 
Corotla'ca'mpanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the calyx. 4dobed (rarely 
5-lob§,d)v\ \Stanien>'^, 4 (rarely 5), inserted. on' the Gorolia'. included; filaments short; 
anthers ovoid-globose. Ovules numerous, on- oblong placenlDc; style short; 'stigma 
capitate or obscurely ,2- lobed. ,C{ipsi\lc; slightly compressed,, did3-,mous,,^ loculici- 
d^liy-'2-vaiyed,, the Cjarpcls a^ ][ea)gt,i^j,^epti(;i4*l. .,3o?idsu«unu^v:,.^§»i9Qth. . [.G«ieek,v> 
man|^,-s'tenimed.J^ JV monptypic gpnu^^j^^^ .. i;)Wvill -^iiol .ui,»4^ i ,v;tuv|..jilj ,iir:i,>wJvk> 



728 FLORA. 

I. Polypremum procumbens L. Polypremum. (I. F. f. 2850.) Stems 
tufted, somewhat rigid, 4-angled, 5-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-4 cm. lorg, I-2 mm. 
wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough-toothed on the margins, often with smaller 
ones fascicled in their axils ; flowers solitary, sessile in the forks of the cymes and 
along their branches, leafy-bracted ; corolla 2 mm. long, or less; capsule crusta- 
ceous, didymous, about 2 mm. in diameter, slightly 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse. In 
dry sandy soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Ky., the Ind. Terr, and Mex. Also in the 
W. Indies. May-Sept. 

Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. 

Gentian Family. 

Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu- 
late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect 
flowers in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. 
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-1 2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in 
Obolaria), the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla 
gamopetalous, often marcescent, 4-1 2-lobed or -parted. Stamens as 
many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the 
tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, 
or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 
2-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; stigma entire, 
or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Endo- 
sperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic. About 65 genera 
and 600 species, widely distributed. 

Leaves normal ; corolla- lobes convolute in the bud. 

Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old. 

Corolla salverform. i. Erythraea. 

Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia. 

Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Eustoma. 
Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight. 
Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales. 

Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate. 4. Gentiana. 

Corolla rotate. 5. Pleurogyne. 
I or 2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe. 

Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 6. Frasera. 

Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 7. Tetragonanthus. 
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 

Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 8. Bartonia. 

Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria. 

I. ERYTHRAEA Neck. 

Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or am'plexicaul leaves, and pink 
white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed or -divided, 
the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed, the lobes 
spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla- 
tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers becoming spirally twisted. Ovary I -celled, 
the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform ; stigma 2.1obed. Capsule 2-valved. 
Seed-coat reticulated. [Greek, red, the color of the flowers in some species.] 
About 25 species, natives of the Old World and western N. and S. Am. Besides 
the following, about 8 others occur in the western U. S. 

Flowers spicate-racemose. i. E. spicata. 
Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate. 

Basal leaves tufted. 2. E. Centaurium, 
No tuft of basal leaves. 

Flowers cymose-paniculate, numerous. 3. E. pulchella. 

Flowers few, cymose ; western species. 4. E. exaltata. 

I. Erythraea spicata (L.) Pers. Spiked Centaury. (L F. f. 2851.) 
Glabrous, erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, 
obtusish, clasping, 1-4 cm. long; flowers pink, sessile, about 16 mm. long; tube 



GENTIANACEAE. 729 

of the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx- segments, 2-3 times as long 
as the linear-oblong lobes; capsule 8-10 mm. long. Coast of Nantucket, and at 
Portsmouth, Va. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

2. Erythraea Centaurium (L.) Pers. Lesser Centaury. Bitter-herb. 
Bloodwort, (I. F. f. 2852.) Glabrous, 1.5-4 cm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 
the lower forming a basal tuft, 2.5-6 cm. long; stem leaves sessile or slightly clasp- 
ing; flowers 12-16 mm. long, nearly sessile, in compound bracteolate cymes; 
corolla-lobes obtuse, 5-6 cm. long, about as long as the calyx-segments and one- 
third to one-half as long as the corolla-tube; stigmas oval. In waste places, N. S. 
and Quebec to 111. Nat. irom Europe. June-S.ept. 

3. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Fries. Branching Centaury. (I. F. f. 
2853.) Glabrous, much branched, 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceo- 
late, the lower mostly obtuse, 6-16 mm. long; no basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, 
cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them pedicelled, 10-12 mm. long; tube of 
the corolla 1^-2 times longer than the calyx-segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, 
3-4 mm. long; stigma oval. In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Penn. and Md. ; 
also in the W. Indies. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

4. Erythraea exaltata (Griseb. ) Coville. Tall or Western Centaury. 
(I. F. f. 2854.) Glabrous, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, the branches few, erect. Leaves 
oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 1-2 cm. long, the basal 
not tufted; flowers few, terminal and axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 12-16 mm. 
long; tube of the corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments, the lobes 
oblong, obtuse, 3-4 mm. long. In sandy soil, Neb. to Wyo., Wash., Ariz, and 
Cal. May-Sept. 

Erythraea calyc6sa Buckl., a Texan species differing from this iu its broader larger 
obtuse corolla lobes, has been found as a waif in Mo. 

2. SABBATIA Adans. 
Annual or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verticillate 
sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and terminal pink rose or white flow- 
ers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, 
the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-parted. Sta- 
mens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, short; 
anthers curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae in- 
truded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. 
Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. Sab- 
bati, an Italian botanist.] About 14 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Mex. 
Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Flowers normally 4-5-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted. 
Branches opposite. 

Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base; flowers white. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute ; flowers 16-25 mm. broad. 

1. S. lanceolata. 
Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 12-18 mm. broad. 

2. S. paniculata. 
Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; stem slightly 4-angled. 3. S. augusttfolia. 
Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping; stem strongly 4-angled. 4. S. angularis. 
Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in Nos. 5 and 6. 

Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla. 5. 6". calycina. 

Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla. 

Calyx-tube strongly 5-ribbed ; flowers 2.5-5 cm. broad. 6. .S". cavipestris. 
Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers 2-4 cm. broad. 
Calyx shorter than the corolla; style 2-parted. 

Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white); corolla-segments 

obovate. 7. 6". stcUaris. 

Flowers white, very numerous; corolla-segments spatulate or ob- 
lanceolate. S. 5. Flliotiii. 

Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; style 2-cleft. 

0. i-S". campanulata. 
Flowers normally 8-12-parted, 3.5-6 cm. broad. 10. J*". JodccanJra. 

I. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Lance-leaved Sakuatia. (\. F. 
f. 2855.) Stem somewhat 4-angled, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 3-5-nerved, 2-5 cm. long, 



^ 



,'KK'^^4<<^SA-r 



the uppermost reduced^ to narro-w bracts; flowers m.bracteolate corymbed cym^a;^ 
pedicels 4-14 mm. long;, calyx-lobes tififGrm-linear, much shorter ti^aii the corolla'; 
corolla-segments oblong or slightly ot^ovate; capsule ovoid, ^a-bout 6 mm. highk' 
In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. May~Sept. ",-.',-" ^.. /!'„.?-," J'r".^ ' 

'" "2. Sabbatia paniculata (iNIichx. ) Poi-sh. BRANCHiNG";^ABBtATiA|.^^^^^^^ fij- 
2856. ) Stem 4-angled. 3-7.5 dm._ Mgh.^ ^ Lea.yes ^.1-74 / cm.' Ippg, the jippefmosL 
small and bract-like; flowers. in corymbed .cymes; .central flowers of. Vhe^,(;}ymes-. 
often nearly sessile; calyx-iobes linear, not more tKan on^^.h^lf the , lengtj^^_gf;,t£^^ 
corolla ; corolla-segments spatulate-oblong; capsule, ohlongj about 6 mmrhigj^rj^Jn, 
dry ofmoist soil, Ya. to Fla. May-Sept, ' J 7 , " . • V"'.*' .' 

. 3;:; Sabbatia . aijg«jstifQli^'/(Michx.)^ Britton^r Narr<)W-leaved Sabbatia.'' 
(it F.'f/2857,y' 'Stern 3-$' d!m. high! ^Leaves linear to linear-lahceolatb,^, sesMle,. 
2-5 cm. long, the uppermost small and' bract-like; flowers pink with a yelloAvis'h'^ 
or greenish eye, few in the cymes, or solitary, about 2.5 . cm. broad; calyx-lobes" 
linear, usually more than one -half the length of ^the corolla; corolla -segments 
obovate-oblong ; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. liigh. In dry or .moist soli, In^. ^P -La. , 
N^ Car. and Ma. May-Sept. ' ' ' " ' ' '" .. . .i^.,.-. , ^^^.-i.^.^ ^,. .. 

-,4. Sabbatia angulari,s'(I^')Pursh. ', Bitter-bloom. ' Rose-pinic-.' /^^uare-' 
STEMMED 'SABBAtiAV ' (t F.T.' 2^58!) "Stem '6-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate",, acute, 
cprdate-clasping at the base, 1.5-3.5 cn|. long, or the lower oblong, those of the, 
branclies smaller; flowers rose-pink, . with a central greenish star^. occasionally 
white, 2.5-4 cm', broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes 
linear, one-half the length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segmentsobovate; capsule 
oblong," "about 6 mm.' hi^gli. Inricli'soil, N. Y. and Pfenn. to Oni,^IciL., ,J^i, the^ 
Ind. Terr, and La. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant,, . ' '" 

'''-^:' Saftbkti^' calyCirik"(Latti.) Heller. ' "CbA^t SAfefe^¥iir^^r;F:";f;^'^8^9.) 
Stem 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong or'some of theiii sTightly obovate, 3'-nerved, 
2-5 cm. long, narrowed to the s.essile.base or the lower into petioles; flowers soli- 
tary at the.ends. of .the branches or , peduncles, 2s;5r-4.crn., bJAad;,,caiyx-rlobes. liaear 
or.,s.patulate^ leaf- like., .Ipng^r: . thm .tfeg spAtyJ&te,,,^e;gme?itsiof th§.pil^(k^r:QSQ«pilrple 
or whitish corolla; capsule Qyi9i4ififelpngi^0^jmm>iJii»gh. i Jm^tBSitji^tvgpi^ ¥^«.tJD Fl^j 
AlsQdnCuba,^ :J[jme-Aug,, ,:..;j.:'.,7 i,■l.,,au^ .vnrni^n ^{lls^u^u >:1,rjnr:j- 'io ;.^do' Ojii 

;.x0,lcSabbatia campestris Nutt. :Prairi1;Sabb^ti^ .(LuFmI 2860.,) ^ Stem i 
I'5t4j dm-, high., Leaves, ovate,/ oblong .ox, lancefllate,- .mostlyvobtuscj:^ .sesiile.QCi 
slightly clasping and subcordate, 1^2-5 ciyi,. long;, flowers solitary at the:ends of ,tbeJ 
branches and peduncles,^-5 cm., broad.; calyx 5 -ribbed 01 almost 5 -winged,, i±SJ 
Igfee.^.. }a,ftceQla.te,.,.,aeute,.. 1-2,5 cm.,, Ipug,.. about. ^$; Jong,, ,^$u,the Mobavatfi^djlaei 
corolla-segments; c^gsyie,.QblQng,, 6rt^ ,mniolii^fc.:;.:(M^pj-^rie^;j,M©.;andj|*arB4,i.^t(a 
Tex. . , , - -..,. -',1- 

7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. 'Sea or Marsh Pink; (L, Fl f. 2$6i.).^. Biem'' 
1.5-6 dm..^higli.,I/ea,ve§-lapGeola.te-;oblQng, to. liiiear^: sessile,. £'--2,5 .cni. long, or the 
lowest smaller, somewhat , pbavate, tlie uppermpst narrowly linear and' bract-like; 
flowers 1.5-^3^5 cm', broad, solitary at the ends of the branches or slender peduncles; 
calyx not ribbed, ' its" lobes 'iiarrowly' linear; s'hortefthati' 01^- iiearly- equalling the 
oblong or obovaute-xorolla-segments; corolla pink to white with a yellowish starry 
eye. bordered with red;" capsule about 5 mm. high. In salt-meadows^ Me.'' to Fla. 
JuTy-Sept., r ' ' : 

8.' Sabbatia 'Eiliottii Steud.. Elliott' s_ Sabbatia. .(I..F. £. 2862:. )..j. Stem 
3-6 dm. high... Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblangy obtuse, 1--2 cm. long, 
the upper and tboseiof the branchesdinear or subulate; flowers solitary at-the ends 
of th^ branches^- 2V5 «»; broad or less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, 
one- half as long as the spattdate or oblanceolate segments of the. corc^la, or less; 
capsule about 5 mm. high. In pine-barrens^ Va. (?), N. Car. to FTa. July-Sept. 

9. Sabbatia campanulata(L.) "l^orr. Slendeb, Marsh Pink. (I. F. f. 
23,63;.) Similar to the preceding.. Stem 3-6 dm. , high. Leaves linear or linear- 
lanceolate^ -2-4 cm. long, sessile, acute or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong 
or oblanceolatey-the ;upp€rmost almost' filiform; flowers' pink Wiife a yellow eye, 
about 2; 5 cm. broad, mostly 5 -parted; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the. 
oblong-obovate corolla-segments, or som'eWhat' shorter; capsule"bbov6Id',' about' 5 ' 
mm. high. Insalt marshes and along brackish rij^ers, rarelyJjt-fr^h£w;^^.&Wamps, 
e^st.ern,iMass^tp,I\la.iand,Lav.. Also, in .Cuba , ^gLy.-Aug. ij;il-,v >iiWi;^ i>;:jjc (-rc'''- -i 



GENriANACEAE. 73^ 

10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. (I. F. U 
2864.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, the branches alternate. Basal leaves spatulate, 
obtuse, 3-8 cm. long; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the 
uppermost usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white, solitary at 
the ends of the branches or peduncles; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about one-half 
as long as the 9-12 spatulate-obovate corolla-segments; anthers coiled; style deeply 
2-cleft, its divisions clavate; capsule globose-oval, 6 mm. high. In sandy borders 
of ponds and along salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. and Ala. July-Sept. 

3. EUSTOMA Salisb. 

Glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire leaves. Flo\Yers 
large blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal. Calyx deeply;; 
5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla deeply 5-6-lobed,jthe. 
lobes oblong or obovate, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted out: the, 
throat ol the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled;. 
stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small, numerous, foveolate. [Cireek, . 
open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Two species, natives of the sq%ith?rn 
U. S., Mex. and the W. Indies. .,xiL ^a-f 

I. Eustoma Russellianum (L.) Griseb. Russell's Eustoma. (I.: F., f.' 
2865.) Stem terete, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or ovate -oblong, 3-.5-nerYed,: 
the upper usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 3-8 prn... long,, 
the lower usually obtuse and narrowed to a sessile or slightly auricled.base;; 
peduncles 2-10 cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate, small; flowers ,5^, cm. 
broad; calyx-lobes shorter than the purple corolla ; corolla-lobes obovate, abo.utc4v^ 
times as long as the tube; anthers remaining nearly straight. On plai;is,,, Jlil^ebi to 
La., Tex. and Mex. May- Aug. ; oi -iiJiVi 18 

4. GENTIANA L. ^ ;i:q8 sr>Vi,'^ 

Mostly perennial and glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticilLatefjentire 
sessile or short-petioled leaves. Flowers solitary or clustered. Calyx tubular,, 
4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla 4-7-lobed, often with membranous plaits iji, the 
sinuses. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted pn„ its tube, 
included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate. Ovary i-celled; ovules very 
numerous; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds, ;,nuni;eroi>i§<, 
[Named for King Gentius of Illyria.] About 300 species. Besides .th:f ;foIlo;wiRg>c; 
some 30 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. j;x;ljuiOD ;jJj>1o 

* Corolla without plaits or teeth in the sinuses; annuals.^^''^ "^^ :)aiorn i\V 
Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate ; flowers 2-8 cm. long. -^^^^ ^^^ ''^^'^^ 

Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx. i. GkV^MH^osS. 

Corolla conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx. i^ i.inojo (.o'(8s 

Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits ; leaves lanceolate.'jj:!nij^.q2 e.-jyii^oi 

Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins; leaves linear. ^ . ^^, ,^[^j| ,j^ij 

Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 1-2.^ cm.Tong: ." ."" 
Corolla-lobes fimbriate -crested at the base, acute. '^' .^..^-'Gi-ac'dtay -^ 

Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate. t''^>i^"~' uii-.u. (.I'^o^ 

Calyx-lobes unequal; flowers mostly 4-parted. ) m-jiii$jnG'j:^pt}&ptiig4iaiiluO 

Calyx-lobes equal; flowers 5-parted. [■_) ■,..] iJ^^Gi.](l^uitt^r/4/il/t^Ml 

* * Corolla with membranous, toothed or lobed plaits in the. sinuses; per£iihialBV.i J 1 
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate; seeds wintgedi .. ^.v,; . j. ,,...,,u ,i:-. 
Anthers separate, or merely connivent. . .i.iiVl ,liuc: Jc loiii -io \. .• . 

Stems usually clustered; calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla narrowly funnelform. 

' •> 7'. &^ q/^>^f^r ''■ 
Stems mostly solitary; calyx-lobes equal; corolla canlpaDtilate-fahnclfot'nV. ' 

■■■ •-' 8; a': J>tt^bi-uM: ■''''''• 
Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube. - tuniii xnrwinsO .^ 

Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits. ^^^^^.^^ 1^^.] ,;,(,[. ^iuoip. 
Flowers T-4; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its'fobes'2-S times as long as 

the plaits. '" ' '" .Q,''''(?:'7-y/u^Vfii. '' '' 

Flowers several or numerous; corolla club^shapedy' its U>bes ntU nitlch: 
longer than the plaits. i'liu i: i uioi ('^iSaponiirial c-^ 

Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad, )i),vo ix^-.G. uiatir'jnv£ito\oo 



^32 FLORA. 

Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so. 

Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx. 

Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits ; leaves broad, acuminate; seeds 

winged. 12. G, fiavida. 

Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits; leaves narrow; seeds 

winged, 13. G. linearis. 

Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits; leaves broad; 

seeds winged. 14. G. rubricaulis. 

Corolla-lobes triangular- lanceolate; leaves obovate ; seeds wingless. 

15. G. villosa. 
Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 16, G. Porphyria. 

1. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb, Swollen Gentian, (I, F. f. 2866,) 
Stem terete, about 3 dm. high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem 
ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flovi^ers fevsr, soli- 
tary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx inflated, ovoid, about 2 cm. 
high; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse; ovary elliptic-oblong. Grand Rapids of Sas- 
katchewan, betw^een Cumberland House and Hudson Bay. 

2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. (I. F. f. 2867.) Stem 
3-10 dm. high, the branches erect. Basal and lower leaves obovate, obtuse, the 
upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the 
apex, sessile with a rounded or subcordate base; flowers mostly 4-parted, about 
5 cm. high, solitary at the ends of the usually elongated peduncles; calyx-lobes 
lanceolate, acuminate ; corolla bright blue, rarely white, narrowly campanulate, 
its lobes obovate; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid. In moist 
woods and meadows, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and Iowa. Sept. -Oct. 

3. Gentiana detonsa Rottb. Smaller Fringed Gentian. (I. F. f. 2868.) 
Similar to the preceding, but smaller; stem 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower 
leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long; 
flowers 1-6, mostly 4-parted, about 3.5 cm. high; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- 
nate; corolla narrowly campanulate, its lobes spatulate-oblong. In wet places, 
Newf. to Alaska, Anticosti, N. Y., Minn., S. Dak., in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., 
and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in northern Europe and Asia. July-Sept, 

4. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian. (I. F. f. 2869.) Stem 
1.5-5 ^^' ^^^' Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper 
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
sessile, 1-5 cm. long; flowers racemose-spicate, 1-1.6 cm. high; calyx-lobes lance- 
olate; corolla tubular-campanulate, blue, its lobes lanceolate, acute; capsule sessile. 
In moist or wet places. Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, Minn. , south in the Rocky Mts. to 
Ariz, and Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four-parted Gentian. (I. F. f. 
2870.) Stems slender, usually branched from the base, 5-18 cm. high. Basal 
leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, oblong, or lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 
rounded at the slightly clasping base; flowers 1.5-2 cm. high; calyx 4-cleft, 2 of 
the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, its lobes ovate- 
lanceolate; capsule linear. Lab. to Alaska and Br. Col. Summer. 

6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian. Ague-weed. (I. F. f. 
2871.) Stem ridged, 0.5-5 dm. high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, 
obtuse, thos6 of the stem ovate, acute, clasping or rounded at the base, 3-7-nerved, 
1-5 cm. long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends of the branches, or also axil- 
lary; calyx one-fourth to one-third the length of the corolla; coralla tubular-funnel- 
form, blue, its lobes triangular, entire; capsule stipitate; seeds globose, wingless. 
In dry or moist soil. Me. and Ont. to Mich., Fla. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

Gentiana quinquefolia occidentklis (A. Gray) A. S. Hitchcock. Usually taller; 
corolla more broadly funnelform; calyx-lobes foliaceous, reaching to the middle of the 
corolla. Ohio to Minn., Tenn. and La. 

7. Gentiana affinis Griseb. Oblong-leaved Gentian. (L F. f. 2872.) 
Stems clustered from deep roots, minutely puberulent, simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate oblong, firm, indistinctly nerved. 1-4 cm. lono-, 
the floral smaller; flowers 5 -parted, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, about 
2.5 cm. high, not bracted under the calyx; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal; 
corolla blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mucronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate 



GEN TIA NA CEA E, 733 

appendages in the sinuses. In moist soil, Minn, to Br. Col., N. Mex. and Nev. 
Aug. -Oct. 

8. Gentiana puberula Michx. Downy Gentian. (I. F. f. 2873.) Stems 
usually solitary, 2-4.5 ^"^- ^ig^^ puberulent, or glabrous. Leaves firm, lanceo- 
late, or the lower oblong, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, 2-8 cm, long; flowers 
sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely solitary and terminal, 2-bracteolate 
under the calyx, 3-5 cm. high; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, about as long as the 
tube; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes 
ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages. On 
prairies, Ohio to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 

9. Gentiana EUiottii Chapm. Elliott's Gentian. (I. F. f. 2874.) Roots 
a cluster of thick fibres; stems minutely rough -puberulent, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, thin, 2-5 cm. long, 3 -nerved, or the 
lower much smaller and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper 
axils, about 5 cm. long, sessile; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer 
than the tube; corolla blue, its lobes ovate, entire, 6-8 mm. long, about twice as 
long as the fimbriate or toothed appendages ; seeds oblong, broadly winged. In 
moist soil, Va. to Fla. Sept. -Oct. 

10. Gentiana Saponaria L. Soap- wort Gentian. (L F. f. 2875.) Stem 
glabrous, or minutely rough-puberulent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, usually acute at both ends, 3-5 -nerved, 5-10 cm. long, the 
lowest obovate and smaller; flowers 2.5-5 cm. high, in sessile terminal and usually 
also axillary clusters; calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue, its 
lobes erect, obtuse, equalling or longer than the appendages; seeds broadly winged. 
In wet soil, Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 

11. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. Closed or Blind Gentian. (I. F. f. 
2876.) Similar to the preceding, stout, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, simple. Leaves 
ovate to lanceolate, 3-7 -nerved, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. 
high in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly i or 2 in the upper axils ; calyx- 
lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or occasion- 
ally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes obsolete, the intervening appendages 
very broad; seeds oblong, winged. In moist soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Ga. 
and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

.12. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. Yellowish Gentian. (I. F. f. 2877.) 
Stem stout, glabrous, simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate- or oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, clasping or rounded at the base, 5-13 cm. long ; 
flowers in a sessile terminal cluster and sometimes i or 2 in the upper axils, 
3-5 cm. high; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; corolla campanulate-funnelform, open, 
greenish or yellowish white, its lobes ovate, twice as long as the erose- denticulate 
appendages. In moist soil, Ont. to Va., Minn, and Ky. Aug. -Oct. 

13. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow-leaved Gentian. (I. F. f. 2878.) 
Glabrous; stem slender, terete, simple, 1.5-5 ^"^- ^^ig^, leafy. Leaves linear or 
linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-nerved, 3-8 cm. long; flowers 2.5-4.5 cm. 
high in a terminal cluster of I-5 and sometimes also in the upper axils ; calyx- 
lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes 
erect, rounded, 2-4 mm. long, slightly longer than the entire or 1-2 -toothed 
appendages. In bogs and on mountains, N. B. and Ont. to Md. Aug.-Sept. 

14. Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. Red-stemmed Gentian. (I. F. f. 2S79.) 
Glabrous; stem terete, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, rounded at the base, 5-8 cm. long, the lower narrower and obtuse; 
flowers 3-3.5 cm, high in a sessile terminal cluster; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla 
greenish blue or briglit blue, club-shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish. much 
longer than the i-2-toothed appendages. In wet soil, N. B, to N. V,. Ont, and 
Minn. Aug.-Sept. 

15. Gentiana villosa L, Striped Gentian, (I. F. f. 2S80,) Glabrousor 
nearly so; stem simple, terete, 1.5-5 ^"^- ^^ig^^- Leaves obovate, obtuse or the 
upper acute, faintly 5 -nerved, 2-8 cm. long, the lower much smaller; flowers in a 
terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the upper axils, nearly 5 cm. long; 
calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube; corolla greenish white, striped 
■within^ oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes erect, much longer than the oblique 



734 FLORA, 

entire or i-2-toothed appendages. In shaded places, N. J. and Penn. to Fla. and 
La. Sept. -Nov. 

1 6. Gentiana Porph^rio J. F. Gmel. One-flowered Gentian. (I. F. f. 
2881.) Glabrous; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, firm, 2-5 cm. long, 
2-4 mm. wide, or the upper and lower shorter; flowers short-peduncled, about 
5 cm. high; calyx-lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnelform, bright 
blue, sometimes brown-dotted within, its lobes ovate, spreading, 1-I.5 cm. long, 
three times as long as the laciniate appendages, or more; seeds oblong, wingless. 
In moist pine bari'ens, southern N. J. to Fla. Aug.-Oct. 

5. PLEUROGYNE Eschol. 

Slender annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large flowers 
in terminal racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the peduncles. Calyx 
deeply 4-5 -parted; segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted; lobes ovate or 
lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base. Sta- 
mens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary I -celled; ovules numerous; style 
none; stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capstile 2-valved. Seeds 
small, numerous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.] About 7 
species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate; sepals linear. i. P. rot at a. 

Leaves spatulate or lanceolate; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2. P. Carinthiaca. 

1. Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb. Pleurogyne. (I. F. f. 2882.) Stem 
erect, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the basal spatulate or 
oblong: sepals about the length of the lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate corolla-seg- 
ments, which are 8-12 mm. long; capsule narrowly oblong. Greenland and Lab. 
to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Pleurogyne Carinthiaca (Wulf.) Griseb. Smaller Pleurogyne. (I. F. f. 
2883.) Similar to the preceding, but mostly smaller and more slender, rarely over 
1.5 dm. high, the stems or branches i-few-flowered; leaves spatulate, ovate, 
oblong, or lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long; sepals ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the 
corolla-segments or at length equalling them, these 6-12 mm. long, ovate, and! 
acute; capules ovoid-oblong. Lab. and Quebec. The American plant was sep- 
arated from the European by Dr. Gray as var. pusilla. 

6. FRASERA Walt. 

Perennial or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, 
and rather large flowers in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-parted. 
Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the bud, each bearing I or 2 
fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube ; fila- 
ments sometimes united at the base; anthers versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled; 
style distinct; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, com- 
pressed, 2-valved, few-seeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly 
winged. [In honor of John Eraser, a botanical collector.] Eight species, natives 
of N. Am. 

I. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. (L F. f. 2884.) 
Stem 9-12 dm. high, stout. Leaves mostly verticillate in 4's, those of the stem 
lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 7-15 cm. long, the basal ones spatulate or 
oblanceolate, usually larger, the uppermost bract-like; inflorescence often 6 dm. 
long; flowers slender-pedicelled, about 2.5 cm. broad; corolla yellowish white with 
brown-purple dots, its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a circular long-fringed gland; 
capsule much compressed, 1-1.6 cm. high, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, 
western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Ga. and Ky. Jime-Aug. 

7. TETRAGONANTHUS S. G. Gmel. 

Glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-sized flowers in often pan- 
icled cymes. Calyx deeply 4- cleft or 4-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4-5 -cleft, 
the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below. 
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers versatile. Ovary 
l-celled, the placentae more or less intruded; ovules numerous; style short, or none; 
Capsule 2-valved. Seeds globose -ovoid, smooth. [Greek, allud- 



GENTTAMACEAE. T^ 

Fm'g^ to'the -^^^^artedflowSrs.]-' About 30 species, nat'fves o£ N. Am-., S. Aiaviiajid 
•-Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. • .-/i: '> 

Ji^ .1. Tetragpn^nthus deflextts (Jv E^ Smith) Kuntze. Spurred GentIai^. 
(I. F, f. 2885.) Annual; steni' 1.5-^ dm.high.' iBasaliMavtesrobovate or spatulat€, 
obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5- 
nerved, 2-5 cm. loi^, tjie upperradst smaller;- : calyx- segmen|:s acute or acuminate ; 
corolla purplish or white, about 8 mm. high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs de- 
flexed or descending, one-fourth to, one- half , the length of the corolla; capsule 12- 

,14 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist woods and thickets,^ Lab. 

461vlass., N. Y.^HichV and the Irid: Terr. July-Aug. ' ''■ • -■ 

.- Tetragonanthus deflexus Brentoniinus (Griseb.) Written. Lo>v, D.7-2 dm, high; 
".spurs shorter and thicker, perhaps specifically distinct. Newf. to Anticosti and Lab. 
' ,- Xetragonanthus deflexus heter^nthus (Griseb.) Britton. Corollas spurless, or only 
-the .earliest spur-bearing-.' the rlower^ fl6Wei-s mostly smaller thail the upper. Newf^ to 
iMer? ^Haienia heterantlia Gx'x^^h.l ^ v - , 

\ - S. OBOLARIA L. ' 

r">^i5A;ilbWi'glabrous perennial herb, the lower .]:eavj©3nr^dubed>1;o©p polite scales, the 
upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid, white or purplish 
flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. -GdMlM dblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, the 
lobes imbricated, at least in the bud.-. Stamens 4^: inserted ,in the ^siuuses, of the 
corolla. Ovary i -celled, with 4internal placental projections; ovules numerous; 
style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. - Capsule ovoid, 2-valved or irregularly burst- 
ing. Seeds -minute, covering the wliole , interior of the capsule., , [Greek, pbplus, 
/a-^coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.] A monotypic genus. , 
., 2. Obolaria Virginica L. ^Penrywort. (I. F. f. 2886.) Stems 7-^15 cm. 
high from a perennial root of thick fibres, bea.ring 2-6 pairs of thick: small ob- 
.tuse scales. , Floral, leaves broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, purplish, ,8-12 mm. 
.long; flowers sessile. or nearly ,so> : in the, axils, in (,:lusters of •i'-4, and terminal; 
tcoroUa^ about i; cm. long, cleft -to about , the' middle,: the • lobes . oblong, obtuse; 
^stamens. included; capsule.5. mror long., .In rich WQods and thickets,' N. J. to Ga., 
■Jill, and Tex. , .April-May. , , - . .., / ,.,-.. -^woli ;32i:J - 

"'^ ' ..:,.--.. ■''.-.:.. "V^:9-:bA:RTONI A Muh^^^^^ 

Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced 
to minute opposite scales,, or these sometimes.. alternate, ajid small white or yel- 
lowish, racemose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx 
'deeply 4-parted, the segments acuminate,, keeled. Corolla'xanipaTiulWe,'' deeply 
4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamen's 4, inserted at' the sintises of the 
corolla. Ovary I -celled, the placenta? intruded; ovules nimierous; style short or 
none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, acute, 2-valved. Seeds minute, 
covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Ben- 
jamin Smith Barton, I766--i8i5, of Philadelphia.] . .- ■ ' ' ■ 

Corolla yellowish, 3-4 mm. long, its lobes oblong, ih'vH Z'^r:i^?X^^^^?" 

Corolla purplish tinged, 4-5 mm. long, its lobes broadly oblong.' '2. B. toda?idra.' 

Corolla white, 6-8 mm. long, its lobes spatulate. > ' ' ^ftrrj v.f h<\n(^^.n\BvtfeniiX. 

,' In- Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow BARTd-NiA.^'X't. 'F. L 2887.) 
Stem -almost filifomlr/ ,1-4 ^dItt..'h.%h>-simpley,^or: with .few- er^ct. l^ranches , above, 
5-angled,^yell6wish green. Subulate scales 2-4 mm. long, apprcssed; flowers 
''iiiQ^tiy- oppbi^ite, pefdiiilcled; pediltieles 'asceftdinH^- or'^iTCt,' 4!- ra mm. long ; -corolla 
sbiiie^^^hat exceeding the calyx; stamens included; stigma IJ' turn; long; oVaty 4- 
•sided; capsulK abo«tA9.rllm^rl<>fig;) i.^^^J^oa5f^t^ir'?^^fTTterri'^.•h^:Mi 
''■Jul^S^-^Sfept;!-';-' ;S'^'o'^vi '-u-^u-y .S.>.>r'>fr.,fna .P'rMfr r-.,-f,T'-?n;t ,^')V.r■^[ vt -r;-'' f / o.vV ^ 

1> ! 2:. "Bart o hi a; iodandrd>. Robinson*' Purpwsh . 3^RT0NI.v. Stcai). 4-^S5 cm^ 
jfoigh, siiriplebralternatelybrahGhed- above the, middle. Sca,les alternate,, 2-3 ,mm. 
long; pedicels mostly i-flowered; corolla distinctly, purplish, about twic^, as long 
as the cah'x, its lobes ol'tusish, mucronate; stigma sliort, thick. In ,sphagnum, 
Newf. to N. J. [/>. Moscri of 111. Fl;, in pact] •' , ,: ,.. •.. ,. , ^ .. 

3. Bartonia Verna (Michx.) Muhb White Bauxcvnta, ,(I..F.i. iSSS.) Stem 
Usually ■ simpM, Qv5'-4 dna.. Jiighj , Taceuu>sely >qk-, reoj;yu\,bQacty i->-seyeual -llawered* 



73^ FLORA. 

Scales appressed, some of them commonly alternate ; flowers solitary at the ends 
of the elongated erect peduncles; peduncles sometimes 5 cm. long; corolla about 
3 times the length of the calyx; ovary compressed ; capsule about 5 mm. high. In 
swamps, southern Va. to Fla. and La. March-May. 

Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. 
Buckbean Fainily. 

Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate leaves, and 
clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, per- 
sistent. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate, at least 
in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its 
lobes ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent ; pollen-grains 3-angled. 
Ovary i -celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded. Fruit a capsule, or 
indehiscent. Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed. 

Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes. 

Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Limnanthemum. 

I. MENYANTHES L. 

A glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, long-petioled 3-foliolate basal 
leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral scapes. 
Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla short-funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, 
fimbriate or bearded within. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla; anthers sagit- 
tate. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i -celled ; style subulate ; stigma 
2 -lamellate. Capsule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds few, com- 
pressed-globose, shining. [Greek, perhaps month-flower.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Marsh or Bean Trefoil. 
Bog-bean. (I. F. f. 2889.) Rootstocks thick, scaly, sometimes 3 dm. long. 
Petioles sheathing at the base ; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse, narrowed 
to the sessile base, 3-8 cm. long; raceme io-20-flowered; pedicels 6-25 mm. long, 
bracteolate at the base; flowers 10-12 mm. long; calyx shorter than the white or 
purplish corolla; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 8 mm. long. In bogs, Greenland to 
Alaska, L. I., Penn., Neb. and Cal. Also in Eiirope and Asia. May-July. 

2. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin. 

Aquatic herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves petioled, ovate or orbicular, 
entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or white, umbellate 
at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary. Calyx 5- 
parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate in the 
bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 
corolla; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled; style short or none; stigma 
2-lamellate. Capsule indehiscent or irregularly bursting. [Greek, pool-blossom.] 
About 20 species, widely distributed. 

Flowers accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers ; native species. 

Floating leaves 2-5 cm. long; flowers 6-12 mm. broad, yellow; seeds smooth. 

1. L. lacunosum. 
Floating leaves 5-15 cm. long ; flowers 12-20 mm. broad, white; seeds rough. 

2. L. aquaticum. 
Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, 25 mm. broad, or 

more; introduced species. 3. L. nymphaeoides. 

1. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. Floating Heart. (I. F. 
f. 2890.) Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short-petioled ; stems (stolons) 
filiform, sometimes 3 m. long, bearing a short-petioled floating leaf, an umbel of 
flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers at its summit, or some of the floating leaves 
on petioles as long as the stems; floating leaves ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath; 
pedicels slender; tubers linear-conic, 1-2.5 cm. long; capsule covered by the con- 
nivent calyx-segments. In ponds, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn, and La. July-Aug. 

2. Limnanthemum aquaticum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Floating Heart- 
(I. F. f. 2891.) Similar to the preceding but stouter and larger, Floating leaves 



APOCYNACEAE. 737 

cordate-orbicular, thick, entire or repand, spongy, and with the petioles and stolons 
densely covered with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate; tubers linear-oblong, 
thicker; seeds rough; capsule longer than the calyx. In ponds, N. J. and Del. to 
Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. 

3. Limnanthemum nymphaeoides (L.) Hoffm. & Link. Water Lily 
Floating Heart. (I. F. f. 2892.) Stems long, branched, the upper nodes 
bearing a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the upper internodes very short 
and their leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout, mostly longer than the ovate- 
orbicular firm blades, which are 5-10 cm. broad; pedicels stout, becoming 7-15 cm. 
long; corolla-segments short-fringed. Nat. in ponds, D. C. Native of Europe and 
Asia. May-July. 

Family 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. 

Dogbane Fajnily. 

Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly 
with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect 
regular 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated 
in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in the bud and 
often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate 
with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled ; pollen-grains 
simple. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct 
carpels, or i -celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules anatro- 
pous or amphitropous ; style simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit 
usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged ; endosperm 
fleshy; embryo straight; radicle terete, usually shorter than the coty- 
ledons. About 130 genera and 1050 species, very widely distributed, 
mostly in tropical regions. 

Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. 1. Amsonia. 
Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs. 

Flowers large, axillary, solitary, 2. Vinca. 
Flowers small, cymose. 

Erect or diffuse herbs; corolla campanulate to urceolate. 3. Apocymim. 

High-climbing vines ; corolla funnelform. 4. Trachelospermutn. 

I. AMSONIA Walt. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or 
bluish flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the 
segments acuminate. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat 
difated at the summit, villous within. Stamens included; anthers ovate or oblong. 
Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style; ovules 
in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. 
Fruit of 2 erect cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds obliquely truncate at each 
end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.] About 12 
species, natives of N. Am. and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur- 
in the southern and western U. S. 

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; pods divergent. i. A. Amso/n'a. 

Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate ; pods ascending. 2. A. saliayhlia. 

1. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Broad-leaved Amsonia. CJlabrous 
or nearly so, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, 
narrowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5. cm. wide; 
petioles 4-8 mm. long; pedicels bracteolale at the base; calyx about 2 mm. long, 
its segments subulate; corolla 12-18 mm. long, beaked by the convolute limb in the 
bud, its lobes linear and about as long as ihc tube; follicles 5-10 cm. long, about 
4 mm. thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous; seeds papillose. In moist soil. Tonn. 
to Mo., Ky., Fla. and Tex. April-July. 

2. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh. Willow- leaved Amsonia. Similar to the 
preceding, but the leaves much narrower, lanceolate to linear-lanccijlate, 8-15 cm. 



73^ FLORA. 

long, I0-20 mm. wide; pods ascending, stem often much stouter. Tenn. to Kans., 
ria. and La. April-June. 

2. VINCA L. 

Herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large solitary 
axillary flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments acuminate. Corolla salverform, 
the tube pubescent within, the lobes oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, 
alternate with the 2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma 
annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong- 
cylindric, truncate at each end. [The Latin name.] About 12 species, one native 
of tropical Am., occurring in Fla., the others of the Old World. 

I. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. (I. F. f. 2894.) Perennial, 
trailing, glabrous; stems 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, 
shining, green both sides, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long; 
flowers blue, 1.8-3 cm. broad; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; calyx-segments subulate- 
lanceolate, glabrous ; corolla-tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than 
the obovate, nearly truncate lobes; anther-sacs with a broad connective. Escaped 
from gardens, Ont. to Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Ga. Native of Europe, Feb. -May. 

3. APOCYNUM L. 

Perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in 
corymbed cymes. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments acute. Corolla campanulate, the 
tube bearing within 5 small triangular appendages alternate with the stamens, the 
limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, con- 
nivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 
carpels; ovules numerous; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slen- 
der, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, the apex tipped with a long coma. 
[Greek, dogbane.] About 15 species, of the north temperate zone. 

Corolla 5-9 mm. long, its lobes spreading or recurved. 

Corolla not angled, pink, its tube narrowed in the throat, i. A. androsaemifolium. 
Corolla 5-angled, white or faintly pink, its tube not narrowed in the throat. 
Corolla campanulate, 6-7 mm. long. 2. A, medium. 

Corolla urceolate to tubular, 4-6 mm. long. 

Calyx-segments triangular-ovate, much shorter than the corolla-tube. 

3. A. Milleri. 
Calyx-segments lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube. 

4. A. urceolifer. 
Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, its lobes erect or nearly so. 

Leaves and cymes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 
Leaves petioled, mostly narrowed at the base. 

Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as wide; flowers green 

to whitish. 5. A. cannabinum. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as wide ; flowers white. 

6. A. album. 
Leaves sessile or very nearly so, mostly cordate-clasping or obtuse at the base. 

7. A. hypericifolium. 
Whole plant, including the cymes, densely soft-pubescent. 8. A. pubescens, 

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Honey- 
bloom. (I. F. f. 2895.) Rootstock horizontal; stem 3-15 dm. high; branches 
broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, mucronate, glabrous 
above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles 
4-8 mm. long; cymes loose, usually both terminal and axillary; pedicels 4-iomm. 
long, subulate-bracted at the base; flowers about 8 mm. broad; calyx- segments 
shorter than the terete tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute, rounded; 
follicles 10-17 cm. long, narrowed at the apex. In fields and thickets, Anticosti 
to Br. Col., Ga. , Neb. and Ariz. June-July. 

2. Apocynum medium Greene. Intermediate Dogbane. Rootstock hori- 
zontal; stem stout, 7-13 dm. high, the branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves 
oblong to'^oval, mucronulate, ascending, 6-9 cm. long, somewhat pubescent beneath; 
petioles 4-8 mm. long; cymes compact, all terminal; pedicels 3-5 mm., long: flowers 
erect; calyx -segments about half as long as the 5-angled corolla-tube; corolla white, 



APOCYNACEAE. 739 

or faintly pink, 6-'] mm. long, its segments acutish, spreading; pods 7-12 cm. long. 
Fields and roadsides, Md. and D. C. June- Aug. \A. speciosw7i G. S. Miller.] 

3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. Miller's Dogbane. Slender, seldom over 
10 dm. high, the branches widely spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 
6-8 cm. long, mucronate, pubescent beneath; petioles 3-6 mm. long, pubescent; 
cymes small, terminal, or also in the upper axils; pedicels 2-3 mm. long. Flowers 
suberect; corolla pinkish, 5-6 mm. long, its rounded segments spreading; pods 
about 9 cni. long. Dry soil, N. Y. to Md. June-July. \A. medium G. S. Miller, 
not Greene.] 

4. Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller. Urn-flov^ered Dogbane. Similar 
to the preceding species, and about equally tall; flowers smaller; corolla 4-5 mm. 
long, white, or merely tinged with pink, its segments pointed, spreading; calyx 
about as long as the corolla-tube. Fields and roadsides, N. Y. to Md. and Mo. 
June-July. 

5. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Amy-root. (I. F. f. 2896.) 
Root deep, vertical. Stem 10-17 ^'^- high> the branches erect or ascending. 
Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, mucronate, glabrous above, 
sometimes pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles 2-15 mm. long, or some- 
times none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments 
nearly as long as the tube of the greenish white corolla; follicles 13-20 cm. long. 
In fields and thickets, Anticosti to Br. Col., Fla. and Lower Cal. June- Aug. 

6. Apocynum album Greene. River-bank Dogbane. Glabrous; leaves 
smaller, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, or sometimes rounded at the base, 
seldom over 7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, distinctly petioled. On river-shores and 
similar situations. Me. and Ont. to Wise, Va. and Mo. June-July. 

7. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. Clasping-leaved Dogbane. (I. F. f. 
2897.) Glabrous, often glaucous; stem 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending. 
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate to oval, 2-8 cm. long, cordate-clasping, rounded, 
truncate, or the upper narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile, the primary 
venation forming broad angles with the midvein; cymes many-flowered; pedicels 
mostly not longer than the flowers, bracteolate; calyx-segments about the length of 
the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute; follicles 5-9 cm. long. In dry soil, or along 
streams, Ont. to Br. Col., Ohio, 111. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 

8. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dogbane. (I. F. f. 2898.) Whole 
plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety-pubescent. Branches 
ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the 
base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface; petioles 2-4 mm. 
long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceo- 
late, acute; corolla apparently purple, its lobes erect; follicles 6-7 cm. long. Va. 
to 111. , Iowa and Mo. 

4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. 

Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with oppo- 
site entire leaves, and small flowers in compound cymes. Calyx small, deeply 
5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 
the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above. Stamens included, or short-exserted; 
anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma. Disk of 5 glandular 
lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous; style slender, its apex thickened below 
the narrow ring of tlie ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds 
linear, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is 
not beaked.] About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and N. Am. 

I. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Trachelospermum. 
(I. F. f. 2899.) Stems i cm. in diameter or more. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or 
lanceolate, acuminate or acute, 3-8 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
flowers yellow or cream-color, 8-10 mm. long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spread- 
ing, shorter than the tube; follicles 1.2-2.3 dm. long, scarcely 4 mm. thick. In 
moist woods and along streams, Del. to Fla., Tex. and Mex., mostly near the 
coast. June-Aug. 



740 FLORA. 



Family 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl.* 

Milkweed Faintly. 

Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with esti- 
pulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx infe- 
rior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in 
the bud. Corolla campanulate, ureeolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed 
or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted 
crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to 
one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; filaments short, 
stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their 
bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, 
or more or less united with each other; anther-sacs tipped with an in- 
flexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, some- 
times appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into waxy or granular 
masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the 
stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with the 
anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at 
the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each 
carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds com- 
pressed, usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm cartilagi- 
nous ; embryo nearly as long as the seed ; cotyledons flat. About 220 
genera and 1900 species of wide distribution. 

Erect or decumbent herbs. 

Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; leaves mostly opposite. 

I. Asclepias. 
Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora. 

Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel; leaves opposite 
or alternate. • 3. Acerates. 

Twining; vines. 

Corolla-lobes erect ; corona-lobes 1-2-awned. ' 4. Gonolobus. 

Corolla rotate. 

Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous. 

5. Cynanchum. 
Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal. 6. Vincetoxicum. 

I. ASCLEPIAS L. 

Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in um- 
bels. Calyx 5-parted or 5 -divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, 
often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, 
reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave 
hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Filaments con- 
nate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings 
broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their 
caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5 -angled or 5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, 
acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to AEsculapius.] 
About 85 species, mostly natives of the New World; besides the following some 
25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

* Corolla and corona orange : leaves alternate or opposite. 
Stem erect or ascending; leaves nearly all alternate. i. A. tuberosa. 

Stems reclining ; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong- or oval. 

2. A, decumbens. 
* * Corolla bright red or purple; leaves opposite. 
Flowers 2-4 mm. broad ; corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high. 

Leaves lanceolate or linear; hoods oblong, obtuse 3, A. lanceolata. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; hoods lanceolate. 4. A, rubra. 

Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. A. purpurascens. 

* Revised by Miss Anna Murray Vail. 



A S CLEF I A DA CEAE. 74^ 

Flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high. 

Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 

6. A. incarnata. 
Plant pubescent; leaves oblong. 7. A. pulchra. 

* * * Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate. 
Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular. 
Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above. 
Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled. 

Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short. 

Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods 2-auriculate at the base. 

8. A. SulHvantii. 
Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate. 9. A, latifolia. 

Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated. 

Leaves cordate-clasping, w^avy-margined. 10. A. amplexicaulis. 

Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood. 

II. A. Meadii. 
Leaves manifestly petioled. 

Corolla greenish; umbels loose; pedicels drooping. 12. A- exaltata. 
Corolla white ; umbels dense. 13. A. v arte gat a. 

Corolla pink ; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's. 14. A. quadrifolia. 
Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose. 
Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes. 

Corona-hoods obtuse, short. 15. A. Syriaca. 

Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. 16. A. speciosa. 

Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent. 
Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 9-1 1 mm. long. 

17. A. arenaria. 
Leaves flat; corolla-segments 4-6 mm. long. 18. A. ovali/olia. 

Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear. 

Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 

Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 19. A. brachystephana. 

Leaves thin, slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy. 20. A. peren?tts. 

Leaves mostly verticillate in 2's-6's, narrowly linear. 

Hoods entire. 21. A. verticillata. 

Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate. 22. A. galioides. 

Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear. 23. A. pumila. 

1. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. (I. F. f. 
2900.) Hirsute-pubescent; stems stout above, very leafy, 3-6 dm. high, the milky- 
sap scanty. Leaves usually all alternate, lanceolate or oblong, sessile or short- 
petioled, 5-15 cm. long; umbels cymose, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves; pedicels pubescent; corolla-segments oblong, obtuse, about 6 mm. 
long, greenish; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or rarely yellow, 2-3 times 
as long as the stamens, slightly longer than the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels 
decurved; follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 10-12 cm. long. In dry fields, 
Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Ariz. June-Sept. 

2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent Butterfly-weed. (L F. f. 
2901.) Hirsute-pubescent; stems 6-9 dm. long, the ends ascending or erect. 
Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, narrowed and 
often inequilateral at the base, 5-8 cm. long, tlie upper opposite, the lower com- 
monly alternate, the uppermost very small; umbels racemose along the branches; 
peduncles stout; pedicels slender, somewhat pubescent; corolla-segments oblong, 
acutish, about 6 mm. long; the hoods erect, oblong, orange, slightly Unigcr than 
the subulate horn; follicles more slender than in the preceding. In dry holds. Conn, 
to III., Ohio, N. Car. and Fla. June- Aug. 

3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few-flowered Milkweed, (I. F. f. 2902.) 
Nearly glabrous; stem usually simple, naked above, 6-12 dm. high. Loaves 
opposite, distant, elongated, acuminate, narrowed at the base, short-petiolod, 10-25 
cm. long, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels 
few-flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the slender 
puberulent pedicels ; corolla-segments oblong, o-ii mm. K)ng. deep red ; hoods olxn-ate 
or oblong, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of (ho authors and longer 
than the subulate incurved horn; anther-wings notched at the base; fruiting ped- 
icels decurved; follicles erect, minutely puberulent. fusiform, alxjut I dm. long. 
In swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. June-Aug. 



742 FLORA. 

4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2903.) Nearly glabrous; 
stem usually simple, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, 
rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 1-2 dm. long, 
the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels I-4, many -flowered; peduncles shorter 
than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy; corolla purplish red, 
or the hoods orange-red, 6-9 mm. long; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly 
straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, 
about I dm. long. Moist soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La. and Tex. June-July. 

5. Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed. (L F. f. 2904.) Stem 
stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually simple, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. 
Leaves petioled, mucronulate, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 8- 
20 cm. long, the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels many-flowered; peduncles 
stout; pedicels slender, puberulent; corolla deep purple, its segments oblong, about 
6 mm. long; hoods nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns 
broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex; fruiting pedicels 
deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect 10-13 cm. long. In dry fields and 
thickets, Mass. to Va., Ont., Minn, and Kans. June-Aug. \A. anioena L. ?] 

6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2905.) Stem 
slender, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves acuminate, 8-15' cm. long, the 
primary nerves not wide-spreading; umbels usually numerous, many-flowered; 
pedicels pubescent; corolla red or rose-purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 
4 mm. long; horns incurved, longer than the hoods, obtuse, pink or purplish; 
anther-wings entire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruiting pedicels erect or 
incurved; follicles erect, 5-9 cm. long, sparingly puberulent. In swamps, N. B. to 
the N. W. Terr., Tenn., La. and Kans. July-Sept. 

7. Asclepias piilchra Ehrh. Hairy Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2906.) Similar 
to the preceding; stem stout, tomentose -pubescent, 6-10 dm. high, leafy to the top. 
Leaves acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish, pubescent, at least on the veins 
beneath, 7-13 cm. long; petioles usually short; flowers similar to those of ^. incar- 
nata^ but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white ; peduncles and 
pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; follicles erect, finely and 
densely pubescent, 5-8 cm. long. In moist fields and swamps, Me. to Minn, and 
Ga. July-Sept. 

8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sullivant's Milkweed. (L F. f. 2907.) 
Stem stout, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, oblong or ovate- 
dblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or 
slightly clasping at the base, 10- 15 cm. long, the primary nerves very wide- 
spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also in the upper axils, many-flowered; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-segments oval-oblong, 11-13 mm. long, 
purplish ; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, longer than the anthers and the subulate 
incurved horn; follicles erect, glabrous, 8-10 cm. long, usually with blunt processes 
near the apex. In moist soil, Ohio to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Kans. July-Sept. 

9. Asclepias latifolia (Torr. ) Raf. Broad-leaved Milkweed. (I. F. f. 
2908.) Stem stout, usually simple, 3-7 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, 
oval to orbicular, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and 
cordate or subcordate at the base, 10-15 cm. long and nearly as wide, primary 
nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many-flowered, short-peduncled in the 
upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent; corolla-segments ovate, 
acute, 9-13 mm. long, greenish; hoods about equalling the anthers, the horn pro- 
jecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma; follicles erect on deflexed 
pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 5-8 cm. long, about 2.5 mm, thick. On dry plains, 
Neb. to Colo., Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. 

10. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Blunt-leaved Milkweed, 
(I. F, f. 2909.) Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glaucous; stem erect or 
ascending, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronu- 
late, 8-13 cm. long; primary nerves wide-spreading; umbel many-flowered, rarely 
with a second shorter-peduncled one at its base; pedicels slender, downy, about 
2.5 cm. long; corolla-segments oblong, greenish purple, about 9 mm. long; hoods 
pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate 
incurved horn; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 



A SCLEPIADA CEA E. 743 

10-15 cm. long. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Me. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and 
Tex. May-Aug. \A. obtiisifoUa Michx.] 

11. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2910.) Nearly 
glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous; stem simple, or rarely branched 
above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceo- 
late or the low^er oblong, the margins scabrous; umbel several-flowered, borne on a 
peduncle 8-15 cm. long; corolla-segments greenish yellow, ovate, acute, 6-9 mm. 
long; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and 
truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with a small tooth 
at each side on the inner infolded margin; follicles erect on decurved pedicels, 
puberulent, narrow, 10-12 cm. long. Dry soil. 111. to Iowa and Wise. June-Aug. 

12. Asclepias exaltata (L.)Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed. (L F. f. 
29 II.) Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the 
usually simple stem, 1-2 m. high. Leaves thin or membranous, oval, ovate or 
oblong, acuminate at both ends, 10-23 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide, the lower some- 
times obovate, obtuse, shorter; peduncles 2.5-8 cm. long; umbels usually several; 
pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, 2.5-5 cm. long, puberulent; corolla-seg- 
ments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 6-g mm. long; hoods white or pink, slightly 
shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit 
truncate and entire or erose, with I or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner mar- 
gins; follicles erect on the deflexed pedicels, downy, long-acuminate, IO-15 cm. 
long. In thickets and woods, Me. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. June-Aug. 

13. Asclepias variegata L. White Milkweed. (I. F, f. 2912.) Stem 
glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obovate, obtuse and cuspidate or 
acutish, dark green above, pale beneath, 6-15 cm. long, the middle ones sometimes 
verticillate in 4's; petioles 6-25 mm. long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2 in 
the upper axils, densely many-flowered; pedicels erect or ascending, usually 
densely puberulent; corolla -segments ovate or oval, about 6 mm. long, white, or 
purple near the base; column purplish; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse, spreading, 
longer than the anthers, about equalling the semi-lunate horizontally pointed 
horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 10-13 cm. long. In 
dry woods and thickets. Conn, to 111., Fla., Ark. and La. June-July. 

14. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2913.) 
Stem slender, simple, 3-6 dm. high, usually leafless below. Leaves thin, spar- 
ingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ov-ate to lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or 
acuminate, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse; umbels 1-4, ter- 
minal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender; corolla- lobes lanceolate- 
oblong, 4-6 mm. long; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2 -toothed above the 
base, twice as long as the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles erect on the 
erect fruiting pedicels, 8-13 cm. long, glabrous. Woods and thickets, Me. and 
Ont. to Minn., N. Car. and Ark. May-July. 

15. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Silkweed. (I. F. f. 
2914.) Stem stout, usually simple, 9-15 dm. high, finely pubescent at least above. 
Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, 10- 
23 cm. long, the primary nerves wide-spreading; petioles stout, 6-17 mm. long; 
umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomentose, 3-9 cm. long; 
pedicels 2.5-5 cm. long; corolla green-purple, its segments oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 
mm. long; hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers 
and the incurved horn; follicles 6-13 cm. long, erect on recurved pedicels. In 
fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car. and Kans. Leaves 
rarely lanceolate. June-Aug. 

16. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2915.) White- 
tomentose or canescent all over, or glabrate below, pale; stem simple, stout, 3-7 
dm. high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, petioled, 8-20 cm. long; pedun- 
cles 2.5-7 cm. long; umbels several or rarely solitary, many-flowered; pedicels 
stout; corolla purple-green, its segments oblong or ovate-oblong. 9-13 mm. long, 
tomentose on the outer face; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate. 11-15 
mm. long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth below, the apex ligulate, 5-7 
times as long as the anthers; horn short, inflexed; follicles erect ox spreading on 



744 FLORA. 

the recurved fruiting pedicels, 7-10 cm. long. In moist soil, Minn, to Br. Col. 
Kans., Utah and Cal. May-July. 

17. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2916.) Densely 
tomentose-canescent all over ; stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves obovate or oval, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, 
truncate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 5-10 
cm. long, the angle of the primary nervation broad; umbels densely many-flowered, 
short-peduncled or sessile; corolla greenish white, its segments oval-oblong; hoods 
oblong, truncate at each end, oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a 
broad tooth on each side within ; horn semi-lunate with an abruptly incurved sub- 
ulate apex; follicles puberulent, 5-10 cm. long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedi- 
cels. On sand-bars and hills, Neb. and Colo, to Mex. and N. Mex. June-Sept, 

18. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval-leaved Milkwort. (I. F. f. 2917.) 
Finely tomentose all over; stem simple, usually slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves oval, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, the 
upper surfaces becoming glabrate; umbels solitary or few, many-flowered; pedun- 
cles short; corolla greenish-white or purplish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; 
hoods oval-oblong, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bearing a large acute tooth 
on each of the inner margins; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma; follicles 
ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedicels, pubescent. In woods and on prairies, 
111. to S. Dak., Manitoba and the N. W. Terr. June-July. 

19. Asclepias brachy Stephana Engelm. Short-crowned Milkweed. 
CI. F. f. 2918.) Puberulent when young, soon glabrate; stems clustered, often 
branched, spreading or ascendmg, 15-25 cm. long. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 5-8 cm. long, or the lowest shorter; umbels several, 
terminal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels equalling or longer 
than the peduncles; corolla greenish purple, its segments about 4 mm. long; hoods 
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly ex- 
serted; follicles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedicels, downy or 
hoary, acuminate, 5-9 cm. long. In dry soil, Kans. (according to B. B. Smyth), 
Wyo. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. June-Aug. 

20. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin-leaved Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2919.) 
Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slender, erect, sometimes slightly woody 
at the base, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or ovafe-lanceolate, acumin- 
ate or acute at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so ; umbels solitary, 
or several and corymbose; peduncles 2.5-5 c^* ^'^^%\ pedicels slender; flowers very 
small, white ; corolla-segments oblong, 2-4 mm. long ; hoods oval, erect, entire, 
about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn ; 
follicles glabrous, erect on the erect fruiting pedicels; seeds 11-13 mm. long, very 
thin, destitute of coma. On river-shores and in wet places, N. Car. to 111., Mo., 
Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. 

21. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2920.) 
Roots fascicled; stem slender, pubescent in lines at least above, very leafy, 3-8 dm. 
high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verticillate in 3's-7's or some of them 
alternate, glabrous or nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels usually 
numerous, small; peduncles slender; pedicels filiform; corolla greenish white, its 
segments oblong, 3-4 mm. long; hoods white, oblong, entire, about equalling the 
anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn ; follicles erect on the 
erect. fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, glabrous, 5-7 cm. long. Dry fields 
and hills. Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Fla.," Mex. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 

22. Asclepias galioides H. B. K. Bedstraw Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2920a.) 
Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedicels. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. 
high from a horizontal rootstock ; leaves erect or spreading, in whorls of 2-6, 
narrowly linear, 5-8 cm. long, the margins revolute; peduncles longer than the 
pedicels and shorter than the leaves; umbels 19-26 mm. in diameter; flowers 
greenish- white; corolla-segments 4 mm. long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly 
rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ventral margins slightly in- 
volute, entire; horn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserted over the 
anthers; anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting 
pedicels, attenuated. 5-7 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so. Kans. to Colo., Ariz, 
and Mex. May-July. 



ASCLEPIA DA CEAE. 7 A 5 

23. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Low Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2921.) 

Stems 4-25 cm. high, tufted from a woody root. Leaves numerous, crowded, 
sometimes obscurely whorled, filiform-linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, smooth or minutely 
roughened, the margins revolute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled, few-flowered; 
pedicels filiform, puberulent, 6-9 mm. long; corolla greenish white, its segments 
oblong, 3-4 mm. long; hoo^is white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the anthers, 
shorter than the slender incurved horn ; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 
narrowly spindle-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, finely puberulent. Dry plains, S. Dak. to 
Ark., Colo, and N. Mex. July- Aug. 

2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray. 
Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with entire leaves, and rather large 
flowers in terminal umbels. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spread- 
ing. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the short corona-column, curved 
upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper part, slightly longer than 
the anthers; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate 
with the anther- wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious 
membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the 
middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles 
ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascend- 
ing on the decurved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. [Greek, gift of ^sculapius.] 
Five or six species, natives of the southern U. S. and Mex. 

Glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; umbels usually more than one, 

corymbose. i* ^- "viridis. 

Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate ; or linear, acuminate ; umbels sohtary. 

2. A. decumbens, 

1. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gr. Oblong-leaved Milkweed. 
(I. F. f. 2922.) Stem erect, rather stout, simple, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather 
thin, short-petioled, 6-13 mm. long; pedicels slender; corolla globose-ovoid in the 
bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, oblong, obtuse or acute, 9-13 mm. 
long, 2-3 tin:ies as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods ; anther- 
wings narrow, scarcely angled above ; fruiting pedicels twice bent ; follicles 
ascending, puberulent, 5-8 cm. long, sometimes with soft spinose projections. Li 
dry soil, 111. to Kans., Tex., S. Car. and Fla. May-July. 

2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray. Decumbent Milkweed. 
(L F. f. 2923.) Stems decumbent or ascending, rather stout, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves 
firm, glabrous above, puberulent, at least on the veins beneath, narrowed at the 
base, 8-18 cm. long; umbel many-flowered; pedicels rather stout; corolla depressed- 
globose in the bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, ovate or broadly oval, 
somewhat longer than the hoods ; hoods purple, obtusely 3-lobed on the ventral 
margins, about 6 mm. long, their tips incurved ; anther- wings broad, angled above; 
follicles nearly erect on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 8- 10 cm. long, puberulent, 
at least when young, with or without soft projections. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., 
Mex., Utah and N. Mex. April-June. 

3. ACERATES Ell. 

Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with thick leaves, and green or purplish 
£owers in short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5 -divided, the 
segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5 -cleft, the segments valvate, 
reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 invoUite-concave or 
somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one spe- 
cies having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of 
the anther-wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each 
sac, oblong, pendulous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the 
crown.] About 7 species, natives of N. Am. 
Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary. 

Leaves oval to linear; hoods entire at the apex. i. A. viridirh'ta. 

Leaves narrowly linear; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angusti;'olij. 

Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. 

Plants glabrous, or nearly so; umbels usually several; leaves narrow. 



74^ FLORA. 

Hoods obtuse, entire; column i mm. long; stem roughish, puberulent. 

3. A. Floridana. 

Hoods emarginate; column very short; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata. 

Plant hirsute; umbel solitary, terminal; leaves ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa. 

1. Acerates viridifiora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2924.) 
Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascend- 
ing, rather stiff, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves slightly rough^ alternate or opposite, 
thick, 2.5-8 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, short-petioled, the margins usually undu- 
late; umbels several, or rarely solitary, densely many-flowered; pedicels very slen- 
der, tomentose; flowers green; corolla- segments narrowly oblong, 4-6 mm. long; 
column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at 
the base; mass of anthers longer than thick; anther- wings tapering below, semi- 
rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, 5-10 cm. long. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
Mass. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex. Jime-Sept. 

Acerates viridifiora Ivesii Britton. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 
cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide. Range of the type, often with it. 

Acerates viridifl6ra linearis A. Gray. Leaves elongated- linear; stem low; umbels 
often solitary. Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., La. and N. Mex. 

2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. Narrow-leaved Milkweed. (L F. f. 
2925.) Stems mostly several together, erect. 3-6 dm. high, puberulent above, 
glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, 5-13 cm. 
long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath; umbels 
io-15-flowered, usually numerous; pedicels puberulent! corolla-segments oblong, 
greenish; hoods white, not exceeding the anthers, the acute middle tooth merely a 
prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse lateral 
ones; anther- wings notched at about the middle; follicles slender, erect, about 8 cm. 
long or more. On dry plains, Mo. to Neb., Colo, and Tex. 

3. Acerates Floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. Florida Milkweed. (L F. f. 
2926.) Stem slender, simple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear or 
rarely linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 5-20 cm. long, 
3-13 cm. wide, commonly rough-ciliolate on the margins and midrib; umbels 
usually many-flowered; peduncles 6-20 mm. long; pedicels slender, hirsute; 
corolla greenish- white, its segments narrowly oblong, about 4 mm. long; column 
distinct; hoods oblong, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings narrowed to the 
base; follicles densely puberulent, 10-13 cm. long. In moist soil, Ohio to southern 
Ont, Minn., N. Car., Fla. and Tex, June-Sept. 

4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auricled Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2927.) 
Stem often glaucous, sinuous above, usually stout, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves nar- 
rowly linear, glabrous, short-petioled, 8-20 cm. long, I-5 mm. wide, becoming 
leathery, the rough margins not revolute ; umbels commonly several, densely many- 
flowered; peduncles 4-25 mm. long, pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent; flowers 
greenish white, tinged with dull purple; corolla-segments oblong, 4-5 mm. long; 
column distinct; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, truncate at the apex, 
not exceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into broad 
auricles; follicles 5-8 cm. long, curved. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and 
N. Mex. June-Sept. 

5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. Woolly Milkweed. (I. F. f. 2928.) 
Stems erect, slender, simple, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves obtuse at the apex, nar- 
rowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, 3-10 cm. long; umbel densely many- 
flowered; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, 1.2-4 cm. long; pedicels slender, puber- 
ulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its segments oblong, about 5 mm. long; column 
none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the 
infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings broadest 
below the middle. On prairies, 111. to Minn, and Wyo. June-Aug. 

4. GONOLOBUS Michx. 
(AmPELANUS Raf.) 

Perennial herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and 
small whitish flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5 -parted, minutely glandular 



ASCLEPIADACEAE. 747 

within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5 -cleft, the lobes 
slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate 
lobes, each appendaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base 
of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube ; anthers terminated by an 
inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. 
Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, angled, acuminate. [Greek, 
angle-pod.] Two species, natives of America. 

I. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Sand Vine. (I. F. f. 2929.) Stem sparingly 
puberulent, at least above, high-climbing, slender. Leaves ovate, gradually acu- 
minate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 8-18 cm. long; cymes 
usually numerous, rather densely flowered; peduncles stout, 6 mm.-5 cm. long; 
flowers 4-6 mm. long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, about twice as long 
as those of the calyx and slightly exceeding the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; 
follicles erect on the ascending fruiting pedicels, 10-15 cm. long, glabrous when 
mature. Along river-banks and in thickets, Penn. to 111., Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
June- Aug. \Ampelanus albidiis (Nutt. ) Britton.] 

5. CYNANCHUM L. 

Perennial vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate 
or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flowers in axillary cymes. 
Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the seg- 
ments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, 
the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- 
ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen- 
masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, 
glabrous. [Greek, dog-strangling, alluding to its poisonous qualities.] About 100 
species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 native 
species occur in the southeastern U. S. 

I. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. (I, F. f. 2930.) 
Twining, or at first erect, stem slightly puberulent, slender, 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at 
the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous, or puberulent beneath; 
petioles 4-25 mm. long; flowers purple, 5 mm. broad; crown fleshy, 5-lobed; follicles 
on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 4 mm. long, glabrous. Waste places, 
escaped from gardens, Mass. to Penn. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. 
June-Sept. 

6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. 
Perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large flowers 
in axillary umbel-like cymes or fascicl'es. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 
5 -glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the 
segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup-shaped, adnate to 
the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the fijaments connate into a 
tube; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin 
of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less transversely dehiscent. Pollen- 
masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, 
smooth, angled or tuberculate. [Greek, subduing poison.] About 75 species, natives 
of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 
Crown annular, lo-crenate; folicles ang;Ied, not warty. 

Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. i. 1'. suberosum. 

Corolla 3-4 times as long- as the calyx. 2. J '. ^vfiocar/os. 

Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers; follicles warty. 
Flowers purple to dull yellow. 

Corolla-segments oblong, 6-9 mm. long. 3. /". hhsutian. 

Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 11-15 mm. long. 

Crown merely creuulate. 4. V. obliquum. 

Crown toothed or lobed. 

Crown 5-lobed, with a subulate a-cleft tooth in eacli sinus. 

5. V. Carol it! en : 
Crown lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. 

6. r. S/iorfii. 
Flowers white. 7. r. BaUwinianum. 



74^ FLORA. 

1. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L.) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. (I. F, 
f. 2931). Stem slender, twining. Leaves thin, 5-13 cm. long, ovate or ovate- 
oval, acute or abruptly acuminate, the basal sinus shallow, open; petioles 1-5 cm. 
long; cymes commonly few-flowered; peduncles 6-25 mm. long; pedicels 13-25 
mm. long, fleshy, nearly glabrous; corolla brown-purple, broadly conic in the bud, 
its segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 
6-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when 
young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 10-15 cm. long, 2.5 cm. in diameter 
or more. In thickets, Va. to Fla. May-July. 

2. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Large-leaved Angle-pod. (I. F, f. 
2932.) Stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 1-2 dm. long, 
5-15 cm. wide, acuminate, the basal sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- 
lapping; petioles 3-10 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; peduncles 3-8 cm. long; 
pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so; corolla conic in the bud, its segments 
lanceolate, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the 
preceding species but usually shorter. Along rivers and in moist thickets, Va. to 
S. Car., Ind., Mo. and Tex. May-July. 

3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. Hairy Vincetoxicum. (I. F. 
f. 2933.) Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate, downy, 5-10 cm. long, 
3-7 cm. wide, the basal sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles 
slender, pubescent; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes 
longer; umbels few-severaU flowered ; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, 
ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 6-9 mm. long, minutely puber- 
ulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown 
fleshy, the margin lO-crenate; follicles lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, muricate, pu- 
berulent; seeds entire. In thickets, Md. to Fla. and Tenn. July- Aug. 

4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Large-flowered Vincetoxi- 
cum. (I. F. f. 2934. ) Stem puberulent, or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, 
broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, 5-20 cm. long, 4-15 cm. wide; basal sinus 
open or closed; petioles rather stout, pubescent, 2. 5- 10 cm. long; umbels slen- 
der-peduncled, few-flowered; pedicels very slender, 2.5-5 cm. long; corolla nar- 
rowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent with- 
out, its segments elongated-linear, obtuse; crown fleshy, its margin lO-crenulate, 
the intermediate crenulations sometimes 2-dentate; follicles ovoid-lanceolate, 5-8 
cm. long, muricate. In thickets, Penn. to Ohio, Va. and Ky. July-Aug. 

5. Vincetoxicum Carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Carolina Vincetoxi- 
cum. (I. F. f. 2935.) Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short- 
acuminate, 8-18 cm. long, 5-14 cm. wide, pubescent, at least beneath; basal sinus 
narrow or closed; petioles hirsute; peduncle^ 5-10 cm. long; pedicels very slen- 
der, 2.5 cm. long or more; corolla brown-purple, oblong-conic in the bud, puberu- 
lent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5-6 times 
longer than the hirsute calyx; crown scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate 
longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus; follicles muricate. In thickets, Va. to 
Mo., S. Car. and La. May-July. 

6. Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Vincetoxicum. (I. F. 
f. 2936.) Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, 
broadly ovate, acute or short- acuminate at the apex, when old with a narrow or 
closed basal sinus, 10-12 cm. long, 4-14 cm. wide; petioles stout, pubescent; ped- 
uncles usually longer than the petioles; cymes several-flowered; pediceJs 2.5 
cm. long or more; corolla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes 
linear, II-15 mm. long; calyx hirsute; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the 
anthers, its margin about lO-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer, 
emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest 
or ridge below the summit; follicles warty. In thickets, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. 
Flowers with the odor of the Strawberry- shrub. |une-Aug. 

7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Vincetoxi- 
cum. (I. F. f. 2937.) Stem pubescent or hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, 
acute, or short-acuminate at the apex. 8-15 cm. long, or more; petioles hirsute, 
2.5-5 cm. long; peduncles usually longer than the pedicels; cymes several-many- 
flowered; corolla white, or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatu- 
late, 9-11 mm. long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or 



CON VOL VULA CEA E. 749 

obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender linear-subulate teeth of 
more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma. Mo. and Ark. to Ga, 
May-June. 

Order 5. POLEMONIALES. 

Mostly herbs ; rarely shrubs or trees. Corolla almost always gamo- 
petalous, regular or irregular. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube usu- 
ally to the middle or beyond, as many as the corolla-lobes, or fewer and 
alternate with them. Ovary i, superior, compound (in Boraginaceae 
and Labiatae deeply 4-lobed around the style). 

a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae). 
Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as distinct nutlets at maturity. 

Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style i, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining 
vines. 

Leaves normal. Fam, i. Convolvulaceae. 

White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales. 

Fam. 2. Cuscntaceae. 
Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear ; herbs, not twining. Fam. 3. Polemomaceae. 
Ovary i-celled (2-celled in Nama)\ style i, 2-lobed, or 2-parted ; herbs not twining. 

Fam. 4. Hydrophyllaceae. 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed {Heliotropium) ; carpels separating 
as nutlets. Fam. 5, Boraginaceae. 

b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus 
of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verdena a.nd Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae). 

I. Carpels 1-2-seeded. 
Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into i-seeded nutlets. 

Fam. 6. Verbenaceae. 
Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into i-seeded nutlets. 

Fam. 7. Labiatae. 

2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae). 

X Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circum- 

scissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. 

Placentae axile. 

Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled. 

Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule. 

Fam. 8, Solanaceae. 
Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascuni)\ fruit a 
capsule. Fam. 9. Scrophulariaceae. 

Ovary i-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes. 

Fam. 10. Lentibulariaceae. 
Placentae parietal. 

Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green ; 
ovary i-celled. Fam. 11. Orobanchaceae. 

Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal. 

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera. 

Fam. 12. Big^noniaceae. 
Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule i-celled in our genus; seeds wingless. 

Fam. 13. Martyniaceae. 
X X Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved 
herbs; placentae axile. Fam. 14. Acanthaceae 

3. Ovary and fruit i-celled with i erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate 
flowers and reflexed fruits. Fam. 15. Phrymaceae. 

Family i. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. 

Mo7'iiins^-glory Favii'/y. 

Herbs or vines, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate 
pstipulate leaves, nnd regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. 
Calyx inferior. 5-parted or 5-divided. usually persistent, the segments or 
sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or 



750 FLORA. 

entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and 
alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or 
dilated at the base ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules 
in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, 
entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the 
ovary-divisions ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 
2-4 distinct carpels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubes- 
cent or glabrous ; embryo plaited or crumpled ; cotyledons foliaceous ; 
endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 40 genera and 
900 species, of wide distribution. 

Ovary 2-divided, the carpels 2-ovuled ; creeping herbs. i. DicJwndra. 

Ovary entire, 2-4-celled ; style simple, cleft or divided. 
Style 2-cleft or 2-divided. 

Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 2. Breweria. 

Style 2-divided to the ovar}-, each division 2-cleft. 3. Evolvuhis. ■ 

Style entire up to the stigma. 

Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose. 

Corolla salverform ; stamens and style exserted. 4. Quamoclit. 

Corolla funnelform or campanulate ; stamens and style included, 

5. Ipomoea. 
Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 6. Convolvulus. 

1. DICHONDRA Forst. 

Prostrate or creeping slender herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform 
petioled entire leaves, and small solitary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals 
nearly equal. Corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens shorter than 
the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2- 
celled; st}'les 2, simple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas capi- 
tate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved or indehiscent i-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, 
two-grained, referring to the capsules.] About 5 species, natives of warm and 
tropical regions. 

I. Dichondra Carolinensis Michx. Carolina Dichondra. (I. F. f. 
2938, 2lsD. ez'olvidacea.) Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost filiform, 
rooting at the nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply 
cordate, 6-30 mm. in diameter, palmately veined ; petiole often much longer than 
the blade; flowers 2-4 mm. broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or 
obovate, villous; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to 
oblong; capsule 3 mm. high or less. In moist or wet places, Va. to Tex. and Mex., 
near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and S. Am. 

2. BREWERIA R. Br. 

Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile 
leaves, and 1-5 -flowered axillary peduncles. Corolla campanulate or funnelform- 
campanulate; hmb plaited, 5 -angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included. 
Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted'; stigmas capitate. Capsule, 2-celled, 2- 
4-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Named for Samuel Brewer, a correspondent of Dillen.] 
About 30 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. 

Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear. 

Corolla white ; filaments pubescent ; plant pubescent. i- B. humistrata. 

Corolla purple ; filaments glabrous ; plant silky-tomentose. 2. B. aguatica. 

Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly linear. 3- B. Ptckei-ingti. 

I. Breweria humistrata (Walt.) A. Gray. Southern Breweria. (I. F. f. 
2939.) Pubescent or puberulent: stems slender. 3-6 dm. long, simple, or with a 
few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtiise and 
mucronulate or some of them emarginate, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 2-5 cm. long; pedun- 
cles slender, longer than the leaves. 1-7-flowered. minutely bracted at the summit; 
sepals oblong, 4-6 mm. long; corolla white, 12-16 mm. long; filaments pubescent; 
capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx. In dry pine barrens. 
Va. to Fla. and La. May-Aug. 



CON VOL VULA CEA E. 751 

2. Breweria aquatica (Walt.) A. Gray. Water Brewerta. (I. F. f. 2940.; 

Finely and densely silky-tomentose, the branches long and slender. Leaves 
oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emargin- 
ate, sometimes subcordate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide; peduncles 1-3-flowered, 
longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; sepals tomentose, oblong; 
about 4 mm. long; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long: style 2-parted nearly to the base. In 
wet soil. Mo. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. May- Aug. 

3. Breweria Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering's Breweria. 
(I. F. f. 2941.) Stem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, 3-6 dm. long. 
Leaves puberulent or glabrous, narrowly linear, narrowed at the base, 2.5-6 cm. 
long, 1-4 mm. wide; peduncles about as long as the leaves, with i or 2 linear 
bracts at the summit; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, about 4 mm. long; 
corolla white, about 2.5 cm. long; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent. In 
dry pine barrens, N. J. to N. Car. ; 111. to La. and Tex. June-Aug. 

3. EVdLVULUS L. 

Mostly silky-pubescent or pilose herbs, with small leaves, and axillary smal 
flowers. Sepals nearly equal. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or rotate, the 
limb plaited, 5-angied or 5-lobed. Filaments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. 
Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each division deeply 
2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-4- valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. 
[Latin, unrolling.] About 85 species, of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
following, some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Evolvulus. (LF. f. 2942.) Perennial, silky, 
pubescent or villous; stems 0.7-2.4 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, 
lanceolate or spatulate, 6-18 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles 2- 
bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, 2-4 mm. long; sepals acute or acuminate; 
corolla funnelform-campanulate, purple or blue, 6-12 mm. broad; capsule 3-4 mm. 
in diameter. On dry plains, Mo. to Kans. , Mex. and Ariz. May-July. 

4. QUAMOCLIT Moench. 

Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled leaves, and peduncled axillary flowers. 
Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salver- 
form (scarlet in the following species), the tube longer than the spreading 5-lobed 
limb. Stamens and style exserted; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 
4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney- 
bean.] About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions; the following in N. Am. 

Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. i. Q. Qtiamoclit. 

Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. Q. coccinea. 

1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink. 
(I. F. f. 2943.) Annual, glabrous, Leaves ovate in outline, 5-18 cm. long, pinnately 
parted into segments less than 2 mm. wide; peduncles slender, i-6-flowered; 
pedicels thickening in fruit; sepals obtuse, usually mucronulate, 4-6 mm. long; 
corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes 
ovate, acutish; ovary 4-celled; capsule ovoid,* 4-valved, about i cm. high, twice as 
long as the sepals. In waste and cultivated ground, Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Nat. from tropical Am. July-Oct. 

2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. (I. 
F. f. 2944.) Annual. Leaves ovate to orbicular, long-acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, 
entire or angulate-lobed, slender-petioled*; peduncles few-several- flowered; sepals 
obtuse, about 4 mm. long, subulate-appendaged; corolla 2-4 cm. long, tl\e limb 
obscurely 5-lobed; ovary 4-celled; capsule globose. 4-valved. 6-8 mm. in diameter. 
Along river-banks and in waste places, Penn. to Fla.. Ohio. Kans., Tox. and Ariz. 
Nat. from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid with the pre- 
ceding is sometimes cultivated. July-Oct. 

5. IPOMOEA L. 
Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs, with large showy axillarv flowers. 
Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5 -angled or s-lobed, the tube 



752 FLORA, 

plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire, 2-4-celled, 4-6 ovuled ; style filiform, 
included; stigmas i or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septifragally 2-4- 
valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 350 species, of wide distribu- 
tion. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-ceiled) ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. 
Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining. 

Perennial from an enormous root ; corolla 5-8 cm. long. i. /. pandurata. 

Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 8-20 mm. long, white. 2. /. lacunosa. 

Annual; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, pink or purple. 3. /. Carolhia. 

Leaves linear ; stems ascending or erect; perennial. 4. I. leptophylla. 
Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3 ; leaves cordate ; annuals. 

Leaves entire ; corolla 5-7 cm. long. 5. /. purpurea. 

Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla 2.5-4 cm. long. 6. /. hederacea. 

1. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. (L F. f. 2945.) 

Glabrous or puberulent; stems 0.5-4 m. long. Leaves acuminate, 5-15 cm. 
long, slender-petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the 
later ones rarely dentate or 3-lobed; peduncles 1-5 -flowered, much elongated in 
fruit; sepals oblong, 12-16 mm. long, glabrous; corolla funnelform, white, or with 
pinkish purple stripes in the throat, the limb 5-l()bed; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, 
2-4-seeded, the seeds woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides. In dry 
soil, Ont. to Conn., Fla., Mich., Kans. and Tex. May-Sept. 

2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered White Morning-glory. (I. 
F. f. 2946.) Pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous; stem 0.5-3.5 m. long. Leaves 
slender-petioled, acute or acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 5-10 cm. long, the 
lobes acute; peduncles 1-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; sepals oblong or 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliate, about I cm. long; corolla 
funnelform, white, or the limb purple; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved. 
In moist soil, Penn. to S. Car., 111., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

3. Ipomoea Carolina (L.) Pursh. Small-flowered Pink Morning- 
glory. (I. F. f. 2947.) Similar in habit to the .preceding species, but the leaves 
usually more lobed; peduncles often longer than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; sepals 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate; capsule glabrous 
or pubescent. Kans. to Tex., east to S. Car, and Fla. 

4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-glory. (I. F. f. 2948.) 
Perennial from an enormous root, glabrous; stems rather stout, 6-12 dm. long, 
much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 5-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm_. 
wide; petioles very short; peduncles stout, nearly erect, usually shorter than the 
leaves, 1-4- flowered; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, or the outer shorter; 
corolla funnelform, purple or pink, about 8 cm. long, the limb scarcely lobed; cap- 
sule ovoid, acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2-celled; seeds pubescent. In dry soil, S. Dak. 
to Wyo., Tex. and N. Mex. May-July. 

5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. (I. F. f. 2949.) Stem 
retrorsely hairy, I-3.5 m. long. Leaves acute or acuminate, 5- 10 cm. wide, slen- 
der-petioled; peduncles 1-5 -flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent, 
or hirsute near the base, 12-16 mm.^long; corolla funnelform, blue, purple, pink, 
variegated or white; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled); stigmas 3 (rarely 2); capsule 
depressed-globose, about i cm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In waste 
places, commonly escaped from gardens, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Neb. and Tex. 
Adventive or nat. from trop. Am. July- Oct. 

6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory. (I. F. f. 
2950,) Stem 6-15 dm, long, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in 
outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, 5-13 cm, long, the lobes ovate, acuminate; 
peduncles 1-3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early 
morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, 
densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; corolla funnelform, 
the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple; capsule depressed- 
globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. In fields 
and waste places, L. I. to Fla., Penn., S. Dak., Neb. and Mex. Nat. or adventive 
from trop. Am. July-Oct. 



CON VOLV ULA CEA E. 753 

6. CONVOLVULUS L. 

Herbs (the following species perennials with slender roots or rootstocks) with 
trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. 
Flowers axillary, large. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bract- 
less or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the 
limb plaited, 5 -angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the 
corolla, included. Ovary 1-2-celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, 
oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose, 1-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. 
[Latin, to roll together, or entwine.] About 175 species, of wide distribution. 
Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Calyx with 2 large bracts at the base, which enclose it. (Genus Volvulus Medic.) 
Stems traiUng or climbing. 

Leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. i. C. sepium. 

Leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C. 7-epens. 

Stem erect or ascending; flowers white; bracts not cordate. 3. C. spithamaeus. 
Calyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit. 

Glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire, auriculate. 4. C. arvensis. 

Canescent; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 5. C. incanus. 

1. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Rutland 
Beauty. (I.F. f. 2951.) Stems 1-3.5 m. long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangu- 
lar in outline, hastate, 5-13 cm. long, acute or acuminate, the basal lobes divergent, 
usually acute, angulate- dentate or entire; peduncles i -flowered, longer than the 
leaves; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 5 cm. long; 
bracts at the base of the flower large, ovate, cordate; stigmas oblong. In fields 
and thickets, usually in moist soil, N. S. to N. Car., Mont., Utah and Kans. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June-Aug. The pink-flowered American plant (C sepium 
Aviericanus Sims ; C. A?}iericanus Greene) is, perhaps, specifically distinct from 
the European. 

Convolvulus Japonicus Thunb., a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller pink 
flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultivation 
from N. H. to D. C. and Mo. 

2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing Bindweed. (I. F. f. 2952.) Pubes- 
cent or tomentose; stems 3-9 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 
sagittate or cordate at the base, entire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not 
at all divergent; peduncles i-flowered, equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers 
white (sometimes pink?) about 5 cm. long; calyx enclosed by 2 ovate slightly 
cordate bracts; stigmas oblong. In fields, Va. to Fla., Dak. and Tex. May-Aug. 

3. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright Bindweed. (I. F. f. 2953.) 
Pubescent or glabrate; stem erect or ascending, or the summit sometimes feebly 
twining, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oval, short-petioled or the uppermost sessile, 
usually obtuse at both ends, 2-6 cm. long; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the 
leaves; flowers white, nearly 5 cm. long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish 
bracts which are narrowed at both ends; stigmas oblong, thick. In dry sandy or 
rocky fields or on banks, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ky. May-Aug. 

4. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. (I. F. f. 2954.)" Gla- 
brous, or nearly so; stems slender, 3-8 dm. long. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate 
or oblong, entire, sagittate or somewhat hastate, 2-5 cm. long, the basal lobes 
spreading, acute; peduncles 1-4 flowered, shorter than the leaves, 1-3 bracted at 
the summit; sepals oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. long; corolla pink or nearly white, 
1.5-2.5 cm. broad; stigmas linear. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Out., N. J., 
Neb. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

5. Convolvulus incanus Vahl. Hoary Bindweed. (I. F. f. 2955.) Finely 
and densely canescent, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves short-jictioled, lanceolate, ovate to 
linear in outline, 2-5 cm. long, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or 
the lower pair of lobes reflexcd, obtuse and mucronulate; peduncles i-2.flowered. 
as long as or longer than the leaves: sepals oblong, about 6 mm. long; corolla 
white to rose-color; stigmas narrowly linear; capsule globose. In dry soil, Neb., 
Kans. and Ark. to Ariz., Mex. and Tex. April-Aug.^ 



754 FLORA 

Family 2. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. 

Dodder Family. 

White, red or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the 
leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 
5-Darted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla 
5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate 
scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes 
obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted in the throat 
or sinuses above the scales ; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, 
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each 
cavity; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below; stigmas 
linear or capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly 
bursting or indehiscent, 1-4 seeded. Seeds glabrous; embryo linear, 
terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales, 
endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons none. 

I. CUSCUTA L. 

Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs 
and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the 
plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The 
subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. 
Indications of a small amount of green coloring matter, possibly chlorophyll, have 
been observed in some species. [Name from the Arabic] About 100 species, of 
wide distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern 
and western parts of N. Am. 

* Corolla-scales crenulate ; stigmas slender ; capsule circumscissile. 
Scales crenulate above, not incurved. i. c. Epilinum. 

Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. 

* * Corolla-scales fringed ; stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent. 
Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. 

Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. 

Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around; calyx- lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis. 
Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes; calyx-lobes acutish. 

4. C. Polygonorum. 
Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length 

deciduous. 

Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or inflexed. 

Scales ovate, fringed all around; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 

5. C. indecora. 
Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes; corolla capping the capsule. 

6. C. Coryli. 
Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved. 

Scales small, irregularly fringed ; capsule depressed-globose. 

7. C. Cephalanthu 
Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed. ' 

Corolla 3 mm. long; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless. 

8. C. Gronovn, 
Flowers 4-6 mm. long ; capsule oval, long-pointed. 

9. C. rostrata. 
Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. 

Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. 10. C. cuspidata. 

Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters; bracts serrulate. 

Bracts few, broad, appressed; styles as long as the ovary. 11. C. compact a. 

Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 

12. C. paradoxa. 

I. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. (I. F. f. 2956.) Stems 
yellow or red; flowers sessile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about 3 mm. long. 
Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobeii, the lobes ovate, acute; corolla short, becoming 
urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less 



CUSCUTACEAE, 755 

than one-half the length of the tube, 2 -cleft or emarginate, the crenulations not 
extending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule circumscissile, the withering 
corolla borne on its summit. On flax, N. S. to N. J. and Penn. Introduced from 
Europe. July-Aug. 

2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dodder. Clover Dodder. (I. 
F. f. 2957.) Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, 
about 2 mm. long. Calyx 4-5-lobed, more than one- half the length of the 
cylindric corolla-tube, the lobes acute; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about 
one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly 
or quite to the base ; stigmas filiform ; capsule circumscissile, capped by the wither- 
ing corolla. Usually on clover, Me. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and S. Dak. 
Introduced from Europe. July-Sept. 

3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder. (I. F. f. 2958.) Plant 
pale yellow; stems filiform, the. flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx 
broad, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes 
acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, 
densely fringed all around with short irregular processes; stamens not exserted; 
style shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed- globose, indehis- 
cent. On various herbs and low shrubs, Mass. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Tex., 
Mex. and Cal. Also in S. Am. July-Aug. 

4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart-weed Dodder. (I. F. f. 2959.) 
Plant orange-yellow; stems rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense 
clusters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute or acutish; lobes 
of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, 
or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower 
portion of the filament; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule 
globose. On Polygonums and other herbs, Minn, and Wis. to Neb. and Ark. 
Also in Penn. and Del. Range probably more extensive. July-Sept. 

5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder. (I. F. f. 2960.) Stems 
rather stout; flowers white, 3 mm. long, pedicelled in loose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, 
lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, 
minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube; scales ovate, erect, 
irregularly fringed with short processes all around; stigmas capitate; capsule 
oblong, acute. On various herbs and low shrubs, 111. to Neb., Fla., Tex., and 
Mex. Also in the W. Indies and S. Am. June-Aug. 

6. Cuscuta Coryli- Engelm. Hazel Dodder. (I. F. f. 2961.) Stems 
coarse; flowers about 2 mm. long, pedicelled in cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the 
lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acutish; corolla campanulate, 4-5- 
lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate, nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long 
as the tube; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each 
side; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, pointed. 
On hazels and other shrubs or herbs, Conn, to Va., S. Dak. and Ark. July-Aug. 

7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button-bush Dodder. (I. F. f. 2962.) 
Plant yellow; stems rather coarse; flowers about 2 mm. long, short-pedicelled, 
clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla cylindric-campanulate, 
its lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less; scales 
about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro- 
cesses; styles slender, about as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule 
depressed-globose, 3 mm. in diameter. On shrubs and tall herbs, Penn. to Minn., 
the N. W. Terr., Tex. and Ariz. July-Aug. 

8. Cuscuta Gronovii VVilld. Gronovius' Dodder. Love-vine. (I. F. f. 
2963.) Stems yellow to orange, slender, flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous 
in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the 
corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, the lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, nearly 
as long as the tube, the scales narrow, thickly fringed about the summit and 
sparingly along the sides with long slender processes; styles slender; stigmas 
capitate; capsule 3 mm. in diameter, envelojied in or capped by the withering 
deciduous corolla. On herbs and low shrubs, N. S. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. 
July-Aug. ^ 

9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked Dodder. (I. F. i. J004.1 Stems 
coarse, yellowish white; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely 



75^ FLORA. 

cymose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-triangu)ar, shorter than the corolla-tube; 
corolla campanulate, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the 
calyx-lobes; scales narrow, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the 
sides with slender processes; styles slender; stigmas capitate. On herbs and 
shrubs, Md. to S. Car. and Ga. July-Sept. 

10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuspidate Dodder. (I. F. f. 2965.) 
Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers about 3 mm. long in loose panicled cymes. 
Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base; sepals 
cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate; corolla nearly salverform, its lobes triangular- 
lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading; scales narrow, usually less 
than one-half as long as the tube, fringed with short irregular processes; styles 
very slender; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit. 
On coarse herbs. Neb. to JMo. and Tex. July-Sept. 

11. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. (I. F. f. 2966.) Plant 
yellowish white; stems rather stout; flowers about 4 mm. long in dense clusters. 
Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) oval crenulate obtuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 rhombic- 
orbicular appressed serrulate bracts; corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, its 5 
(rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the tube, 
the scales narrow, fringed with numerous long processes; styles slender; capsule 
oblong, enveloped in or capped by the withering corolla. On shrubs, Ont. to N. Y., 
Ala., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate Dodder. (I. F. f. 2967.) Plant 
yellowish white; stems slender; flowers sessile, 3 mm. long, exceedingly numerous 
in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx 
of 5 concave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate 
imbricated bracts with recurved tips ; corolla-tube oblong-cylindric, its lobes 
obtuse, persistent; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the 
sides with long processes; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by 
the withering corolla. On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to S. Dak., Neb. 
and Tex. July-Sept. [C. aphylla Raf.?] 

Family 3. POLEMONIACEAE DC. 

Phlox Family. 

Herbs. Flowers perfect, clustered, regular, or nearly so. Calyx 
inferior, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly im- 
bricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-parted, the lobes contorted. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its 
lobes ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled ; ovules 2-00 in each cavity, amphitro- 
pous ; style filiform ; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 
3-valved. Seeds sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage 
and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo 
straight; cotyledons fiat; radicle in.ferior. About 10 genera and 200 
species, most abundant in western Am. 

Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. 

Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire. i. Phlox, 
Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate; leaves alternate or 

opposite. 2. Gilia, 
Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alterfiate. 
Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped. 

Stamens declined ; leaves pinnate. 3. Polemonium. 

Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. 4. Collomia. 
Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. 5. Naverretia. 

I. PHLOX L. . 

Perennial or rarely annual, herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the 
upper ones alternate, and large flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles. 
Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5 -ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acu- 
jninate, mostly scarious-margined, Corolla salverform, the tube narrow, the limb 



' POLEM ONI A CEA E, 757 

5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, 
unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 3 -celled; style usually slender; 
ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved at length distending and rup- 
turing the calyx-tube. Seeds ovoid, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. 
[Greek, flame.] About 30 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the fol- 
lowing, some 24 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Leaves flat, ovate, oblong-, lanceolate or linear. 

Cymes panicled; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. 
Calyx-teeth subulate. 

Stem glabrous or puberulent; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 

1. P. paniciilata. 
Stem villous, very glandular above; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 

2. P. amplifolia. 
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acuminate. 

3. P. maculata. 
Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. 

Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. 
Plants glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute. 4. P. ovata. 

Leaves lanceolate or linear; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 

5. P. glaberrima. 
Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous. 

Stems erect or ascending; no prostrate sterile shoots. 
Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreadinjrj. 

6. P, pt'iosa. 
Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. 

7. P. a?noe?ia. 
Stems ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. 

Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 

8. P. divaricata. 
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 

g. P. reptans. 
Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping; leaves narrow. 

Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. 10. P. bifida. 

Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. 11, P. Stellaria. 

Corolla-lobes rounded ; western. 12. P. Kelseyi. 

Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low. 

Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern. 

Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate; plant not glandular. 13. P. stcbulata. 

Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate; upper part of plant glandular. 

14. P. Brittonii. 
Densely tufted; flowers mostly solitary; western. 

Leaves densely white-woolly, 2 mm. long; plant moss-like. 15. P. bryoides. 
Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 4-12 mm. long. 

Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 16. P. Floodii. 

Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 17. p, Douglasii, 

1. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox. (I. F. f. 2968.) Stem glabrous 
or puberulent, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong to^ oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-15 cm. long; flowers in compact paniculate 
cymules, the inflorescence often 3 dm. long ; calyx-teeth more than one-half as long 
as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, shorter 
than its tube; capsule oval, obtuse. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Fla., 111., 
Kans. and La. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. July-Sept. 

2. Phlox amplifolia Britton, ;/. sp. Large-leaved Phlox. Stem vil- 
lous or glandular-villous, at least above, 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves large and broad, 
7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, roughish above, the upper sessile, the'^lower or some 
of them narrowed, usually abruptly, into winged petioles, sometimes one-third the 
length of the blade; flowers similar to those of the preceding; calyx glandular- 
villous; corolla-tube glabrous. Tenn. to Mo. Aug.-Sept. Type from Knox Co. , 
Tenn. 

3. Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet-william. (I. F. f. 2960.) Stem 
glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with purple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lance- 
olate or the upper ovate- lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-acuminate, sessile, 
rounded or subcordate at the base. 5-12 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, the 
compact cymules forming an elongated narrow panicle; caly.\-toeth acute, or acu- 



75^ FLORA. 

minate, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla-lobes rounded, shorter than 
the tube. In moist woods and along streams, N. J. to Fla., Minn, and Tenn. 
Occasionally escaped from gardens further north. June-Aug. 

4. Phiox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. (1. F. f. 2970.) Stems simple, 
ascending from a decumbent base, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather firm, the upper 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base, acute, 2-5 cm. 
long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, narrowed into 
slender petioles; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth one-third to one-half the 
length of the tube; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire. In 
woods, Penn. to N. Car. and Ala. May-Aug. 

5. Phlox glaberrima L. Smooth Phlox. (I. F. f. 2971.) Stem simple 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly I -nerved, acuminate, narrowed 
at the base, 3-10 cm. long, sessile, or the lowest linear or oblong, obtusish, and 
short-petioled; flowers short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed; calyx-teeth one- 
third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obovate, 
longer than the tube. In open woods and on prairies, Va. to Wis., Fla. and Ky. 
May-July. 

6. Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox. (I. F. f. 2972. ) Soft-downy or hairy, 
often glandular; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spread- 
ing, long-acuminate, 2-8 cm. long, sessile; cymules corymbed; flowers short- 
pedicelled ; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the 
tube; corolla-lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter 
than the calyx. In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, N. J., Fla., Kans.; Ark. and Tex. 
April-June. 

7. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox. (I. F. f. 2973.) Usually quite 
hairy; stems 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, nearly erect, 1-4 cm. 
long, the lowest much shorter; flowers nearly sessile in a dense cyme, which is 
subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate; 
corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, shorter than the glabrous tube. In dry 
soil, Va. to Tenn., Fla. and Ga. April-June. 

8. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. (I. F. f. 2974.) Finely viscid- 
pubescent; stems ascending or diffuse, with creeping or ascending leafy shoots. 
Leaves of the sterile shoots obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, those of the flowering stems 
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute; flowers in open corymbed 
cymules, faintly fragrant; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the tube; corolla bluish, 
its lobes not much longer than the tube; capsule oblong -globose. In moist woods, 
Ont. to Minn., Penn., Fla., Kans., La. and Ark. April-June. 

9. Phlox reptans Michx. Crawling Phlox. (I. F. f. 2975.) Stems 
slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots. Leaves of the sterile 
shoots, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; flowering stems 1-2 dm. 
high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate; flowers slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth 
linear subulate ; corolla pink, purple, or violet, its lobes rounded, about one-half 
the length of the tube. In woods, Penn. to Ga. and Ky. April-June. 

10. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox. (I. F. f. 2976.) Puberulent or 
pubescent; stems much branched, often 3 dm. long, the branches I-2 dm. high. 
Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, acute, those of flowering 
branches much shorter; flowers slender-pedicelled; calyx -teeth lanceolate-subulate; 
corolla pale purple, its lobes shorter than the tube, cuneate, 2-3 -cleft to about the 
middle into obtuse diverging segments. In dry places, Ind. to Tenn. and Mich. 
April -June. 

11. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chickweed Phlox. (I. F. f. 2977.) Gla- 
brous or puberulent; stems, much branched, the branches 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves 
linear, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, 2-5 cm. long; flowers slender-pedi- 
celled; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue or 
nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed, nearly as long as the tube. On cliffs. 111. 
and Ky. April-May. 

12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's Phlox. (I. F. f. 2978.) Many- 
stemmed from a woody root, the stems sometimes 2 dm. long, glabrous, or slightly 
pubescent above. Leaves oblong, or linear-oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, 
6-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, or the upper longer and narrower, rigid, the apex 
spinose-mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate ; flowers sessile, or short-peduncled ; 



POLEMONIACEAE, 759 

calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube, or longer; corolla-tube somewhat exceed- 
ing the calyx, the limb about i6 mm. broad, blue or lilac. N. Dak. to Neb. and 
Mont. May-June. 

13. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. (I. F. f. 2979.) Pubes- 
cent or becoming glabrate, forming mats, much branched, the branches 5-15 cm. 
long. Leaves acute or acuminate, 8-20 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, spreading, cili- 
ate, commonly fascicled at the nodes; flowers slender-pedicelled; calyx 8-9 mm. 
long, its teeth subulate from a broader base, about as long as the tube ; corolla pink, 
purple or white, its lobes shorter than the tube. In dry sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to 
Fla., Mich, and Ky. Escaped from cultivation in N. Eng. April-June. 

14.* Phlox Brittdnii Small. Brixton's Phlox. Similar to the preceding. 
Leaves shorter and narrower ; upper part of the plant glandular-pilose; calyx 5-7 
mm. long; corolla white, the tube longer than the calyx, the lobes cuneate-obovate 
with 2 pale magenta spots near the base. Mountain slopes, Va. and W. Va. to 
N. Car. April-May. 

15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox. (I. F. f. 2980.) Depressed, moss- 
like, densely branched from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 5-8 cm. 
high. Leaves about 2 mm. long, closely imbricated in four ranks, copiously white- 
woolly, triangular- lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded; flowers solitary 
and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5 mm. long ; tube of the corolla longer 
than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire. On dry hills, western Neb. and 
Wyo. May -July. 

16. Phlox Hoodii Richards. Hood's Phlox. (L F. f . 2981.) Densely 
tufted and branched from a woody root, 5-10 cm. high. Leaves imbricated, erect, 
rigid, subulate, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, becoming glabrate, 4- 1 2 
mm, long; flowers sessile at the ends of the branches, about i cm. long; calyx-teeth 
lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; corolla-lobes obovate, entire. 
In dry sandy or rocky soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., western Neb. and Wyo. 
May-July. 

17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Phlox. (I. F. f. 2982.) Similar 
to the preceding species; leaves less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually 
fascicled at the nodes, 8-14 mm. long. Flowers sessile or short-pedicelled at the 
ends of the branches 1-1.6 cm. long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 
about equalling the tube; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, 
its lobes obovate, entire. Dry soil, Neb. and Mont, to Utah, Cal. and Br. Col. 
May-July. 

Phlox Douglasii andi'cola (Nutt.) Britton. Leaves longer, 16-25 mm. long, less fas- 
cicled at the nodes. Range of the type. Perhaps specifically distinct. 

2. G^ILIA R. & P. 

Calyx 5 -toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses usually scarious. Corolla funnelform, 
tubular, campanulate or rarely salverform, 5-lobed. Stamens equally or unequally 
inserted on the corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-cened, at 
length distending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous 
when wetted, in some species emitting spiral thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip 
Gil, a Spanish botanist.] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the fol- 
lowing, some 48 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Leaves entire. 

Flowers paniculate. i. G. gracilis. 

Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 6. G. spicata. 

Leaves pinnately divided, pinnatifid or palmatifid. 

Leaves palmatifid into 5-7 rigid subulate segments. 2. G. caespitosa. 

Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not rigid. 
Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. 
Corolla 2-5 cm. long; plants 3-12 dm. tall. 

Flowers paniculate, white. 3. G. longiflora. 

Flowers narrowly thyrsoid, red. 4. 6", aggjfo\jia. 

Corolla 6-10 mm. long, violet or blue. 5. G, ftntuitifidn. 

Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate, purplish. 6. G. spicata. 

Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads. 
Flower-clusters leafy-bracted. 



7^0 FLORA. 

Perennial ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 7. G. congest a. 

Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 8. G. pumila. 

Clusters bractless^ corolla campanulate. 9. G. tricolor. 

Flowers axillary and terminal, scattered. 10. G. acerosa. 

1. Gilia gracilis Hook. Entire-leaved Gilia. (I. F. f. 2983.) Annual, 
pubescent, at length much branched, 5-15 cm. high, the branches ascending. Lower 
and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, commonly opposite and. nearly sessile, 
the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long, opposite or alternate; 
cymes 1-5 -flowered; calyx-lobes linear-subulate; corolla 8-12 mm. long, the tube 
yellowish, narrow, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; 
capsule oblong, obtuse; seeds mucilaginous when wet. In dry or moist soil, 
western Neb., Colo, and N. Mex. tb Br. Col. and Cal. April-Aug. 

2. Gilia caespitosa (Nutt.) A. Nelson. Tufted Gilia. Sharp-leaved 
Gilia. Shrubby, densely tufted, rigid, usually much branched, 0.5-1.5 dm. 
high. Leaves alternate, sessile, 5-7 mm. long, palmately divided into 3-5 subu- 
late rigid awl-shaped segments, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, 
sometimes densely imbricated; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, sessile at the 
ends of the branches, 10-15 n^"^- long; calyx-lobes 4, subulate, as long as the tube, 
or shorter; corolla white to yellowish, salverform, the tube longer than the calyx, 
the limb 4-lobed; stamens 4; seeds not mucilaginous when wetted. In dry soil. 
Neb. and Wyo. May-July. \Gilia pil7igens caespitosa (Nutt.) A. Gray.] 

3. Gilia longiflora (Torr.jDon. White-flowered Gilia. (I. F. f. 2985.) 
Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves all alternate, 
sessile, 2-6 cm. long, pinnately divided or the uppermost entire; flowers white, 
paniculate, about 5 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 
salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, spread- 
ing lobes; stamens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly 
oblong; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry 
soil, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. May-Sept. 

Gilia rubra (L.) Heller {G. coronopifolia Pers.), a related species with less spread- 
ing corolla-lobes, is commonly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens. 

4. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scarlet Gilia. (I. F. f. 2986.) Bien- 
nial, pubescent or puberulent; stem 6-12 dm. high. Leaves alternate, the basal 
often tufted, mostly petioled, 2-8 cm. long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear 
segments; inflorescence often 3 dm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so in small 
peduncled clusters, scarlet or red; corolla tubular-funnelform, the tube 2-4 cm. 
long, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or re- 
curved lobes; ovules numerous; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads 
when wetted. In dry soil, Neb. and Wyo. to Tex., Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. 
June-Aug. 

5. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Gilia. (I. F. f. 2987.) Bien- 
nial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 1.5-6 dm. 
high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, 2-8 cm. long, the segments 
linear-oblong, those of the stem alternate, the uppermost minute and entire; 
flowers numerous, paniculate; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla 
salverform, 6-10 mm. long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the 
calyx and its obovate lobes; stamens exserted; seeds not mucilaginous when 
wetted. In sandy soil, Neb. and Wyo. to N. Mex. June-Aug. 

6. Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. (I. F. f. 2988.) Perennial, woolly- 
tomentose; stems stout, simple, 1.5-5 ^m. high. Leaves alternate, narrowly 
linear, entire, or pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 
in an elongated narrow thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 8-12 mm. long; 
tube of the corolla considerably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes; calyx-lobes 
acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat of the corolla. In dry soil, 
western Neb. and Kans. to Wyo. and Utah. May-Aug. 

7. Gilia congesta Hook. Round-headed Gilia. (I. F. f. 2989.) Peren- 
nial, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Leaves mostly 
petioled, 1-5 cm. long, pinnately divided into 3-9 sharp-pointed segments, or the 
uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 4-6 mm. long; calyx- 
lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx; filaments equally 



POLEMONIACEAE, y6l 

inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. In dry 
soil, Neb. and Colo, to Cat., Mont, and Ore. May- Aug. 

8. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. (I. F. f. 2990.) Annual, woolly at 
least when young, 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves thick, I-2.5 mm. long, pinnately 
divided into mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire ; flowers 
in dense cymes ; corolla 6-8 mm. long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes ; 
calyx-lobes awn-like; stamens inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 
5 or 6 in each cavity. In dry soil. Neb. to Tex., Nev. and N. Mex. April-June. 

9. Gilia tricolor Benth. Tricolored Gilia. (I. F. f. 2991.) Annual, 
viscid- puberulent, at least above; stems 1.5-5 ^^' ^ig^- Leaves slender-petioled, 
or the upper sessile, 2-3 -pinnately divided into acute segments; flowers short- 
pedicelled, 10-14 mm. long, in simple cymes; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx, its tube yellowish, short, the throat brown-purple, the oval to orbicular lobes 
lilac or violet; ovules several in the cavities; seeds mucilaginous and emitting 
spiral threads when wetted. Escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Neb. 
(according to Webber). . Native of Cal. April-May. 

10. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. Needle-leaved Gilia. Perennial, 
glandular-puberulent, 8-15 cm. high, bushy-branched. Leaves pinnately parted 
into 3-7 acicular segments; pedicels slender, 2 cm. long or less; corolla nearly 
rotate, 2 cm. in diameter, or less ; filaments filiform; anthers oblong. Dry soil, 
Kans. to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. [G. rigidula acerosa A. Gray.] 

3. POLEMONIUM L. 

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and mostly 
large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, campanulate, 5- 
cleft, accrescent in fruit, the segments entire, erect, or connivent over the capsule. 
Corolla tubular-campanulate or tubular-funnelform, rarely rotate, the limb 5 -lobed. 
Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined. Ovary ovoid ; 
ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds 
mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. About 15 species, natives 
of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in west- 
ern N. Am. 

Anthers exserted ; flowers 16-20 mm. broad ; stem erect. i. P, Van Bruntiae. 

Anthers inckided ; flowers 10-12 mm. broad ; stem reclining. 2. P. reptajis. 

1. Polemonium Van Briintiae Britton. American Jacob's Ladder. (I. 
F. f. 2992.) Rootstock stout, horizontal. Stems somewhat glandular-pubescent 
above, 3-7.5 dm. high, leafy to the top; leaflets of the lower leaves 15-19, ovate 
or lanceolate, acute, 1-4 cm. long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; 
cymose clusters rather loosely 3-5-flowered; flowers bluish purple; corolla-lobes 
rounded; calyx much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; ovules 3 or 4 in each 
cavity. In swamps and along streams, Vt. and northern N. Y. to Md. May-July. 

2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian. (I. F. f. 2093.) Glabrous 
or very nearly so, usually not more than 3 dm. high; stems weak, at length reclin- 
ing or difliise, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate- 
oblong, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; flowers blue; calyx 5 -lobed; 
ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. Woods, N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. April-May. 

4. COLLOMIA Nutt. 

Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and capitate or cymose 
flowers. Calyx ob[)yramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft. scarious in the sinuses, accres- 
cent in fruit, not distended nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its lobes entire, 
erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revolute lobe. Corolla tubular- 
funnelform or salverform. the limb 5-lolxHl, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally 
inserted on the tube of the corolla, the filaments unequal. Seeds of most species 
mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring 
to the glutinous seeds when wetted.] About 10 species, natives of western Am. 
Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western U. S. and Br. Col, 



7^2 FLORA. 

I. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow-leaved Collomia. (I. F. f. 2994.) 
Annual, viscid-puberulent; stem 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong, 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, sessile, or the lower short- 
petioled, 2-6 cm. long; flowers 10-15 ^"^- long, in capitate leafy -bracted 
clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla light purple or nearly 
white, the tube slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes 2-4 mm. long ; capsule 
about as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minn., Neb., Br. Col., Ariz, 
and Cal. Also in N. Y. and N. B. May-Aug. 

5. NAVARRETIA R. & P. 

Annual herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and 
small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, 
the tube 5 -angled, 5 -cleft, not accrescent, not distended by the ripening capsule, 
the sinuses scarious, the lobes spiny-tipped, often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel- 
form or salverform, 5-lobed. Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat of 
the corolla. Ovary 2-3 -celled. Capsule 1-3 -celled. Seeds mostly mucilaginous 
and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish 
physician.] About 24 species, natives of western Am. Besides the following, 
some 22 others occur in the western U. S. 

I. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navarretia. (I. F. f. 2995.) De- 
pressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform acicular segments; flowers about 4 mm. long, 
white (?); calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube; the 
sinuses more or less white-pubescent; cal}Tc-tube about equalling the indehis- 
cent i-6-seeded capsule. In dry soil, Neb. and S. Dak. to Wash, and Ariz. 
Summer. 

Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 

Water-leaf Family. 

Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, 
rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid 
cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Cal3''x inferior, deeply 
cleft or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
corolla, and alternate with its lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers mostly 
versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or 
none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae ; styles 2, 
separate, or partly united ; stigmas, small, terminal; ovules anatropous 
or amphitropous. Capsule 1-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved. 
Seeds usually pitted, rugose or reticulated ; endosperm fleshy or cartilag- 
inous ; embryo small ; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 
17 genera and 160 species, mostly natives of western N. Am. 

Styles united below; ovary i-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate. 
Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; placentae dilated. 

Stamens exserted. , i. Hydrophyllum. 

Stamens not exserted. 

Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Netnophila. 

Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 

3. Macrocalyx. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia. 

Styles distinct to the base; ovary 2-celled; leaves sntire. 5. Nayna. 

I. HYDROPHYLLUM L. 
Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided 
leaves, and white, blue or purple flowers, in more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx 
deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate. Corolla tubular-campanu- 
late or campanulate, 5 -lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a linear append- 
age within, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a groove. 
Stamens 5, exserted; filaments pilose below or at the base; anthers versatile. 
Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent; placentas fleshy, dilated, free from the ovary-wall 
except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules; styles united nearly to the 



HYDROPBYLLACEAE. 763 

summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds I— 4, globose -obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, refer- 
ring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.] About 6 species, of N. Am. 
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatified or pinnately divided^ 
Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so. 

Plant sparingly pubescent; leaf-segments acute. i. H. Virginicum, 

Plant villous-hirsute; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum. 

Calyx with a refiexed appendage in each sinus. 3. //. appendiculatum. 

Leaves palmately 5-9-lobed. 4. //, Ca?iadense. 

1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Virginia Water- leaf. (I, F. f. 2996.) 
Perennial by scaly rootstocks; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, rather weak, 
3-9 dm. long. Lower and basal leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, pinnately divided into 
5-7 acute or acutish sharply toothed or incised segments 2-5 cm. long, glabrous 
or with few scattered hairs; upper leaves, short -petioled, smaller, with fewer seg- 
ments; cymes slender-peduncled; flowers white to violet purple, short-pedicelled; 
pedicels strigose- pubescent; calyx-segments hispid; corolla about 8 mm. long. 
In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to S. Car., Kans. and Wash. May-Aug. 

2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Large-leaved Water-leaf. 
(I. F. f. 2997.) Perennial, villous-hirsute; stem 6-9 dm. high. Lower leaves 2-3 
dm. long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7-13 obtuse dentate segments 
2-8 cm. long; upper leaves smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer segments; 
cymes long-peduncled, very dense; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the 
middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid; corolla 10-12 mm. long; anthers 
oblong; capsule densely white-hispid, enclosed by the calyx. In rich woods, Ohio 
to Ala., 111. and Tenn. April-June. 

3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-leaf. 
(I. F. f. 2998.) Biennial, rough-hairy; stems weak, 3-6 dm. long, somewhat viscid 
above. Lower and basal leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 irregularly 
dentate or incised segments; upper leaves ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the 
lobes acute a.nd dentate; cymes loose, branched, the pedicels 8-20 mm, long; calyx 
parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate; corolla violet or purple, 12-14 mm. long. In woods, Ont. to N. Car., 
Minn, and Kans. May-June. 

4. Hydrophyllum Canadense L. Broad-leaved Water-leaf. (I. F. f. 
2999.) Perennial; stems glabrous or nearly so, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves nearly 
orbicular, cordate, sparingly pubescent, at least above, 5-9 lobed, the lower often 
3 dm. broad; upper leaves smaller; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate; cymes dense 
or becoming loose; pedicels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, 
its segments linear- lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a 
minute tooth in each sinus ; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish. In woods, 
Mass. to N. Car., III. and Ky. June- Aug. 

2. NEMdPHILA Nutt. 

Annual diffuse pubescent fragile herbs, with mostly pinnatifid or lobed leaves. 
Flowers white, blue, or variegated, solitary, peduncled. Calyx with an appendage 
in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, usually with 10 small 
appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included. 
Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of HydrophvIIum ; styles partly 
united. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4 in our species. [Greek, grove-loving.] 
About 10 species, natives of N. Am. 

I. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. Small-flowered Nemophila. 
(I. F. f. 3000.) Stems slender, 5-40 cm. long. Leaves membranous, petioled, 
2-6 cm. long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique 
obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed segments, the upper alternate, the lowest opposite; 
peduncles 8-25 mm. long, opposite the leaves; flowers white or blue, 3-4 mm. long; 
appendages of the calyx minute; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit; ovules 2 on each 
placenta; corolla appendages obsolete or none ; anthers oval; capsule about 3 mm. in 
diameter, 1-2-seeded. In woods, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. April-June. 

3. MACROCALYX Trcw. 
Annual hirsute or pubescent slender herbs, with pinnately divided or 1-3-pin- 
natifid leaves, and small white or bluish flowers. Calyx 5 -lobed or 5 -parted, 



764 FLORA, 

spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages. Corolla cartipanulate 
or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 
minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 
included. Ovary i-celled; styles united below; ovules 2-4 on each of the placen- 
tae. [Greek, large calyx.] About 3 species, natives of N. Am. 

I. Macrocalyx Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. Nyctelea. (I. F. f. 3001.) Spar- 
ingly hirsute-pubescent; stem forked, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided, 
petioled, 4-10 cm, long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower oppo- 
site, the segments oblong ot lanceolate; peduncles i-flowered, opposite the leaves; 
calyx in flower about 4 mm. long, about equalling the corolla, enlarging, widely 
spreading and becoming 15-30 mm. broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate; fruit at length pendulous; capsule globose. In moist soil, 
N. J. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Va., Neb. and Kans. April-July. 

4. PHACELIA Juss. 

Mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate leaves, the lowest rarely 
opposite, and blue, purple, violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or 
racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. 
Corolla-tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. 
Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below. 
Capsule I-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. 
[Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered flowers.] About 80 species, natives 
of the New World. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in western N. Am. 

Corolla-lobes entire. 

Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. 

Leaves entire. i. P. leucophylla. 

Leaves crenate-dentate. 2. P. tntegrifolia. 

Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments mcised. 
Racemes loose; pedicels slender; ovules 2 on each placenta. 

3. P. bipinnatifida. 
Racemes dense; pedicels short; ovules numerous. 4. P. Franklinii. 

Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none. 
Filaments pubescent; calyx-lobes oblong. 

Puberulent; flowers 8-10 mm. broad. 5. P. dubia. 

Hirsute; flowers 12-14 mm. broad. 6. P. hirsuta. 

Filaments glabrous; calyx-lobes linear. 7. P. Covillei. 

Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. 

Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii. 

Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P.fimbriata. 

1. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. (I. F. f. 3002.) Peren- 
nial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky-pubescent. Stem 3-5 dm. high; 
leaves lanceolate to oblong, 5-10 cm. long, the lower long-petioled; spike-like 
branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2-8 cm. long; flowers sessile, numerous, 
about 8 mm. high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, somewhat 
shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla; corolla-appendages in pairs 
between the filaments ; filaments exserted, glabrous or sparingly hairy ; ovules 2 on 
each placenta. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Idaho and Neb. May-Aug. 

2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Crenate-leaved Phacelia. (I. F. f. 
3003.) Annual or biennial; stem very leafy, 1.5-5 d"^- high. Leaves finely 
strigose-pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly crenate-dentate, 
obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 2-6 cm, long, petioled or the 
uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 5-10 cm. 
long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 8 mm. long; calyx-segments acute; 
corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer than the calyx; filaments 
glabrous, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta. In saline soil, Kans. and Colo, to 
Mex. , Utah and Ariz. April-Sept. 

3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose flowered Phacelia. (I. F. f. 
3004.) Biennial, hirsute-pubescent ; stem glandular-viscid above, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves slender-petioled, 5-13 cm. long, pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid 



HYDR OPH YLLA CEA E. 765 

into 3-7, dentate or incised segments, or these again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or 
violet, 12-16 mm. broad, in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; 
pedicels 8-20 mm. long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; appendages of 
the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens; filaments pilose, 
exserted. Moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Mo., south to Ala. April-June. 

4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. Franklin's Phacelia. (I. F. 
f. 3005.) Annual, villous pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves 3-8 cm, 
long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute segments; flowers 
blue or nearly white, in scorpioid racemes; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, 
acute, longer than the tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla; appendages of the 
corolla free at the apex; filaments glabrous, or nearly so; styles united nearly to 
the summit. Ont. and Minn, to Br. Col., Wyo. and Idaho. Summer. 

5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. (I. F. f. 
3006.) Annual, puberulent or glabrate, 1-3 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves 
petioled, 2-5 cm. long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obtuse segments 
or rarely merely dentate, or even entire ; flowers light blue or white, racemose ; 
racemes 5-15-flowered; corolla rotate-campanulate; anthers slightly exserted; 
capsule 6-i2-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending. In moist soil, Penn. to Ga., 
Kans. and Tex. April-June. 

6. Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. Hairy Phacelia. (L F. f. 3007.) Similar to 
the preceding but usually stouter, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves pinnatifid into 5-9 
usually entire segments, or the upper 3-5-lobed, or entire, sessile; racemes rather 
dense; flowers blue; calyx- segments hirsute; corolla rotate-campanulate; ovules 
3 or 4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; capsule 4-8-seeded. In dry 
soil, Va. to Ga., Kans. and Tex. April-June. 

7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's Phacelia . (I. F. f. 3008.) 
Similar to the two preceding species, pubescent; branches weak, 1.5-3 <i"^- loi^g- 
Leaf- segments 3-7, obtuse; racemes 1-5 -flowered; pedicels filiform, r-3.5 cm. 
long; calyx-segments linear; corolla tubular-campanulate, about 6 mm. long and 
broad; anthers not exserted; capsule 3-4 mm. in diameter; fruiting pedicels 
recurved. Along the Potomac River above Washington, and in 111. April-May. 

8. Phacelia Piirshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. (I. F. f. 3009.) Annual, 
pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves pinnately parted or 
pinnatifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate segments; upper leaves sessile, with fewer 
segments; racemes strongly I -sided, io-20-flowered; pedicels 6-25 mm. long; calyx- 
segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; corolla 10-12 mm. broad, blue or white; 
filaments slightly exceeding the corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta. In moist woods 
or thickets, Penn. to Minn., N. Car., Ala. and Mo. April-June. 

9. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. P'ringed or Mountain Phacelia. (I. F. f. 
3010.) Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems 1.5-5 ^^'^- ^o"g- Basal and lower 
leaves slender-petioled, pinnately divided into 5-9 obtuse segments; upper leaves 
sessile, their segments acute; clusters loose, 3-12-flowered; pedicels 8-30 mm. 
long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, white; calyx- segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; 
corolla rotate-campanulate; filaments pilose, about equalling the corolla; ovules 2 
on each placenta. In woods, mountains of Va. to Ala. May-June. 

5. NAMA L. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their 
axils, and blue clustered flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base. Corolla 
rotate-campanulate, 5 -cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on 
the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-cellod); ovules 
numerous on fleshy adherent placentas; styles 2, rarely 3, distinct to the base; 
stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. 
[Greek, a stream, referring to the habitat.] About 15 species, natives of warm 
and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 

Leaves lanceolate; flowers mostly in axillary clusters. 

Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 

I. iV. ajfint's. 

Villous, at least above, and on the calyx; sepals lanceolate. 2. A', quadrt'valvis^ 

Leaver ovate | flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous, 3. X. ovata. 



766 FLORA, 

1. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Smooth Nama. (I. F. f. 301 1.) 
Glabrous or nearly so; stems 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled, 
acute or acummate at both ends, 5-13 cm. long; flowers 12-14 mm. broad, short- 
pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy -bracted axillary clusters; sepals about 
equalling the corolla; capsule 4 mm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In wet 
places, southern 111, to Mo., La. and Tex. Jtme-Aug. 

2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Nama. (I. F. f. 3012.) 
Similar to the preceding, but pubescent, at least above, with spreading hairs; stem 
ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or 
sparingly pubescent, petioled, 5-13 cm. long; sepals about as long as the corolla; 
capsule 4-6 mm, in diameter, about the length of the sepals. In wet soil, Va. to 
Fla. and La. June-Aug. 

3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate-leaved Nama. (LF. f. 3013.) Stem 
3-9 dm, high, puberulent, or hirsute, at least above. Leaves ovate, rarely ovate- 
lanceolate, puberulent, or glabrous, 2-7 cm. long, acute; flowers terminal, often 2.5 
cm, broad, or more; sepals lanceolate, acviminate, very villous, shorter than the 
corolla, longer than the capsule. In wet soil, Ga. to Mo., La. and Tex, May- Sept, 



Family 5, BOR AGIN ACE AE Lindl. 
Borage Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees. Leaves alternate, rarely- 
opposite or verticillate, estipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, 
scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly blue, in one- 
sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx 
inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla 
gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, rarely irregular. Stamens as 
many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube 
or throat ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk com- 
monly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or 
the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled 
carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous 
or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4 i-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded 
carpels. Endosperm fleshy, copious, or none ; cotyledons mostly flat or 
plano-convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide 
distribution. 

* Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. i. Heliotropium. 
* * Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. 
Flowers regular. 

Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. 

Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum, 

Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 

3. Lappula. 
Nutlets unarmed. 

Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases. 
Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous. 

Corolla small, usually white; receptacle conic or elongated. 

Annuals ; calyx nearly closed in fruit; inflorescence naked or brac- 
teolate. 

Lowest leaves mostly opposite; calyx persistent. 

4. Allocarya. 
Leaves all alternate ; calyx at length deciduous. 

5. Cryptanfhe. 
Perennials or biennials; calyx-segments more or less spreading in 

fruit ; inflorescence leafy. 6. Oreocarya. 

Corolla tubular-funnelform, mostly blue; receptacle flat or convex. 
Maritime; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining, 7, Pneujttarta. 
Not maritime; nutlets wrinkled and dry when mature. 

8. Mertensia. 
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny, 9. Asperugo, 



B OR A GIN A CEA E. yGj 

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases. 
Scar of attachment small, flat. 

Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading. - 
Racemes not bracted ; corolla-tube short. lo. Myosotis. 

Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. 

II. Ltthospermum. 
Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. 12. Onosmodiurn. 

Scar of attachment large, concave. 

Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. 13. Symphytum.- 

Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. 14. Borago. 

Flowers irregular. 

Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. 15. Lycopsis. 

Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. 16. Echtum, 

I, HELIOTROPIUM L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or white 
flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or 
linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, 
its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens included; fila- 
ments short, or none. Stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 
4 i-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, sun-turning, i. e., turning 
to or with the sim.] About 115 species, widely distributed. Besides the follow- 
ing, some 9 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i-seeded nutlet. 
Flowers in scorpioid spikes. 

Plant rough-puberulent; leaves oval. i. H. Europaeum. 

Glabrous, fleshy; leaves linear or spatulate. 2. H. Curassavicum. 

Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 3. H. tenellum. 

Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels. 

Style elongated ; flowers large, scattered, white. 4. H. convolvulaceum. 

Style very short; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 5. H. Indicum. 

1. Heliotropium Europaeum L. European Heliotrope. (I. F, f. 3014.) 
Annual, much branched, rough puberulent, 1.5-5 ^^- ^ig^^* Leaves oval, 2-5 cm. 
long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, slender- petioled; flowers white, 2-4 mm. broad, 
in dense I -sided, bractless spikes; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones com- 
monly solitary ; calyx-segments shorter than the corolla-tube ; anthers distinct, 
obtuse; stigma-tip long-conic; fruit depressed-globose, pubescent. In waste places, 
N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. Adventive or nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 

2. Heliotropium Curassavicum L. Sea-side Heliotrope. (I. F. f. 3015.) 
Annual (or southward perennial ?), fleshy, more or less glaucous, diffuse, the 
branches 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves oblanceolate, linear, or spatulate, entire, in- 
conspicuously veined, 2-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed into petioles, 
or the upper sessile; scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers 
about 4 mm. broad; calyx-segments acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or 
changing to blue; stigma umbrella- shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit globose. On 
sandy seashores, Va. to Tex. and Mex. In dry saline soil from Manitoba and the 
N. W. Terr, to Neb. and Tex. On the Pacific Coast from Ore. to Mex. Widely 
distributed in saline and maritime soil in S. Am. and the Old World. In ballast 
about the northern seaports. May-Sept. 

3. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. Slender Heliotrope. (I. F. f. 
3016.) Annual, strigose-canescent; stem commonly leafless below. 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high. Leaves linear, entire, I-4 cm. long, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the 
lower petioled; flowers white, about 5 mm. long, bracted by I or 2 loaves; calyx- 
segments unequal; corolla-tube canesccnt, its lobes entire; anthers obtuse; stigma 
subulate-tipped; frxiit depressed, strigose-pubescent. In dry soil, Ky. to Kans., 
Ala., Tex. and N. Mex. April-Aug. 

4. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray. Bindweed Heliotrope. 
(I. F. f. 3017.) Annual, strigose-canescent, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
ovate, or lanceolate, entire, sliort-potioled, narrowed at the base. I-4 cm. long; 
flowers numerous, fragrant, short-pedxmcled, mostly solitary and opposite the leaves • 
calyx-segments acuminate, equal; corolla whitej strigose, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 12 



7^8 FLORA. 

mm. broad, its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the angulate-lobed limb; 
anthers inserted on the tube of the corolla, sligitly cohering by their tips; style 
filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs; fruit 2-lobed, pubescent. In dry 
sandy soil. Neb. to Tex., Utah and Mex= July-Sept. 

5. Heliotropium Indicum L. Indian Heliotrope. (I. F. f. 3018.) An- 
nual, hirsute or hispid ; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, rounded 
or subcordate at the base. 5-15 cm. long, repand or undulate, margined-petioled; 
flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless usually solitary 
scorpioid spikes; calyx- segments acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; 
style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous. In waste places, 
N. Car. to 111., Fla. and Tex. Nat. from India. Also in ballast about the northern 
seaports. May-Nov. 

2. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 

Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire 
leaves, the basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, 
more or less scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5 -cleft or 5 -parted, enlarged in fruit. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales 
opposite the imbricated- rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short. Ovary 
deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets oblique, attached laterally to the convex or conic recep- 
tacle, covered with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.] About 75 
species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western 
N. Am. 

Stem leafy to the top: flowers reddish, purple or white; nutlets flat. i. C. officinale. 
Stem leafless above ; flowers blue ; nutlets convex. 2. C. Virginicum. 

1. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's-iongue. Gipsy Flower. (I. F. 
f. 3019.) Biennial; stem stout, 4-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, sometimes obtuse, 1.5-3 d™- ^^^Z\ upper leaves lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate, sessile; racemes much elongated in fruit; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; 
calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla about 8 mm. broad; fruit pyram- 
idal, about I cm. broad, each of the 4 nutlets forming a side of the pyramid, flat 
on their upper faces, margined, splitting away at maturity, but hanging attached 
to portions of the subulate style. In fields and waste places, Quebec and Ont. to 
Minn., ^lanitoba, N. Car. and Kans. May-Sept. 

2. CynoglossumVirginicum L. Wild Comfrey. (I. F. f. 3020.) Peren- 
nial, hirsute; stem usually simple, leafless above, stout, 4-8 dm. high. Basal and 
lower leaves oval or oblong. 1-3 dm. long, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; upper 
leaves oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and clasping by a cordate base, acute; 
racemes 2-6, bractless, long-peduncled; floM'ers about I cm. broad; calyx-segments 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; fruit depressed. 8 mm. broad, the nutlets convex on the 
upper face, not margined, separating and falling away at maturity. In woods, 
N. B. to western Ont., Fla., La. and Kans. April-May. 

3. LAPPULA Moench. 

Rough-pubescent or canescent herbs, with alternate narrow entire leaves, and 
small blue or white flowers, in terminal racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleftor 5-parted, 
the segments narrow. Corolla salverform or ftmnelform. the tube very short, the 
throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse, spreading, im.bricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style short. Nutlets 4, lat- 
erally attached to the receptacle, at length separating, the margins or backs armed 
with stout barbed prickles, the sides usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminu- 
tive of the Latin lappa, a bur. ] About 40 species, mostly of the north temperate 
zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western N. A. : 
Racemes bracted ; fruiting pedicels not deflexed. 

Prickles in two rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. i. L. Lapptila, 

Prickles in one row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. L. Texana. 
Racemes bracted only at the base: fruiting pedicels deflexed. 

Stem leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate ; fruit globose. 3. L. Virginiana. 

Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear; fruit pyramidal. 

Flowers 6-10 mm. broad; fruit about 6 mm. broad. 4. L. fio7-ibimda. 

Flowers 2-4 mm. broad; fruit about 4 mm, broad. 5. L. Americana, 



BORA GIN A CEA E. y^g 

1. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. (I. F. 
f. 3021.) Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high, the 
branches erect. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatulate, sessile or the 
lower narrowed into petioles, obtuse or obtusish, 1-4 cm. long; racemes more or 
less I -sided; pedicels short, stout; calyx-segments lanceolate; corolla blue, about 
2 mm. broad; fruit globose-oval, 3 mm. in diameter, the nutlets papillose on the 
back, the margins with 2 rows of slender prickles. In waste places, N. S. to Br. 
Col., N. J. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

2. Lappula Texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy Stickseed. (I. F. f. 
3022.) Annual, similar to the preceding. Leaves-linear or linear-oblong, mostly 
obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit; 
flowers about 2 mm. broad; nutlets papillose-tuberculate on the back, the margins 
armed with a row of flat, usually confluent bristles, or these united into a cup. In 
dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Br. Col., Neb., Tex. and Ariz. April- 
Aug. 

3. Lappula Virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. (I. F. f. 3023.) 
Biennial, pubescent; stem 6-12 dm. high, the branches spreading. Basal leaves 
(seldom present at flowering time) ovate to orbicular, cordate, long-petioled; stem 
leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or acuminate, petioled, 0,7-2 dm. long, the upper- 
most smaller, sessile; racemes slender, divergent; pedicels short, deflexed in fruit; 
corolla nearly white, about 2 mm. broad; fruit nearly 4 mm. in diameter; nutlets 
covered on the margins and usually also on the back by the slender flattened barbed 
prickles, the backs commonly also more or less papillose. In dry woods and thick- 
ets, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., Ala., La. and Kans, June-Sept. 

4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Large flowered Stickseed. (I. F. 
f. 3024.) Biennial or perennial, rough -pubescent; stem stout, 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, sessile, or the 
lower narrowed into petioles; racemes erect or nearly so, densely flowered, many 
of them in pairs; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, deflexed in fruit; flowers blue, 6-10. mm. 
broad; fruit pyramidal, about 6 mm. broad; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate 
on the back, the margins armed with a row of flat prickles. Western Ont. and 
Minn, to Br, Col., N. Mex. and Cal. June- Aug. 

5. Lappula Americana (A. Gray) Rydberg. Nodding Stickseed. (I. F. f. 
3025.) Annual, rough-puberillent; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 5-10 cm. long; racemes slender; pedi- 
cels slender, 4-8 mm. long, deflexed in fruit; corolla white or bluish, about 2 mm. 
broad; fruit pyramidal; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, rarely 
with a few prickles on the keel, the margins armed with a row of flat prickles. In 
thickets, Manitoba and N, Dak. to Br. Col. May-Aug. 

4. ALLOCARYA Greene. 

Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often oppo- 
site, and small flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the 
summit, persistent. Calyx 5 -divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla 
salverform, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; 
style short. Nutlets crustaceous, attached at their base or below the middle to the 
receptacle. [Greek, different nuts.] About 25 species, of western N. Am. 

I. Allocarya scopulorum Greene. Mountain Allocarya. (I. F. f, 
3026.) Pubescent, with scattered stiff appressed hairs, the slender spreading 
branches 2-20 cm. long. Leaves I-3.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, sessile or short- 
petioled; flowers about 2 mm. broad, distant, borne in most of the axils, short- 
pedicelled; floral bracts similar to the leaves; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate; 
nutlets reticulate on tlie back, lightly grooved on the ventral side. Western Neb. 
to Mont., Wyo. and Colo. June-Sept. 

5. CRYPTANTHE Lchm. . 

Low annual setose or hispid herbs, M'ith narrow alternate entire loaves, and 
small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5 -parted or 5-cleft. at 
length deciduous, the lobes or segments erect, mostly coni\ivcnt in fruit. Corolla 
small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbricated in 



7^0 FLORA, 

the bud. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitellate. 
Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, attached laterally to the conic or 
elongated receptacle, the scar of attachment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, 
hidden-flowered.] About 50 species, natives of Am., mostly of the v^^estern U. S. 

Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. i. C. crassisepala. 

All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fetidleri. 

1. Cryptanthe crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Crypt- 
ANTHE. (I. F, f. 3027.) Densely hispid, 7-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, or 
linear-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long,- sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles; spikes 
densely flowered; flowers about 4 mm, broad, sessile, bracteolate; fruiting calyx 
6 mm. long, closing over the fruit, its segments linear, obtusish, their midribs much 
thickened; fruit of 3 finely muricate nutlets, and i larger smooth and shining 
nutlet about 2 mm. long. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., Kans., Tex. and 
N. Mex. June- Aug. 

2. Cryptanthe Fendleri (A. Gray) Greene. Fendler's Cryptanthe. 
(I. F. f. 3028.) Erect, hispid; stem 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves linear, or the lowest 
linear-spatulate, 2-6 cm. long; spikes slender, bracteolate only at the base; flowers 
sessile, 2-4 cm. broad; fruiting calyx nearly closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, 
herbaceous ; nutlets 4, all alike, brown, less than 2 mm. long. In dry soil, N. W. 
Terr, to Wash., Neb. and Ariz. June-Aug. 

6. OREOCARYA Greene. 
Hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots, alternate or 
basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid 
flowers. Calyx deeply 5 -parted or 5 -divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less 
spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly crested 
in the throat, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style mostly short. 
Nutlets 4, laterally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or 
winged. [Greek, mountain nut. ] About 9 species, natives of western N. Am. and 
Mex. 

Inflorescence racemose-paniculate; nutlets smooth. i. O. siiffruticosa. 

Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate; nutlets rough. 

Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes. 

Densely rough-hairy, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 2. O. glomerata. 

Silvery appressed-pubescent, 0.7-1.5 dm. high. 3. O. sericea. 

Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes. 

4. O.fulvocanescens. 

1. Oreocarya suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene. Shrubby Oreocarya. (I. F. 
f. 3029.) Perennial, rather stout, strigose-pubescent or somewhat hirsute, 1-3 dm. 
high. Upper leaves linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower oblanceolate, somewhat 
longer; pedicels about 2 mm. long; calyx canescent and somewhat hispid; bract- 
lets longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla 3-6 mm. broad; nutlets nearly 2 mm. 
long, shining, closely fitting together, triangular, acute-margined. In dry soil, 
western Neb. and Wyo. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 

2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene. Clustered Oreocarya. (I. F. 
f. 3030.) Perennial or biennial; stem 1.5-4.5 d™- l^^gh. Leaves spatulate or the 
upper linear, obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, the basal commonly tufted; inflorescence of 
thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral spike-like clusters mostly longer than the 
subtending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla 6-10 mm. broad; fruit pyra- 
midal, the nutlets triangular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose on the back. 
In dry soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Neb., N. Mex. and Utah. May-Sept. 

3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene. Low Oreocarya. (I. F. f. 
3031.) Perennial, low, tufted; stems 7-15 cm. high. Leaves linear-spatulate, 
1-2.5 *^"^- lo^g' imbricated on the short sterile shoots and at the bases of the flower- 
ing stems; inflorescence usually short; calyx densely hispid; corolla 4-6 mm. 
broad; stvle short; nutlets acutely margined, acute, papillose on the back. In dry 
soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. and Utah. May-Sept. 

4. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Gray) Greene. Tawny Oreocarya. 
(I. F. f. 3032.) Perennial, similar to the preceding, but densely strigose or hirsute. 



BORA GIN A CEAE. 77 1 

Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones 2-4 cm. long; 
calyx densely setose with yellowish hairs ; corolla about 4 mm. broad ; style fili- 
form; nutlets acutely margined, tuberculate on the back. In dry soil, western 
Neb. (according to Webber; ; Wyo. to Nev. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

7. PNEUMARIA Hill. 

A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous herb, with alternate entire leaves, and 
small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy -bracted racemes. Calyx- 
lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular- 
campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, 
slightly spreading. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, at- 
tached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining, 
acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature. A monotypic genus. 

I. Pneumaria maritima (L.) fiill. Sea Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oys- 
ter Plant. (I. F. f. 3033.) Pale green, the branches spreading or ascending, 
0.7-4 dm. long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or oblong, 2-10 cm. long, the lower 
and basal ones contracted into margined petioles; flowers blue or nearly white, 
about 6 mm. long, pedicelled; pedicels slender, 1-3.5 cm. long; calyx shorter than 
the corolla-tube; nutlets about as long as the calyx- lobes when mature. On sea- 
beaches, L. I. (?); Mass. to Newf. and Greenland; Ore. to Alaska. Also on the 
coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 

8. MERTENSIA Roth. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large clustered blue purple or 
white flowers. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla 
tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. 
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted; anthers 
obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when 
mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat receptacle. [In 
honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist.] About 16 species, of the north- 
ern hemisphere. Besides the following some 9 others occur in western N. Am. 

Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely s-lobed. 

I. M. Virginica. 
Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed. 

Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata. 

Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolata. 

1. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Virginia Cowslip. (I. F. f. 3034.) 
Glabrous; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, obtuse, 5-13 cm. 
long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; 
flowers blue-purple, showy, about 2.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, 
obtusish; corolla-tube cylindric, a little expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed 
plaited limb, pubescent at the base within; disk with two opposite linear lobes; fila- 
ments filiform, much longer than the anthers. In low meadows and along streams, 
Ont. to N. J., S. Car., Mum., Neb. and Kans. March-May. 

2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Tall Lungwort. (I. F. f. 3035.) 
Roughish-pubescent, dark green; stem 4-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, pinnately 
veined, those of the stem 5-13 cm. long, the lower narrowed into slender petioles; 
basal leaves ovate, roimded or cordate at the base; pedicels filiform, 8-20 mm, long; 
flowers purple-blue, 12-14 mm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla-tube 
about twice as long as the calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb; filaments flattened, 
slightly longer than the anthers; style filiform, usually somewhat exserted. In 
woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, Mich., Neb., Colo, and Utah, July- 
Aug. 

3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Lance-Leaved Lungwort. (I. F. f. 
3036.) Stem slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves papillose, indistinctly veined, 
light green, the upper lanceolate, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, 
the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 7-10 cm. k)ng, narrowed into margined 
petioles; flowers blue, 10-12 mm, long; pedicels 6 -14 nun, U)ng; calyx-lobes fance- 
olate, the tube longer than the calyx and longer than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the 



7/2 FLORA. 

base within; filaments a little longer than the anthers; style filiform, scarcely ex- 
serted. In thickets, western Neb. to Manitoba, Wyo. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 

9. ASPERUGO L. 

An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the 
uppermost sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedi- 
celled and 1-3 together in the upper axils. Calyx campanula te, unequally 5 -cleft, 
enlarged and folded together in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular- 
campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the 
corolla-tube; filaments short. Style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, 
erect, granular-tuberculate, keeled, laterally attached above the middle to the 
elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to the leaves.] A mono- 
typic genus of Europe and Asia. 

I. Asperugo prociinibens L. German Madwort. Catch\\t:ed. (I. F, f. 
3037.) Stems slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or the lower 
spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers short- 
pedicelled, about 2 mm. broad, the pedicels recurved in fruit; fruiting calyx dry 
and membranous, strongly veined, 8-12 mm. broad. In waste places and ballast, 
N. Y. to D. C. and Minn. Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. 

10. MYOSOTIS L. 

Low pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or 
white flowers in elongated more or less i-sided racemes. Calyx 5 -cleft, the lobes 
narrow. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, 
rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; 
filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Style filiform. Nutlets erect, attached by 
their bases to the receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse- 
ear.] About 35 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, i or 2 
others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants. 

Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 6-8 mm. broad. i. M. palustris. 

Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. broad. 2. M. laxa. 

Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips; annuals or biennials. 

Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis. 

Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. 
Calyx-lobes equal. 

Calyx closed after flowering; corolla yellow, changing to violet or blue. 

4. M. versicolor. 
Calyx open after flowering; corolla blue. 5. M. colli7ia. 

Calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla white. 

Calyx not nodding in fruit, mostly less than 5 mm. long; seeds 1.5 mm. long. 

6. M. Virginica. 
Calyx nodding or spreading in fruit, 5-7 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long. 

7. M. macrosperma. 

1. Myosotis paliistris (L.) Lam,. Forget-me-not. Mouse-ear Scorpion- 
grass. (L F. f. 3038.) Appressed-pubescent, with slender rootstocks or stolons; 
stems decumbent, 1.5-5 ^m. long. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 2-8 cm. long; racemes loosely many-flowered; 
pedicels longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute, spread- 
ing in fruit; corolla blue with a yellow eye; nutlets angled and keeled on the inner 
side. . In brooks and marshes, N. S. to N. Y. and Tenn. Escaped from cultiva- 
tion. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July. 

2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget-me-not. (I. F. f. 3039.) Simi- 
lar to the preceding. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; 
racemes very loosely many-flowered; pedicels spreading, much longer than the 
fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes equal, ovate- lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, 
quite as long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye, its limb concave, about 
4 mm. broad; nutlets convex on both the inner and outer sides. In wet muddy 
places, Newf. to Ont., Va. and Tenn. Also in Europe. Ma v- Jul v. 

3. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Lam. Field Scorpion-gr'ass. or Mouse-ear- 
(I. F. f. 3040.) Hirsute-pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Basal and lower 



BORAGINACEAE. 7/3 

leaves oblanceolate, obtuse; stem leaves mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, nar- 
rowed to the sessile base, 1-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes equal, erect, or connivent in 
fruit, triangular-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue or white, 
the limb concave, 2-3 mm. broad ; nutlets convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled 
on the inner. In fields, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to W. Va. Perhaps not 
indigenous. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 

4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. Yellow and Blue Scorpion- 
grass. (I. F. f. 3041.) Annual, hirsute-pubescent, often branched above; stems 
1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or the lower spatulate 
and narrowed into margined petioles; pedicels erect; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 
erect or connivent in fruit, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla pale yellow 
changing to violet or blue, its limb about 2 mm. broad; nutlets convex on the 
outer, slightly keeled on the inner side. In fields and along roadsides, southern 
N. Y. to Del. Nat. from Europe. May-July. 

5. Myosotis collina Hoftm. Early Myosote. Similar to the two preced- 
ing species, usually much branched from the base, rarely over 1.5 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong, or the lower spatulate, mostly obtuse ; pedicels rarely over 2 mm. 
long, the segments not closed over the fruit. Fields, Me. to Ont., Mass. and N. Y. 
Adventive from Europe. May-June. 

6. Myosotis Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Spring Scorpion-grass. (I. F. f. 
3042.) Hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 0.7-3 ^^- high, the branches erect. Leaves 
oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 0.6-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, or the lower spatulate 
and narrowed into short petioles; racemes strict, dense; pedicels ascending or 
erect, or slightly spreading at the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx 
somewhat 2-lipped, unequally 5 -cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the 
tube, connivent in fruit, very hispid; corolla limb 3 mm. broad or less; nutlets con- 
vex on the back, slightly keeled and margined on the inner side. On dry hills 
and banks. Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Tex. April-June. 

7. Myosotis raacrosperma Engelm. Southern Scorpion-grass. Similar 
to M. Virgi?tica, but usually larger, the slender branches ascending or spreading; 
racemes with comparatively few and distant fruiting calyces; pedicels ascending 
or recurved, about equalling the fruiting calyx. D. C. to Fia., Ky., Ark. and 
Tex. April-May. 

II. LITHOSPERMUM L. 

Pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers in 
leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5 -parted or 5 -cleft, the segments or lobes 
narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, naked, pubescent or crested in 
the throat, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, 
inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short. Stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. 
Nutlets 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining, or brown and wrinkled, at- 
tached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment not con- 
cave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets.] About 40 species, of the 
northern hemisphere, a few in S. Am. and Africa. Besides the following, some 7 
others occur in the southern U. S. 

Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equallinj:: the calyx ; flowers distant. 
Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial, i. L. arvefist'. 

Nutlets white, smooth and shinin^r; perennials. 

Leaves lanceolate, acute; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officituilt'. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets i^flobose-ovoid. 3. L. laiifolium. 

Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx; leaves lanceolate; flowers dense. 

4. Z,. pilosutn. 
Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense. 
Corolla-lobes entire ; flowers all complete. 

Hispid-pubescent; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. Gfnelini. 
Hirsute, somewhat canescent; corolla-tube not bearded at the base within. 

6. /.. canescens. 
Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate; later flowers cleist(\ganious. 7. /,. lineari/olium, 

I. Lithospermum arvense T- Bastard Alkankt. Corn Cromwell. 
(I. F. f. 3043.) Appressed-pubesccnt. r.q 5 (bn. hi^lu Leaves bright green, 
lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile iir the lowest slKn-t-potiolod, mostly ap- 



774 FLORA. 

pressed, narrowed at the base, indistinctly veined, I-4 cm. long, the uppermost 
smaller; flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about 6 mm. long; calyx-segments linear- 
lanceolate, longer than or equalling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, puberulent 
in the throat; nutlets glabrous, about 2 mm. high, convex on the back, keeled on 
the inner side, one-third to one-half the length of the calyx-segments. In waste 
places and fields, Quebec to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
May-Aug. 

2. Lithospermum officinale L. Gromwell. (I. F. f. 3044.) Finely 
puberulent; stem 6-12 dm. high, leafy. Leaves few-veined, sessile, 3-10 cm. 
long, the upper surface rough; flowers yellowish white, about 4 mm. long, sessile; 
calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equalling the corolla-tube; corolla funnel- 
form, crested in the throat; style about as long as the stamens; nutlets about 3 mm. 
high, ovoid, obtuse, seldom all ripening. In fields and waste places, Ont. to 
N. Y., west to Minn. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 

3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. (I. F. f. 
3045.) Rough- puberulent; stem 6-9 dm. high, the branches long and slender. 
Leaves pinnately veined, 5-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, or the uppermost smaller; 
flowers yellowish white or pale yellow, 4-6 mm. long, few; calyx-segments linear- 
lanceolate, about as long as the corolla; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; 
style shorter than the stamens; nutlets globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. In dry 
thickets and fields, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Ark. May. 

4. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Woolly Gromwell. (I. F. f. 3046.) 
Perennial from thick roots, hirsiite; stems usually clustered, very leafy, 2-4.5 '^^^' 
high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 4—10 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, sessile, indis- 
tinctly veined; flowers crowded in a terminal leafy thyrsus ; calyx-segments densely 
hirsute, shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube; corolla salverform, the throat 
puberulent below each lobe; style longer than the filaments; nutlets ovoid, acute, 
white, shining, about 4 mm. long. Western Neb. (according to Williams) ; Mont, 
to theN. W. Terr., Br. Col. and Gal. May-July. 

c. Lithospermum Gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. Hairy Puccoon. 
(I. *F. f. 3047.) Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous; stems rather stout, 
3-6 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, 5-8 cm. long, the lowest 
commonly reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong; flowers 12-18 mm. 
long, in short terminal leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear-lanceo- 
late •' corolla salverform; corolla-lobes rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded 
at the base within by 10 hirsute teeth; nutlets white, shining, about 4 mm. high, 
ovoid, much shorter than the calyx -segments. In dry woods, N. Y. to Fla., Minn., 
Mont.i Colo, and N. Mex. April-June. 

6. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. (I. F. f. 
3048.) Perennial, hirsute, canescent at least when young; stems 1.5-4-5 dm. 
high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or linear, sessile, I-4 cm. long, the lowest 
often reduced to appressed scales; flowers about 12 mm. long, sessile, numerous in 
short leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate; corolla salver- 
form crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its tube glandular within; 
nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, much shorter than the calyx-segments. In 
dry soil, Ont. to N. J., Ala., the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Ariz. April-June. 

7. Lithospermum linearifoiium Goldie. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. 
(I. F. f. 3049.) Perennial by a deep root, strigose -pubescent and scabrous; stem 
1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear, sessile, acute or acutish, 1-5 cm. long; flowers of 
two kinds, in^terminal leafy racemes; corolla of the earlier ones salverform, about 
2.5 cm. long, bright yellow, the tube 3-5 times as long as the linear-lanceolate 
calyx- segments, the lobes erose-denticulate, the throat crested; later floM-ers (some- 
times all of them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, 
their pedicels recurved in fruit; nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, 3-4 mm. 
high, pitted, keeled on the inner side. In dry soil, ISIanitoba to 111., Kans., Tex., 
Br. Col., Utah and Ariz. April-July. [Z. angusti folium Michx., not Forsk.] 

12. ONOSMODIUM Michx. 

Perennial stout hispid or hirsute herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined 
leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogynous flowers, in 



BORA GIN A CEAE. 775 

terminal leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5 -parted. 
Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the sinuses slightly 
inflexed, the tube with a glandular lo-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5, 
inserted on the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted ; style filiform, 
exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only I or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes spar- 
ingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat recep- 
tacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like onosma, or ass-smell.] 
About 6 species, of N. Am. and Mex. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
southwestern U. S. 

Leaves acute; stem hirsute. 

Plant green; hairs long and shaggy; nutlets ovoid, 3 mm. long. i. O. Carolinianum, 
Plant pale; hairs shorter and soft; nutlets ovoid-globose, 4 mm. long. 

2, O. molle. 

Leaves obtuse ; stem appressed-hispid. 3. O. Virginianum, 

1. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Shaggy False Gromwell. 
(I. F. f. 3050.) Spreading-hirsute with bristly hairs; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate, ■ ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sessile, 5-9-ribbed, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 
numerous and crowded; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; calyx-segments linear, 
acute; corolla pubescent outside, about i cm. long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
acute, about one-half as long as the tube; nutlets obtuse. In dry fields or thickets, 
or on banks, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Kans., south to Ga. and Tex. 
May-July. 

2. Onosmodium molle Michx. Soft-hairy False Gromwell. (I. F. f. 
3051.) Similar to the preceding, but usually lower, 3-6 dm. high, canescent, at 
least when young, the pubescence soft and shorter, that of the leaves appressed. 
Leaves smaller, ovate-lanceolate; corolla-lobes usually less than one-half the 
length of the tube; nutlets larger. On plains, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to 
111., Kans., Tex. and Utah. May-July. 

3. Onosmodium Virginianum (L.) DC. Virginia False Gromwell. (I. 
F. f. 3052.) Appressed-hispid with stiff" hairs; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 2-8 cm. long, or the lower oblanceolate, 
acutish and narrowed into petioles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; 
corolla cylindric or nearly so, about 8 mm. long, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 
nearly as long as the tube, strigose without; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, 
2-3 mm. long. In thickets or on hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
May-July. 

13. SYMPHYTUM L. 

Erect rough hairy perennial herbs, with mucilaginous roots, alternate entire 
leaves, the uppermost tending to be opposite, the lower long-petioled. Flowers 
yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal scorpioid racemes. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft. 
Corolla tubular to campanulate, slightly dilated above, 5-lobed, the lobes short, the 
throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla- 
tube. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely ovoid, wrinkled, inserted by their 
bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of the attachment broad, concave, dentate. 
[Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing virtues.] About 15 species, of 
the Old World. 

Pilose-pubescent. . i. .S". officinale. 

Stem bristly-papillose. 2. S. aspcrimum. 

1. Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey. Healing-herb. (I. F. f. 3053.) 
Roots thick, deep; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, or 
the lower ovate, pinnately veined, 0.7-2.5 dm. long, acute or acuminate; pedicels 
4-8 mm. long; calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, much 
shorter than the corolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, 1-2 mm. long; nutlets brown, 
shining, 4 mm. high. In waste places, Newf. to Minn., south to Md. Nat. or 
adventive from Em-ope. June-Aug. 

2. Symphytum asperimum Sims. Rough Comfrey. Similar to the pre- 
ceding, but the stem and branches very rough-bristly. Leaves ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, rough; calyx-segments subulate. In waste places, N. V. and Mass. 
Summer. Adventive from Europe. 



7/6 



FLORA, 



14. BORAGO L. 

Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and 
showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft or 
5 -parted. Corolla rotate, the tube short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube; filaments 
dilated below, narrowed above into a slender appendage; anthers linear, erect, and 
connivent into a cone. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat 
receptacle, the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, burr a, rough 
hair, alluding to the foliage.] Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. 

4. Borago officinalis L. Borage. (I. F. f. 3054.) Stem 3-8 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong to obovate, 5-13 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, or the 
upper smaller, ovate-lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; 
pedicels 3-5 cm. long, spreading or recurving; calyx-segments lanceolate, nearly 
erect in fruit; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, the cone of anthers darker, about 
6 mm. long ; nutlets 4 mm. high. In waste places, escaped from gardens, N. S. to 
Ont. and Penn. Native of Europe. June-Sept. 

15. LYCdPSIS L, 

Annual bristly-hispid herbs, with alternate leaves, and small blue or bluish 
flowers, in leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5 -parted. 
Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat un- 
equally 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. 
Stamens 5, included, on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at 
each end. Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, 
the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf-face.] About 4 species, natives of 
the Old World. 

I. Lycopsis arvensis L. Small Bugloss. (I. F. f. 3055.) Stem 3-6 dm. 
high, the branches becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, narrowly oblong or 
the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the 
lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much smaller and acute or acutish; flowers 
4-6 mm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the curved 
corolla-tube. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., Penn. and Va. Nat. 
or adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

16. ECHIUM L. 

Mostly bristly-hirsute herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large blue violet 
or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the seg- 
ments narrow. Corolla tubular-funnelform, the limb unequally 5-lobed, the lobes 
rounded, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, un- 
equal, at least the longer ones exserted; filaments dilated at the base; anthers ovate 
or oblong. Style filiform, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, 
attached by their bases to. the flat receptacle. [Greek, a viper.] About 30 species, 
natives of the Old World. 

I. Echium vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Bluevv'^eed. (I. F. f. 3056.) 
Bristly-hairy, biennial; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or 
linear-lanceolate, entire, 5-15 cm. long, sessile, or the lower and basal ones nar- 
rowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, varying to violet-purple, 1. 5-2. 5 cm. 
long, numerous in short i-sided spikes, fo^-ming a narrow thyrsus. In fields and 
waste places, N. B. to Va., Ont. and Neb. Nat. from Europe. June-July, 

Family 6. VERBENACEAE J. St.Hil. 

Vervaift Family. 

Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticil- 
late or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regu- 
lar flow^ers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, 
mostly persistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla regular, or 
2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 
4, didynamous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted 
on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs 



verbenaceajE. 777 

longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-io-celled), 
composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous 
ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries i ovule in each cavity; style terminal; 
stigmas i or 2. Fruit dry, separating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a 
drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely 
fleshy; embryo straight. About 70 genera and 1200 species, of wide 
geographic distribution. 

Flowers in heads or spikes; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets; ours herbs. 

Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. i. Verbena. 

Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia. 

Flowers in axillary cymes; shrubs; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicarpa. 

I. VERBENA L. 

Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and 
bracted flowers, in terminal spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5 -angled, unequally 
5 -toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb spreading. Connective of 
the anthers unappendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; 
ovule I in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes 
stigmatic. Fruit mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4, i -seeded 
linear or linear-oblong crustaceous nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb,] About 
100 species, natives of Am., or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean 
region. Besides the following, some 13 others occur in the southern and western 
parts of N. Am. 

Flowers 4-10 mm. long, in narrow spikes; anthers unappendaged. 
Spikes filiform or slender; bracts shorter than the flowers. 
Spikes filiform; fruit scattered; corolla usually white. 

Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual; fruit short. 

1. V. officinalis. 
Leaves serrate (rarely incised); erect perennial; fruit oblong. 

2. V. urticifolia. 
Spikes slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue. 

Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent; corolla 4-6 mm. long. 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. 3. V. hastata. 

Leaves linear to spatulate-l.anceolate, mostly obtuse and sessile. 

4. V. angiisti/olia. 
Plants densely soft-pubescent; corolla 8-10 mm. long. 

, 5. V. stricta. 

Spikes thick, dense; bracts longer than the flowers. 6. V. bracteosa. 

Flowers 14-25 mm. long, in short dense elongating spikes; connective of the longer 
stamens appendaged. 
Corolla-limb 12-20 mm. broad; bracts mostly shorter than the calyx. 

7. V. Canadensis. 
Corolla-limb 8-10 mm. broad; bracts equalling or exceeding the caljx. 

8. v.- bipinnatifida. 

1. Verbena officinalis L. European Vervain. Herb-of-the-Cross. 
Berbine. (I. F. f. 3057.) Stem 4-sided, glabrous or nearly so, diftusely branched, 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower deeply incised or 1-2 pin- 
natifid, ovate, oblong, or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, 
the teeth acute; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes tili- 
form, at length 10-13 cm. long; fruits less than 2 mm. high, scatt^^red; bracts 
ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish or white, the limb 2-4 mm. broad. In waste 
and culivated ground, Me. to Fla. and Tex. Also on the Pacitic Coast. Nat. 
from the Old World. June-Sept. 

2. Verbena urticifolia L. White or Nettle-leaved Vervain. (T. F. f. 
3058.) Usually pubescent; stem strict, 4-sided, q-15 dm. high, the branches up- 
right. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, all potioled, or the upporn\ost 
sessile, serrate-dentate, thin, acute or acinninate. 3-13 cm. long; spikes tiliform. 
at length i-i. 5 dm. long; fruits oblong, about 2 mm. high; bracts ovate, acumi- 
nate; corolla white or pale ]-)uri>le, its limb about 2 mm. broad. In tields and 
waste places, N. B. to S. Dak., Kans., Fla. and Tex. Ilybridi/.es with J', bract - 
t'osa, V. hastata and V. str'uta. June-Sept. 



TJ^ FLORA. 

Verbena urticif61ia riparia (Raf.) Britton. Leaves incised, sometimes 3-cleft near 
the base; flowers blue. River-banks, N. J. to N. Car. 

3. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Wild Hyssop. (I. F. f. 3059.) 
Perennial, roughish-puberulent; stem strict, 4-sided, 9-22 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate, serrate or incised-dentate 
with acute teeth, 0.7-1.5 cm. long, the lower sometimes hastately 3-lobed at the 
base; spikes panicled, slender, usually peduncled, 5-15 cm. long; fruits 2-3 mm. 
high; bracts ovate, acuminate; corolla blue, its limb about 3 mm. broad. In moist 
fields, meadows and in waste places, N. S. to Br. Col., Fla., Neb. and N. Mex. 
Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Sept. 

Verbena hastata pinnatifida (Lam.) Britton. Leaves deeply incised or pinnatifid. 
Occasional in the range of the type. 

4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. (I. F. f. 
3060.) Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubescent; stem slender, 4-sided above, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceolate, cuneate at the base, serrate 
or serrulate, veiny, 3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spikes mostly solitary, slender, 
dense, 5-13 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling 
or shorter than the calyx ; corolla purple or blue, about 6 mm. long. In dry fields, 
Mass. to Fla. to Minn., Kans. and Ark. Hybridizes with V, stricta and V. brac- 
teosa. June-Aug. 

5. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary or Mullen-leaved Vervain. (I. F. f. 
3061.) Perennial, soft-pubescent; stem obtusely 4-angled, strict, very leafy, 
3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, short-petioled, prominently veined, 
incised-serrate or laciniate, 2-10 cm. long; spikes mostly sessile, dense, becoming 
1.5-3 dm. long in fruit; fruits 4-5 mm. high; bracts lanceolate-subulate, nearly as 
long as the calyx; corolla purplish blue. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., S. Dak., 
Wye, Tenn., Tex. and N. Mex. Nat. as a weed further east. Hybridizes with 
V. bracteosa. June-Sept. 

6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. (I. F. f. 3062.) 
Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided, the branches decumbent or ascending, 
slender, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in outline, pinnately in- 
cised or pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long, the lobes mostly dentate; spikes sessile, stout, 
becoming 1-1.5 dm. long in fruit; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, rather 
rigid, the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish blue, about 4 mm. long. On 
prairies and in waste places, Mmn. and 111. to Ala. and Fla., Br. Col., Ariz, and 
Cal. Hybridizes with V. Canadensis. May- Aug. 

7. Verbena Canadensis (L.) Britton. Large-flowered Verbena. (I. F. f. 
3063.) Perennial; stem slender, 2-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves 
ovate in outline, petioled, 2-8 cm. long, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, 
irregularly pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes dentate; spikes peduncled, 
solitary at the ends of the branches, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit; bracts linear- 
subulate; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, blue, purple, white 
or in cultivation variegated; fruit 5-6 mm. high. In dry soil, 111. to Tenn., Fla., 
Kans., Mex. and N. Mex. This and the next the source of many garden and 
other hybrids. May- Aug. 

8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Verbena. (I. F. f. 
3064.) Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or hispid; stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high. Leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in outline, deeply 
i-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear-oblong lobes and segments; spikes solitary at 
the ends of the branches, thick, dense, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit; calyx- 
teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 12-18 mm. long, purple or lilac; fruit 3-4 mm. 
high. On dry plains and prairies, S. Dak. to Tex., Chihuahua, Colo, and Ariz. 
May-Sept. 

2. LIPPIA L. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, and small 
bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campanulate or com- 
pressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 
oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers ovate, not 
appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules i in each cavity; 



LABIA TAE. 779 

style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a membranous exocarp, 
at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678- 
1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most abmidant in tropical Am. 
Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern U. S. 

Leaves spatulate, 2-8-toothed above ; peduncles little exceeding the leaves. 

I. L. cuneifolia. 

Leaves sharply serrate ; peduncles much longer than the leaves. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata. 

Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodifiora. 

1. Lippia cuneifolia (Torr.) Steud. Wedge-leaved Fog-fruit. (I. F. £ 
3065.) Pale, minutely puberulent, or glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody 
base; branches rigid, procumbent, somewhat zigzag. Leaves sessile, obscurely 
veined, rigid, 2-4 cm. long, with 2-8 sharp teeth above the middle or rarely en- 
tire, acutish; head becoming cylindric and 12-16 mm. long; bracts cuneate, 
abruptly acuminate; calyx-lobes 2-toothed or emarginate; corolla-tube longer than 
the calyx; fruit oblong. On plains, S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and 
Ariz. May-Aug. 

2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog-fruit. (I. F. f. 3066. ) Green, glabrous, 
or sparingly pubescent with forked hairs ; stems slender, procumbent or ascending, 
sometimes rooting at the nodes, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or 
oblong-lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled, acute or subacute, sharply 
serrate to below the middle, 2-8 cm. long, 0.6-3 cm. wide; heads becoming cylin- 
dric and about 12 mm. long in fruit; bracts acute; corolla pale blue, scarcely 
longer than the calyx; fruit globose. In moist soil, N. J. to 111., Kans., Fla., Tex. 
and Mex. Also in Cal. June-Aug. 

3. Lippia nodifiora (L.) Michx. Spatulate -leaved Fog-fruit. (I. F. f. 
3067.) Minutely and rather densely puberulent, creeping, or the branches ascend- 
ing, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 1-6 cm. 
long, 0.6-2.5 cm. wide, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a cuneate entire base, 
sharply serrate above the middle; heads at length cylindric and 1-2.5 cm. long; 
corolla purple to white. In wet or moist soil, S. Car. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also 
in Cal., Cent. Am. and the W. Indies. May-Sept. 

3. CALLICARPA L. 

Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in 
axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or trun- 
cate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft (rarely 5 -cleft), the 
lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary incom- 
pletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous; style 
slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than 
the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.] About 35 species, 
the following of southeastern N. Am., the others Asiatic, African and of tropical 
Am. 

I. Callicarpa Americana L. French Mulberry. (I. F. f. 3068.) A 
shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the twigs, petioles and young leaves stellate-scurfy, the 
mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, and glandular-dotted. Twigs terete; leaves 
thin, ovate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate. 7-15 cm. long; 
cymes many-flowered, short-peduncled; pedicels very short; calyx-teeth much 
shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue, about 3 mm. long; fruit violet-blue, glo- 
bose, 3 mm. in diameter. In moist thickets, Va. to Fla., Ala., Ark. and Tex. 
June-July. 

Family 7. LABIAtAE B. Juss. 

Mint Fa))iily. 

Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), 
mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. 
Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typicallv cymose, 
usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed 
(rarely 4-tootlied), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube. 



7^0 FLORA. 

the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 
2-Iobed, or sometimes entire ; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne 
on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2, rarely 
equal ; filaments separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; anthers 
2-celled, introrse, or confluently i-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. 
Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each 
lobe or division with i mostly anatropous ovule ; style arising from the 
centre of the lobed or parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 
i-seeded nutlets. Seed erect (transverse in Sadellaria) ; endosperm 
scanty, or none; embryo mostly straight ; radicle short, inferior. About 
160 genera and 3000 species, of wide distribution. The family is also 
known as Lamiaceae. 

A. Ovary 4-lol)ed, tlie style not basal; nutlets laterally attached. 
Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently i-lipped, or the other h'p verj^ short; stamens 
exserted . 
Upper lip of corolla short, truncate. i. Ajuga. 

Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip. 

2. Teucrium, 
Corolla-Hmb nearly equally 5-lobed. 

Corolla-lobes spreading; stamens short-exserted. 3. Isanthus. 

Corolla- lobes declined ; stamens long-exserted. 4. Trichostema. 

B. Ovary 4-parted, the style hasal; nutlets basally attached. 

* Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 5. Scutellaria. 

* * Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. 
Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 6. Marrubium. 

Stamens longer, not included in the corolla tube. 

f Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lips unlike, the upper concave. 
(a) Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior. 
Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. 

Tall erect herbs; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending. 

7. AgastacJie. 
Trailing herb ; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla. 

8. Meehania. 
Anther-sacs divergent. 

Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; plant erect. 

9. Nepeta. 
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally 5-toothed. 

Trailing herb; calyx unequally 5-toothed. 10. Glecoma. 

Erect herbs; calyx 2-lipped. ' ii. £>7-acocephalum. 
Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior. 

Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 12. Prunella. 
Calyx 3-10-toothed. not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit. 
Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. 13. Physostegia. 

Calyx 4-lobed. 14. Synandra. 
Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly 5-10-nerved. 

'Style-branches very unequal. 15. Phlomis. 
Style-branches equal, or nearly so. 

Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. 16. Galeopsis. 
Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent. 
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. 

Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. 18. Lamium. 

Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. 17. Leonurus. 
Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. 

Calyx with a spreading 5-toothed limb. 19. Ballota. 
Calyx-limb not spreading. 

Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx; anther-sacs di- 
vergent. 20. Stachys. 
Corolla-tube exserted; lower petioles very long ; anther- 
sacs parallel. 21. Betonica. 
(b) Anther-bearing stamens 2. 
Connective of the anther very long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and a rudimentary 
one, or none, at the other. 22. Salvia. 



LABI AT AE, J%\ 

Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent. 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. 23. Monarda. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. 24. Blephili'a. 

1 1 Corolla 2-ltpped, or regular; upper Itp^ when present, Jlat, or only slightly concave. 

(a) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes. 
Corolla 2-Hpped. 

Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 25. Hedeoma. 

Anther-bearing stamens 4. 

Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted. 26, Melissa. 

Corolla-tube straight. 

Calyx lo-nerved, campanulate, about equally 5-toothed. 

27. Satureia. 
Calyx mostly 13-nerved, tubular, 2-lipped. 28. Clinopodium. 

Stamens straight, often diverging. 

Calyx 15-nerved. 29. Hyssopus. 

Calyx io-13-nerved. 

Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
Anther-sacs divergent. 

Calyx equally 5-toothed; erect herbs. 30. Origanum. 

Calyx 2.1ipped, creeping herbs. 32. Thymus. 

Anther-sacs parallel. 31. Koellia. 

Anther-bearing stamens 2. 33, Cunila. 

Corolla regular, 4-5-lobed. 

Anther-bearing stamens 2; plants not aromatic. 34. Lycopus, 

Anther-bearing stamens 4; aromatic fragrant herbs. 35. Mentha. 

(b) Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate; native. 

36. Collinsonia. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate; introduced. 

Flowers racemose. 37. Perilla. 

Flowers densely spiked. 38. Elsholtzia. 

I. AJUGA L. 

Herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather large verticillate-clustered flowers 
in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. Calyx 10 -many-nerved, 5-toothed or 
5-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lirnb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, 
the lower spreading, with 2 small lateral lobes and a much larger emarginate or 
2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer; anther- 
sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticu- 
late. [Greek, without a yoke; from the seeming absence of the upper lip of the 
corolla,] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Ajuga reptans L, Bugle. (I. F. f. 3069,) Perennial, producing slender 
stolons; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the 
apex, crenate or undulate, 2-8 cm. long, tapering into margined petioles; leaves 
of the stem oblong or oblanceolate, smaller, sessile or nearly' so, those of the stolons 
mostly petioled; upper flower-clusters, often forming a short spike, the lower com- 
monly distant and axillary; corolla blue or nearly white, about 12 mm. long. In 
fields, Quebec and Me. to southern N. Y. Nat. from Europe, May-June, 

2, TEUCRIUM L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with rather small pink white or purplish flowers, in terminal 
bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
late, lO-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the limb irregularly 5-lobcd, the 
2 short upper lobes oblong, the lateral lobe declined, more or loss united with the 
upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 
anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Nutlets 
obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer.] Over lOO 
species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern 
U. S. 

Leaves dentate or serrate ; flowers in terminal spikes. 

Calyx canescent, it upper teeth obtuse. i. 7'. Canadense. 

Calyx villous, its upper teeth acutish. 2. T. occidcfttalc. 

Leaves pinnately parted ; flowers axillary, solitary. 3, T. laciniatum. 



7^2 FLORA. 

1. Teucrium Canadense L. American Germander or Wood Sage. 
(I. F. f. 3070.) Perennial, pubescent or canescent; stem stiff, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, mostly narrowed at 
the base, short-petioled, 3-13 cm. long; spike becoming 1.5-3 dm. long in fruit, 
its lower bracts sometimes foliaceous; upper bracts commonly not longer than the 
calyx; flowers I-2 cm. long, short-pedicelled; calyx about 6 mm. long in fruit, 
its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute. In moist thickets or along marshes, N. E. 
to Manitoba. Fla., Kans., Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 

2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. (I. F. f. 3071.) 
Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate, sharply dentate, mostly rounded at the base, 
usually slender-petioled, 2-9 cm. long; spikes becoming 0.7-2 dm. long in fruit; 
bracts lanceolate-subulate or the lower sometimes larger; calyx and axis of the 
spike villous-pubescent, the 3 upper calyx-teeth acute or acutish; corolla 8-12 mm. 
long. In moist soil, Ont. to Penn., Br. Col., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. July-Sept. 

3. Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Cut-leaved Germander. Diffusely 
branched from a woody perennial root, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 3-7- 
parted into linear segments; upper leaves about equalling the flowers; corolla 
1-2 cm. long, blue or lilac. Plains, Kans. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. 

3. ISANTHUS Michx. 

An annual erect finely viscid-pubescent much-branched herb, with narrow 
entire or few-toothed leaves, and small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx 
broadly campanulate, lO-nerved, nearly equally 5 -toothed, the teeth lanceolate. 
Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly 
equally 5 -cleft into obovate somewhat spreading lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
incurved-ascending, not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the 
longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style minutely 
2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose-reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the 
corolla-lobes being nearly equal.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal. (I. F. f. 3072.) 
Stem slender, much branched, 1.5-5 dm. tall, the branches spreading. Leaves 
oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, 
3-nerved, short-petioled, 2-5 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; axillary cymes 1-3-flowered; 
pedicels very slender, some of them as long as the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes acute 
or acuminate, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. long, the fruiting 
calyx 6mm. long. In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec and Ontario to 
Minn., Kans., Ga. and Tex. July-Sept. 

4. TRiCHOSTEMA L. 

Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with 
lanceolate oblong or linear entire or slighly repand leaves. Flowers small, or 
middle-sized, pink, blue, purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense 
cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes 
ovate or lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb some- 
what oblique and deeply 5 -cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the 
filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted; anther-sacs divaricate, 
more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the 
summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen, referring to the 
slender filaments.] About 8 species, natives of North America. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plant minutely viscid-pubescent. i. T. dt'chotomum. 

Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. lineare. 

I. Trichostema dichotomum L. Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. 
(I. F. f. 3073.) Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent; stem slender, 1.5-5 dm. 
high. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, narrowed into short 
petioles, 2-8 cm. long; the upper gradually smaller; flowers paniculate, 12-18 mm. 
long, borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteolate peduncles; calyx oblique, very unequally 
5-lobed, the 3 upper lobes much longer and more united than the 2 lower ones; 
corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly white, the limb longer than the tube ; stamens 



LABIA TAE. 783 

blue or violet. In dry fields, Me. to Fla., Penn., Ky. and Tex. The lateral flow- 
ers become inverted by torsion of the pedicels. July-Oct. 

2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow-leaved Blue Curls. (I. F. f. 
3074.) Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so. Leaves linear, sessile 
or short-petioled, 1-5 cm. long, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy 
branches in their axils ; flowers similar to those of the preceding, sometimes larger. 
In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, R. I. to Ga. and La. July-Aug. 

5. SCUTELLARIA L. 

Bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in bracted mostly 
secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx cam- 
panulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protu- 
berance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit. Corolla recurved-ascending, 
dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, 
entire or emarginate ; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and 
somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, the margins mostly 
recurved. . Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper 
lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate; anthers of 
the lower pair of stamens i-celled, also ciliate. Nutlets papillose or tuberculate. 
[Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.] About 100 species of 
wide distribution. Besides the following, some 1 1 others occur in southern and 
western N. Am. 

* Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase. 
Flowers 6-10 mm. long, in axillary and sometimes terminal racemes. 

I. S. lateriflora. 
Flowers 12-30 mm. long, in terminal often panicled racemes. 

Plant glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves broad. 2. S. serrata. 

Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose. 

Leaves, all except the floral, crenate or dentate, broad. 

Canescent, not glandular ; corolla canescent. 3. S. incana. 

Densely glandular-pubescent; corolla puberulent. 4. .S". cordifoha. 

Pubescent below, glandular above; corolla nearly glabrous. 

5. S. pilosa. 
Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. S. integrifolia. 

Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes. 

Annual, villous, branched from the base. 7. S. Drummondii. 

Perennial from a thick woody root. 8. S. resinosa. 

Fibrous-rooted; perennial by rootstocks or stolons. 
Flowers 4-8 mm. long. 

Plant glabrous, or slightly pubescent. 9. S. paj-vula. 

Plant densely pubescent all over. 10. 6". campestris. 

Flowers 16-26 mm. long. 

Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. 

II. S. Briftonii. 
Densely cinereous-pubescent, pale. 12. S. Bushii. 

Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent. 

Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. 13. S. saxatilis. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 

14. S. galfricuhita. 
* * Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase; flowers axillary. 

15. S. ttervosa. 

1. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3075.) Per- 
ennial by slender stolons, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, 
2-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender- 
petioled, acute or acuminate, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcor- 
date at the base, 2-8 cm. long, the upper gradually smaller, the uppermost some- 
times entire; racemes narrow, secund; corolla blue, varying to nearly white, its 
lips about equal, one-filth as long as the tube. In wet places, Newf. to Ont., Br. 
Col., Fla., N. Mcx. and Wash. ' July-Scpt. 

2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3076.) Peren- 
nial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled. 
acute, crenate or dentate, 5-10 cm. long, the uppermost reduced to small bracts; 
racemes almost always" simple and terminal, the flowers opposite; corolla 2.5 cm. 



784 FLORA. 

long, blue, minutely puberulent, its tube narrow, gradually expanded above into 
the throat, its upper lip shorter than the lower. In woods, N. Y. and Penn. to 
N. Car., 111. and Ky. May-June. 

3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3077.) Peren- 
nial, finely and densely whitish downy, or the upper surfaces of the leaves gla- 
brous; stem 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather firm, slender- 
petioled, acute, crenate-dentate. 7-1 1 cm. long; racemes terminal, usually numer- 
ous and panicled; corolla 18-20 mm. long; upper lip of the corolla slightly 
longer than the lower. In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to 111., Kans., N. Car. 
and Ala. June-Aug. 

4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Heart-leaved Skullcap. (I. F, f, 
3078.) Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high, often simple. 
Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate-dentate all around, 5-10 cm. long, 
all but the uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal, narrow; bracts ovate, 
mostly entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; corolla puberulent, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its tube narrow, its throat moder- 
ately dilated. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Fla., west to Wis., Kans. and Tex. 
June-Aug. S. venosa Kearney (6". versicolor minor Chapm.) appears to differ from 
this only in size. 

5. Scutellaria pilbsa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3079.) Peren- 
nial; stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, 
or the upper subacute, crenate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes terminal, sometimes also in 
the upper axils; bracts oblong or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels; 
corolla blue. 12-16 mm. long, its lower lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter 
than the arched upper one. In dry sandy woods and thickets, N. Y. and Penn. to 
Mich., Mo., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 

Scutellaria pil6sa hirsuta (Short) A. Gray. Stouter, sometimes 9 dm. high, hirsute; 
leaves larger, coarsely crenate. Va. and Ky. 

6. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. (LF. f. 3080.) 
Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, linear to 
oblong, petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long, or the lower 
ovate, lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and sometimes subcordate at the base, 
often crenate-dentate or incised; racemes terminal; bracts linear- oblong, subacute, 
longer than the pedicels; corolla blue or whitish underneath, 2-3 cm. long, its 
large lips nearly equal. In fields, woods and thickets, Conn, and R. I. toW.Va., 
Fla., La. and Tex. May-Aug. 

7. Scutellaria Drummondii Benth. Drummond's vSkullcap. (I. F. f. 
3081.) Villous-puberulent or pubescent, the branches 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves 
ovate, oblong, or obovate, entire, or the lower sparingly crenulate, 8-25 mm. long, 
the upper sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost gradually smaller; flowers soli- 
tary in the axils, short-peduncled ; corolla blue, or the tube nearly white, 8-10 mm. 
long, pubescent, the lower lip violet, spotted, longer than the upper. Kans. (ac- 
cording to Smyth), Tex. and Mex. April-June. 

8. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Resinous Skullcap (L F. f. 3082.) 
Minutely canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous ; stems rigid, tufted, 
ascending, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, sessile, or the lower 
short-petioled, entire, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla 
violet or nearly white, very pubescent, 12-18 mm. long, its tube narrow and lips 
nearly equal. On dry plains, Neb. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 

9. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3083.) 
Glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, sometimes slightly glandular; stems 0.7-3 ^"^• 
tall. Lea.ves ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly orbicular, entire and 
sessile, or the lower sparingly dentate and petioled, 6-25 mm. long; flowers soli- 
tary in the axils; corolla 4-8 mm. long, violet, pubescent. In moist sandy soil, 
Quebec to Ont., S. Dak., N. J., Fla., Neb. and Tex. April-July. 

10. Scutellaria campestris Britton. Prairie Skullcap. (L F. f. 3084.) 
Pubescent; stems diffuse, or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, or the lower 
almost orbicular, entire, or dentate, I-2 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or 
or truncate at the base, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile; flowers solitary 



LABIA TAE. 785 

in the axils; corolla 6-10 cm. long, violet or purple, pubescent. In dry sandy or 
gravelly soil, N. Car. to 111., Iowa, Kans. and the Ind. Terr. April-July. 

11. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. Brixton's Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3085.) 
Viscidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched from the base; stems 1-2 
dm. high, leafy. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short- 
petioled and slightly crenulate, obtuse, rather prominently veined on the lower sur- 
face, 1-2.5 cm. long, the upper scarcely smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; 
pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx ; corolla pubescent, blue, 2-3 cm. long. Neb. 
(according to Coulter) ; Colo, and Wyo. June-July. 

12. Scutellaria Bushii Britton, n. sp. Bush's Skullcap. Erect, rather stiff, 
1.5-2.5 dm. high, finely ashy-pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, firm, entire, 
sessile, 2-3.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the veins prominent; flowers axillary, short- 
pedunckd, 2.5 cm. long; corolla pubescent. Rocky grounds, Shannon Co., Mo. (B. 
F. Bush, No. 54, June 3, 1890). 

13. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Rock Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3086.) Per- 
ennial by filiform stolons, glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem weak, ascending 
or reclining, 1.5-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely cre- 
nate, obtuse, cordate, 2-5 cm. long, or the lower nearly orbicular, and the upper 
lanceolate, subacute and entire ; flowers solitary in the upper axils, or clustered in 
a terminal loose raceme ; bracts longer than the pedicels; corolla light blue, very 
nearly glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long. On moist banks and in thickets, Del. to Va., 
Ohio and Tenn. May -July. 

14. Scutellaria galericulata L. Hooded Willow-herb. Marsh Skull- 
cap. (I. F. f. 3087.) Perennial by filiform stolons, puberulent or pubescent; stem 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or 
the upper sessile, acute, dentate or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the 
base, 2-6 cm. long, the uppermost usually much smaller; flowers solitary in the 
axils; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, puberulent, nearly or quite 
2.5 cm. long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat. In swamps and 
along streams, Newf. to Alaska, N. Car., Ohio, Neb., Ariz, and Wash. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 

15. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. (I. F. f. 3088). Per- 
ennial by filiform stolons ;. stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2-6 cm. high. 
Leaves thin, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, crenate, often subcordate, 
the middle ones larger, ovate, 2-5 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, coarsely dentate 
or crenate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, commonly entire; flowers 
solitary in the axils; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long, puberulent, the lower lip longer 
than the concave upper one. In moist woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to 111., 
N. Car., Tenn. and Mo. May-Aug. 

6. MARRUBIUM L. 

Perennial herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small white or purplish 
flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5-10- 
toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, spreading or recurved 
in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its 
broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the 
posterior pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the 
summit, the lobes short. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name Middle Latin, its meaning 
uncertain.] About 40 species, of the Old World. 

I. Marrubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound. (I. F. f. 3089.) Stem 
stout, woolly, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 
rugose-veined, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. long, rough, whitish alxwe; petioles 
1-2. 5 cm. long, usually exceeding the flowers; clusters many-flowered; flowers 
whitish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate, ghibrous above, woolly below. In waste 
places. Me. and Ont. to Minn., Br. Col., N. Car., Tex. and Mex. Nat. from 
Europe. 

7. AGASTACHE Clayt. 

Tall perennial herbs, with serrate, petioled leaves, and yellowish purplish 
or blue flowers, verticillate-chistered in thick braeteil terminal spikes. Calyx nar- 
rowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5 -toothed. Corolja 



786 FLORA, 

strongly 2 -lipped, the tube as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip 
spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. 
Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 
2-celled, their sacs nearly parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many-spikes.] 
About 4 species, natives of N. Am. Besides the following, i or 2 others occur in 
the Western States. 

Glabrous or very nearly so, stout; corolla greenish yellow. i. A. nepetoides. 

Pubescent, stout; corolla purplish; leaves green both sides. 2, A. scrophulariaefolia. 

Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender; corolla blue; leaves pale beneath. 

3. A. atiethiodora. 

1. Agastache nepetoides (L. ) Kuntze. Catnep Giant-hyssop. (I. F. f. 
3090.) Stem 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate or acute, 
mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 5-15 cm. long; spikes 0.7-4.5 dm. long, usually 
very dense; petioles of the lowest leaves often 5 cm. long; bracts ovate, acute or 
acuminate; calyx-teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, sometimes 
purplish; corolla greenish-yellow, about 8 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to S. Dak., Kans., Ga. and Ark. July-Sept. 

2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Figwort. Giant- 
hyssop. (I. F. f. 3091.) Similar to the preceding, but commonly taller, the 
stem, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves more or less pubescent. Bracts 
broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, very 
acute or sometimes acuminate, whitish or purplish; corolla purplish, 10-12 mm. 
long, considerably exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Mass. to Wis., 
Kans., N. Car. and Ky. Plant strong- scented. July-Get. 

Agastache scrophulariaefolius mollis (Fernald) Britton. Stem and lower leaf 
surfaces densely tomentose. Vt. and Conn, to Iowa. {Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius 
mollis Fernald.) 

3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton. Fragrant Giant-hyssop. 
(I. F. f. 3092.) Stem rather slender, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate or triangular- 
ovate, firm, mostly short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, obtuse 
or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, 5-9 cm. long, anise-scented; 
spikes seldom 1.5 dm. long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth 
ovate to lanceolate, acute, purple; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long, somewhat exceed- 
ing the calyx. On prairies and plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 111., Neb. and 
Colo. July-Sept. 

8. MEEHANIA Britton. 

A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate 
leaves, trailing leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted 
spikes. Calyx campanulate, 15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth lanceolate, acute, 
the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower. Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, 
pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base, gradually widely ampliate into the 
throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the lobes ovate, obtuse; lower 
lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate, 
broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, included, the upper pair longer than 
the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Nutlets oblong, smooth. 
[Named for Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, botanist and horticulturist.] A 
monotypic genus. 

I. Meehania cordata L (Nutt.) Britton. Meehania. (I. F. f. 3093.) 
Flowering stems 0.7-2 dm. high; stolons sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves broadly 
ovate or ovate-orbicular, thin, obtuse or subacute, crenate all around, sparingly 
pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or nearly glabrous beneath, green 
on both sides, 2-5 cm. long, the basal sinus broad; spikes 2-10 cm. long; bracts 
ovate or oblong, acute, membranous, the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing 
the calyx; bractlets small, lanceolate; calyx about I cm. long, puberulent, its longer 
teeth about one-half the length of the tube; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, showy. In 
rich moist woods and thickets, Penn. to Tenn. and N. Car. May-July. 

9. NEPETA L, 
Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue flowers in 
verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, somewhat 



LABIA TAE, 7^7 

oblique, 15 -nerved, 5 -toothed, scarcely 2-lipped, but the upper teeth usually 
longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly 2-lipped; 
upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. An- 
thers 2-celied, the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, compressed, smooth. [Ancient 
Latin name of catnep.] About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Nepeta Catacia L. Catmint. Catnep. Nep. (I. F. f. 3094.) Per- 
ennial, densely tomentulose-canescent, pale green; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
ovate to oblong, petioled, acute, coarsely crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at the 
base, 2-8 cm. long; flower-clusters spiked, the spikes 2-13 cm. long; bracts small; 
bractlets subulate; calyx densely puberulent, the upper teeth about one-half the 
length of the tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-dotted, puberulent 
without, 10-12 mm. long, the broad middle lobe of its lower lip crenulate. In 
waste places, N. B. and Quebec to S. Dak., Va. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
July-Nov. 

10. GLECOMA L. 

Low creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate 
leaves, and blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx 
oblong-tubular, 1 5 -nerved, oblique, not 2-lipped, unequally 5 -toothed. Corolla- 
tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or 
emarginate; the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate. 
Anther-sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek name for thyme, or 
pennyroyal] About 6 species of Europe and Asia. 

I. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-ground. (I. 
F. f. 3095.) Perennial, pubescent, the creeping stems sometimes 4.5 dm. long. 
Lower petioles commonly longer than the leaves; leaves 1-4 cm. in diameter; 
clusters few-flowered, the flowers 1.4-2 cm. long, short-pedicelled; bractlets subu- 
late, shorter than the calyx ; calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acumi- 
nate; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx; upper pair of stamens much 
longer than the lower. In waste places, woods and thickets, Newf. to Minn., Ga. 
and Kans. March-May. 

II. DRACOCEPHALUM L. 

Herbs, with blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters. 
Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, 5-toothed, or 2-lipped with the 3 upper teeth more or less 
united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; 
lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe sometimes 2-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, 
the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.] About 35 
species, of the northern hemisphere. 

Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; clusters mostly terminal, dense. 

I, D. parvtflorxivi. 
Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. 2. D. Moldavica. 

1. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. American Dragon- head. (I. F. 
f. 3096.) Annual or biennial; stem 1.5-5 cL^^- ^^igh- Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or ob- 
long, slender-petioled, serrate, or the lower incised, thin, 2-8 cm. long; clusters, 
many-flowered, in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils; 
bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-pointed teeth ; upper tooth of the calyx 
ovate-oblong, longer than the narrower lower and lateral ones, all acuminate; corolla 
light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry gravelly or rocky soil, N. Y. 
and Ont. to Minn., Alaska, and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and N. Mex. May- 
Aug. 

2. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Moldavian Dragon-head. (I. F. f. 
3097.) Annual, puberulent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 
dentate or somewhat incised, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, clusters k)ose, few-flowered, 
mostly axillary; bracts narrowly oblong, usually shorter than the calyx, deeply 
pectinate with aristate teeth; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx slightly curved, the 2 
lower teeth somewhat shorter than the 3 broader equal upper ones; corolla 2-3 
times as long as the calyx. In a canon near Spring View, Neb. Also in northern 
Mexr Introduced from Europe. June-Aug, 



788 FLORA. 

12. PRUNELLA L. 

Perennial herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small clustered purple or white 
flowers, in dente bracted spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 
lO-nerved, deeply 2 -lipped, closed in fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 
short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla-tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the 
mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 
3-lobed. Filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth 
bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or 
divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled 
Brunella^ the pre-Linnaean form.] About 5 species, of wide geographic dis- 
tribution. 

Leaves entire or crenate. \. P. vulgaris. 

Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 2. P. laciniata. 

1. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. (I. F. f. 3098.) Stem 
slender, 0.5-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, 
2-10 cm. long, the lowest commonly shorter and sometimes subcordate; spikes 
terminal, sessile or short-peduncled, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit; bracts 
broadly ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, ciliate; corolla violet, purple or sometimes 
white, 8-12 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx. In fields, woods and 
waste places throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Nat. from Europe. May- 
Oct. 

2. Prunella laciniata L. Cut-leaved Self-heal. (I. F. f. 3099. ) Similar 
to the preceding, but the stem leaves pinnatifid, lobed, or incised, the basal ones 
often entire or merely crenulate. Vicinity of Washington, D. C. Adventive or 
fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

13. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. 

Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with large or middle-sized 
bracted purple violet pink or white flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx 
membranous, swollen and remaining open in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and 
lo-nerved, equally 5 -toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradu- 
ally much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave, rounded, 
entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Fila- 
ments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel, the margins 
of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Nutlets ovoid- triquetrous, 
smooth. [Greek, bellows-covering, from the inflated fruiting calyx.] About 8 
species, natives of N. Am. 

Flowers 2.5 cm. long, or more ; leaves firm. 

Spike dense, many-flowered; leaf-serrations very acute. i. P. Virginiana. 

Spike loose, few-flow '.^red; leaf-serrations blunt. 2. P, denttculata. 
Flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves thin. 

Spike loose, 10-20 cm. long; leaves few and distant, 3. P. intermedia. ' 

Spike dense; 2-10 cm. long; stem leafy. 4. P. parviflora. 

1. Physostegia Virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon-head. Obedient 
Plant. Lion's Heart. (I. F. f. 3100.) Stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 
oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or serrulate, the upper 
sessile 5-13 cm. long, the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; 
spikes dense, becoming 1-2 dm. long in fruit; flowering calyx campanulate or 
somewhat turbinate, its teeth ovate, acute; fruiting calyx oblong, 8-10 mm. long, 
the teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale purple or rose, often variegated 
with white, temporarily remaining in whatever position it is placed. In moist soil, 
Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Fla., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 

2. Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Few-flowered Lion's Heart. 
(I. F. f. 3 1 01.) Stem slender, simple, or little branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
oblong, lin-ear-oblong, or oblanceolate, crenulate, or entire, 2-8 cm. long, the lower 
slender- petioled; bracts lanceolate, little longer than the fruiting pedicels; flower- 
ing calyx oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third as long as the tube; 
fruiting calyx oblong, 6-8 mm. long; corolla rose-pink. In moist soil, Va. to Fla, 
and Tex, June-Aug. 



LABIA TAE. 789 

3. Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.) A. Gray. Slender Lion's Heart. 
(I. F. f. 3102.) Stem slender, usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves remote, 
narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate, repand-denticulate, sessile, or 
the lowest petioled, 5-8 cm. long; spikes slender; lower bracts often nearly as long 
as the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruiting calyx 
broadly oval, 4-5 mm. long; corolla much dilated above. On prairies, western 
Ky. (according to Gray;; La., Ark. and Tex. May-July. 

4. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Purple or Western Lion's Heart, 
(I. Y. f. 3103.) Stem usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- 
lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, acuminate or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate 
or dentate, sessile or the lowest petioled, 7-10 cm. long; spikes long; bracts ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the calyx; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 
4-6 mm. long; corolla purple. In moist soil, Minn, to Neb., Br. Col. and Ore. 
June-Aug. 

14. SYnAnDRA Nutt. 

An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute herb, with long-petioled ovate cordate 
crenate leaves, and large white flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted spike. Calyx 
campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly veined, 
the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower. Corolla much 
longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped; 
upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Filaments villous; anthers 
glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of 
stamens sterile and connate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled. [Greek, 
stamens-together.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Synandra. (I.F. f. 3104.) Stem 
weak, 3-8 dm. long, striate. Leaves thin, palmately veined, the blade 5-10 cm. 
long, and commonly shorter than the petiole ; floral leaves sessile, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers solitary in their axils; uppermost leaves 
very small; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as the tube; corolla 2.5-4 cm. 
long, the lower lip with purple lines. Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio and 
111. to Va. and Tenn. May-Jvme. 

15. PHLOMIS L. 

Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-canipanulate, 5-10- 
nerved, the limb mostly equally 5 -toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly 
ring within, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, arched or some- 
times keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Anterior pair of 
stamens the longer and their filaments with hooked appendages at the base; anther- 
sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid, glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in 
allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some species.] About 50 species, of the Old 
World. 

I. Phlomis tuberosa L. Jerusalem Sage. (I. F. f. 3105.) Herbaceous 
from a thick root; stem purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above, 9-18 dm. 
tall. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute, coarsely 
dentate, deeply cordate, strongly veined, 1-2.5 dm. long; upper leaves lanceolate, 
short-petioled or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base ; clusters 
densely many-flowered; bractlets subulate; calyx 10-12 mm, long, its teeth setaceous 
with a broader base, spreading; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, pale purple or white, 
twice as long as the calyx, densely pubescent, and the "margins of its upper lip 
fringed with long hairs. In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Nat. 
from Europe. June-Sept. 

16. GALEOPSIS L. 

Erect annual herbs, with yellow red purple or mottled vorticillato-clustered 
flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal spikes. Calyx campanulate or 
tubular-campanulate, 5-iO-nervod, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. 
Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 
erect, concave, entire ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleit, the middle lobe obcordate or 
emarginate. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valvcd, the inner valve 



790 FLORA. 

ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Nutlets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, 
weasel-like.] About 6 species, of Europe and Asia. 

Plant puberulent ; leaves linear to lanceolate. i. G. Ladanum, 

Plant hispid ; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit. 

1. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-nettle. Ironwort. (I. F. f. 3106.) 

Puberulent; stem 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, mostly 
short-petioled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly entire, 2-5 cm. long; flower- 
clusters mainly axillary; corolla 12-16 mm. long, red or purple to white and varie- 
gated. In waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J. Adventive or nat. from Europe. 
July-Oct. 

2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle. Hemp Dead Nettle. (I. F. f. 
3107.) A coarse rough-hairy herb, the stem 3-9 dm. high, swollen under the 
joints. Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-petioled, acuminate, coarsely dentate, 
5-13 cm. long ; flower-clusters axillary, or in a short leafy-bracted spike ; corolla 
16-25 mm. long, pink or pale purple variegated with white. In waste places, 
Newf. to Alaska, N. Car. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

17. LEONURUS L. 
Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or 
pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 
5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5 -toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. 
Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 
3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Anthers 2-celled, the 
sacs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.] About 10 spe- 
cies, of Europe and Asia. 

Lower leaves palmately 2-5-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. i. L. Cardiaca. 

Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. 2. L. Sibirictis. 

Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L, Marrubiastrum, 

I. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. (I. F. f. 3108.) Perennial, 
puberulent ; stem 6-15 dm. tall, the branches straight and ascending. Leaves 
slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, 5-10 cm. broad, the lobes acuminate, 
incised or dentate; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft, or the 
uppermost merely 3 -toothed; flower-clusters exceed'ed by the petioles; corolla 
pink, purple or white, 6-10 mm. long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs 
within, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip 
mottled; anther-sacs parallel. In waste places, N. S. to N. Car., S. Dak. and 
Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. Siberian Motherwort or Lion's-tail. (I. F. 
f. 3109.) Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem 6-18 dm. high. Leaves long- 
petioled, 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft and incised 
segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute; the uppermost linear or lanceolate; 
clusters dense, usually all axillary ; calyx campanulate, 6 mm. long, glabrous or 
minutely puberulent; corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 8- 1 2 mm. 
long, its tube naked within; anther-sacs divergent. In waste and cultivated soil, 
Penn. and Del. Nat. from eastern Asia. May-Sept. 

3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Hoarhound Motherwort or Lion's- 
tail. (I. F. f. 3 1 10.) Biennial, puberulent or pubescent; stem 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate oblong, 2-8 dm. long, the upper narrower; flower- 
clusters axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate; corolla nearly white, glabrate, 
about 8 mm. long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, naked within. In waste 
places, N. J. (according to S. Watson) ; Penn. and Del. Nat. from Europe. June- 
Sept. 

18. LAMIUM L. 
Mostly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate leaves, and 
rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular- 
campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5 -toothed, the teeth equal or the upper ones longer. 
Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually entire; lower lip spread, 
ing, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at the base. Anthers 2-celled, 



LAB I AT AE. 791 

the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. [Greek, throat, from the ringent 
corolla. ] About 40 species, of the Old World. 

Upper leaves sessile or clasping. i. Z. amplexicaule. 

Leaves all petioled. 

Flowers red or purple. 

Corolla 12-18 mm. long; leaves not blotched. 2. L. purpureum. 

Corolla 20-25 nim. long; leaves commonly blotched. 3. L. maculatum. 

Flowers white. 4. L. album. 

1. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. (I. F. f. 31 11.) Biennial or an- 
nual, sparingly pubescent; stems w^eak, slender, ascending or decumbent, 1.5-5 "i"^- 
long. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, coarsely crenate, 1-4 cm. wide, rounded at 
the apex, the lower slender-petioled ; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; 
calyx pubescent, its teeth erect, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla purplish or red, 
12-16 mm. long, its tube very slender, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small. 
In waste and cultivated ground, N. B. to Ont., Br. Col., Fla. and Ark. Nat. from 
Europe. Feb. -Oct. 

2. Lamium purpiireum L. Red Dead Nettle. (I. F. f. 31 12.) Annual, 
slightly pubescent, stems decumbent, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves crenate or cren- 
ulate, the lower orbicular or broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, cordate 
at the base, the upper ovate, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in axillary and ter- 
minal clusters; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purple-red, 
rarely exceeding 12 mm. long, the lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to i or 2 
short teethe In waste and cultivated soil, R. I. to Penn. and D. C. Also in ballast 
about the northern seaports. Nat. or adventive from Europe. April-Oct. 

3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Nettle. (I. F. f. 3113.) Peren- 
nial, somewhat pubescent; stems 2-5 dm. long. Leaves crenate or incised- cre- 
nate, usually blotched, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, truncate or cordate at the 
base, 2-5 cm. long, or some of the lower ones much smaller and nearly orbicular; 
clusters mainly axillary; corolla purple-red, its tube contracted near the base, 
with a transverse ring of hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small. 
Along roadsides, escaped from gardens. Me. to Va. Native of Europe and Asia. 
May-Oct. 

4. Lamium album L. White Dead Nettle. (I. F. f. 31 14.) Perennial, 
pubescent; stems 3-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate or incised, acute 
or acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base, 2-8 cm. long, or the lower shorter 
and obtuse; clusters mostly axillary; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, its tube short, 
stout, contracted near the base, with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lateral 
lobes of its lower lip each with a slender tooth. In waste places, Ont. to Va. Nat. 
or adventive from Europe. April-Oct. 

19. BALLOTA L. 

Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or 
crenate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-fun- 
nelform, lO-nerved, 5-10-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or connate into a 
spreading limb. Corolla-tube provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb 
strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate. Anther-sacs divergent 
at maturity. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name.] About 30 species, of 
the Old World. 

I. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoarhound. (T. F. f. 3115.) 
Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented; stem 4-9 dm. high, its hairs 
mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, 
coarsely dentate, thin, 2-5 cm. long, clusters several-flowered, dense; bracllots 
subulate; calyx about 8 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, bristle-p(M*nted, spreading 
in fruit; corolla 12-18 mm. long, reddish-purple to whitish, its upper lip pubescent 
on both sides; nutlets shining. In waste places, Mass. to Penn. Nat. from 
Europe. June-Sept. 

ao. STACHYS L. 

Herbs, with purple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered 
in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campauulate, 5- 10- 



792 FLORA. 

nerved, 5 -toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our 
species, its tube narrow, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, entire 
or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral 
ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled, the sacs mostly 
divergent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Geeek, a spike, from the spicate inflores- 
cence.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 12 
others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Leaves narrowed at the base, linear to lanceolate or oblong. 
Stem glabrous ; leaves entire, or nearly so. 

Leaves linear, 2-5 mm. wide. i, S. hyssopifolia. 

Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 mm. wide. 2. .S". Atlantica. 

Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves serrate. 

Leaves slightly pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate. 3. S. anibigua. 

Whole plant densely clothed with stiff appressed hairs. 4. S. arenicola. 
Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, lanceolate to ovate. 
\ Stem glabrous or nearly so. 

Calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube. 5. S. tenuifolia. 
Calyx-teeth triangular, about one-fourth as long as the tube. 6. J>\ latidens. 
Stem hirsute. 

Leaves all very short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong. 7. S. palustris. 

Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. 

Plant dark green ; leaves firm ; petioles 6-36 mm. long. 

8. 6". aspera. 
Plant light green ; leaves membranous ; petioles 1-5 cm. long. 

9. S. cordata. 
Leaves ovate, obtuse ; diffuse annual. 10. S. arvensis. 

Whole plant densely white-villous ; introduced species. 11. S. Germanica. 

1. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Nettle. (I. F. f. 3116.) 
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes ; stem slen- 
der, erect, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves linear, acute at both ends, short-petioled or sessile, 
entire, or sparingly denticulate with low teeth, 2-5 cm. long, the uppermost reduced 
to short bracts ; clusters forming an interrupted spike; fruiting calyx glabrous or 
slightly hirsute, 6 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the 
tube; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, light purple, glabrous. In fields and thickets, 
Mass. to Fia., Mich, and Va. July-Sept. 

2. Stachys Atlantica Britton, n. sp. Coast Hedge Nettle. Perennial, 
glabrous, or with a few hairs at the nodes, weak, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
mostly oblong and obtuse or obtusish, spreading, 2-5 cm. long, usually over 5 mm. 
wide, remotely denticulate, the upper sometimes rounded at the base; corolla i cm. 
long; fruiting calyx 5 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acuminate. In marshy 
ground, L. I., to eastern Penn. Type from Southampton. L. I. Aug.-Sept. 

Stachys annua L. An annual European species with lanceolate to oblong leaves, at 
least the lower crenate-dentate, a slender puberulent stem, and villous calyx, has been 
found at one locality in Kansas, and in ballast about the seaports. 

3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Dense- flowered Hedge Nettle. 
fl. F. f. 3 1 17.) Perennial; stem retrorsely hispid, at least below, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, pubescent or glabrate. acuminate or 
acute, 4-20 mm. wide, 2-8 cm. long, serrulate; clusters rn. a terminal rather dense 
spike, and usually also in the upper axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 5 mm. long, 
its lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube. In moist soil, 
Penn. to Ga., 111. and Ky. July-Aug. 

4. Stachys arenicola Britton. n. sp. Sand Hedge Nettle. Perennial, 
very densely pubescent, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
sessile, finely crenate-dentate, acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, the upper much smaller; 
upper bracts little longer than the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate-acicular, about as 
long as the tube; corolla about i cm. long. In sandy soil, southern N. Y. to IlL 
and Mich. Type from New Dorp, Staten Island. N. Y. 

5. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. (I. F. f. 3 118.) 
Perennial; stem smooth, or slightly scabrous on the angles, slender. 3-8 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at 



LABIA TAE. 793 

the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply dentate or denticulate, dark 
green, 5-13 cm. long; clusters in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx 
glabrous, or sparingly hirsute, 4 mm. long, its teeth one-half as long as the tube or 
more; corolla 12-16 mm. long, pale red and purple. In moist fields and thickets, 
N. Y. to III., Kans., N. Car. and La. June- Aug. 

6. Stachys latidens Small, n. sp. Broad-toothed Hedge Nettle. Simi- 
lar to S. teniiifolia, glabrous, or very nearly so throughout. Leaves thin, all short- 
petioled, crenate-dentate, the lower ovate to oval, obtusish, the upper lanceolate to 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; spike interrupted; fruiting calyx 
broadly campanulate, about 5 mm. long, its triangular sharp-pointed teeth i mm. 
long, 1.5 mm. wide. White Top Mt., Va. (J. K. Small, 1892). 

7. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle. Marsh or Clown's Wound- 
wort. (1. F. f. 3 1 19.) Perennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem strict, retrorse- 
hispid on the angles, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- 
late, sessile, or very short-petioled, acuminate or acute, 5-13 cm. long; crenulate or 
dentate; clusters forming an interrupted spike, sometimes also in the upper axils; 
calyx pubescent, its teeth subulate; corolla purplish to pale red, purple spotted, 
12-16 mm. long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
Ore., N. Y., III., Mich, and N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 

8. Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge Nettle or Woundwort. 
(I. F. f. 3120.) Perennial, rough hairy ; stem 6-12 dm. high, commonly retrorse- 
hispid on the angles. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, crenate- 
dentate, acute or acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, the lower slender-petioled; spike 
mostly interrupted; clusters sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx about 6 mm. 
long, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla red-purple, about 12 mm. 
long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Ont. to N. E., Fla., Minn, and La. 
June-Sept. 

9. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green Hedge Nettle. (I. F. f. 
3 121.) Perennial, hirsute, pale green; stem slender, weak, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves 
membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the 
lowest obtuse, nearly all of them cordate at the base, dentate or crenate all around, 
long-petioled, 7-15 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long as 
the blades; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate; corolla purplish, pubescent or puber- 
ulent, about i cm. long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to N. Car. and Tenn. July- 
Aug. 

10. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Field Woundwort. (I. F. f. 3122.) 
Annual, hirsute; stem slender, diffusely branched, 0.5-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate 
or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, obtuse, crenate, cordate or the upper rounded 
at the base, about 2.5 cm. long; lower petioles commonly as long as the blades; 
clusters 4-6-flowered, in the upper axils and in short terminal spikes; calyx about 
6 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purplish, 6-10 mm. long. In 
waste places, Me., Mass., and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Nat. from 
Europe. July-Oct. 

11. Stachys Germanica L. Downy Woundwort. Mouse-ear. (I. F. 
f. 3122a.) Annual; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, cre- 
nate-dentate, villous, the lower rounded or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, 
mostly obtuse, the upper narrowed at both ends ; clusters of flowers dense, borne in 
most of the axils; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, 
acuminate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long as the calyx. Roadsides 
near Guelph, Ont. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 

21. BETONICA L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Sfac/iys. Lower leaves very long-peti- 
oled. Verticils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5 -toothed. 
5-10-nerved. Corolla purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 
2-lipped; upper lip concave; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in 
Stachys^ biit the anther-sacs parallel in some species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded 
above. [The classical Latin name of Wood Be tony.] Ten species, or more, na- 
tives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood Betony. (I. F. f. 3123.) Per- 
ennial, deep green; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse, 



794 I^LORA, 

crenate, firm, cordate or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones very long- 
petioled, the blades 7-15 cm. long, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile; spike 
short, dense; bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acic- 
ular; corolla-tube exserted. In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe. 
July-Sept. 

22. SALVIA L. 

Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, 
racemed, or panicled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip en- 
tire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; upper 
lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading. 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther- 
bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary); connective of the 
anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, 
its lower end dilated, capitate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. 
Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, 
salvus, safe, from its healing virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. 
Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

Leaves mostly basal, only 1-^ small pairs on the stem. 

Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand; upper corolla-lip short. i. .S". lyrata. 

Leaves crenulate: upper lip arched, longer than the lower. 2. S. pratensis. 

Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. 
Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate. 

Corolla 2-3 cm. long, its tube exserted. 3. S. Pitchej-i. 

Corolla 8-12 mm. long, its tube not exserted. 4. S, laficeolata. 

Leaves ovate, or broadly oval. 

Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower. 

Leaves merely crenate or crenulate ; fruiting calyx spreading. 

5. S. tirticifolia. 
Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised ; fruiting calyx defiexed. 

6. .5". verbe7iaca. 
Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower. 7. S. Sclarea. 

1. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage. (I. F. f. 3124.) Perennial or 
biennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high, bearing several whorls of large 
violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted, long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, thin, 
0.7-2 dm. long; calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subulate, those of 
the lower longer, aristujate; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the upper lip much smaller 
than the lower; anther-sacs borne on both the upper and lower ends of the connect- 
ive. In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, N. J. to Fla., 111., Ark. and Tex. 
Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July. 

2. Salvia pratensis L. Meadow Sage. (I. F. f. 3125.) Perennial, pubes- 
cent or puberulent. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, 
crenulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thick, rugose, 
5-18 cm. long; spike elongated, interrupted; calyx campanulate, glandular-pubes- 
cent, the teeth of the upper lip minute, those of the lower long, subulate; corolla 
purple, minutely glandular; lower end of the connective with a small or imperfect 
anther-sac. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. May-July. 

3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Pitcher's Sage. (I. F. f. 3126.) Perennial, 
downy; stem 6-15 dm. high; branches nearly erect. Leaves linear or linear- 
oblong, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short petioles, firm, 5-13 cm. long, 
the uppermost reduced to small bracts; clusters in long spikes; calyx oblong-cam- 
panulate, densely and finely woolly, about 6 mm. long, its upper lip entire, 
obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth; corolla blue, finely pubescent, its lower 
lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed, longer than the concave upper one; lower ends of the 
comiectives destitute of anther-sacs. On dry plains. Mo., Kans. and Colo, to 
Tex. Introduced into 111. July-Sept. 

4. Salvia lanceolata Willd. Lance-leaved Sage. (I. F. f. 3127.) Annual, 
puberulent or glabrous ; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves petioled, mostly obtuse, 
2-5 cm. long, the upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate bracts; flowers in ter- 
minal spike-like racemes; pedicels shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx 
4-6 mm. long, its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth ovate, mucro- 
nate- corolla blue, its lower lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of 



LABI AT AB, 795 

the connectives dilated. On plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 
May-Sept. 

5. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-leaved Sage. (I. F. f. 3128.) Peren- 
nial; stem glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, irregularly 
crenate-dentate, usually acute, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; clusters 
in terminal interrupted spikes; bracts early deciduous; calyx oblong-campanulate, 
about 6 mm. long, the upper lip minutely 3 -toothed, the lower 2 -cleft, its teeth 
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla puberulent, 12-16 mm. long, blue and 
white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the 
connectives dilated. In woods and thickets, Md. to Ky., Ga. and La. April- 
June. 

6. Salvia verbenaca L. Wild Sage. Wild Clary. (I. F. f. 3129.) Per- 
ennial; stem glandular-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves coarsely and irregu- 
larly incised-dentate or pinnatifid, the lower 0.7-2 dm. long, obtuse, cordate, 
nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller; floral bracts broadly ovate, short; 
clusters in terminal interrupted spikes; pedicels shorer than the calyx; calyx 
6-8 mm. long, its upper lip recurved-spreading, witht 3 minute connivent teeth, 
the lower one with 2 lanceolate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about 8 mm. long, 
its upper lip scarcely longer than the lower; lower ends of the connectives dilated. 
In waste places, Ohio to S. Car. and Ga. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 

7. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear-eye. See-bright. (I. F. f. 3130.) 
Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem 6-11 dm. high. Leaves broadly 
ovate, rugose, cordate, irregularly dentate-crenate or denticulate, the lower long- 
petioled, 1.5-2 dm. long, the upper small, short-petioled or sessile; clusters in 
terminal spikes; bracts broad, ovate, acuminate, pink or white; calyx campanulate; 
deflexed -spreading in fruit, 8-10 mm. long, its lips about equal, the teeth subulate, 
acicular; corolla blue and white, about 2.5 cm. long; upper lip laterally compressed- 
lower portions of the connectives dilated. In fields, Penn. to S. Car., escaped 
from gardens. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 

23. MONARDA L. 

Erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and white red purple 
yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, terminal and sometimes 
also axillary. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15 -nerved, nearly or quite equally 5- 
toothed, mostly villous in the throat. Corolla usually puberulent or glandular, the 
limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending, 
usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting; anthers 
versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Nutlets 
ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist.] 
About lo species, of N. Am. and Mex. 

Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils). 
Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender. 

Corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long; bracts red. i. M. didyma. 

Corolla white, pink, or purple, 2-3 cm. long-. 

Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long. 

2. M. Clinopodia. 
Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, 2.5-3 cm. long. 
Pubescence spreading ; leaves thin. 

Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish. 3. M. fistulosa. 

Corolla and bracts deep purple or purple-red. 4. J/, media. 
Pubescence short, canescent ; leaves firm, pale. 5. M. sdj^f ci. 
Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled. 6. J/. Bradbur:ana. 

Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal. 

Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate ; corolla yellowish, mottled. 7. M. punctata. 
Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate ; corolla white or purple, not mottled. 

8. Af. citriodora. 

I. Monarda didyma L. Oswego Tea. American Eee V>\im. (I. F. f. 
3131.) Perennial; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
petioled, dark green, usually with some villous pubescence beneath, acuminate, 
sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long ; bracts commonly rod ; calyx incurved, slightly 



796 



FLORA. 



hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diameter 
of the tube; corolla sparingly puberulent. In moist soil, especially along streams, 
N. B. (?) to Ont., Mich, and Ga. July-Sept. 

2. Monarda Clinopodia L. Basal Balm. (I. F. f. 3132.) Perennial; 
stem glabrous or slightly villous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, bright green, mostly slender-petioled, villous on the veins beneath and 
puberulent above, acuminate, sharply serrate, 5-10 cm. long; bracts pale or white; 
calyx curved, nearly glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat, its teeth 
subulate, slightly spreading, about as long as the diameter of the tube ; corolla 
yellowish pink, slightly pubescent. In woods and thickets, Ont. to Ga. and Ky. 
June-Aug. 

3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot. (I. F. f. 3133.) Perennial, 
villous-pubescent or glabrate ; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin but not membra- 
nous, usually slender-petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, 3-10 cm. long; bracts whitish or purplish; calyx puberulent or glabrous, 
densely villous in the throat, its subulate teeth rarely longer than the diameter of 
the tube ; corolla yellowish-pink or purplish. On dry hills and in thickets. Me. 
and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Bergamot. (I. F. f. 3134.) Perennial, 
sparingly hairy or glabrate; stem stout, 6-11 dm. high. Leaves dark green, ovate, 
ovate- lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate, sharply 
toothed, usually rounded at the base, 7-13 cm. long; bracts deep purple, very con- 
spicuous; calyx curved, glabrous, or nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, its teeth 
slightly spreading. In moist thickets. Me. to Ont., Penn. and Va. June-Aug. 

5. Monarda scabra Beck. Pale Wild Bergamot. (I. F. f. 3135.) . Peren- 
nial; stem slender, puberulent at least above, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves usually short- 
petioled, acuminate or acute, serrate, cane scent or puberulent, rarely nearly 
glabrous, 2-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; bracts green or slightly pink; calyx 
puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the throat, its short 
subulate teeth nearly erect; corolla yellowish or pink, pubescent, sometimes gland- 
ular. On prairies and plains, N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. to Mont., Neb., Mo. and 
Tex. June-Aug. 

6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Bradbury's Monarda. (I. F. f. 3136.) 
Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
bright green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or nearly so. or partly clasping by 
the cordate or subcordate base, acuminate, serrate, 5-9 cm. long; bracts green or 
purplish; calyx glabrous outside, hirsute within, narrowed at the throat, its teeth 
long, bristle-pointed, divergent, longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pink 
or nearly white, about 2.5 cm. long, its upper lip pubescent or puberulent, the 
lower commonly purple-spotted. On dry hills or in thickets. 111. to Ala., Mo. and 
Kans. May-July. 

7. Monarda punctata L. Horse-mint. (I. F. f. 3137.) Perennial, usually 
rather densely downy ; stem usually branched, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrate, or nearly entire, usually acute at 
both ends, petioled, 2-8 cm. long, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; 
bracts white or purplish, acute; calyx puberulent, villous in the throat, its teeth 
short, not longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla purple-spotted, about 
2.5 cm. long, the stamens equalling or slightly surpassing its pubescent upper lip. 
In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Fla., Wis., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 

8. Monarda citriodora Cerv. Lemon Monarda. (I. P\ f. 3138.) Annual, 
puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
sharply serrate or serrulate, acute, narrowed at the base, 2-8 cm. long; bracts 
white or purple, awned, the awns becoming recurved; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, 
the throat densely villous, the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, divergent or spreading, 
nearly half as long as the tube; corolla not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, 
2-2.5 cm. long; stamens not exserted. On dry plains. Neb. and Colo, to Mo., 
Tex. and Ariz. ' Nat. in Tenn. June-Sept. 

Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray, a related Texan species,, with a slender stem, 
f^reen or greenish bracts, and hirsute calyx with erect broader teeth, is reported from 
Kansas. 



LABIA TAE. 797 

24. BLEPHILIA Raf. 

Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense 
glomerules of purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal interrupted 
spikes Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2 -lipped, the upper lip 
3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip sub- 
ulate. Corolla glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower 
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing 
(anterior) stamens 2, ascending; posterior stamens reduced to filiform staminodia, 
or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base. 
Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash, from the fringed calyx-teeth.] Two or 
three species, natives of eastern N. Am. 

Pubescence short; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong-, slightly serrate. i. B. ciliata. 

Pubescence villous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate. 2. B. hirsuta. 

1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Blephilia. (I. F. f. 3139.) Stem 
puberulent, or with some short-villous pubescence above, commonly simple, 
3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots ovate or oval, crenate- 
denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, longer and narrower; 
clusters in a terminal spike and in the uppermost axils; outer bracts ovate to lance- 
olate, acuminate, usually purplish, ciliate; calyx hirsute, the teeth of the upper lip 
about one-third longer than those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent, 
10-12 mm. long. In dry woods and thickets, Mass. to Mich., Wis., Ga. and Mo. 
June-Aug. 

2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Terr. Hairy Blephilia. (I. F. f. 3140.) 
Stem villous-pubescent, usually branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, or the lower shorter and 
broader; clusters axillary, or in a short terminal spike; outer bracts lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its teeth 
very villous, those of the upper lip much exceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, 
pale purple, darker-spotted, 8-10 mm. long. In woods and thickets, Vt. to Wis., 
Kans., Ga. and Tex. June-Sept. 

Blephilia hirsuta glabr^ta Fernald. Stem glabrous, or villous only above; head soli- 
tary, or with one or two additional lower ones. Vt. 

25. HEDEOMA Pers. 

Aromatic and pungent herbs, with small leaves, and small blue or purple 
flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 
tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth mostly contracted in fruit, 
2-lipped, or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 
Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 
spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, their anthers 
2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, 
or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.] 
About 15 species, natives of Am. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in 
the Southern States. 

Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular; leaves serrate. i. H. pulegtotdes. 

Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate; leaves entire. 

Calyx-teeth all nearly equal; annual. 2. //. Jtispida. 

Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper; perennial. 

3. H. Drummondii. 

1. Hedeoma pule8:ioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. (I. F. f. 
3141.) Annual; stem slender, much branched, finely soft-pubescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly serrate, mostly obtuse, 
glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, 1-4 cm. long, the upper smaller; clusters 
few-flowered, rather loose; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx; calyx pu- 
bescent, gibbous, oblong-ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth acute, not exceeding the 1 
subulate hispid lower ones; corolla purple, about 6 mm. long; rudimentary stamens 
manifest, rarely anther-bearing. In dry fields, N. S. to Out. and Minn., Fla. and 
Kans. July-Sept. 

2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. (I. F. f. 3142.) Annual; 
^tem 0.7-2 dm. high, pubescent. Leaves linear, firm, sessile, or the lower short- 



79^ FLORA, 

petioled, hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower 
much shorter and smaller; clusters numerous, crowded; pedicels pubescent, shorter 
than the calyx; bracts subulate, hispid; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth 
subulate, upwardly curved in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2 lower 
ones somewhat narrower and more hispid than the upper; corolla about 6 mm. 
long, bluish-purple; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. On dry plains, 111. to 
the N. W. Terr., La., Ark. and Colo. May- Aug. 

3. Hedeoma Drummondii Benth. Drummond's Pennyroyal. (I. F. f. 
3143.) Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down nearly all over; stems 
1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse, 
1-2 cm. long, the lowest shorter; clusters loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberu- 
lent, about one-half as long as the calyx; calyx cylindric-oblong, hirsute, slightly 
gibbous, its teeth subulate, upwardly curved and connivent in fruit; corolla purple, 
8-12 mm. long; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, 
to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. April- Aug. 

26. MELISSA L. 

Leafy herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish 
axillary clustered flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit, 13 -nerved, 
nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3 -toothed, the lower 2-parted. 
Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, naked within, the limb 2-lipped; 
upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Anthers 2-celled, their 
sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bee.] About 4 species, of 
Europe and western Asia. 

I. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm. (I. F. f. 
3144.) Perennial, pubescent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, petioled, m^ostly 
obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate, 2.5-6 cm. long; pedicel shorter than the 
calyx; calyx about 6 mm. long, the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those 
of the upper; corolla white, 1-1.5 cm. long. In waste places, thickets and woods, 
Me. to Ga. and W. Va. Nat. from Europe. Plant lemon-scented. June-Aug. 

27. SATUREIA L. 

Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled 
in their axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. 
Calyx campanulate, mostly lO-nerved, 5 -toothed, naked or rarely villous in the 
throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Nut- 
lets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin name.] About 18 species, the following 
introduced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubtful afiinity in Florida, the 
others of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Summer Savory. (I. F. f. 3145.) 
Annual, puberulent; stems much branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear or 
linear-oblong, short-petioled, acute, 1-4 cm. long; clusters 6-10 mm. in diameter, 
terminal and in many of the upper axils ; calyx about equalling the corolla-tube, 
somewhat pubescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, ciliate; corolla 
little longer than the calyx : stamens scarcely exserted. In waste places, N. B. 
and Ont. to Penn., west to Nev. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 

28. CLINOPODIUM L. 

Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large 
flowers variously clustered. Calyx mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved, 
2-lipped, the upper lip 3 -toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually expanded at 
the throat, the tube straight, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emar- 
ginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens somewhat connivent in pairs, the 
longer'mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Nutlets 
ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-caster.] About 50 
species, of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
goutheastern U. S. and in Cal. 



LABIA TAB, 799 

* Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. 

X. C. vulgar e, 
* * Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small. 
Plants pubescent; introduced species. 

Clusters peduncled; calyx not gibbous; upper leaves very small; perennials. 
Leaves 0.6-2.5 cm. long; corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. 

2. C, Nepeta. 
Leaves 2-5 cm. long; corolla at least twice as long as the calyx. 

3. C. Calamintha, 
Clusters sessile; calyx very gibbous; plant leafy; annual. 4. C. Acinos. 

Plants glabrous; native species. 

Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire; corolla 8 mm. long. 5. C. glabrum. 
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 12-14 mm. long. 

6. C. glabellum. 

1. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. (I. F. f. 
3146.) Perennial by short stolons, hirsute; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, entire, undulate or crenate-dentate, thin, 2-6 cm. long; 
flowers in capitate clusters 2-3 cm. in diameter; bracts hirsute-ciliate, usually as 
long as the calyx-tube; calyx pubescent, the setaceous teeth of its lower lip rather 
longer than the broader ones of the upper; corolla purple, pink, or white, little 
exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, N. S. to N. Car., Minn, and Mani- 
toba, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Oct. 

2. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm. Lesser Calamint. 
(I. F. f. 3147.) Villous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, crenulate 
with few low teeth, the lower 1-2.5 c™- ^ong; flowers few in the numerous loose 
cymes, forming an almost naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear; 
calyx villous in the throat, about 3 mm. long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as 
long as those of the upper; corolla light purple or almost white, about 8 mm. long. 
In fields and waste places, Md. to S. Car., Ala., Ky. and Ark. Nat. from Europe. 
June-Sept. 

3. Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze. Calamint. Calamint Balm. 
(I. F. f. 3148.) Perennial by creeping rootstocks, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves broadly 
ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate- 
dentate, 2-5 cm. long and nearly as wide; inflorescence as in the preceding species, 
but commonly more leafy; calyx villous in the throat, 4-6 mm. long; corolla pur- 
plish, 12-14 mm. long. ''Inclined to escape from cultivation in a few places" 
(according to Gray). Native of Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

4. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze. Basil Thyme. Basil Balm. (I. F. 
f. 3149.) Stems branched from the base, very slender, 1.5-2 dm. high. Leaves 
oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends or the lower obtuse, crenulate 
or entire, 8-16 mm. long; flowers about 6 together in the axils; bracts shorter than 
the pedicels; calyx rough- hairy, longer than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, 
its subulate teeth somewhat unequal; corolla purplish, 1^-2 times as long as the 
calyx. In waste places, Ont. to Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. 
May-Aug. 

5. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Low Calamint. (I. F. f. 3150.) 
Perennial, stoloniferous, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves of the flower- 
ing branches linear, entire, short-petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse, obscurely veined, 
8-18 mm. long, the margins slightly revolute; lower leaves and those of the stolons 
shorter and broader, distinctly petioled; flowers 1-4 in the axils; pedicels filiform, 
mostly longer than the calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring 
within, its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper; corolla purple. On rocks 
and banks, N. Y. and Ont. to 111., Minn., Mo. and Tex. May-Aug. 

6. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. Slender Calamini' or 
Bed's-FOOT. (I. F. f. 3151.) Perennial, stoloniferous; stems spreading or dccimi- 
bent, at length freely branched, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves membranous, oblong, short- 
petioled, obtuse or the uppermost subacute, narrowed to a cuncate base, serrate 
with low tf^'^th, 2-5 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, tiie lowest and those of the stolons 
sometimes shorter; axils 2-5 -flowered; pedicels commonly twice as long as the 
calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth nearly 
equal; corolla purplish. On river banks, Ky. and Tenn. R^rc wid local. JMay- 



800 FLORA. 

29. HYSSOPUS L. 

A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, 
entire leaves, and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper 
axils, and formmg elongated terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, about 
equally 5 -toothed. Corolla- limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, 
somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic herb.] A monotypic 
genus. 

I. Hyssopus ofadnalis L. Hyssop. (I. F. f. 3152.) Stems usually several 
together, strict, puberulent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or 
nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse, puberulent or glabrate, 
faintly veined, 3-5 cm. long, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches 
in their axils; spike dense; outer bracts as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceo- 
late, acute; corolla 8-10 mm. long. Along roadsides and in waste places, Ont. to 
Me. and N. Car., and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. June -Sept. 

30. ORIGANUM L. 

Perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with crenate-dentate or entire leaves, 
and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx 
villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, 
the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer, spreading, 3-cleft. Sta- 
mens didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid 
or oblong, smooth. [Greek, mountain-joy.] About 30 species, of the Old World. 

I. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. Organy. (I. F. f. 3153.) 
Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous or hirsute; stem 3-8 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate, petioled, rounded or subcordate, crenate or entire, 2.5-4 cm. long, 
often with smaller ones in their axils;- flower-clusters often 5 cm. broad; bracts 
purplish, ovate or oval, about equalling the 5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple 
or nearly white, the upper lobe broad; all four stamens, or the two longer, ex- 
serted. In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. J. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. 
July-Sept. 

31. KOELLIA Moench. 

Perennial, mostly fragrant erect herbs, with small white or purple-dotted flow- 
ers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glomerules or cymose clusters. 
Calyx io-13-nerved, 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth some- 
times united below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 
3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; 
anther-sacs parallel. "Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened. [Named for J. 
L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 14 species, 
of N. Am. Besides the following, i occurs in California and i or 2 in the Southern 
States. 

* Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 
Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. 

2. K. Virgifiianao 
Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate. 

Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. i. K.flexuosa. 

Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate. 
Bracts appressed, erect : clusters dense. 

Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K. pilosa. 

Puberulent or glabrate; leaves mostly denticulate. 

4. K. verticillata. 
Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodioides. 

Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute;, calyx-teeth awn-like. 

6. K. Iiyssopifolia. 
* * Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate. 
Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate. 

Bracts appressed ; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed. - 

'], K, aristata^ 



LABIA TAB. 8oi 

Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth subulate. 

Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube. 8. K. incana. 

Calyx- teeth as long as the tube. 9. K. pycnanthemoides. 

Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. 

Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth short. 10. K, albescens. 

Bracts appressed; clusters dense. 

Bracts canescent; leaves firm, acute. 11. K. mutica. 

Bracts ciUate or villous; leaves membranous, acuminate. 

12. K. montana. 

1. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow- leaved Mountain-mint. 
(I. F. f. 3154.) Stem stiff, nearly glabrous, 4-8 dm. high. Leaves entire, glab- 
rous or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, 2-5 cm. 
long, 1-3 mm, w^ide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules 
cymose, 6-10 mm. iDroad, canescent; bracts appressed, acuminate, or subulate- 
tipped, not longer than the clusters; calyx cylindraceous, canescent, its teeth sub- 
ulate and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than broad, about one-third 
as long as the tube. In fields and thickets, Me. and N. H. to Fla., Ont., Kans., 
Minn, and Tex. Little fragrant. July-Sept. 

2. Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-mint. (I. F. f. 
3155.) Stem strict, glabrous or pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, fragrant, shoi-t-petioled or sessile, firm, entire, acuminate, gla- 
brous, or puberulent beneath, or the uppermost canescent, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, 8-12 mm. 
in diameter, cymose, canescent; bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or sub- 
ulate-tipped, not exceeding the clusters ; calyx canescent, its teeth equal or nearly 
so, acute, little longer than wide ; corolla pubescent, purple-spotted. In dry fields 
and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kans. July-Sept. 

3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy Mountain-mint. (I. F. f. 3156.) 
Pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, entire or 
sparingly denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, firm, acuminate, commonly 
with short leafy shoots in their axils; glomerules cymose, villous or hirsute-canes- 
cent, about 8 mm. in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or exceed- 
ing the clusters; calyx narrow, canescent, its teeth equal, about 3 times as long as 
wide and one-fourth to one-third the length of the tube; corolla pubescent. On 
prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Ga., Kans. and Ark. July-Sept. 

4. Koellia verticillata (Michx. ) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-mint. (I. F. 
f. 3157.) Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- 
late, short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate, 2- 8 cm. long, 
6-20 mm. wide, the uppermost sometimes canescent; clusters dense, canescent, 
10-12 mm. broad, cymose and commonly also in the upper axils; bracts appressed, 
lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or longer than the clusters; calyx canescent, its 
teeth subulate or lance-subulate, 2-3 times as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third 
as long as the tube; cOrolla pubescent. In dry fields and thickets, Vt. to R. I., 
N. Y., Va., Pa. and Mo. The narrower-leaved forms are Koellia IWreyi 
(Benth.) Kuntze, and are possibly distinct. July-Sept. 

5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Basil Mountain-Mint. 
(I. F. f. 3158.) Pubescent or puberulent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves rather thin, 
short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire, 3-8 cm. long. 1-2.5 ^^"^- '^'^'i<-^<^; 
flower-clusters terminal and axillary; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped, 
not exceeding the clusters; calyx canescent or glabrate, its teeth subulate, some- 
times with a few long hairs, about one-fourth the length of the tube. In dry soil, 
N. Y. and Penn, to Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 

6. Koellia hyssopioflia (Benth.) Britton. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. 
(I. F. f. 3159.) Puberulent or glabrate; stem slender, stiff, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
linear-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, narrowed at 
the base, entire or denticulate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, glabrous or minutely 
canescent; flower-clusters dense, minutely canescent, cymose, and usually also in 
the upper axils; bracts linear-oblong, terminated by an awn almost as long as the 
body; calyx glabrous or nearly so, nerved, its teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long 
as the tube. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. June-Aug. 

7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned Mountain-Mint. (I. F. f. 
3160.) Similar to the preceding; stem stiff, minutely canescent, 2)-'^ ^w^- higli* 



802 FLORA. 

Leaves ovate, or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short- petioled, sharply serrate, 
serrulate, or the upper entire, acute, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm.. 
wide; bracts long-awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length of the 
body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-pointed, one-third to one-half as 
long as the tube. In dry pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

8. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. (I. F. f. 3161.) 
Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, petioled, acute, serrate or serrulate, white-canescent beneath, 3-8 cm. 
long, or the uppermost smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides; clusters 
loose, terminal and in the upper axils, canescent, bracts linear, or the outer 
broader, canescent or slightly villous ; calyx canescent, its teeth subulate, some- 
what unequal. Dry thickets and hill-sides. Me. to Ont., Ohio and Fla. Aug-Oct. 

9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. Southern Mountain- 
Mint. (I. F. f. 3162.) Stem pubescent nearly to the base, 6-9 dm. high. 
Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, serrate, 
pubescent beneath, puberulent or glabrate above, 3-10 cm. long, the upper smaller 
and white-canescent on both sides; clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal 
and axillary, 2-5 cm. broad, the flowers often secund; bracts linear-oblong, acu- 
minate or subulate-tipped; calyx-teeth very unequal, subulate, densely villous, the 
longer about equalling the tube. In dry woods and on hills, Va. to Ga. and Tenn. 
July-Sept. 

10. Koellia albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze. White-leaved Mountain- 
Mint. (I. F. f. 3163.) Stem soft-pubescent nearly to the base, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, acute or subacuminate, serrate or nearly 
entire, 2-6 cm. long, white-canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes- 
cent on both sides ; clusters terminal and axillary, densely canescent ; bracts linear, 
or the outer broader; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular, one-fifth to one- 
fourth as long as the tube. In dry woods and thickets, Va. to Mo., Ark., Fla. and 
Tex. July-Sept. 

11. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton. Short-toothed Mountain-mint. 
(I. F. f. 3164.) Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves" 
short-petioled or sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex, rounded 
or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate or serrulate, 3-8 cm. long, 
the uppermost white-canescent on both sides, much smaller; flower- clusters capi- 
tate, cymose, often also in the upper axils, pubescent or canescent, 8-14 mm. 
broad; bracts lanceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent, its teeth 
not much longer than wide, about one-fifth as long as the tube. In sandy soil. Me. 
to Va. and Fla., west to Mo. July-Sept. 

12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin-leaved Mountain-mint. 
(I. F. f. 3165.) Glabrous or nearly so, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves petioled, mem- 
branous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
sharply serrate, 5-13 cm. long, none canescent; flower -clusters terminal and in the 
upper axils, 1-2.5 cm. broad; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
bearded more or less with long hairs; calyx tubular, its teeth triangular-subulate, 
one -fifth to one-fourth as long as the tube. In woods, moimtains of Va. to Ga., 
Tenn, and Ala. July-Sept. 

32. THYMUS L. 

Perennial herbs, or low creeping shrubs, with small leaves, and small purple 
flowers m termmal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx ovoid, villous 
in the throat, iO-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed. the 
lower 2.toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 
erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, mostly exserted ; anthers 
2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth, '[Greek 
incense.] About 50 species, of the Old World. ' 

I. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wild or Creeping Thyme, Mother of 
Thyme, (I. F, f. 3166,) Stems more or less pubescent in lines, slender, procum- 
bent, tough, much branched, 1-3 dm, long, commonly forming dense mats. Leaves 
oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, obtuse, entire, glabrous, or ciliate, 4-10 mm, 
long; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; calyx 2-lipped, the tube usually 



LABIA TAB. 803 

pubescent and the teeth ciliate ; corolla longer than the calyx. In thickets, woods, 
and along roadsides, N. S. to Mass. , N. Y. , Penn. and N. Car. Nat. from Europe. 
June-Sept. 

33. CUNILA L. 

Perennial aromatic herbs, or low shrubs, with rather small purple or white 
flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, io-13-nerved, villous in the throat, equally 5 -toothed. 
Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower 
spreading, 3 -cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the pos- 
terior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth; scar of 
attachment basal and small. [Latin name of some plant.] About 15 species, 
natives of Am. 

I, Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. Stone Mint. American Dittany. 
(I. F. f. 3167.) Stem slender, stiff, glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 2-5 dm. 
high. Leaves ovate, sessile, or short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate, rounded, 
truncate or subcordate at the base, 1-4 cm. long, densely punctate; flowers 
10-12 mm. long, in terminal loose cymose clusters; corolla purple-pink; posterior 
pair of stamens usually rudimentary. In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fla., 
Ohio and Ga. Plant very aromatic. Aug. -Sept. 

34. LYCOPUS L. 
Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with small white or purple 
flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, 
regular or nearly so, 4-5 -toothed, not bearded in the throat. Corolla funnelform- 
campanulate to cylindric, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes 
broader and emarginate. Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimen- 
tary, or altogether wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Nutlets truncate at the summit, 
narrowed below, trigonous, smooth. [Greek, wolf- foot.] About 15 species, of the 
north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 or 4 others occur in western 
N. Am. 

Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets. 

Leaves mostly ovate, usually purple; base of stem not tuberous^ 

I. L. Virginicus, 
Leaves mostly lanceolate to oblong-; base of stem tuberous. 

Leaves mostly firm, sessile or nearly so. 2. L. comniimis. 

Leaves membranous, slender-petioled. 3. L. membranaceus. 

Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets. 
Bracts minute; corolla twice as long- as the calyx. 

Leaves sessile. 4. Z. sessiif alius. 

Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. 15. /^, rubel/its. 

Bracts lanceolate or subulate; corolla not twice as long as the calyx. 

Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 6. L. Americaniis. 

Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised) . 
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 

Leaves thin, narrowed at base. y, ^_ lucidus 

Leaves firm, rounded at base. 8. L. asper. 

Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. g. /,, Europaeus. 

1. Lycopus Virginicus L. Purple Bugle-weed. Purplish, rarely green, 
stouter than the following species and more puberulent, the stem obtusely angled, 
not tuberous at the base, but the stolons bearing terminal tubers. Leaves ovate to 
ovate-oblong, usually abruptly narrowed to both ends, acuminate, 6-15 cm. long, 
coarsely toothed, often slender-petioled; clusters dense, subglobose; calyx cyliudra- 
ceous, the erect lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acutish; corolla 2 mm. long or 
less, not twice the length of the calyx, narrowly tubular, the short subequal lobes 
erect or nearlv so; stamens and style included; sterile stamens evident; nutlets 
1.1^-2 mm. loncf, transversely notched and strongly denticulate. Tn moist soil. 
N. Y. to Ala.. Neb. and Kan?. July-Sept. 

9.. Lvcopus communis Bicknell, n. sp. Common Bttgt,e-weed. (T. F. f 
3168, as Z. Vir^'nicus.) Green, or sometimes purplish, roughish-puberulent. or the 
leaves glabrate; stem tuberous at base, 1-8 dm. high, subacutely angled with 
grooved sides; stolons rarely tuber-bearing. Leaves 2.5-8 cm. long, oblong, 
narrowed to base and apex, serrate, very short-petioled; calyx campanulate. the 
lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, obtusish ; corolla 2-3 mm. long, abruptly dilated at the 



804 FLORA. 

throat, the lobes spreading; sterile stamens minute or obsolete; nutlets 1-1.5 mm. 

long, oblique at the top. In moist soil, Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Neb. and Ore. 
Type from Van Cortlandt, N. Y. Aug-Sept. 

3. Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell, n. sp. Thin-leaved Bugle-weed. 
Puberulent to glabrate ; stem slender from a tuberous base ; stolons weakly devel- 
oped, or wanting. Leaves very thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
acuminate, narrowed into a slender petiole, coarsely toothed, 6-1 1 cm. long; clus- 
ters very small; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla 3-4 mm. long, with smaller and 
less spreading lobes than in Z. communis; nutlets 1.5 mm. long, or more, oblique at 
the top. In wet woods, Me. to N. Y. and Mich. Type from Mt. Desert, Me. 
Aug. -Sept. 

4. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile-leaved Water Hoarhound. 
(I. F. f. 3169.) Glabrous, or puberulent above, perennial by stolons and suckers; 
stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate -lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute 
or acuminate, sharply serrate, somewhat narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
bracts very small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid, nearly as long as 
the tube; rudimentary posterior stamens oval. In wet soil, eastern Mass. to Fla. 
Aug. -Oct. 

5. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Stalked Water Hoarhound. (I. F. f. 
3170.) Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by long leafy stolons, 3-10 
dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acuminate, sharply 
dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5-15 cm. long; bracts minute, acute or 
acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, herbaceous, one-half as long as the 
tube or more ; rudimentary stamens small, oval to oblong, or obsolete. In wet soil, 
N. Y. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and La. July-Oct. 

6. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved W^ater Hoarhound. (I. F. 
f. 3171.) Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers; stem stiff, sharply angled, 
1-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, acuminate, incised, 
pinnatifid or the uppermost merely serrate, 3-10 cm. long; bracts subulate; calyx- 
teeth triangular- subulate, cuspidate, rigid; corolla little exceeding the calyx, 
dilated at the throat; rudimentary stamens thickened at their tips. In wet soil, 
Newf. to Br. Col, Fla., Tex., Utah and Cal. June-Oct. 

7. Lycopus lucidus Turcz. Western Water Hoarhound. (I. F. f. 3172.) 
Perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, strict, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, sessile, or short-petioled, 5-15 cm. long, sharply serrate with 
acute ascending teeth; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate; calyx-teeth 
^. subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla little longer than the 
calvx- rudimentary stamens thickened at the tips. In wet soil. Neb. to Kans., 
Br.' Col. Cal. and Ariz. Also in Asia. The American plant perhaps distinct 
from the Asiatic. July-Sept. 

8 Lycopus asper Greene. Rough Bugle-weed. Stems simple, 3-6 dm. 
high obtuselv angled, leafy. Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, sessile, scarcely narrowed at the base, strongly and nearly equally serrate 
with very sharp teeth, 4-6 cm. long, much longer than the internodes, conspicuously 
veiny, rough on both surfaces; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; nutlets 
very short, "smooth. Minn, to the N. W. Terr. July-Aug. 

0. Lycopus Europaeus L. Water or Marsh Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. 
Gipsy-herb. (I. F. f. 3173.) Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suckers, 3-8 
dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, or the 
upper sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at the base, 2-8 cm. long, 
bracts subulate-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate-spinulose; corolla scarcely longer 
than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete. In waste places, N. Y. 
to Va. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

35. MENTHA L. 
Odorous herbs, with simple mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled purple 
pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal spikes. Calyx lO-nerved, 
regular, or slio-htly 2 -lipped, 5 -toothed. Corolla -tube shorter than the calyx, the 
limb 4-cleft, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or 
emaro-inate. Stamens 4. equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; 
filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. 



LABIA TAE. 8o5 

[Name used by Theophrastus; from the nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, of the 
north temperate zone. 

* Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. 
Plants glabrous or very nearly so. 

Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves sessile, or nearly so. 

I. J/, spicata. 
Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short; leaves petioled. 

Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute. 2. M. piperita. 

Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate. 3. AI. citrata. 

Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes. 
Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. 4. M. longifolia. 

Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath. 

5. AT. rotundifolia. 
Spikes 10-12 mm. thick, dense, elongated or short. 

Leaves sessile ; spikes 2-8 cm. long; plant canescent. 6. M. alopecur aides. 

Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile; spikes short. 

Leaves simply serrate. 7. J/, aquatica. 

Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy. 8. M. crispa, 
* * Whorls of flowers all axillary. 
Leaves crenate-dentate ; calyx-teeth triangular, short. 9. M. arvensis. 

Leaves sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth subulate. 

Calyx-teeth ciliate, the tube glabrous; leaves ovate. 10. M. gentilis. 

Calyx densely or sparsely pubescent all over. 

Leaves ovate, pubescent on both sides; hairs of the stem reflexed. 

II. M. sativa. 
Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, nearly or quite glabrous. 12. M. Canadensis. 

1. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. (L F. f. 3174.) Perennial by leafy 
stolons ; stem erect, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, 
sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the largest about 7 cm. long ; whorls of flow- 
ers in spikes which become 5-10 cm. long in fruit, the one terminating the stem 
surpassing the lateral ones ; bracts subulate-lanceolate, cili^-te; calyx campanulate, 
its teeth subulate, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla glabrous. In moist fields or 
waste places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Utah, Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
July-Sept. 

2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. (L F. f. 3175.) Perennial by subter- 
ranean suckers, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, dark green, acute, 
sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, the 
larger 3-8 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in spikes, which are obtuse, and become 
2-8 cm. long in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the lateral ones ; 
bracts lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx tubular- campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth 
subulate, usually ciliate, one-half as long as the tube or more ; corolla glabrous. 
In wet soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint. (I. F. f. 3176.) Perennial 
by leafy stolons ; stem weak, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves 
petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, 
sharply serrate, the larger about 5 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in terminal short 
obtuse spikes, and commonly also in the uppermost axils ; calyx glabrous, its teeth 
subulate, one- half as long as the tube, or longer ; corolla glabrous. In wet soil, 
Staten Island, N. Y. and Ohio. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 

4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Iluds. Horse Mint. (I. F. f. 3177.) Perennial 
by suckers, canescent or pubcrulcnt. 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate, 
2-8 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in narrow acute spikes, which become 5-13 cm. 
long in fruit ; bracts lanceolate-subulate ; calyx tomentose or canescent, its teeth 
subulate, one-half as long as the tube ; corolla puberulont. In waste plaoos. Conn, 
to Penn. and N. J. Nat, from Europe. July-Oct. 

5. Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Round-le.vvkd Mint. (T. F. f. 317S.) 
Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid, 
3-8 dm. high. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-obloug, short-petioled, or sessile and 
somewhat clasping by the subcordate or rounded base, obtuse, crenate-sorrate, 
2-5 cm. long, rugose-reticulated beneath ; whorls of flowers in spikes which elou- 



8o6 FLORA. 

gate to 5-10 cm. in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx-teeth setaceous, 
usually about one-half as long as the tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, 
Me. toN, Car., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

6. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Woolly Mint. (I. F. f. 3179.) Peren- 
nial by suckers, white-woolly, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or 
partly clasping by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse, sharply and rather 
coarsely serrate, the lower 5-8 cm. long; spikes dense, stout, obtuse, 5-8 cm. long 
in fruit; bracts lanceolate; calyx-teeth setaceous, one-half as long as the campan- 
ulate tube, or more; corolla pubescent. Along roadsides, N. Y., N. J. and Penn. 
to Mo. Nat. from Europe. July-Oct. 

7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish Mint. (I. F. f. 3180.) Per- 
ennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely glabrate ; stem 3-8 dm. high, its 
hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, acute, or the lower obtuse, rounded, 
subcordate or rarely narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 3-8 cm. long 
and nearly as wide ; whorls of flowers in dense short rounded spikes, and usually 
also in the upper axils ; spikes seldom more than 2,5 cm. long in fruit ; bracts 
lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or 
triangular-lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as the nearly cylindric tube ; 
corolla sparingly pubescent. In wet places, N. S. to Penn. and Ga. Nat. from 
Europe. Aug. -Oct. 

8. Mentha crispa L. Crisped-leaved, Curled or Cross Mint. (I. F. f. 
3181.) Sparingly pilose-pubescent, at least at the nodes, petioles and veins of the 
lower surfaces of the leaves ; stem rather weak, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves petioled, or 
the uppermost sessile, ovate, mostly acute, rounded, truncate or subcordate at 
the base, their margins crisped, or the uppermost merely serrate ; whorls of flow- 
ers in thick rounded spikes, which become 2-4 cm. long in fruit ; calyx sparingly 
pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more than one-half as long as the cam- 
panulate tube ; corolla glabrous. In swamps and roadside ditches, N. Y., N. J. 
and Penn. Aug. -Oct. 

9. Mentha arvensis L. Corn Mint. Field Mint. (I. F. f. 3182.) Per- 
ennial by suckers, pubescent or glabrate ; stems 1.5-6 dm. high, slender. Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled, acute or the lower obtuse, crenate-serrate, 
mostly narrowed at the base, 2-6 cm. long, the upper not much smaller than the 
lower ; whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling the petioles ; calyx 
pubescent, campanulate, its teeth triangular, about as long as the width of their 
base, acute or sometimes obtuse, one-third as long as the tube. In dry waste 
places, N. B. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Fla. AlsoinCal. and Mex. Nat. July- 
Sept. 

10. Mentha gentilisL. Creeping or Downy Whorled Mint. (I. F. f. 3183.) 
Perennial by suckers ; stem puberulent with short reflexed hairs, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs, often 
blotched, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, the larger 3-5 cm. long, the upper 
sometimes much smaller than the lower ; whorls axillary ; pedicels glabrous ; calyx 
campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the 
tube ; corolla glabrous. In waste places and along streams. Me. to northern N. 
Y., N. J. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 

11. Mentha sativa L. Marsh Whorled Mint. (I. F. f. 3184.) Perennial by 
suckers ; stem ascending, usually widely branched, densely pubescent, 3-9 dm. 
long. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, pubescent on both sides, acute at the apex, 
mostly rounded at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 2-5 cm. long, the upper 
sometimes much smaller ; whorls axillary, commonly surpassing the petioles ; calyx 
campanulate, pubescent, its triangular-subulate teeth one-half as long as the tube. 
In waste places, N. S. to Penn. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

12. Mentha Canadensis L. American Wild Mint. (I. F. f. 3185.) Per- 
ennial by suckers ; stem more or less pubescent with spreading or scarcely reflexed 
hairs, or glabrate, 1.5-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lance- 
olate, slender-petioled, acute, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, narrowed to a 
somewhat cuneate base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the larger 5-10 cm. long, 
whorls axillary, often shorter than the petioles ; calyx oblong-campanulate. pubes- 
cent, its teeth one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube. In moist soil, N. B. to 
the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Va., Kans., N. Mex. and Nev. Variable. July-Oct. 



. LABIA TAE, S07 

36. COLLINSONIA L. 

Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and 
terminal loose panicled racemes of small yellowish mostly opposite flowers. Calyx 
campanulate, short, lO-nerved, 2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the 
throat ; upper lip 3 -toothed ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla longer than the calyx, 
obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or de- 
clined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing like a lower lip. Anther- 
bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before anthesis ; bases of the 
filaments connected by a woolly ring ; anthers 2 -celled, or the sacs at length par- 
tially confluent. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for Peter CoUinson, 1693- 
1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.J Two or 3 species of 
eastern N. Am. 

1. Collinsonia Canadensis L. Horse-balm. Citronella. Rich-weed. 
(I. F. f. 3186.) Stem 6-15 dm. high, glabrous, or glandular-pubescent above. 
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, the lower slender-petioled, 1.5-2.5 dm. 
long, the upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all coarsely dentate ; terminal pani- 
cles sometimes 3 dm, long ; pedicels ascending, 6-12 mm. long in fruit, subulate- 
bracteolate at the base ; flowers lemon-scented ; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the 
lower lip much longer than those of the upper ; corolla light yellow, 1-I.5 cm. long; 
fruiting calyx prominently ribbed, 6-8 mm. long. In moist woods, Me. and Ont. 
to Wis., Fla. and Kans. Root large, thick, woody. July-Oct. 

37. PERILLA Ard. 

Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in 
loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, lo-nerved, 5 -cleft, nearly regular in 
flower, enlarging, declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, 
the lower 2-cleft, the throat not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, 
the throat obliquely campanulate, the limb 5 -cleft, the lower lobe slightly the 
larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior pair shorter, erect, divergent ; 
anthers 2-celled. Nutlets globose, reticulated. [The native name in India.] One 
or 2 species, natives of Asia. 

I. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Perilla. (I. F. f. 3187.) Sparingly 
pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
dentate, 7-15 cm. long and nearly as wide ; racemes terminal and axillary, many- 
flowered, 7-15 cm. long ; pedicels 3-6 mm. long in fruit ; calyx minute in flower, 
much enlarged, gibbous at the base and densely pilose-pubescent in fruit ; corolla 
purple or white, 3 mm. long, with a woolly ring within. In waste places, escaped 
from gardens, N. Y. to 111. Native of India. July-Oct. 

Perilla frutescens Nankindnsis (Lour.) Britton. Leaves crisped and incised. Es- 
caped from gardens, N. J. to W. Va. 

38. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. 

Herbs, with thin leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in terminal 
bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, lO-nerved, enlarging in fruit, not 
bearded in the throat, 5 -toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little Umgor 
than the calyx, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed ; upper lobe erect, 
concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Anthers 2-celled, or the sacs niore 
or less confluent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Named in honor of J. S. Elsholtz, a 
Prussian botanist.] About 20 species, natives of Asia. 

I. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Kuntze. Elsholt/.ia. (I. F. f. 3188.) 
Annual, glabrous or nearly so ; stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate, 2-8 cm. long ; 
spikes dense, about 12 mm. thick ; flowers several in the axils of each of the 
broadly ovate membranous reticulated mucronate bracts ; cal>'x hirsute, shorter 
than the bract ; corolla 2 mm. long, pale purple. Notre Dame du Lac, Temis- 
couata Co., Quebec. Nat. from Asia. July-Aug. 



8o8 FLORA. 

Family 8. SOLANACEAE Pers. 

Potato Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or 
rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular 
cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, 
mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. 
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, 
inserted on the tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except 
in Petunia, where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete ; 
anthers 2-celled, apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 
2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, 
anatropous or amphitropous ; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; 
fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous; endosperm fleshy; cotyle- 
dons semiterete. About 70 genera and 1600 species, most abundant in 
tropical regions. 

* Fruit a berry ; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate. 
Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dihiscent. 
Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated. 

Fruiting calyx s-augled and deeply 5-parted ; ovary 3-5-celled. 

I. Physalodes. 
Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, lo-ribbed, often 5-10-angled, reticulated, 
wholly enclosing the berry ; ovary 2-celled. 
Corolla open-campanulate, yellow or whitish, often with a dark center ; 

seeds with a thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis. 

Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple ; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 

3. Quincula. 
Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely 

veiny, open at the mouth. 
Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 

4. Leucophysalis. 
Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple ; fruiting calyx not ex- 
ceeding the berry. 5. Chamaesaracha. 

Anthers connivent or slightly connate ; fruiting calyx not enlarged. 

Anthers short or oblong, opening by terminal pores or short slits in our species. 

6. Solatium. 
Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 

7. Lycopersicon. 

* * Fruit a nearly dry berry ; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes 
imbricated. 8. Lycium. 

* * * Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform. 
Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid; corolla irregular. 

9. Hyoscyamus. 
Capsule opening by valves. 

Capsule generally prickly. 10. Datura. 

Capsule not prickly. 

Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. 

II. A" I CO /tan a. 
Flowers solitary ; stamens very unequal. 12. Petuma. 

I. PHYSALODES Boehm. 

An annual erect glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate 
or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the 
axils. Calyx-segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at the base, strongly 
reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5 , included, 
inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, dilated and pilose below; 
anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style slender; stigma 3-5 -lobed. Berry 
globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis-like.] A monotypic 
genus. 

I. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton. Apple-of-Peru. (I. F. f. 3189.) 
Stem angled, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate but blimt, nar- 



SOLANACEAE. 809 

rowed at the base, 0.7-2 dm. long; petioles longer than the peduncles; flowers 
2.5-3.5 cm. long and broad; corolla-limb almost entire; fruiting calyx 2.5-3.5 cm. 
long and thick, its segments acute, their basal auricles acute or cuspidate; berry 
about 12 mm. in diameter, loosely surrounded by the calyx. In waste places, 
escaped from gardens, N. S. to Ont., south to Fla. Adventive from Peru. July- 
Sept. 

2. PHYSALIS L.* 
Herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. 
Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed, 
in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5 -angled, or prominently lO- 
ribbed and reticulate, wholly enclosing the pulpy berry. Corolla often with a 
brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, 
plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, opening 
by longitudinal slits. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. 
Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened. [Greek, bladder, referring to the 
inflated calyx.] The number of recognized species is about 50; 34 occur in the 
U.S. 

* Annuals with branched fibrous roots. 

t Plants more or less pubescent (except P. Barabdensts obscura). 

Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the 

base ; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube 

or longer. 

Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base; upper part repand 

or subentire; fruiting calyx small and short; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 

I. P. pubescens. 
Leaves cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base ; stem stout, obtusely angled ; 

fruiting calyx rounded. 2. P. prtdnosa. 

Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand 
dentate; stem tail, acutely angled; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 

3. P. Barbadensis. 
Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) trian- 
gular, generally shorter than the tube. 4. P, Lagascae. 
+ t Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little puberu- 

lent when young ; fruiting calyx obtusely 5-10-angled, not sunken at the base. 
Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple. 

Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx ; leaves sinuately toothed or 

subentire. 5. p, lanceifolia. 

Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx; leaves sharply dentate. 

6. P. a7tgulata. 
Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple center. 

Peduncles short, scarcely as long as the flowers, which are io~2o mm. in diameter : 

calyx-lobes broadly triangular. y, />. ixocarpa. 

Peduncles longer than the flowers, which are 16-25 nim. in diameter; calyx-lobes 
lanceolate-triangular. 8. P. PhiladelpJiica. 

* * Perennial by rootstocks and roots. 

f Pubescence not stellate (although in P. ptanila of branched hairs). 
Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and 
short, if any. 
Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin, 8. P, PJiiladelpJiica. 

Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. p, longifolia. 

Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves 
broadly ovate, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. macro ph\sa. 

Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pievti/a branched hairs; 
in P. Virgimana sometimes a little viscid. 
Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base; leaves thick, 
obovate or spatulate to rhomboid, subentire. 
Leaves obovate or spatulate ; hairs all simple. ii. P. lanceolata. 

Leaves broader, often rhomboid; hairs on the lower surface branched. 

12. P. purniLi. 
Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken at the base; 
leaves ovate to lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13. P. rir!^ini\7na. 
Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with lono- flat 
jointed hairs. 

* Contributed by Dr. P, A. Rydberg 



8 10 FLORA. 

Leaves large ; blade generally over 5 cm. long and more or less cordate. 

14. P, heterophylla. 
Leaves less than 5 cm. long, round-ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the 

base; calyx, peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 

15. P. comata. 
Leaves small, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at 

the base, not coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P. rotundata. 
t t Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P. viscosa. 

1. Physalis pubescens L. Low Hairy Ground-cherry. (L F. f. 3190.) 
Stem generally diffuse or spreading, often a little swollen at the nodes, villous- 
pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thin, 2.5-6 cm. long, ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate, slightly cordate, upward repand-denticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes 
becoming nearly glabrous except along the veins; peduncles short; calyx-lobes 
narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla 6-10 mm. in diameter, yellow with 
dark center; anthers usually purplish; fruiting calyx membranous, 2-3 cm. long, 
pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate, refuse at the base. In sandy soil, Penn. to Fla. and 
Cal. ; also in tropical Am. and India. July-Sept. 

2. Physalis pruinosa L. Tall Hairy Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3191.) 
Stout, generally erect, and more hairy than the preceding and the two following 
species; stem finely villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, 3-10 cm. long, finely 
pubescent, ovate, cordate, and deeply sinuately toothed; calyx villous or viscid, 
its lobes as long as the tube, narrow but not subulate-tipped; corolla 4-8 mm. 
in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with purple; fruiting calyx reticulate, 2-3 
cm. long, ovoid, cordate ; berry yellow or green. In cultivated soil, Mass. to Iowa, 
Mo. and Fla. July-Sept. 

3. Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 
3192.) Stem stout, acutely 3-4-angled, pubescent or viscid; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 
acute, or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; 
peduncles short, but in fruit sometimes 2 cm. long; calyx generally densely viscid- 
hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 5-10 mm. in diameter; anthers gen- 
erally purplish ; fruiting calyx longer than in the two preceding species, reticulate. 
Sandy soil, N. Car., southern 111. and Mex., the W. Ind. and S. Am. July-Sept. 

Physalis Barbadensis obscura (Michx.) Rydberg. Greener, perfectly glabrous, or 
sometimes minutely pubescent. The distribution is about the same as that of the species. 

4 Physalis Lagascae R. & S. Small-flowered Ground-cherry. (I. 

F f 3193 ) Stem spreading, often zigzag, striate, or slightly angled, villous with 
short hairs. Leaves 1-9 cm. long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse, or cordate 
at the base, acute,- repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least on the veins; 
peduncles in fruit 5-10 cm., reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx villous, 
corolla 3-8 mm. in diameter, yellow, generally with a dark center; anthers gen- 
erally yellow; fruiting calvx 1.4-2 cm. long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by the 
berry commonly rounded at the base. Native of Mex., the W. and E. Ind. ; per- 
haps only introduced in the U. S. Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and Ind. Terr. July- 

t:. Physalis lanceifolia Nees. Lance-leaved Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 
3194.) Erect, generally 4-5 dm. high; stem angled, glabrous; leaves in the typical 
form'lanceolate; calyx' cylindric-campanulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter 
than the tube; peduncles filiform, about 2.5 cm. long, erect with nodding flower, 
in fruit reflexed; corolla 6-8 mm. in diameter; campanulate, yellow, without a 
dark spot; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about 2 cm. long, 
ovoid, indistinctly lo-angled, purple-veined, nearly filled by the berry. 111. to 
Tex Kans Cal. and southward. Also in Mex. and Peru. July-Sept. _ 

6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3195.) 
Erect, 4-9 dm. high, glabrous; stem angled; leaves ovate, with cuneate base and 
long-acuminate teeth; blades 5-6.5 cm. long, on slender petioles, thin, the veins 
not prominent; peduncles slender, 2-3 cm. long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but 
seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally 
shorter than the tube; "corolla 5-10 cm. in diameter; anthers purplish tinged; 
fruiting calyx about 3 cm. long, ovoid, not prominently angled. ;it last nearly 



SOLAN ACEAE. 511 

filled by the yellow berry. In rich soil, Va, and N. Car. to 111., the Ind. Terr., 
Tex., Cent. Am., Brazil and the W. Ind. Also in India. July-Sept. 

7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo. Mexican Ground-cherry. 
Strawberry Tomato. (I. F. f. 3196.) At first erect, later widely spreading; 
stem angled, glabrous, or the younger parts sparingly hairy, leaves from cordate 
to ovate, with a cuneate base, sinuately dentate or entire, 2.5-6.5 cm. long; pedun- 
cles 2-5 mm. long; calyx sparingly hairy; its lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 
bright yellow with purple throat, 1-2 cm. in diameter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, 
obscurely lO-angled, often purple-veined, at last filled by the purple berry. 
Native of Mex. Cultivated for its fruit and frequently escapes from cultiva- 
tion. 

8. Physalis Phildelphica Lam. Philadelphia Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 
3197.) Erect 7-15 dm. high; stem angled, dichotomously branched; blades ovate 
to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and acuminate, entire or 
repand-denticulate, 6-10 cm. long, often in pairs; peduncles slender, 1-2 cm. 
long; calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate, lobes ovate-lanceolate or triangular, 
sometimes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube; corolla yellow 
or greenish yellow with purplish throat, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers tinged 
with purple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat lo-angled and sunken at the base, at 
last often filled with the large red or purple berry. R. I. to Ga., Neb. and Tex. 
July-Sept. 

9. Physalis longifdlia Nutt. Long-leaved Ground-cherry. (I.F. f. 3198.) 
Perennial by a thick rootstock; stem in the common form, stout, 4-9 dm. high, 
slightly angled. Leaves tapering into a petiole 1-2 cm. long, subentire or repand; 
pedunjles 1-2 cm. long, in fruit often recurved; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes 
triangul ir-lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 1-2 cm. in diameter, 
yellow with a dark center; anthers tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about 
3 cm. loag; berry yellow, the lower portion and the stipe glutinous. In rich soil, 
Iowa to Ark., Utah and Mex, July-Sept. 

10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Large-bladder Ground-cherry. 
(I. F. f. 3199.) Perennial; root somewhat fleshy; stem erect, 4-9 dm. high, 
comparatively slender, angled. Leaves thin, 3-9 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the 
upper acute or acuminate; petioles 2-4 cm. long; peduncles in fruit reflexed; 
calyx smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceolate, generally a little 
shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with a dark center, about 2 cm. in diameter; 
anthers generally yellow, sometimes tinged with purple; fruiting calyx 3-4 cm. 
long, indistinctly lo-angled; berry small, in the center of the calyx. In rich soil, 
Tex. to Kans. and Ark. May-July. Rare. 

11. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3200.) 
Rootstock apparently as a rule slender and creeping; stem 4-5 dm. high, first erect, 
later spreading or diffuse, slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with flat hairs. 
Leaves nearly always entire, rarely wavy, thickish, sparingly hairy with short 
hairs; peduncles 1-2 cm. long, in fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate; 
corolla dullish yellow with a brownish center, about 1.6 cm. in diameter; fruiting 
calyx round-ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly lO-angled; berry yellow or 
greenish yellow. On dry prairies, common west of the Missouri River, extending 
eastward to III. and the Carolinas. July-Sept. 

12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low Ground-cherry, (I, F. f. 3201,) Peren- 
nial by a slender rootstock, 4-9 dm. high; stem obscurely angled. Leaves broadly 
ovate to oblong, acute at both ends, somewhat rhomboid, the lower often obtuse 
and obovate; blades 5-10 cm, long, entire or seldom sinuate; peduncles in fruit 
reflexed and 3-5 cm. long; calyx densely hirsute, its lobes triangular, generally a 
little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with brown center, 1.5-2 cm. in diam- 
eter; fruiting calyx 3-5 cm. long, indistinctly lo-angled. Plains, Mo. to Colo, 
and Tex. July-Sept. 

13 Physalis Virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3:02. 
Perennial; rootstock thick; stem 4-9 dm. high, erect, dichotomously branched, 
somewhat angular, strigose hairy with flat hairs, in some forms nearly glabrous. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, 3-6 cm. long, generally sinuatelv 
dentate; peduncles in fruit curved but scarcely reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular or 
broadly lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube; corolla sulpiuir-yellow with pur- 



8l2 FLORA, 

plish spots, 1.8-2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers yellow; berry reddish. Rich soil, 
especially in open places, N. Y. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

Physalis Virginiana intermedia Rydberg. Leaves thin and subentire, gradually 
tapering into winged petioles; pubescence in the young plant somewhat viscid, Ind. 
to Ala. and Tex. 

14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-cherry. (L F. f. 
3203.) Perennial by a creeping rootstock, 4-9 dm. tall, viscid and glandular, and 
villous with long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaf blades often acute but very 
rarely with an acumination, thick, sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire; 
calyx long-villous, its lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 
1.6-2 cm. in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center; anthers 
mostly yellow; berry yellow. In rich soil, N. B. to Saskatch., Fla., Colo, and 
Tex. 

Physalis heterophylla ambigua (A. Gray) Rydberg. Tall and generally upright, very 
long-villous, scarcely at all viscid; flowers commonly larger; anthers mostly purplish. Vt. 
to Iowa and Tenn. 

Physalis heterophylla nyctagi'nea (Dunal) Rydberg. Leaves usually dark green 
and of a firm texture, more or less acuminate at the apex, often subentire, and pubes- 
cent mainly on the veins of the lower surface, R. I. to Iowa and La. 

Physalis Peruviana L, STRAWBERRY Tomato. A native of South America ; it is 
cultivated for its fruit in all warm and temperate regions, and often escapes. It resem- 
bles P. heterophylla^ but differs in the leaves, which have a long distinct acumination, 
and in the pubescence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. 

15. Physalis comata Rydberg, Hillside Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3204.) 

Erect, 4-5 dm, high; pubescence fine and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and 
upper branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs. Leaf-blades not over 
5 cm. long, round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or 
nearly entire; peduncles as long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla greenish 
yellow, with brown center, 1,2-2 cm, in diameter. Fruiting calyx thin, round- 
ovoid, somewhat lo-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Hillsides, Neb., Kans., 
Colo, and Tex. 

16. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round-leaved Ground-cherry. (L F. f. 
3205,) Zigzag, generally dichotomously branched, from a perennial rootstock, 
densely and finely viscid pubescent, usually more glandular than the preceding. 
Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, 2,5-4.5 cm, in diameter, with small teeth; 
petioles short, more or less winged; peduncles short; corolla 1.6 cm. in diameter, 
greenish yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, 
scarcely sunken at the base. Dry plains, S, Dak. to Tex. and N. Mex. July- 
Sept. 

17. Physalis viscosa L. Stellate Ground-cherry. (I, F, f, 3206,) Per- 
ennial by a creeping rootstock; stems creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes- 
cence, or in age glabrate. Leaves elliptic, oval or ovate, obtuse, thinnish, entire or 
undulate, in the typical South American form often cordate at the base, but rarely 
so in our plant; peduncles 1-2,5 cm, long; calyx-lobes triangular, generally shorter 
than the tube; corolla greenish yellow with a darker center, 1,5-2 cm, in diameter; 
fruiting calyx 2-3 cm, long, round-ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base; berry 
orange or yellow. On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Va. and N. Car. to 
the Argentine Republic. 

Physalis Alkek^ngi L. STRAWBERRY TOMATO, WINTER Cherry. A native of 
Europe and Asia, often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escapes from cultivation. 
The flowers are whitish ; corolla-limb more distinctly 5-lobed; leaves broadly deltoid, 
acute at both ends, repand or angulately toothed. 

3. QUINCULA Raf. 

A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves 
sinuate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles commonly in pairs from the 
axils, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5, Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in 
fruit inflated, sharply 5 -angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes conni- 
vent. Corolla pentagonal in outline, veiny. Anthers opening by longitudinal 



SOLAN A CEA E. 8 1 3 

slits. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick 
margins. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple-flowered Ground-cherry. 
(I. F. f. 3207.) Perennial, spreading or prostrate; stem obtusely angled and 
striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately 
toothed, or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at the base, 
thickish and veiny, tapering into margined petioles; peduncles 2-5 cm. long, in 
fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla 2-3 cm. 
in diameter; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about as wide as 
long, sunken at the base. On high plains, Kans. to Cal. and Mex. May-Sept. 

4. LEUCOPHYSALIS Rydbeig. 

A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent 
on the petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx cam- 
panulate, 5-lobed, at first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to 
the berry, thin, neither aAgled nor ribbed, faintly veiny. Corolla rotate, white, 
sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the 
limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and 
slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits. Style and stigma as in 
Physalis. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white Physalis.^ 
A monotypic genus. 

I. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydberg. Large White-flowered 
Ground-cherry. (I. F. f. 3208.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high; stem more or less vil- 
lous. Leaves I-2 dm. long, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, generally acute and entire, 
more or less villous and viscid; peduncles several from each axil, villous; calyx- 
lobes lanceolate, equalling the tube; corolla 3-4 cm. in diameter, rotate; anthers 
short, yellow, often tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the 
berry. Vt. to Saskatch. and Minn. May-July. 

5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray. 

Perennials, the leaf-blade decurrent on the petiole. Peduncles solitary, or in 
fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, in fruit somewhat 
enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor 
ribbed, and faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. 
Corolla rotate, white or cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. 
Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers 
oblong, opening by longitudinal slits; style and stigma as in PJivsalis. Seeds 
kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-fa vose or punctate. [Ground .SV?';-()'<:7/<'7, the latter 
a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine botanist.] An 
American genus, of half a dozen species. 

Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute. t. C. coriioidcs. 

Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx. 

2. C'. Coronopus. 

1. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moricand) Britton. Hairy Chamaesar- 
ACHA. (I. F. f. 3209.) Much branched, at first upright, at length spreading, cine- 
reous-puberuloiit with short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs, gen- 
erally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and branched hairs, especially on 
the calyx; leaves oblanceolate to obovate-rhombic, usually acutish, subentire to 
pinnatifid; calyx-lobes triangular, generally acutish; corolla about 12 mm. in 
diameter, white or ochroleucous, or sometimes violet-purplish; berry 5-8 mm. in 
diameter. In dry clayey soil, Kans. to Cal. and Mex. May-Sept. 

2. Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal) A. (hay. Smoothish Chamae- 
saracha. (L F. f. 3210.) Branched and diftuse; stem obtusely angled; pubes- 
cence on the stem and loaves more or less roughish pruinoso or stoUato. often 
scarcely any; on the calyx stellate or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo- 
late, sinuately lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pinnatifid; calyx-lobes 
triangular, acute; corolla white or ochroleucous, the appendages of tlie throat 
often protuberant; berry nearly white. In clayey soil, Kans. to Utah, Cal. and 
Mex. May-Sept. 



8 14 FLORA. 

6. SOLANUM L. 

Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Floweis 
cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or rotate, 
mostly 5 -toothed or 5 -cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5 -angled or 5-lobed, 
the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments 
short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a 
cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a short introse 
terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2 -celled; stigma 
small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. 
[Name, according, to Wittstein, from solamen, quieting.] About 900 species, of 
wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the 
southern and western U. S. 

* Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly. 
Plants green ; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate; flowers white. 

Leaves repand or entire; ripe berries black. j i. S. nigrum. 

Leaves deeply pinnatifid; ripe berries green. 2. .5". triflortan. 

Plant silvery stellate-canescent; flowers violet. 4. S. elaeagnifoliwn. 

* * Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs. 

Berry not enclosed by the calyx; perennials. 

Hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid. 3. S. Caro/inetise. 

Densely silvery-canescent; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire. 

4. S. elaeagnifolium. 

Pubescent; leaves ovate, 5-7-lobed. 5. S. Torreyi. 

Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. 

Plant densely stellate-pubescent; corolla yellow. 6. S. rostratum. 

Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs; corolla violet. 

7. S. heterodoxmn. 

* * * Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. 8. S, Dulcamara. 

1. Solanum nigrum L. Black or Garden Nightshade. (I. F. f. 3211.) 
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, 3-8 dm. high. 
Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, thin, acute, acumi- 
nate or acutish at the apex; peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10-flowered; pedicels 
6-14 mm. long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, much shorter 
than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; filaments somewhat pubes- 
cent; anthers obtuse; berries glabrous, globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, on nodding 
peduncles. In waste places or cultivated soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and 
Tex. Widely distributed as a weed. July-Oct. 

2. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Cut-leaved Nightshade. (I. F. f. 3212.) 
Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs, or glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves acute, petioled, 5-10 cm. long, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, entire or 
dentate, the sinuses rounded; peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered; pedicels reflexed 
in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base 
of the berry; corolla 8-10 mm. broad; anthers ol)tuse; berries globose, glabrous, 
about 10 mm. in diameter. On prairies and in waste places, western Ont. to the 
N. W. Terr., Kans. and Ariz. May-Oct. 

3. Solanum Carolinense L. Horse-nettle. (L F. f. 3213.) Stellate- 
pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs; stem erect, branched, 3-12 dm. high, armed with 
straight subulate yellow prickles. Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin- 
natifid, 5-15 cm. long; flowers cymose-racemose; pedicels 6-14 mm. long, re- 
curved in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half the length of the 
corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; 
anthers elongated ; berries orange-yellow, glabrous, i .5-2 cm. in diameter. In 
dry fields and in waste places, Ont. to Mass., Fla., III., Neb. and Tex. May-Sept. 

4. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Silver-leaved Nightshade. (I. F. f. 
3214.) Perennial, finely stellate-pubescent, silvery-canescent all over; stem 3- 
9 dm. high, armed with sharp prickles, or these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, 
oblong, or linear, petioled, 2-10 cm. long, mostly obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; 
flowers cymose, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; peduncles short and stout; calyx-lobes lanceo- 
late or linear-lanceolate, acute; anthers linear; ovary white-tomentose; berries 



SOLANACEAE. 815 

globose, yellow or darker, glabrous, 8-12 mm. in diameter. On dry plains and 
prairies, Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Sept. 

5. Solanum Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey's Nightshade. (I. F. f. 3215.) 
Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of 8- 12 -rayed hairs, more or less 
armed with small subulate prickles. Leaves 7-15 cm. long, the lobes entire or 
undulate, obtuse ; cymes branched, loosely several-flowered ; flowers showy; calyx- 
lobes ovate, abruptly long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla 
violet, 2.5-4 cm. broad, its lobes ovate, acute; berry globose, glabrous, 2.5 cm. or 
more in diameter, yellow. On dry plains and prairies, Kans. to Tex. 

6. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Beaked Nightshade. (I. F. f. 
3216.) Densely pubescent with 5-8-rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with 
yellow subulate prickles, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline, irregu- 
larly pinnately 5-7-lobed or 1-2-pinnatifid, 5-13 cm. long, petioled, the lobes 
obtuse; flowers racemose, about 2.5 cm. broad; racemes lateral; pedicels erect 
both in flower and fruit; calyx densely prickly, wholly enclosing the berry; calyx- 
lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla about 2.5 cm. broad, slightly irregular, its lobes 
ovate, acute; stamens and style declined, the lowest stamen longer with an in- 
curved beak; fruit 2 cm. in diameter or more. On prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. and 
Mex. Occasional in waste places as a weed, Ont. to N. H., Mass. and N. J., ad- 
ventive from the West. May-Sept. 

7. Solanum heterodoxum Dunal. Melon-leaved Nightshade. (I. F. f. 
3217.) Glandular-pubescent, or a few 4-5 -rayed hairs on the leaves, copiously 
armed with slender yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long; racemes lateral, several-flowered; 
flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad; stamens and style declined; lowest anther violet, larger 
than the four other yellow ones; corolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acumi- 
nate; fruit similar to that of the preceding. In dry soil, Kans. (according to 
Smyth) to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 

8. Solanum Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Blue Bindweed. Fellonwort. 
Bittersweet. (L F. f. 3218.) Perennial; stem climbing or straggling, some- 
what woody below, 6-24 dm. long. Leaves petioled, ovate or hastate in outline, 
5-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire, 3-lobed, or 3-divided, with the terminal 
segment much the largest; cymes compound, lateral; pedicels slender, spreading 
or drooping; flowers blue, purple, or white, 1-1.5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes short, 
oblong, obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla deeply 5 -cleft, its lobes 
triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; berry oval or globose, red. In waste places or 
in thickets, N. B. to Minn. N. J. , Penn. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

7. LYCOPERSICON MilL 

Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse herbs, with 1-2-pinnately divided leaves, 
and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite the 
leaves. Calyx 5 -parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. 
Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. 
Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers 
elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3- 
celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or 
pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, 
wolf-peach.] About 4 species, of S. Am. 

I. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L.) Karst, Tomato. Love-apple. 
Cherry Tomato. (I. F. f. 3219.) Viscid-pubescent, much branched, 3-9 dm. 
high. Leaves petioled, 1.5-5 ^^- ^ong, the segments stalked, the larger 7-9. ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or again divided, with several or 
numerous smaller ones interspersed; flowers 10-16 mm. broad; calyx-segments 
about equalling the corolla; berry the well-known tomato or love-apple. Escaped 
from cultivation, N. Y. and Penn. southward. June-Sept. 

8. LYCIUM I.. 
Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, com- 
monly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and Avhite greenish or purple, soli- 
tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate. 3-5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged 
in fruit, persistent. Corolla tube short or slender, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). 



8l6 FLORA. 

the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4) ; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the 
base; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stig- 
ma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry globose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the coun- 
try Lycia.] About 75 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 17 
native species occur in southern and western N. Am. 

I. Lycium vulgar e( Ait. f.)Dunal. Matrimony Vine. Box-thorn. (I. F. 
f. 3220.) Glabrous, spiny or unarmed; stems slender, climbing or trailing, 2-8 
m. long, the spines, when present, slender. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu- 
late. narrowed into short petioles, firm. 1-4 cm. long; peduncles filiform, 1-2. 5 cm. 
long; calyx-lobes ovate. 3 mm. long; corolla funnelform. purplish changing to 
greenish, 8-12 mm. broad, its lobes ovate-oblong; stamens slightly exserted ; berry 
oval, orange-red. In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ont. to 
Conn., Va., Minn, and Kans. Introduced from Europe. ]May-Aug. 

9. HYOSCYAMUS L. 

Erect viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs, with alternate mostly lobed or pinnatifid 
leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the axils, the upper 
in a spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly campanulate. 5 -cleft, striate, 
enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnelform. the limb some- 
what oblique, 5 -cleft, the lobes imequal. spreading. Stamens declined, mostly 
exserted; filaments filiform; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; 
style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circumscissile above the middle. 
[Greek, hog-bean.] About 15 species, of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane. Hog's-bean. (I. F. f. 3221.) 
Annual or biennial; stem stout, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or ob- 
long in outline, 7-17 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sessile, or the upper clasping, 
irregularly lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers short-pedicelled, 2.5-5 cm. broad; 
calvx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla greenish yellow, strongly reticulated 
with purple veins, its lobes ovate, obtusish ; capsule globose-oblong, about I cm. 
high. Waste places. N. S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Jime-Sept. 

10. DATURA L. 
Tall narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled 
leaves, and large solitar}' erect short-pedtmcled white purple or violet flowers. 
Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5 -cleft or spathe-like, in the follow- 
ing species circumscissile near the base which is persistent and subtends the prickly 
capsule. Corolla funnelform. the limb plaited, 5 -lobed. the lobes broad, acuminate. 
Stamens included or little exserted: filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or 
below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. or falsely 4-celled; style 
filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4 valved from the top. or bursting 
irreo-ularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.] About 12 species, of wide distribu- 
tion? The following are introduced weeds. 

Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. 

Stem green; flowers white; lower prickles of the fruit shorter, i. D. Stramonhim. 

Stem purple; flowers lavender or violet; prickles about equal, 2. D. Tatula. 
Finely glandular-pubescent ; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 3. D. Metel. 

1. Datura Stramonium L. Stramonium. Jamestown or Jimson-weed. 
Thorn-apple. (I. F. f. 322a.) Annual, glabrous or the young parts sparingly 
pubescent; stem stout. 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, 
mostly narrowed at the base, 0.7-2 dm. long, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the lobes 
acute'; flowers white, about I dm. high; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the 
length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, densely prickly, about 5 cm. high. In fields 
and waste places. N. S. to Fla., Minn, and Tex. Nat. from tropical regions, 
probablv from Asia. Jtme-Sept. 

2. Datura Tatula L. Purple Thorn-apple. Purple StramoniUxM. 
(I. F. f. 3223.) Similar to the preceding but usually a little more pubescent; 
stem commonly more slender, purple; leaves almost like those oi D. Sirafuoniiwi, 
but rather darker green or with a tinge of purple; flowers lavender colored or 
violet, or the tube nearly white. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Minn., 
N, Y., Fla. and Tex. Nat. from trop. Am. May-Sept. 



SOLANACEAE. 817 

3. Datura Metel L. Entire-leaved Thorn-apple. (I. F. f. 3224.) 
Annual, finely glandular-pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, 
inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1-2.5 dm. long; flowers white, 
i.5-1.8 dm. high; calyx about one-half as long as the corolla; capsule globose or 
ovoid-globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter. In waste 
places, R. I. to Fla. Native of trop. Am. July-Sept. 

11. NICOTIANA L. 

Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or slightly 
undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in terminal 
racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5 -cleft. Corolla-tube 
usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther- sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled); style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, 
or sometimes 4-valved at the summit. Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John 
Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de 
Medici, about 1560.] About 50 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the 
following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Corolla 2.5 cm. long;, the tube cylindric; calyx-lobes triangular. i. N. rustica. 

Corolla 10-15 cm. long, the tube very slender; calyx-lobes linear. 2. N. longijlora. 

1. Nicotiana rustica L. Wild Tobacco. (I. F. f. 3225.) Annual, 6-12 dm. 
high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slender -petioled, 0.5-2 dm. long; flowers 
greenish yellow, panicled; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes acute, shorter 
than the tube; corolla-tube somewhat enlarged above, the lobes short, obtuse; 
capsule globose, glabrous, about i cm. in diameter, 2-valved, longer than the 
calyx. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Minn., N. Y. and Fla. Cultivated by 
the Indians. June-Sept. 

2. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Long-flowered Tobacco. (I. F. f. 3226.) 
Annual, minutely rough-puberulent and viscid, 4-9 dm. high. Basal leaves 
obtuse, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, tapering into slender winged petioles; stem leaves linear 
or lanceolate, sessile; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow 
lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla white or purplish, viscid, the tube slender, 
2-3 mm. in diameter, expanding above, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule 
oblong. Near Harrisburg and Easton, Pa. Escaped from gardens. Native of 
S. Am. Aug. -Oct. 

12. PETUNIA Juss. 

Viscid-pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and white violet or purple flowers 
(in cultivation sometimes variegated). Calyx deeply 5 -cleft or 5-parted. Corolla 
funnelform or salverform, the limb plicate, spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 
5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, perfect, the fifth 
smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers 2-lobed. Disk fleshy. Ovary 2- 
celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-celled. 2- 
valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [Fe^un, an Indian name 
of tobacco.] About 12 species, of S. Am. 

Corolla white, its tube cylindric. i_ p^ axillaris. 

Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2.' P. violacea. ' 

1. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White Petunia. (I. F. f. 3227.) Very 
viscid, about 3 dm. high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed, 7-10 
cm. long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short margined petioles: peduncles 
slender, often longer than the leaves; calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla 
white, its tube slightly enlarged above, 2.5-4 cm. long, 3-4 times as long as the 
calyx, its limb abruptly spreading, the lobes n)unded. In waste places,\-scaped 
from gardens, N. Y. and Pcnn. Native of southern Brazil. July-Sept. 

2. Petunia violacea Lindl. Violet Petunia. (I. F. "f. 322S.) Similar to 
the preceding, but usually lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate or olxn-ate, 
all but the uppermost petioled, mostly obtuse, 2.5-6 cm. long; peduncles slender; 
calyx-segments linear; corolla violet-purple, its tiihe campanuiate, 1.S-3 cm. lon^^' 



8l8 FLORA. 

the limb less abruptly spreading, the lobes subacute. In waste places, escaped 
from gardens, N. Y. and Penn. Native of southern Brazil and Paraguay. 
June-Sept. 

Petunia parvifl5ra Juss., a prostrate pubescent annual, \yith small linear to spatulate 
leaves, and a funnelform corolla 8-10 mm. long, is abundant on ballast about the eastern 
seaports. 

Family 9. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. 

Figwo7't Family. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipulate leaves, and perfect mostly 
complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Syn- 
thyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-tootbed, -cleft, or -divided, or 
sometimes split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or seg- 
ments valvate, imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, 
the limb 2-lipped, or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynam.ous, or 
nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; 
anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal, or unequal, or sometimes confluent into 
one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil i, entire or 2-lobed ; ovar}^ su- 
perior, 2-celled, or rarely i -celled; ovules anatropous or amphitropous, 
on axile placentae ; style slender, simple ; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2- 
lamellate. Fruit mosth^ capsular and septicidally or loculicidally de- 
hiscent. Seeds mostly numerous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo small, 
straight or slightly curved ; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. 
About 165 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed. 

1. Antlier-bearing: stamens 5 ; corolla rotate ; leaves alternate. i. Verbascum. 

2. Antier-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. 

* Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. 
Corolla spurred at the base. 

Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria. 

Leaves pinnately veined. 

Flowers solitar}' in the axils. 3. Kickxia. 

Flowers in terminal racemes. 4. Linarta, 

Corolla saccate or gibbous at the base, 5. Antirrhinum. 

* * Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side. 
t Anther-bearing stamens 4^ the fifth sterile or riidimetitary. 
Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. Scrophiilaria. 

Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter than the others. 
Corolla tubular, 2-hpped, the lobes of the lower Hp flat. 

Sterile stamen shorter than the others: seeds winged. 7. Chelone. 

Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. Pejit-stemon. 
Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 

9. Collinsia. 

■ 1 1 Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. 
a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. 

10. Paulownia. 
b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 24ipped; stamens not enclosed in upper 

lip of corolla. 
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. n. Mimulus. 

Calyx 5-parted, not prismatic. 

Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 12. Conobea. 

Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. 13. Monniera. 

c. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 24ipped. 
Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present. 

Sterile filaments short or none. 14. Gratiola. 

Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 15. liysanthes. 

Calyx 4-toothed : upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 16. Micranthemuvi. 

d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. 

7 7. Limosella. 



SCROPHULARIA CEAE. 8 19 

e. Stamens 2 only; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or none. 
Leaves alternate; flowers spicate: corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 18. Synthyris. 

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. 

Corolla rotate; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 19. Veronica. 
Corolla tubular-funnelform; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 20. Leptandra, 
f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, 
scarcely 2-lipped. 
Leaves alternate; flowers in i-sided racemes. 21. Digitalis, 

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. 

Corolla salverform ; flowers in a long spike. 22. Buchnera. 

Corolla campanulate or funnelform. 

Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 23. Afzelia. 

Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. 
Anthers awned at the base; corolla yellow, 24. Dasystoma. 

Anthers awn less; corolla purple, pink or rarely white. 25. Gerardia. 
g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
Ovules several or numerous; capsule many-seeded. 

Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its apex; leaves mostly alternate. 
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 26. Castilleja. 

Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 27. Orthocarpus. 

Anther-sacs similar and parallel; leaves mostly opposite. 

Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed. 28, Schwalbea. 

Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split. 

Upper lip of the corolla 2 lobed, its margins recurved; calyx 4-cleft. 

29. Euphrasia, 
Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved. 

Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit; galea entire. 
Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft; capsule straight. 

Seeds spreading, numerous. 30. Bartsia. 

Seeds pendulous, few. 31. Odontites. 

Calyx split on the lower side or on both, sides ; capsule obhque. 
Galea prolonged into a filiform curved beak. 

32. Elephantella. 
Galea with a short beak or none. 33. Pedicularis. 

Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 34. Rhinanthus. 

Ovules only i or 2 in each cell of the ovary; capsule 1-4-seeded; leaves opposite. 

35. Melampyrutn. 

I. VERBASCUM L. 

Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather 
large fiovi^ers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft or 
5 -parted. Corolla flat- rotate or slightly concave, 5 -lobed, the lobes a little unequal, 
the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 
corolla, unequal; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all 5, pilose; anther-sacs 
confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and flattened at the summit. 
Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose. 
[The Latin name of the great muUen; used by Pliny.] About 125 species, of the 
Old World. 

Plants densely woolly ; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spikelike racemes. 

Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. i. V. Thapsus. 

Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2. V. p/ilotnoides. 

Leaves white-tomentose beneath ; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3. V. Lvchnitis, 
Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular ; flowers racemose. 4. F. Blaitaria. 

1. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great Mullen. (L F. f. 3229.) Simple or 
with some erect branches, densely w^ooUy with branched hairs, 6-25 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at the base, dentate or denticulate, i-; dm. 
long, the basal ones margined-petioled; flowers yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. ln\>ad. sessile, 
numerous in dense elongated spikes; stamens unequal, the three upper shorter with 
white hairy filaments and short anthers, the two lower glabrous or nearly so with 
larger anthers; capsule about 6 mm. high. In fields and waste places, N. S. to S. 
Dak., Fla. and Ivans. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Verbascum phlomoides T-. Claspinc^-leaved Mullen. (I. F. f. ^2^0.) 
Stem usually simple, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong to ovatelanoeolato. orenate. 
crenulate, or entire, wooUy-tomentosc. sessile or somewhat clasping, or slis^htlv de- 
Current on the stem, or the lower often petioled with truncate or subcordaTc bases- 



820 FLORA. 

flowers yellow, or cream-color, 2.5 cm. broad or more, usually in a tomentose 

spike-like raceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the calyx; stamens as in V, 
Thapsus. Eastern Mass. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. June-Aug. 

3. Verbascum Lychnitis L. White Mullen. (I. F. f. 3231.) Stem an- 
gled, branched above, 6-14 dm. high, densely covered with a white nearly stellate 
pubescence. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, 5-17 cm. 
long, the upper acute, sessile, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers 
in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its branches, white or cream-color, 
10-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the ^ shorter filaments white; cap- 
sule about 4 mm. high. In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. J. and Penn. Re- 
ported from Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

4. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen. (I. F. f. 3232.) Stem 
terete, usually simple, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate, den- 
tate, laciniate, or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the upper truncate or cordate- 
clasping at the base, the basal ones seldom present at flowering time; raceme 
3-6 dm. long, loose; pedicels spreading, I-2.5 cm. long, bracted at the base; 
corolla yellow or white, about 2.5 cm. broad, with brown marks on the back; fila- 
m.ents all pilose with violet hairs; capsule depi-essed-globose, 6 mm. in diameter. 
In fields and waste places, Quebec to Fla., Minn, and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
June-Nov. 

2. CYMBALARIA Medic. 

Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, pal- 
mately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. 
Corolla irregular, 2-lipped. short-spurred; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; 
throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, 
included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 ter- 
minal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the Greek for cymbal.] 
About 9 species, of the Old World. 

I. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy. 
(I. F. f. 3233.) Glabrous; stem trailing, often rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. 
Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-5 -lobed, 0.6-2.5 cm. in diameter, the lobes broad 
and obtuse; flowers blue or lilac, 8-10 mm. long; peduncles slender, recurved, 
shorter than the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; palate yellowish; cap- 
sule globose; seeds rugose. Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, 
N. Y., N. J. and Penn., and in seaport ballast. June-Aug. 

3. KICKXIA Dumort. 

[Elatinoides Wettst.] 

Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-peti- 
oled leaves, and s6litary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5- 
parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform- Capsule opening by I or 2 
terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. About 
25 species, natives of the Old World. [In honor of Johann Kickx, professor in 
Ghent.] 

Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base. i. E. spuria. 

Leaves triangular, mostly hastate, 2. E. Elattne. 

1. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Round-leaved Toad-flax. (I. F. f. 
3234.) Annual, pubescent; stems prostrate, o. 7-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate-orbicu- 
lar7 entire, or sometimes dentate, mucronulate, cordate or rounded at the base, 
0.6-2.5 cui. in diameter; petioles 2-4 mm. long; flowers small; peduncles filiform, 
very pubescent, often much longer than the leaves; calyx-segments ovate, acute at 
the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one-half as long as the corolla; corolla 
yellowish with a purple upper lip, the spur curved; capsule subglobose. In waste 
places and ballast, N. Y. to N. Car. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. [Elati- 
noides spuria Wettst. ] 

2. Kickxia Elatine (L.) Dumort. Sharp-pointed Fluellin or Toad-flax. 
^I, Fo f. 3235.) Annual, pubescent; stems prostrate, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 



SCJ^ OPH ULA RIA CEA E. 821 

1-2.5 cm. long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate, truncate, or sub- 
cordate at the base, the basal auricles divergent, acute; flowers about 6 mm. long; 
peduncles filiform; calyx-segments narrowly lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowii^h, 
purplish beneath, its spur slender, straight, declined; capsule subglobose. In 
sandy waste places, Canada; N. Y. to N. Car. and Ga. Nat. from Europe. June- 
Sept. \Elatinoides Elaiine Wettst. ] 

4. LINARIA Hill. 

Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower and 
those of sterile shoots opposite or verticillate, the flowers in terminal bracted 
racemes or spikes or axillary. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla 
irregular, spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the 
lower in the bud, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate 
often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; 
filaments and style filiform. Capsule opening by I or more mostly 3 -toothed pores 
or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, angled or rugose. [Latin, limmi, 
flax, which some species resemble.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 
Besides the following, another occurs in southern Florida. The corolla, especially 
the terminal one of the raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly 5-lobed, 
and is then said to be in the Peloria state. 

Flowers yellow, 1.5-3 cm. long. 

Leaves linear ; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long; seeds winged. i. L. Lin aria. 

Leaves lanceolate; flowers 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds wingless. 2. L. genistaefolia. 
Flowers blue to white, 6-12 mm. long. 

Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. 3. L. Canadensis. 

Spur of corolla short, conic; European adventive species. 4. L. repens. 

1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. Butter-and-Eggs. Yellow 
Toad-flax. (I. F. f. 3236.) Perennial, pale green; stems erect, leafy, glabrous, or 
sparingly glandular-pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, entire, mostly al- 
ternate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; flowers densely racemose, the palate orange- 
colored; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, nearly erect; calyx-segments oblong, acutish; 
spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower 
lip shorter than the other two; capsule ovoid. In fields and waste places, N. S. to 
Manitoba, Va. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 

2. Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill. Broom- leaved Toad-flax. (I. F. f. 
3237.) Similar to the preceding but more glaucous, usually paniculately branched; 
leaves sessile, 2.5-9 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, acute or acuminate; flowers 
loosely racemose; pedicels short; spur of the corolla nearly as long as the tube. 
Sparingly established on the northern part of N. Y. Island; station now nearly or 
quite obliterated. Nat. or adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

3. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dumont. Blue or* Wild Toad-flax. (I. F. f. 
3238.) Biennial or annual, glabrous; flowering stems erect or ascending, very slen- 
der, 1-8 dm. high; sterile shoots procumbent, leafy. Leaves linear or linear- 
oblong, 8-30 mm. long, entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some of them, 
usually opposite; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in slender racemes; pedicels appressed in 
fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the cap- 
sule; spur of the corolla as long as the tube or longer; palate a white convex 2- 
ridged projection; seeds wingless. In dry soil, N. S. to Fla., Ore. and Cal. 
Also in Cent, and S. Am. A dwarf form with no corolla is frequent. May-Sept. 

4. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale-blue Toad-flax. (I. F. f. 3239.) 
Glabrous, perennial by a creeping rootstock, 2-8 dm. high. Leaves linear, entire, 
short-petioled or sessile, 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, narrowed to both ends, the 
lower crowded, sometimes whorled; flowers in slender terminal racemes; pedicels 
4-10 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear, acute; corolla nearly white, but striped 
with blue or purple, about 12 mm. long; spur short, conic; capsule subglobose; 
seeds wrinkled. Newf. and in ballast about the Atlantic seapn-ts. Adventive 
from Europe. Summer. 

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange {Linaria minor (L.) Desf), a low glandular 
branched annual, with solitary, axillary, long-peduncled, very small flowers, the palate 
not closing the throat of the corolla, the leaves linear, is reported from N. B. and 
Ont. Adventive froin Europe. 



822 FLORA, 

5. ANTIRRHINUM L. 

Herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, 
and red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemes, or solitary in the 
upper axils. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gib- 
bous, or saccate, but not spurred. 2-lipped. the upper lip erect, 2-lobed. the lower 
spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the 
throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style filiform. Capsule opening by 
chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, not winged. [Greek, nose- 
like.] About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western N. Am. Besides the 
following some 18 others inhabit the western U. S. 
Flowers 2.5-4 cm. long ; calyx-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla. 

I. A. ma jus. 
Flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla. 2. A. Orontium. 

1. Antirrhinum majus L. Great Snapdragon. Lion's-mouth. (I. F. f. 
3240.) Perennial, usually glandular-pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, acute, glabrous, 
2-8 cm. long; flowers racemose, purplish-red (of a variety of colors in cultivated 
forms); pedicels rather stout, erect in fruit; calyx-segments obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; 
capsule obliquely ovoid, 8-10 mm. high, opening by 2 pores just below the summit 
Oi- at length apically 2-valved. much longer than the calyx. In waste places, es- 
caped from gardens in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Europe. Jime-Sept. 

2. Antirrhinum Orontium L. Lesser Snapdragon. (I. F. f. 3241.) An- 
nual, about 3 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, or the lower linear-spatulate, 
almost sessile, narrowed at both ends, 2-5 cm. long; flowers solitary in the upper 
axils, purple, 1-1.5 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the flowers; calyx- segments 
linear, unequal, as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so as much to exceed the 
pubescent capsule. In fields and waste places, Ont., N. Eng. and N. Y. Also on 
Vancouver Island. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

6. SCROPHULARIA L. 

Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with mostly op- 
posite leaves, and small purple greenish or yellow proterogynous flowers, in termi- 
nal panicled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5 -parted or 5 -cleft, the segments or lobes 
mostly obtuse. Corolla irregular, the tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor 
spurred, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascend- 
ing, the lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and 
didynamous. declined; their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced 
to a scale on the roof of the corolla-tube. Style filiform ; stigma capitate or trun- 
cate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named 
for its repute as a remedy for scrofula.] About 120 species, of the northern hemis- 
phere. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western U. S. 

Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. i. S. Marylandica. 

Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow. 2. S. leporella. 

1. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Maryland Figwort. Heal-all or 
Pilewort. (I. F. f. 3242.) Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent 
above; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved sides, 1-3 m. high. Leaves mem- 
branous, slender-petioled. usually puberulent beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 
acuminate, sharply serrate. 0.7-3 d™. long; flowers greenish purple, 6-8 mm. 
long, numerous in the nearly leafless thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite; pedicels 
8-25 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the' length of the tube: 
corolla brownish purple and shining within, little contracted at the throat, the two 
lateral lobes slightly spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short, rounded; cap- 
sule subglobose. with a slender tip. In woods and thickets. Me. to S. Dak., N. 
Car., Ga. and Tenn. July-Sept. 

2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare Figwort. (I. F. f. 3243.) Stem 
viscid-glandular above, sharply 4-angled with flat sides. 1-2.8 m. tall. Leaves 
short-petioled, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, mostly narrowed at the base, gla- 
brous on both sides when mature, usually incised-dentate, 5-25 cm. long; flowers 
8-10 mm. long, in elongated narrow thyrses; bractlets mostly alternate; calyx- 



SCROPHULARIACEAE, 823 

lobes ovate; corolla contracted at the throat, green to purple and shining without, 
dull within, the two lateral lobes erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly 
oblong; capsule ovoid-conic. In woods and along roadsides, Vt. to Conn., Minn., 
Va. and Kans. May -July. 

7. CHELONE L. 

Perennial, mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and 
large white red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense spikes. Calyx 5- 
parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, 
the tube elongated, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, emargin- 
ate or entire, exterior in the bud; lower lip spreading, woolly within, 3-lobed. 
Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile, 
smaller; filaments slender, woolly; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform ; stigma 
small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, speticidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, com- 
pressed, winged. [Greek, tortoise, the head of which the corolla resembles.] 
Three species, of eastern N. Am. 

Corolla white ; bracts not ciliolate. i. C. glabra. 
Corolla red or rose-purple ; bracts ciliolate. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 2. C. obliqua. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate ; mountain plant. 3. C. Lyoni. 

1. Chelone glabra L. Snake-head. Turtle-head. (I. F. f. 3244.) Stem 
obtusely 4-sided, simple or sometimes branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
sharply serrate with low appressed teeth, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, short-petioled, 7-15 cm. long, the principal veins about 10 on each side of 
the midvein; flowers white or faintly pink, about 2.5 cm. long; calyx- segments 
ovate-oblong, obtuse; capsule obtuse, about 12 mm. high, twice as long as the 
calyx. In swamps and along streams, Newf. to Fla., Manitoba and Kans. Lower 
leaves sometimes broadly oval. July-Sept. 

2. Chelone obliqua L. Red Turtle-head. (L F. f. 3245.) Stem slender, 
ascending, 3-6 dm. high, the branches mostly spreading or ascending. Leaves 
oblong, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peti- 
oled, sharply serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 5-15 cm. long; 
petioles 4-12 mm. long; principal veins about 10 on each side; flowers red or rose- 
purple, about 2.5 cm. long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and usually puber- 
ulent; capsule similar to that of the preceding. In wet thickets and along streams, 
Va. to III. and Fla. July-Sept. 

3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lyon's Turtle-head. (I. F. f. 3246.) Stem 
erect or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
truncate or subcordate at the base, 7-18 cm. long, usually slender-petioled, sharply 
serrate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on each side ; flowers red or 
rose-purple, about 2.5 cm. long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberu- 
lent. In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Va. (?); N. Car. and Tenn. to 
Ga. July-Sept. 

8. PENTSTEMON Soland. 

Perennial herbs, mostly branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely 
verticillate leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, and large, blue purple red 
or white flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5 -parted, the 
segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, more or loss enlarged 
above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
cluded, 4 of them antheriferous and didynamous, the 5th sterile, as long as or 
shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent or connivent. Sty le filiform ; stigma 
capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- 
ous, wingless. [Greek, five stamens.] About \oo species, of N, Am. and Mex. 

* More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels. 
Corolla 2-3 cm. long; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate. 
Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base. 
Thyrsus open, panicle-like. 

Corolla densely bearded in the throat ; pubescence villous. 

1. P. hirsutus. 
Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat; pubescence canescent. 

2. P. can esc ens. 



824 



FLORA. 



Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like. 

Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged ; sterile filament denseh- woolly. 

3. P. cristatus. 

Corolla-tube gradually enlarged ; sterile filament slightly bearded. 

4. P. albidus. 
Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or caljrx pubescent, or puberuient. 

Thyrsus open, panicle-like. 

Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate. 
Calyx-segments merely acute. 

Corolla white, abruptly enlarged, 2.5-3 cm, long. 

5. P. Digitalis. 
Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged, 1.5-2 cm. long. 

6. P. Pentstemon 
Calyx-segments with long acuminate tips. 7. P. calycosus. 

Stem leaves linear-lanceolate. 8. P. gracilis. 

Thyrsus narrow, interrupted ; calpc viscid. 9. P. ttibiflorus. 

Corolla 5 era. long, the tube much enlarged above: leaves dentate. 10. P. Cobaea, 

** Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous. 
Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate. or orbicular. 

Stem leaves rounded, clasping : flowers 5 cm. long. 11. P. grandiflo7-us. 

Stem leaves acute or acuminate; flowers 1.8-3 cm. long. 

Corolla 1.8-2 cm. long ; stem leaves lanceolate. 12. P. acuminatus. 

CoroUa 2.5-3.5 cm. long ; stem leaves mostly oblong. 13. P. glaber. 

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; flowers densely thyrsoid. 

Bracts lanceolate, small ; flowers 12-20 mm. long. 14. P. angustifolius. 

Bracts ovate, acuminate, large : flowers 25 mm. long or more. 15. P. Haydeni. 

1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3247.) Stem hairy nearly or quite to the base. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves puberu- 
ient or glabrous, denticulate or the uppennost entire, the basal oblong or ovate, 
obtusish. 5-12 cm. long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, lanceolate, ses- 
sile or slightly clasping; inflorescence thyrsoid. rather loose, glandular-pubescent; 
pedicels mostly short; corolla purplish or violet, the tube gradually dilated abcfve. 
2-grooved on the lower side, about 2 cm. long, the throat nearly closed by the vil- 
lous palate at the base of the lower lip; sterile filament densely bearded for about 
one-half its length. In dry woods and thickets. Me. to Ont.. Manitoba. Fla., Minn, 
and Tex. May-July. 

2. Pentstemon canescens Britton. Gray Beard-tongue. (L F. f. 3248.) 
Densely and finely canescent or puberuient. or the leaves sometimes nearly gla- 
brous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves denticulate, the lower and basal ones oval, obtuse, 
narrowed into long margined petioles, the next I or 2 pairs contracted below the 
middle and somewhat fiddle-shaped, 7-15 cm. long, the upper ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; thyrsus elongated, open, glandular-pubescent, 
leafv-bracted below; pedicels very short; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate; 
corolla purple or nearly white, about 2.5 cm. long, slightly or not at all bearded in 
the throat: sterile filament slightly bearded for about one-third its length; capsule 
ovoid, glabrous, longer than the calyx. In dr\- soil. X. Y. to "^.'a.. W. Va.. S. C. 
and Mo. May-Jur.e. 

3. Pentstemon cristatus Xutt. Crested Beard-tongue. (L F. f. 3249.) 
Puberuient below. glandular-\-illous and viscid above; stem leafy. 1.5-4.5 dm. 
high. Leaves firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatu- 
late. 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or some- 
what clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrsus dense, narrow. leaf>--bracted; flowers 
almost sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla about 2.5 cm. 
long, red or purple, its lower lip villous within. On plains, Manitoba and the N. 
W. Terr, to Xeb. and Xev. May-July. 

4. Pentstemon albidus X'utt. White-flo-wtered Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3250.) Stem puberuient below, densely glandular-pubescent above. 1.5-2.5 dm. 
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtusish. mostlv entire, the up- 
per lanceolate or oblong, sessile, denticulate, acute or acuminate. 3-7 cm. long; 
thyrsus narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted. interrupted; cah"x- segments lanceo- 
late, acuminate, viscid, one-half as long as the corolla -tube; corolla white or nearly 
so. 1.5-2 cm. long, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. On dry 
plains. S. Dak. to Colo.. Xeb. and Tex. june-Aug. 



SCROPHULARIACEAE. 825 

5. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Foxglove Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3251.) Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence, 6-15 dm. high. 
Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, entire or repand, 5-17 cm. long, narrowed 
into margined petioles; upper leaves ovate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile 
and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, sharply denticulate; 
thyrsus many-flowered; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate; corolla 
limb moderately 2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament bearded above. In 
fields and thickets, Me. to 111., Kans., Va. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in 
its northeastern range. May-July. 

6. Pentstemon Pentestmon (L.) Britton. Smooth Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3252.) Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence, 6-9 dm. high. 
Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into mar- 
gined petioles, denticulate; upper leaves sessile or slightly clasping, acute, oblong 
or lanceolate, denticulate; thyrsus usually many-flowered; flowers nearly sessile; 
calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, short; corolla purple or purplish, the throat wide 
open, scarcely or not at all bearded; sterile filament thinly bearded for about one- 
half its length, or more densely above. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Fla., Ky. 
and La. May-July. 

7. Pentstemon calycosus Small. Long-sepaled Beard-tongue. Gla- 
brous except a few scattered hairs in the inflorescence and lines of puberulence on 
the internodes, deep green. Leaves various, the basal spatulate, 5-15 cm. long, 
entire or undulate, with winged petioles ; lower stem-leaves similar to the basal, 
the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, finely repand or dis- 
tinctly serrate, rounded at the base and clasping; calyx-segments with a lanceo- 
late base and a slender tip, becoming I cm. long; corolla purple, 2.5-3 cm. long; 
sterile filament sparingly bearded. On bluff's, Ky. to Mo. and Ala. May-June. 

8. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Slender Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 3253.) 
Glabrous or nearly so up to the glandular-pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, 
1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, 
or entire, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves sessile, 
linear-lanceolate or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate; thyrsus 
open, several-many-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate; corolla purple, 1.8-2.5 ^■"^- l^^g? its tube gradually enlarged 
above, its throat wide open; sterile filament bearded for about one-half its length. 
On moist prairies, Manitoba to Minn., Miss., the N.W. Terr, and Colo. May-July. 

9. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Funnelform Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3254.) Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and pedicels; stem 6-10 dm. 
high, leafless above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, the basal 
narrowed into broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, entire or 
merely undulate; thyrsus narrow, interrupted, the clusters several-flowered; pedi- 
cels 2-6 mm. long; calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, short, striate-nerved ; corolla 
nearly funnelform, white or purplish, less than 2.5 cm. long, nearly as broad when 
expanded, its tube gradually enlarged, the limb nearly equally five-lobed; sterile 
filament short bearded above; capsule acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In 
moist soil, Mo. and Kans. to Ark. May-July. 

10. Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Cobaea Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 3255.) 
Densely and finely pubescent below, glandular-pubescent above, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong to ovate, firm, 7-13 cm. long, dentate, the lower mostly glabrous 
and narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually 
pubescent; thyrsus short; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, I-1.5 cm. long; 
corolla purple, puberulcnt without, its tube narrow up to the top of the calyx, then 
abruptly dilated, the lobes short, rounded; sterile filament sparingly bearded; 
capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, reticulate-veined. On dry prairies. Mo. and Kans. 
to Tex. May-July. 

11. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Large-flowered Beard-tongue. 
(I. F. f. 3256.) Somewhat glaucous, stout, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves entire, obtuse, 
the basal obovate, narrowetl into broad petioles, those of the lower part of the stem 
sessile, oblong or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, the upper nearly orbicular, cordate-clasp- 
ing, shorter; thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicular, cordate; calvx- 
segments lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; corolla lavender-blue, the tube dilated 
above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament incurved, villous 



and capitate at the summit; capsule acute, 1.5-2 cm. high, three times as long as 
the calyx. On prairies, 111. to Minn., S. Dak. and Kans. June-Aug. 

12. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sharp-leaved Beard-tongue. (I. 
F. f. 3257.) Glaucous, strict, 1.5-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the 
lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile 
or clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long; thyrsus narrow, some- 
times i-sided; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 4-6 cm. loivg; corolla blue, its tube 
rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded along the 
dilated summit; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In dry soil, N.W, Terr. 
to Neb., Tex., Ore. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 

13. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. Large Smooth Beard-tongue. (L F. f. 
3258.) Somewhat glaucous, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves entire, firm, the basal 
and lower ones narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate; thyrsus narrow, elongated; pedicels 6-14 mm. long in fruit; calyx- 
segments ovate -lanceolate, scarious margined, abruptly acuminate, 6-8 mm. long ; 
corolla blue or purple, rather abruptly expanded above the calyx, the limb some- 
what 2-lipped, the lobes rounded; sterile filament bearded at the slightly enlarged 
summit; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In 
moist soil, S. Dak. to Neb., Ariz., Ore. and Cal. May-Aug, 

14. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh. Pale-blue Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3259.) Glaucous; stem slender, leafy, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves linear, or linear- 
lanceolate, entire, the lower narrowed into petioles, obtusish, the upper sessile, 
acute, 3-6.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; 
bracts lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels very short; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla blue or nearly white, the tube gradually en- 
larged, the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded at the summit. In 
dry soil. Neb. to N. Dak. and Mont. May -July. 

15. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Hayden's Beard-tongue. (I. F. f. 
3260.) Not glaucous or slightly so; stem decumbent, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
linear or elongated-lanceolate, entire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acumi- 
nate, or the lowest obtusish, 5-13 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow, dense; 
bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasping, acute, or acuminate; calyx- 
segments lanceolate, striate-nerved, acuminate, 6-10 mm. long; corolla blue, the 
tube broadly dilated above the calyx, the limb nearly equally 5 -lobed; capsule acute, 
twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Neb., Kans. and Wyo. 

9. COLLINSIA Nutt. 

Winter-annual herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue, pink, white 
or variegated flowers, verticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 
5-cleft. Corolla irregular, the tube short, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the 
lobes erect or recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or 
drooping, flat, the middle one conduplicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined 
stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didynamous. Corolla with a gland on 
the upper side of the tube near the base. Filaments filiform; anther-sacs conflu- 
ent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2 -lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate concave on the 
inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.] 
About 15 species, of N. Am. 

Corolla 10-16 mm. long, the throat shorter than the limb. 

Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched, i. C. verna. 

Leaves lanceolate; corolla-lobes obcordate. 2. C. violacea. 

Corolla 4-6 mm. long, the throat longer than the limb. 3. C. parvijlora. 

I. Collinsia verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary. (I. F. f. 3261.) Glabrous or 
puberulent; stem weak, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves thin, opposite, the lower broadly 
ovate or orbicular, obtuse, crenate or entire, slender-petioled; middle leaves sessile 
or cordate-clasping, ovate or oblong, obtuse, dentate, 2-5 cm. long, floral leaves 
ovate to spatulate, mostly acute; upper whorls 4-6-flowered; corolla 12-16 mm. 
long, its lower lip blue, the upper purple or nearly white; capsule globose, 5-6 mm. 
in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Penn., 
Ky. and the Ind. Terr. April-June. 



2. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Violet Collinsia. (I. F. f. 3262.) Similar to 
the preceding, stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, rather thick, entire or denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite, 
petioled, the niiiddle similar, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, the floral linear or linear-lan- 
ceolate; upper whorls 2-5-flowered; corolla 10-12 mm. long, violet; capsule glo- 
bose, about 4 m.m. in diameter. Kans. and Ark. April-June. 

3. Collinsia parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered Collinsia. (I. F. f. 
3263.) Diffusely branched, very slender, 0.7-4 dm. long. Leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 1-2.5 cm, long, entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower 
opposite, petioled, the floral sessile; upper whorls 2-6-flowered; corolla 4-6 mm. 
long, about twice as long as the calyx, blue or whitish; capsule globose, 2-3 mm. 
in diameter. In moist places, Ont. to Br. CoL, Mich., Colo., Ariz, and Utah. 
April-June. 

10. PAULOWNIA Sieb & Zucc. 

A large tree, with the aspect of Catalpa, with broad opposite petioled pubescent 
leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, the 
lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes 
spreading, somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs 
divaricate. Style slender, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 
acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers expand- 
ing before the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar 
Paul I. ] A monotypic Japanese genus. 

I. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Paulownia. (L F. f. 3264.) 
Leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-4 dm. long, long-petioled, canescent on both sides when 
young, glabrate above when old; flowers about 6 cm. long, numerous in large erect 
terminal panicles ; pedicels stout, densely tomentose; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes thick, 
tomentose; corolla slightly irregular, puberulent without; capsule 5 cm. high. 
Escaped from cultivation N. Y. and N. J. to D. C. and Ga. May-July. 

II. MIMULUS L. 
Herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, pink, 
violet, or yellow. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5 -toothed. Corolla irregular, its 
tube cylindric with a pair of ridges on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped; 
upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, 
didynamous; anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style 
filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, en- 
closed by the calyx. [Diminutive oitnimus^ a mimic actor.] About 30 species, 
natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in western N. Am. 

Corolla violet, or rarely white ; eastern species. 

Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. i. M. ri7ige7is. 

Leaves petioled ; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus. 

Corolla yellow ; western ; two species adventive in the East. 
Plants glabrous or glabrate. 

Erect ; branches spreading ; leaves ovate ; flowers 2.5 cm. long. 

3. M. guttatus. 
Diffuse; leaves nearly orbicular; flowers about 1.2 cm. long. 4. M. Jamesii. 
Plant villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented. 5. M. tnosc/tatus. 

1. Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemmed Monkey-flower. (I. F. f. 
3265.) Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks; stem erect, 4-sided or somewhat 4-wing- 
ed, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or 
acute, serrate, auriculate-clasping, or the lower merely sessile, 5-10 cm. long; 
peduncles 2-5 cm. long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceo- 
late-subulate; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx, 
the lower lip puberulent within at the base; fruiting calyx oblong, 12-16 mm. long; 
seeds oblong, minute, slightly reticulated. In swamps and along streams, N. S. to 
Va., Tenn., Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. 

2. Mimulus aldtus Soland. Sharp-winged Monkey-flower. (I. F. f 3:66 ) 
Similar to the preceding, stem sharply 4-angled, the angles winged. Loaves ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute or acuminate, dcntato-serrato, narrowed at the 
base, petioled, 5-13 cm. long; petioles 6-25 mm. long; peduncles stout; calyx-teeth 



short, broad, abruptly mucronulate ; seeds smooth. In swamps, Ont. to Conn., 111., 
Ga., Kans. and Tex. June-Sept. 

3. Mimulus guttatus DC. Yellow Monkey-flower. (I. F. f. 3267.) 
Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves ovate to obovate, dentate or 
denticulate, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, the lower short-petioled, the upper smaller, ses- 
sile or clasping; calyx oblique; corolla 2.5-5 cm. long, the lower lip bearded at the 
base, often blotched with red or purple; fruiting calyx about 12 mm. long; seeds 
longitudinally striate. In wet meadows, Norfolk, Conn, and southern N. Y. 
Introduced from Cal. Summer. 

4. Mimulus Jamesii T. & G. James' Mimulus. (I. F. f. 3268.) Perennial 
by stolons, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 
1.5-5 dm. long. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu- 
late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordate, or rarely narrowed at the base, 
palmately veined, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 6-25 mm. in diameter; 
peduncles slender, longer than the calyx in fruit; calyx oblique, scarcely toothed, 
6-8 mm. long at maturity; corolla 8-12 mm. long, the lower lip bearded at the base 
within, the throat broad; seeds nearly smooth. In brooks and swamps, Ont. to 
Neb., Mex., Mont, and Ariz. June-Sept. 

5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-flower. Musk-plant. (I. F. f. 
3269.) Perennial, viscid; stems creeping and ascending, 1.5-3 dm. long. Leaves 
ovate or oblong, short-petioled, denticulate, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
2-5 cm. long; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx; flowers 2.5 cm. long or 
less; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 
In wet places, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y. Adventive from the Pacific Coast. June- 
Sept. 

12. CONOBEA Aubl. 

Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and 
small blue or white peduncled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 
5 -parted, the segments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, 
the limb 2-lipped; upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 
4, didynamous. ascending, included ; filaments filiform ; anther-sacs parallel. 
Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally dehiscent, 
the valves entire or 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name.] 
About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the 
southwestern U. S. 

I. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. Conobea. (I. F. f. 3270.) Annual, 
finely viscid-pubescent, I -2 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves petioled, 1-2.5 cm. 
long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers 
greenish white. 4-5 mm. long, about as long as their filiform peduncles; calyx- 
segments linear-subulate, slightly shorter than the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid, 
glabrous, about equalling the calyx. Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa, 
Kans. , Ky. and Tex. Introduced along the Delaware below Phila. June-Sept. 

13. MONNIERA p. Br. 
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and small peduncled flowers, mostly solitary in the 
axils. Calyx 5 -parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla irregular or 
nearly regular, the tube cylindric or campanulate, the limb 2-lipped or 5-lobed; 
upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4. didynamous, included. Style 
slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Seeds numerous. [Named for Louis Guil- 
laume le Monnier, 1713-1799, professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi. Paris.] 
About 60 species, of warm and tropical regions. In addition to the following, 2 
others occur in the southern U. S. 

Corolla almost regular, 5-lobed; leaves spatulate. i. M. Monftiera. 

Corolla manifestly 2-lipped ; leaves oblong to lanceolate or ovate. 

Stem erect; leaves serrate, not clasping, black in drying. 2. M. acuminata. 

Stem creeping or ascending ; leaves ovate, punctate, entire or crenulate, clasping. 

3. M. Caroliniana. 
Corolla almost regular ; leaves obovate or orbicular. 4. M, rotundifolia. 

I. Monniera Monniera I'L.) Britton. Monnier's Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. f. 
3271.) Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, r.5-5 dm. 



kJ\^^V\^J. J.J. y^ J-t-n ^\.J.JT. \^J^.mJJjm 



long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 
or sparingly denticulate, 6-20 mm. long; peduncles mainly in alternate axils, 
2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, 
about I cm. long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla obscurely 2 -lipped; 
stamens nearly equal ; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the calyx. On shores 
near the coast, Md. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Widely distributed in tropical regions 
of both the Old World and the New. June-Oct. . 

2. Monniera acuminata (Walt.) Kuntze. Purple Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. f. 
3272.) Perennial, glabrous; stem 3-6 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled or sessile, narrowed or cuneate at the 
base, 2-5 cm. long, faintly veined; peduncles in alternate and opposite axils, in 
fruit longer than the leaves, not bracteolate at the summit; flowers 10-12 mm. 
long, purple; upper calyx-segment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2-lipped, the lower 
lip longer than the upper; stamens approximate in pairs; capsule oblong, 4valved, 
6-8 mm. high. In wet soil, Md. and D. C. to Fla. and Tex. Plant blackening in 
drying. June-Sept. 

3. Monniera Caroliniana (Walt.) Kuntze. Blue Hedge-hyssop. (L F. f. 
3273.) Perennial, pubescent, fleshy; stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the 
lower nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate to oval, clasping by a subcordate base, 
obtuse, parallel-veined, punctate, entire; peduncles usually shorter than the calyx; 
upper calyx-segment ovate, cordate ; flowers blue, 8-10 mm. long, ephemeral; 
disk io-i2-toothed; stamens approximate in pairs. 1\\ wet pine barrens, N. J. to 
Fla. and La. March-July. 

4. Monniera rotundifoliaMichx. Round-leaved Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. f. 
3274.) Perennial by stolons, succulent, creeping and spreading, villous-pubescent, 
3-6 dm. long. Leaves obovate or orbicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly 
undulate, narrowed to a sessile or clasping base, 1-2.5 cm. broad, glabrous; pedun- 
cles shorter than the leaves, longer than the flowers; flowers blue, 6-8 mm. long; 
corolla scarcely 2-lipped, longer than the calyx; stamens approximate in pairs; 
stigma 2-lobed ; disk obsolete ; capsule obtuse, 3 mm. high, at length 4-valved, 
shorter than the calyx. On muddy shores. 111. to S. Dak., Tenn. and Tex. Also 
in Cal. June-Sept. 

14. GRATIOLA L. 

Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers soli- 
tary in the axils. Peduncles 2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. 
Calyx 5 -parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper 
lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the an- 
terior pair wanting, or rudimentary; filaments filiform; anther- sacs distinct. 
Style filiform; stigma dilated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds numer- 
ous, striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed healing properties.] About 
25 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in 
southern and western N. Am. 

Plants glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated. 
Sterile filaments minute or none. 

Glandular-puberulent ; flowers 8-10 mm. long ; capsule ovoid. 

1. G. Virgin I'ana. 
Glabrous ; flowers 14 mm. long ; capsule globose. 2. G. sphaerocarpa. 

Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate eit the summit. 

Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurca. 

Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. G. I'iscosa. 

Plant hirsute ; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 5. G. pilosa. 

I. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-hyssop. (L F. f. 3275.) An- 
nual; stem glandular-puberulent, at least above, 0.7-3 •■^'^^- l^iS^^- Loaves oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, narrowed to both ends, denticulate, 2-5 cm. Unig, 
glabrous or nearly so; peduncles slender, glandular; flmvcrs S-io mm. long; br.ict- 
iets as long as the calyx, or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yellowish 
corolla-tube; limb of the corolla short, white; anther-sacs separated by a broad 
connective; capsule broadly ovoid, 4 mm. high, as long as the calyx. In wet 
places, Quebec to Br. Col., Mass., Fla., Tex. and Cal. May-Oct, 



030 FLORA. 

2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Round-fruited Hedge-hysso?. (I. F. f. 
3276.) Annual, glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong or obovate -oblong, ses- 
sile, dentate or denticulate, 3-5 -nerved, narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
peduncles little or not at all longer than the calyx; bractlets about equalling the 
calyx; calyx-lobes linear; calyx nearly one-half as long as the corolla; flowers 
about 1.5 cm. long; corolla-tube yellow, the limb paler; capsule 6 mm. in diam- 
eter. In wet places, N. J. to Fla., 111., Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 

3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Goldenpert. Golden Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. 
f. 3277.) Annual, glandular-puberulent above, or glabrate, decumbent, creeping 
or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, sparingly den- 
ticulate, scarcely narrowed to the sessile and somewhat clasping base; peduncles 
filiform, in fruit equalling or longer than the calyx; corolla bright yellow, 12-14 
mm. long, 3 times as long as the calyx; capsule globose-ovoid. In sandy wet 
places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. June-Sept. 

4. Gratiola viscosa Schwein. Viscid Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. f. 3278.) An- 
nual; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent, slender, commonly simple, 1.5-5 ^'^^• 
long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate; sharply serrate, acute, ses- 
sile, cordate-clasping, 1-2.5 cm. long; peduncles slender; bractlets and calyx-seg- 
ments foliaceous, one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or purplish corolla; 
flowers 10-12 mm. long; capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx. In brooks 
and swamps, Del. to Ky. and Ga. May-Sept. 

5. Gratiola pilosa Michx. Hairy Hedge-hyssop. (I. F. f. 3279.) Peren- 
nial (?), hirsute; stems slender, erect, strict, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, sessile, rounded, truncate or subcordate at 
the base, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers nearly or quite sessile, about 8 mm. long; corolla 
purplish or white, slightly longer than the calyx and bractlets; capsule oblong- 
conic, acuminate, about the length of the calyx, or shorter. In dry soil, southern 
N. J. to Ark. and Tex. May-Aug. 

15. ILYSANTHES Raf. 

Annual or biennial glabrous slender herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and 
sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx 
5 -parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat expanded 
above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread- 
ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent; sterile stamens 2, 
2-lobed, one of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style 
slender: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- 
ous, wrinkled. [Greek, mud-flower.] About 10 species, of wide distribution. Be- 
sides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 

Peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 

1. /. dubta. 
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer. 

2. /. attemiata. 

1. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Long-stalked False Pimpernel. 
(I. F. f. 3280.) At length diffusely branched, 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves ovate, 
ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base, remotely 
denticulate or entire, thickish, 3-7-nerved, I-2.5 cm. long, the upper ones com- 
monly much smaller; peduncles slender; flowers 6-10 mm. long; calyx-segments 
linear, about one-half the length of the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid-oblong, 
bluntish, 4-6 mm. high; seeds 2 mm. long, reddish, the ends usually truncate. In 
wet places, N. E. to Fla., Ont., S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. 
Lower leaves sometimes short-petioled. July-Sept. [/. gratioloides Benth.] 

2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Short-stalked False Pimpernel. 
(I. F. f. 3281.) Erect or ascending, 0.7-4 dm. long, the branches spreading. 
Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes obovate, I-4 cm. long, thinnish, obtuse, ser- 
rate with a few low teeth, 3-5-nerv';d, narrowed into short petioles, or sessile; calyx- 
segments linear-subulate, as long as the capsule, or longer; corolla 4-12 mm. long; 
capsule narrowly ovoid, about 4 mm. long, pointed; seeds slightly curved, 3-4 mm. 
long, yellowish brown, the ends usually rounded. In wet places, Me. and Ont. to 
Wis., Ark., Fla., Mo. and Ivans. May-Oct. 



i6. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. 

Creeping or ascending, small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obovate, 
oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-peduncled 
flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5 -parted. Corolla irregular, 
the tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, 
the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat dilated 
or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, or slightly 
divergent. Style short; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2 -celled by a membra- 
nous partition or becoming I -celled. Seeds numerous, minute. [Greek, small 
flower.] About 16 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another 
occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Nuttall's Micran- 
THEMUM. (I. F. f. 3282.) Somewhat fleshy; stem filiform, creeping, the branches 
ascending, 1-6 cm. high. Leaves obovate to oval, obtuse, 2-5 mm. long; flowers 
about I mm. long, on peduncles of about the same length; calyx campanulate in 
flower, obovoid in fruit, 4-lobed, usually split along one side; peduncles recurved 
in fruit; upper lip of the corolla nearly obsolete; middle lobe of the lower lip longer 
than the lateral ones; appendages at the bases of the stamens nearly as long as the 
filaments; stigma of 2 subulate lobes; capsule obovoid-globose, i mm. in diameter, 
as long as the calyx. In tidal mud, N. J. to Fla. Also in Cuba. Aug-Oct. 

17. LIMOSELLA L. 

Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs (or perennial 
by stolons ?), with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled entire 
leatves, and filiform i-flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, 
or purple. Calyx campanulate; 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanu- 
late, the tube short, the limb 5 -cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, 
scarcely exserted; filaments short; anther-sacs confluent. Style short; stigma cap- 
itate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, i -celled above. Capsule globose or oblong, be- 
coming i-celled, many-seeded. [Greek, mud-seated.] About 6 species, of wide 
distribution. 

Leaves expanded above into an oblong or linear-oblong blade. i. L. aquatica. 

Leaves filiform-linear, with little or no distinction between blade and petiole. 

2- L. tejiuifolia. 

1. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. Mudvv^ort. (L F. f. 3283.) 
Leaves 2-13 cm. long, the blade obtuse, one-fourth or one-third as long as the 
filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising from the base of the 
plant or from nodes of the stem; corolla pink or white, about 2 mm. broad, scarcely 
longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish, about the length of the 
tube; stamens inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments somewhat longer than the 
anthers; capsule obtuse, 3 mm. high, longer than the calyx. On muddy shores 
and in brooks. Lab. and Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr., Colo, and Cal. Also in 
Europe, Australia and S. Am. June-Aug. 

2. Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Narrow-leaved Mudwort. (L F. f. 
3284.) Similar to the preceding but usually smaller, the leaves seldom over 4 cm. 
high, linear-filiform, with no distinction between blade and petiole, or sometimes 
slightly expanded toward the apex. In brackish mud, Lab. to N. J. Also in 
Europe, Australia and S. Am. Summer. 

18. SYNTHYRIS Benth. 

Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, largo potioled basal 
leaves, those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessik", or clasping, bract like. 
Flowers small, pink or purple, in terminal dense spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5. 
parted. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or w.\T\ting, the 
lateral lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4). pos- 
terior, inserted on the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, ex- 
serted; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; style filiform; stigma 
capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginato, many-seodod. loculicidallv 
dehiscent, its valves adhering to the axis of the placent;v; seeds flat. oval, or or- 
bicular. [Greek, doors closed, alluding to the capsule-valves] About 10 species, 



832 FLORA. 

of N. Am. and Europe. Our species have been erroneously referred to the Old 
World genus Wulfenia. 

Corolla present, usually 2-lobed. i, S. Bullii. 

Corolla none. 2. S. rubra. 

1. Synthyris Bullii (Eaton) Barnhart. Bull's Synthyris. (I. F. f. 3285.) 
Pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, 
truncate, cordate or reniform at the base, crenulate, 5-13 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, 
petioled; stem leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, sessile or slightly clasping, crenulate, 
passing into the bracts of the dense spike; flowers greenish yellow, 4-6 mm. 
long; corolla variously 2-4-lobed (commonly 2-lobed j. somewhat longer than the 
calyx, its lobes obtuse; spike much elongated in fruit; capsule emarginate. On 
dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., Mich, and Iowa. May-July. [Wulfenia Houghtoni- 
ana (Benth.) Greene.] 

2. Synthyris rubra (Hook.) Benth. Western Synthyris. (I. F. f. 3286.) 
Similar to the preceding but seldom over 3 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate or 
oblong, 3-8 cm. long, crenulate, petioled, indistinctly nerved; stem leaves ovate 
or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 0.6-2.5 cm. long; spike 5-13 cm. long in fruit, its 
bracts purplish; corolla none; capsule little compressed, emarginate. In dry soil, 
N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Br. Col. and Utah. May-June. [Wulfenia rubra 
(Hook.) Greene.] 

19. VERONICA L. 

Herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alternate, rarely 
verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue, purple, pink or white flowers, racemose, 
spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5 -parted. Corolla rotate, 
its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), the 
lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, divergent; anthers obtuse, their 
sacs confluent at the summit. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. 
Capsule compressed, sometimes very flat, emarginate, obcordate, or 2.1obed, locu- 
licidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. 
[Named for St. Veronica.] About 200 species, of wide distribution. Besides the 
following, 4 others occur in northwest Am. 

* Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate. 
Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy) ; brook or swamp plants. 
Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate; capsule compressed. 
Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping, serrulate or entire. 

I. V. Anagallis-aquatica. 
All the leaves petioled, serrate. 2. V. Americana. 

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3. V. scutellata. 

Pubescent, ds\ soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate. 

Leaves oval or obovate, petioled ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 

4. V. officirialis. 
Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer than the calyx. 

5. V. Chamaedrys. 
* * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils. 

Flowers in terminal spikes. 

Leaves all sessile; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 6. V. Wormskioldii. 

Lower leaves petioled : capsule orbicular, obcordate. 7. V. serpyllifolia. 

Flowers solitary in most of the axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves. 

Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emarginate. 8. V. peregrina. 

Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate. 9. V. arvettsis. 

Flowers solitary in the axils ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or long-er. 

Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate. 

Corolla not longer than the calyx ; capsule narrowly emarginate. 

10. V. agresti's. 
Corolla longer than' the calyx; capsule broadly emarginate. 

11. V. Byzantitia. 
Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3-5-lobed or crenate 12. V. hederaefolia. 

I. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell. Water Pim- 
pernel. (I. F. f. 3287.) Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots; stem glabrous, or 
alandular-puberulent above, often rooting at the lower nodes, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate. obtuse, serrulate, narrowed 
into margined petioles, those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 



sessile and clasping or the lowest short-petioied, 3-10 cm. long; racemes pedun- 
cled, 5-13 cm. long; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 4 mm. broad; capsule com- 
pressed, nearly orbicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, 3 mm. high; seeds flat. In brooks 
and swamps, N. S. to Br. Col, N. C, Tenn., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also, in 
Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 

2. Veronica Americana Schwein. American Brooklime. (I. F. f. 3288.) 
Similar to the preceding, glabrous; stem decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 
1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, sharply 
serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcordateat the base, 2-8 cm. long; racemes pedun- 
cled, loose, sometimes 1.5 cm. long; flowers blue or nearly white, usually striped 
with purple, 4 mm. broad; capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, emarginate, 
3 mm. high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, Penn., Neb., 
N. Mex. and Cal. April-Sept. 

3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skullcap Speedwell. (I. F. f. 
3289.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, rarely quite hairy, perennial by leafy 
shoots or stolons; stems slender, decumbent, or ascending, commonly rooting at the 
lower nodes, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and 
slightly clasping, remotely denticulate, acute, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm, wide; 
racemes equalling or longer than the leaves ; bractlets much shorter than the fili- 
form spreading pedicels; flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad; capsule broader than high, 
deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at the base, 4-5 mm. broad; seeds 
flat. In swamps. Lab. to Br. Col., N. Y., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe and 
Asia. May- Sept. 

4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3290.) Peren- 
nial by stolons, pubescent; stem ascending, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
oval, or obovate, petioled, I-5 cm. long, obtuse, serrate, narrowed into the peti- 
oles; racemes spike-like, narrow, much longer than the leaves; subulate bractlets 
and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers pale blue, 4-6 mm. broad; capsule 
obovate-cuneate, compressed, broadly emarginate, 4 mm. high; seeds flat. In dry 
fields and woods, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., N. Car. and Tenn. Also in Europe and 
Asia. Appears, in most places, as if introduced. May-Aug. 

Veronica longifolia L., an erect European species with lanceolate petioled acuminate 
sharply serrate leaves, has been found in a meadow near Appalachin, N. Y. 

5. Veronica Chamaedrys L. Germander Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3291.) 
Perennial; stem ascending, slender, pubescent in two lines, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves 
ovate, sessile, or nearly so, pubescent, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 
incised-dentate, obtuse, 1-3 cm. long; racemes peduncled, pubescent, loose, 5-15 cm. 
long; pedicels filiform; flowers light blue, 6-8 mm. broad; capsule obcordate; 
seeds numerous, flattish. In fields and waste places, N. S. and Quebec to N. Y. 
and Penn. Nat. from Europe. May- July. 

Veronica Teucrium L., also European, similar to V. C/iamaedrys, but with oblong 
to lanceolate crenate leaves, has been found in Ohio. 

6. Veronica Wormskioldii R. & S. Alpine Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3292 

as V. alpina.) Perennial; stems slender, usually simple, 5-30 cm. high. Leaves 
oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, 
1-2.5 cm. long; flowers in a sliort narrow raceme, light blue, 4-6 mm. broad; pedi- 
cels shorter than the calyx in flower, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or 
slightly obovoid, moderately compressed, emarginate, 4-6 mm. high; seeds 
numerous, flattisli. Lab., mountains of Quebec and N. Eng. to Alaska, south in 
the mountains to Colo, and Nev. Apparently distinct from V. alpina L. of Europe. 

7. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Tiivme-leaved SpKEinvELi.. (1. F. f. 3203.) 
Perennial, puberulent or glabrous; stems slender, decumbent, the branches ascend- 
ing or erect, 5-25 cm. high. Leaves opposite, petiohnl. or the uppermost sessile, 
oblong, oval, or ovate, 6-12 mm.' long, crenulate or entire; flowers in racemes; 
pedicels usually shorter than the bractlets; corolla pale blue with darker stripes! 
sometimes white, about 4 mm. broad; capsule broader than high, broadly obcor- 
date or emarginate, about 2 mm. long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat. In 
fields and thickets. Lab. to Alaska, Ga., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in lunopo, Asia 
and S. Am. April -Aug. 



8. Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. Neckweed. (I. F. f. 
3294.) Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent; stem 0.7-3 ^"i- l^igh. Leaves 
oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 6-20 mm. long, the lowest opposite, 
short-petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually denticulate, the 
upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire, each with a short pedicelled flower in its 
axil; flowers nearly white, about 2 mm. broad; pedicels much shorter than the 
calyx ; capsule nearly orbicular, obcordate, usually a little shorter than the calyx, 
2-3 mm. high, the seeds flat. In moist places, and common as a weed in culti- 
vated soil, N. S. to Br. CoL, Fla., Mex. and Cal. Also in Cent, and S. Am., and 
as a weed in the Old World. May-Oct. 

9. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wall Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3295.) 
Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at length much branched and diffuse, 0.7-2.5 dm. 
long. Lower leaves ovate or oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenu- 
late, 4-12 mm. long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate, ovate or 
lanceolate, acute or acutish, commonly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower 
in its axil; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, 2 mm. 
broad or less; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate. 2 mm. high. In fields, woods 
and waste places and in cultivated soil, N. S. to Ont. and Wash., Fla., Kans. and 
Tex. Also in Bermuda. Nat. from Europe. March-Sept. 

10. Veronica agrestis L. Field or Garden Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3296.) 
Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or procumbent, very slender, 0.7-2 dm. long, 
the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse at the 
apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenate, short-petioled, or the 
uppermost sessile, the lower opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender- 
peduncied small blue flower in its axil; capsule broader than high, compressed, 
narrowly emarginate, 4 mm. broad; seeds few, hollowed out on the inner side. In 
fields and waste places, N. S. to N. J. and La. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

11. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S. P. Buxbaum's Speedwell. 
(I. F. f. 3297.) Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. long. 
Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, crenate-dentate or somewhat incised, 
8-25 mm. long, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender- 
peduncled rather large blue flower in its axil; corolla 6-8 mm. broad; capsule 
twice as broad as high, 6 mm. broad, with a wide and shallow emargination at 
the summit; seeds few or several, hollowed out on the inner side. In waste 
places, N. S. to N. Y. and Ohio. Adventive or nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

12. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. (I. F. f. 3298.) 
Annual, pubescent; stems slender, diffusely branched, 0.7-4.5 dm. long. Leaves 
orbicular or broader, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, 
petioled, 0.6-2.5 cm. in diameter, the lower opposite, the upper alternate and with 
slender peduncled small blue flowers in their axils; corolla 4 mm. broad, scarcely 
longer than the calyx; capsule little compressed, 2-lobed, broader than high, shorter 
than the densely ciliate sepals, 2-4-seeded; seeds excavated on the inner side. In 
thickets, fields and waste places, N. Y., Penn. and N. J. to S. C. Nat. from 
Europe. April-Oct. 

20. LEPTANDRA Nutt 

Tall, erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small 
minutely bracted white or blue flowers, in dense peduncled spike-like racemes, 
terminal, or in the upper axils. Calyx 4-parted, short. Corolla tubular, or 
salverform, nearly regular, 4-lobed, the tube cylindric, longer than the lobes. 
Stamens 2, exserted, inserted low down on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; 
anthers obtuse. Style about as long as the stamens, stigma minute. Capsule nar- 
rowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcordate, 4-valved at the 
apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens, 
referring to the filaments.] Two species, one native of eastern N. Am., the other 
of northeastern Asia. 

I. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Culver's-root. (I. F. f. 3299.) Stem 
glabrous, or nearly so, simple, strict, 6-21 dm. high. Leaves verticillate in 3's- 
9's or some of the upper ones opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short- 
petioled, long-acuminate, sharply serrulate, narrowed at the l3ase, glabrous both 
sides, or pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long; racemes 7-23 cm. long, very dense, 



the terminal one first developing; pedicels and bractlets about as long as the calyx; 
calyx -segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla tubular, white or bluish, 4 mm. 
long; capsule 2-3 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In meadows, moist 
woods and thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., Ala., Mo. and Kans. June-Sept. 

21. DIGITALIS L. 

Tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and large purple, yellowish or white flowers, 
in long terminal commonly i-sided racemes. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments imbri- 
cated. Corolla declined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, 
then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4-5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; 
upper lip emarginate or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-iobed, the middle lobe largest, the 
lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4^ didynamous, ascending, mostly 
included; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 
ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digltale, the 
finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble.] About 20 species, of Europe and 
Asia. 

I. Digitalis purpurea L. Purple Foxglove. (I. F. f. 3300.) Usually 
biennial, pubescent; stem stout, erect, 6-15 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, slender petioled, acute, narrowed at 
the base, dentate; upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes 3 dm. long or 
more, dense, i -sided; flowers purple, 3-5 cm. long, drooping; upper calyx-seg- 
ment narrower than the four other foliaceous ones; corolla spotted within. Cape 
Breton Island, apparently nat. from Europe (according to Macoun) ; sparingly 
escaped from cultivation. Also in the Northwest. June-Aug. 

22. BUCHNERA L. 

Erect, perennial or biennial, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, blackening in 
drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather 
large, white, blue, or purple, in terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly dis- 
tant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-iO-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its 
tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb nearly equally 5 -cleft, spreading, the 
lateral lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-sacs confluent 
into I. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or 
emarginate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. 
[Named for J. G. Buchner.] About 30 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Buchnera Americana L. Blue-hearts. (I. F. f. 3301.) Hispid and 
rough ; stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves usually all opposite, prominently 
veined, the lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very short petioles, 
the middle ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, sessile, the upper lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so ; spike peduncled, 1.5-2.5 dm. long in 
fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly 2.5 cm. long; bractlets shorter than the 
calyx ; calyx strigose; corolla purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse; capsule ovoid, 
slightly oblique, 8 mm. high, a little longer than the calyx. In sandy or gravelly 
soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Minn., Va., La., Kans. and Ark. June-Sept. 

23. AFZELIA J, G. Gmel. 
Erect branched herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower 1-2-pin. 
nately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in terminal 
'bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5 -parted. Corolla 
slightly irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube sliort. the limb 5-lobod. the 
lower lobe exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal ; filaments short, villous, 
at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Capsule acute 
and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named 
for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical professor at Upsala.] Alxnit 10 species, 
of N. Am., Mex. and Madagascar. Besides the Ibllowing, 4 others inhabit the 
southern U. S. 

I. Afzeliamacrophylla(Nutt.)Kunt7.e. Mii.lkn Fox^u ovk. (I. F. f. 330J.) 
Annual (?), puberulcnt or glahrato; slom sparingly branched, or simple. U-iS dm. 
high. Lower leaves long-petioled, pinuatcly parted. 1.5 4 dm. long, their seg- 



836 FLORA. 

ments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregularly incised, or pinnatifid; upper leaves 
short-petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, entire, each with a 
sessile flower in its axil; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, 
acute, about as long as the tube; corolla light yellow, 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx, woolly in the throat; style short, club-shaped; capsule globose-ovoid, 6-8 
mm. high, twice as long as the calyx. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio 
to Iowa, Neb., Ky. and Tex. Aug-Oct. 

24. DASYSTOMA Raf. 

Large herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite (rarely 
whorled) or some alternate leaves, and showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly 
leafy-bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, the 
lobes longer than or equalling the tube. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or 
campanulate-funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 
5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. included, villous or pubescent; filaments slen- 
der; anthers all alike, their sacs distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Style fili- 
form. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally- dehiscent, many- seeded, longer than 
the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla.] About 8 
species, of eastern N. Am. 

Plants glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without; leaves finely divided ; annuals or 
biennials. 
Glandular-pubescent above ; leaves pinnatifid. i. D. Pedicularia. 

Glandular-pubescent throughout ; leaves 2-pinnatifid. 2. D. pectinata. 

Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without; perennials. 
Cinereous-puberulent. 

Leaves entire, dentate, or some of the lower pinnatifid. 

Leaves entire, undulate, or the lower pinnatifid, with entire lobes. 

3. D.flava. 
Upper leaves, or most of them, serrate, the lower pinnatifid with 
toothed lobes. 4. D. serrata. 

Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 5. D. grandiflora. 

Glabrous or very nearly so throughout. 

Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. 6, /?. laevigata. 

Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 7. D. Vtrginica. 

1. Dasystoma Pedicularia (L.) Benth. Fern-leaved False Foxglove. 
(I. F. f. 3303.) Viscid above; stem much branched, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
sessile, or the lower petioled, pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually broadest 
at the base, 2-8 cm. long, the segments incised-dentate; pedicels slender, ascending, 
2-5 cm. long in fruit; calyx-lobes oblong, foliaceous, usually incised or pinnatifid, 
6-8 mm. long; corolla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, the limb about 2.5 cm. broad; capsule 
pubescent, 10-12 mm. long, its beak flat. In dry woods and thickets, Me. and 
Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. Aug.-Sept. 

2. Dasystoma pectinata (Nutt.) Benth. Cut-leaved False Foxglove. 
Similar to the preceding, but densely glandular-pubescent nearly to the base, and 
the leaves 2-pinnatifid; calyx densely glandular-pubescent, its lobes pinnatifid. In 
dry soil, Ga. to Ky.. Mo., Fla. and Tenn. May-Sept. 

3. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. (I. F. f. 3304.) 
Downy, grayish; stem strict, simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 6-12 dm. 
high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, entire, or the lower 
sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, short-petioled, the lobes 
obtuse; the upper sessile, passing into the bracts of the raceme; pedicels stout,, 
usually shorter than the calyx even in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, entire, about as 
long as the tube; corolla 3-5 cm. long, its tube much expanded above; capsule 
16-20 mm. long, pubescent, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thick- 
ets, Mass. to Ont., Wis., Ga. and Miss. July- Aug. 

4. Dasystoma serrata (Torr.) Small. Serrate False Foxglove. Puberu- 
lent, similar to the preceding and the following species. Lower leaves pinnatifid, 
their lobes serrate or incised; upper leaves small, serrate or entire. Calyx-teeth as 
long as the tube, or longer. Mo. to Ark. and La. July-Sept. 

5. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood. Western False Foxglove. 
(I. F. f. 3305.) Cinereous-puberulent and roughish; stem much branched, leafy to 
the top, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in 



outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised, 5-10 cm. long; upper leaves smaller, ses- 
sile; pedicels, even in fruit, shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 
about as long as the tube; corolla 3-5 cm. long, its tube much expanded above. In 
dry woods and thickets, Minn, and Wis. to Tenn., Kans. and Tex. July-Aug. 

6. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire-leaved False Foxglove. (I. F. 
f. 3306.) Glabrous or nearly so, not glaucous; stem simple, or sparingly branched, 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. 
long, entire, or the lowest dentate or incised; pedicels shorter than the calyx, or in 
fruit longer; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla 
2.5-4 cm. long, the limb fully as broad, the tube much expanded above; capsule 
glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry thickets, Penn. to Mich., south to Ga. 
July-Aug. 

7. Dasystoma Virginica (L.) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove. (I. F. 
f. 3307.) Glabrous and glaucous; stem usually branched, 9-18 dm. high. Leaves 
usually all petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower 1-2-pinnatifid, 
10-15 cm. long, the upper pinnatifid or deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or 
oblong, acute; fruiting pedicels mostly longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about equalling the tube; corolla 3.5-5 cm. long, its 
tube not widely expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In 
dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn., Fla. and III. July-Sept. 

25. GERaRDIA L. 
Erect herbs, some South American species shrubby, mainly with opposite and 
sessile leaves. Flowers showy, usually large. Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed, or 
5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, or funnelform, the tube broad, 
the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, included; filaments pubescent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or 
mucronate at the base; style filiform. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many- 
seeded. Seeds mostly angled. [Named for John Gerarde, surgeon and botanist, 
author of the Herbal (1597), died 1612.] About 40 species, natives of America. 
Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 

* Flowers pedicelled; anthers all alike. 
Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or but 1-2 times as long;. 
Corolla 2-2.6 cm. lonr::. 

Calyx-teeth minute; root perennial. i. G. linifoha. 

Calyx-teeth triangular, lanceolate or oblong-, acute; annuals. 

Leaves very scabrous, filiform; capsule oblong. 2. G. aspera. 

Leaves slightly scabrous, linear; capsule globose. 3. G. purpurea. 

Corolla 1-1.6 cm. long. 

Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. 4. G. paupercula. 

Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 5. G. maritima. 

Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx. 

Leaves linear, spreading or ascending; capsule globose. 
Leaves 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, 1-4 cm. long. 

Lobes of the corolla entire, or barely emarginate. 
Corolla 12-20 mm. long, pink to purple. 

Leaves linear, 2.5 mm. wide or less. 6. G, tenut'folia. 

Leaves filiform-linear, less than i mm. wide. 7. G. Hclniiana. 
Corolla less than 10 mm. long, yellowish-pink. S. G. vin'dis. 

Lobes of the corolla all obcordate. 9. G. decemloba. 

Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, 4-9 cm. long; pedicels ascending. 10. G. Fessevatia. 
Leaves subulate-spatulate, short, nearly erect; capsule oblong. 11. G. Skinncriatia. 
* * Flowers sessile; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 12. G. anriculata. 

Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 linear-segments. 13. G. densiflora. 

I. Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Flax-leaved Gerardlv. (I. F'. f. 3308.) 
Glabrous, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 
erect, the upper much smaller ami subulate; pedicels erect, in llower equalling or 
a little longer than the calyx, longer in fruit; calyx campanulate. truncate; corolla 
purple, about 2.5 cm. long, narrower than that of the two following species, villous 
within, the lobes ciliatc; filaments and anthers densely villous; aiuher-sacs mucro- 
nate at the base; capsule glolH)se, 4-6 mm. in diameter, but little longer than the 
calyx. In moist pine barrens, Del. to Fla. and Cuba. Aug. -Sept. 



2. Gerardia aspera Dougl. Rough Purple Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3309.) 
Annual, 3-6 dm. high, hispidulous- scabrous with stiii' short whitish hairs, tht 
branches nearly erect. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, erect or 
ascending; pedicels equalling or becoming longer than the turbinate calyx; calyx- 
teeth triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as 
long as the tube; corolla deep purple, about 2.5 cm. long, nearly or quite glabrous 
within, very pubescent without, the lobes ciliate; filaments villous; anthers obtuse 
at the base; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. high, considerably longer than the calyx. 
On dry plains and prairies, Ind. to S. Dak., Kans., Mo. and Ark. Aug. -Oct. 

3. Gerardia purpurea L. Large Purple Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3310.) Gla- 
brous, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, usually widely spreading, 2.5-4 cm. 
long, about 2 mm. wide, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flow- 
ers racemose on the branches, purple (rarely white), about 2.5 cm. long and broad; 
pedicels shorter than or but little longer than the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth 
triangular-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the 
tube; corolla much expanded above, the lobes ciliolate; anther-sacs mucronulate at 
the base; filaments villous; capsule 4-6 mm. in diameter. In moist fields and 
meadows, Me. and southern Ont. to Fla.. mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 

4. Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. Small-flowered Gerardia. 
(I. F. f. 33II-) Annual, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, the branches 
nearly erect. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 n-m. wide; pedicels 
equalling the calyx, or longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, its teeth about one-half 
the length of the tube, acute, or acuminate; corolla 1.2-2 cm. long, rose purple, its 
limb about as broad, somewhat villous in the throat, the lobes ciliate; stamens vil- 
lous; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; capsule 6 mm. high. \\\ bogs and low 
meadows, Quebec to N. J., Manitoba and Wis. July-Sept. 

5. Gerardia maritima Raf. Sea-side or Salt-marsh Gerardia. (I. F. 
f. 3312.) Annual, fleshy, 1-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, 
1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, obtuse, spreading, the uppermost very small 
and subulate; pedicels in flower shorter than or equalling the calyx, about twice as 
long in fruit; calyx-teeth obtuse; corolla rose-purple, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous, the 
limb about as broad; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base, capsule 4-6 mm. high. 
In salt marshes. Me. to Fla. and La. July-Aiig. 

6. Gerardia tenuifolia VahL Slender Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3313.) An- 
nual, glabrous; stem slender, paniculately branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, the branches 
spreading or ascending. Leaves linear, acute, 1-4 cm. long; pedicels mostly 
equalling or longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth short, pointed; 
corolla light purple, spotted, rarely white, 1.2-2 cm. long, vertically compressed 
when fully expanded, minutely puberulent, or glabrous; anther-sacs mucronate at 
the base; capsule 4-5 mm. in diameter. In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to 
Ga., Ont., Kans. and La. Aug.-Oct. 

Gerardia tenuif51ia asperula A. Gray. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface, linear- 
filiform; corolla not compressed. On dry hills and banks, Ont. to ind. and Mo. 

7. Gerardia Holmiana Greene. Holm's Gerardia. Slender, smooth or 
nearly so, paniculately branched. 3-5 dm. high. Leaves filiform-linear, spreading, 
about 2.5 cm. long, acute, minutely roughened; pedicels filiform, about as long as 
the leaves, ascending; calyx campanulate, its teeth very short, acute; corolla rose- 
purple, 1.5 cm. long, its lobes spreading, truncate or retuse, ciliate, its throat very 
villous within. In dry sandy woods, Long Island to D. C. Sept. -Oct. 

8. Gerardia viridis Small. Small- flowered Gerardia. Annual, drying 
green. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, sharply angled; leaves mostly opposite, narrowly 
linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute, revolute, sessile or nearly so; pedicels ascending, 8-15 
mm. long; calyx becoming 4-5 mm. high, the tube turbinate or campanulate-turbi- 
nate, the segments acute, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla yellowish- 
pink, less than I cm. long, the lobes ciliate, truncate, or barely emarginate. In 
sandy soil, Mo., Ark. and La. Summer and fall. 

9. Gerardia decemloba Greene. Ten-lobed Gerardia. Slender, about 
3 dm. high, with a few branches above the middle. Leaves setaceous, about i cm. 
long, acute, roughish, the lower ascending, the upper spreading; pedicels about 
18 mm. long, ascending, rather stiff"; calyx-tube veiny, the teeth short; corolla 



bright pink, about I cm. long, its lobes all spreading, obcordate. In grassy places, 
Brookland, D. C. Oct. 

10. Gerardia Besseyana Britton. Bessey's Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3314.) 
Annual, strict, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending or nearly erect. Leaves 
linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous, acute, ascending; pedicels ascend- 
ing, longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth triangular-subulate, one- 
third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long; capsule 
globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. On dry hills and prairies, Iowa to S. Dak., Colo., 
La. and Kans. July-Sept. 

11. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. Skinner's Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3315.) 
Annual, roughish; stem strict, striate, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, slender. Leaves ascend- 
ing or commonly erect and appressed, 1-2. 5 cm. long, I mm. wide or less, the 
uppermost minute; pedicels longer than the calyx, scarcely longer than the flowers, 
2-4 times the length of the capsule; calyx-teeth minute; corolla light purple, 10- 
12 mm. long and about as broad, its lobes ciliolate; capsule oblong, 4-6 mm. high. 
In dry sandy woods and thickets, Mass. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and La. Aug.-Oct. 

12. Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3316.) 
Annual, scabrous, hirsute, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves acuminate, sessile, mostly 
rounded and 2-lobed at the base, or entire, 2-5 cm. long, the basal lobes obtusish, 
short; flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, purple, 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx 
5 -cleft, its lobes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, as long as or longer than the 
tube; corolla densely puberulent outside, glabrous within; filaments glabrous; 
anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; anther-sacs obtuse 
at the base; capsule oval-oblong, about 1.2 cm. high, a little shorter than the calyx. 
In moist open soil, Penn. to Minn., N. Car. and Kans. Adventive at Woodbridge, 
N. J. July-Sept. 

13. Gerardia densiflora Benth. Cut-leaved Gerardia. (I. F. f. 3317.) 
Annual, scabrous and short-hispid, stiff, 3-8 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, 
ovate in outline, ascending, about 2.5 cm. long, pinnately parted into 3-7 acute 
rigid segments less than 2 mm. wide; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, rose-purple, sessile 
in the upper axils; calyx 5 -cleft, its lobes linear, acuminate, ciliate, about as long 
as the tube; corolla glabrous both outside and within; anthers of the shorter 
stamens smaller than those of the longer; capsule about 6 mm. high, shorter than 
the calyx. On dry prairies, Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

26. CASTILLEJA Mutis. 

Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, with alternate leaves; flowers in 
dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and larger than the 
flowers. Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft at the summit on the upper 
side, or also on the lower. Corolla very irregular, its tube not longer than the 
calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, laterally compressed, 
entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-sacs 
unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one pendu- 
lous from its apex. Style filiform. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. 
Seeds reticulated. [Named for Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.] About 50 species, 
mostly of the New World. In addition to the following, about 40 others occur in 
western N. Am. 

* Plants villous-pubescent. 
Bracts broad, dilated, lobed, or entire. 

Stem leaves deeply and irregularly cleft into narrow seg-ments. 1, C. coccinea. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or rarely with a few lobes. 2. C. indtvisa. 

Bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. 3. c^ minor. 

** Plants glabrous, woolly at the summit, or cinereous-puberulent. 
Glabrous, or tomentose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, mostly entire. 

4. C, acuminata, 
Cinereous-puberulent, pale; stem leaves cleft. 5. C. sfssilitlora. 

I. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Sc.\rlet Painted-cup. (T. F. f. 33 iS.) 

Annual or biennial; stem simple, or with few erect branches, 3-6 dm. high. I. eaves 
sessile, parallel-veined, the basal oblong, obovate. or linear, tufled, mostlv entire, 
2-8 cm. long, those of the stem 3-5-cleft into obtusish segments, tlie bracts broader 
and shorter, 3 -5 -lobed or cleft, bright red or scarlet, conspicuous; flowers sessile 



04U I'LUKA, 

2-2.5 cm. long, usually not exceeding the bracts; calyx cleft above and below into 
2 entire or retuse oblong obtuse lobes, sometimes scarlet; corolla greenish yellow, 
its tube shorter than the calyx, its upper lip much longer than the lower; capsule 
oblong, acute, 10-12 mm. long. In meadows and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Mani- 
toba, N. Car., Kans. and Tex. Bracts and calyx rarely yellow. May-July. 

2. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. Entire-leaved Painted-cup. (I. F. f. 
3319.) Winter-annual; stem 2-4.5 ^'^' l^^gl^- Leaves sessile, parallel-veined, lin- 
ear to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-IO cm. long, entire, or rarely with 2-4 lateral lobes; 
no tuft of basal leaves; bracts obovate to spatulate, bright red; flowers sessile, 2.5 
cm. long or less, not longer than the bracts; calyx cleft as in the preceding species, 
and corolla similar. In sandy soil, Kans. to Tex. Spring. 

3. Castilleja minor A. Gray. Small- flowered Painted-cup. (I. F. f. 
3320.) Annual, strict, simple, or with i or 2 erect branches, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
all linear-lanceolate and entire, parallel-veined, sessile, acuminate, 5-8 cm. long, 
the bracts similar, smaller, red or red-tipped; narrow, equalling or longer than the 
short-pedicelled flowers; calyx green, cleft on both sides to about the middle, the 
lobes lanceolate, acute, entire, or 2-toothed; corolla yellow, 1-2 cm. long, its upper 
lip- much longer than the small lower one; capsule oblong, acute, 12-16 mm. long. 
In moist soil, Neb. (according to Gray) to N. Mex., Nev. and Ariz. May-July. 

4 Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng. Lance-Leaved Painted-cup. 
(I. F. f. 3321.) Perennial; stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 3-5-nerved, 
mostly entire, the lower linear, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute, 5-10 cm. 
long; bracts oblong, oval or obovate, obtuse, yellowish, greenish-white or purple, as 
long as the sessile flowers; calyx cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes 
lanceolate, usually again 2-cleft; corolla 12-16 mm. long, its upper lip 2-4 times 
as long as the lower; capsule oblong. In moist soil. Lab. to Alaska, the mountains 
of N. Eng., Ont., Minn., Colo, and Br. Col. June- Aug. 

5. Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. Downy Painted-cup. (L F. f. 3322.) 
Perennial, cinereous-puberulent; stems stout, 1.5-4 dm. high, densely leafy. Leaves 
sessile, 2-5 cm. long, the lowest commonly linear, obtuse and entire, the others 
laciniate into narrow segments; bracts green, similar to the upper leaves, shorter 
than the sessile flowers; calyx deeper cleft on the lower side than on the upper, its 
lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, 4 cm. long, the upper lip about 
twice as long as the lower, the lobes of the latter linear; capsule oblong-lanceolate. 
On prairies, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Ill, Neb., Wyo. and Tex. May-July. 

27. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. 

Herbs, mostly with alternate leaves, and yellow white or purplish flowers, in 
bracted spikes. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes split 
down both sides. Corolla irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 
little if any longer than the 3-lobed 1-3 -saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs dissimilar, the outer one affixed by its 
middle, the inner pendulous from its upper end, commonly smaller. Style filiform; 
stigma entire. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds retic- 
ulated. [Greek, erect-fruit.] About 30 species, natives of Am.erica, mostly of 
the western U. S. 

I. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Orthocar^us. (I. F. f. 3323.) Annual, 
rough-pubescent or puberulent; stem strict, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, densely leafy. 
Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 3-cleft, 2-4 
cm. long; sessile, long-acuminate; bracts of the dense spike broader and shorter 
than the leaves, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers; flowers bright yel- 
low, 8-10 mm. long; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; corolla about twice as 
long as the calyx, puberulent without, its upper lip ovate, obtuse, about as long as 
the saccate 3-toothed lower one; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. On dry 
plains, Manitoba to Minn., Neb., Br. Col. and Cal. July-Sept. 

28. SCHWALBEA L. 

A perennial erect finely pubescent and minutely glandular leafy herb, with ses- 
sile entire 3-nerved leaves, and rather large yellowish-purple flowers in a bracted 
spike. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique, io-i2-ribbed, 2-bracteolate at the base, 
5-toothed, the upper tooth much the smallest, the 2 lower ones partly connate; 



corolla very irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2 -lipped; upper lip arched, 
concave, entire; lower lip somewhat shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, ascending within the upper lip; anther-sacs equal. Style filiform. Cap- 
sule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose reticulated testa. [Named 
for C. G. Schwalbe, of Holland, who wrote (17 19) on Farther India.] A mono- 
typic genus. 

I. Schwalbea Americana L. Chaff-seed. (I. F. f. 3324.) Stem strict, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, or ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, 
2.5-4 cm. long, the upper gradually passing into the bracts of the rather loose 
spike; flowers nearly sessile, 2.5-4 cm. long, longer than the bracts; bractlets at the 
base of the calyx linear; corolla-tube slightly exceeding the lower lobes of the 
calyx, these connate to near their apices; capsule enclosed by the calyx. In wet 
sandy soil, eastern Mass. to Fla. and La,, near the coast. May-July. 

29. EUPHRASIA L. 

Low herbs, parasitic on other plants, with opposite dentate or incised leaves, 
and small flowers in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx not bracteolate, 4-cleft 
(rarely 5-cleft, with one of the lobes much smaller than the others). Corolla very 
irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, its margins recurved; lower lip 
larger, 3-lobed, spreading, its lobes emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous. ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs equal, parallel, mucronate at the 
base. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, longi- 
tudinally ribbed. [Greek, delight.] About no species, of temperate and cold 
regions. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern N. Am. 

Bracts, and usually the leaves, glandular, at least beneath. 

Spike short; teeth of the bracts merely acute. i. E. latifolia. 

Spike elongated, dense ; lower teeth of the bracts aristate. 2. E. Canadensis. 

Neither bracts nor leaves glandular, but usually pubescent. 

Spikes elongated; bracts sharply toothed; plant 10-25 cm. high. 

3. E. Americana. 
Spike short, capitate; bracts bluntly toothed; plant 2-5 cm. high. 

4. E. Oakesii. 

1. Euphrasia latifolia Pursh. Glandular Eyebright. (I. F. f. 3325.) 
Stem erect, simple, or with a few erect branches, pubescent with crisped hairs, 
5-18 cm. high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5-toothed on each side, the 
teeth sharp or blunt; spike 2-4 cm. long, the bracts broadly oval to orbicular, 
cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, glandular-pubescent beneath or also on the 
margins; calyx-teeth acute; corolla 6-8 mm. long, lilac, or variegated; capsule 
oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the margins, and tnore or less pubescent or pilose, about 
as long as the calyx. Greenland to Hudson Bay and N. B. Also in Europe. 
Summer. 

2. Euphrasia Canadensis Townsend. Spinulose Eyebright. Branched 
from near the base, 8-15 cm. high, the stem and branches with crisped hairs. 
Leaves ovate-oblong, the teeth of the upper aristate; bracts about 5-toothed; spike 
3-7 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, aristate; corolla about 7 mm. long; 
capsule truncate or emarginate, mucronate. ' Fields, Quebec to Mich. Summer. 

3. Euphrasia Americana Wettst. Hairy Eyebright. (I. F. f. 3326.) 
Pubescent with crisped hairs; stem often at length much branched. 10-25 "cm. high. 
Leaves sessile, ovate to oval, 3-5-toothed on each side; the teeth acute; bracts 
dentate, pubescent, slightly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth lanceiilate. acu- 
minate; corolla 6-8 mm. long, purplish or nearly white, its lobes emarginate; 
capsule narrow, cuneate, 4-6 mm. high, about equalling the calyx. In fields and 
on hills. Me. and N. B. to Ncwf. Summer. 

4. Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Oakes' Eyebright. (I. F. f. 3227.) Stem 
erect or ascending, very slender or filiform, simple, 2-5 cm. high, somewhat 
pubescent. Stem leaves 2 or 3 pairs. Bracts and leaves orbicular or broadlvoval, 
narrowed or nearly truncate at the base, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, pubescent, with 
2-5 blunt teeth on each side; spike short, capitate, only O-io mm. hnig, tlie bracts 
densely imbricated; calyx-teeth triangular lanceolate, short; corolla 3-4 mm. long, 
purplish; capsule oblong-elliptic, ciliate, longer than the calyx. While Moun- 
tains of N. H. 



30. BARTSIA L. 

Herbs, partly parasitic on the roots' of other plants, with opposite leaves, and 
purple, pink, red or yellow flowers, in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed 
or 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular, the tube straight or recurved, the ]imb2-lipped; 
upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-sacs similar, parallel. Capsule locu- 
licidally dehiscent, several-many-seeded. Seeds horizontal, striate, or ribbed. 
[Named for John Bartsch, a Prussian botanist, died 1738.] About 6 species of the 
northern hemisphere. 

I. Bartsia alpina L. Alpine Bartsia. (I. F. f. 3328.) Perennial by short 
rootstocks, pubescent, leafy, simple, or rarely with I or 2 short branches, 1-2.5 ^"^• 
high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, I-2.5 cm. long; 
bracts similar, smaller, mostly shorter than the flowers; spike 2-5 cm. long; flow- 
ers 1.5-2 cm. long, sometimes borne also in the upper axils; calyx 4-cleft; corolla 
purple, its tube much longer than the calyx; anthers pubescent, at least on the 
back; capsule ovoid-oblong, equalling or longer than the calyx. Lab. to Green- 
land and the Arctic Sea. Also in Europe. Summer. 

31. ODONTITES Gmel. 

Annual herbs, half parasitic on the roots of other plants, with small opposite 
leaves, and yellow or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 4.toothed. 
Corolla with a narrow tube and a strongly 2-lipped limb, the upper lip concave, 
entire, or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend- 
ing; anther-sacs similar. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds few, pendulous. 
[Greek, referring to its supposed value as a cure for toothache.] About 20 species, 
mostly of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Odontites Odontites (L.) Wettst. Red Bartsia. Red Eyebright. 
(I. F. f. 3329.) Appressed-pubescent, roughish, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high, the 
branches erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute or acviminate, serrate with low distant teeth, I-4 cm. long; spikes becoming 
5-13 cm. long in fruit, somewhat I -sided; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; 
flowers numerous, 8-10 mm. long; corolla red or pink, its tube somewhat longer 
than the calyx; anthers slightly pubescent; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. 
In fields and waste places, Me. to N. S. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

32. ELEPHANTELLA Rydb. 

Herbs, blackening in drying, with pinnately divided leaves and toothed seg- 
ments, and flowers in terminal many-flowered spikes. Calyx obliquely campanu- 
late, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, tube almost included in the calyx, the upper lip 
strongly arcuate, produced into a long filiform upturned beak, enclosing the long 
style, the throat with a tooth on each side; lower lip very broad, 3-lobed. Stamens 
and capsule as in Fedicularis. Three or four sub-arctic or sub-alpine species of 
the northern hemisphere. Another species is found in the Sierra Nevada. 

■ I. Elephantella Groenlandica(Retz.) Rydb. Long-beaked Elephantella. 
(I. F. f. 3330.) Perennial, glabrous; stem simple, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves alter- 
nate, lanceolate in outline, acute or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pin- 
nately divided into lanceolate crenulate or incised segments, the upper sessile, the 
lower slender-petioled, 5-15 cm. long; spike very dense; calyx 5-toothed, nearly 
as long as the corolla-tube, the teeth short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea 
decurved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the 
corolla 5-6 mm. long; capsule obliquely ovate, about 6 mm. long. In wet soil, 
Lab., Greenland and Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., N. Mex. and Gal. 
Summer. [Fedicularis Groenlandica Retz.] 

33. FEDICULARIS L. 

Herbs, with pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves, the flowers in terminal 
spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes 
also on the upper, or 2-5 -toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) 
laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked; lower lip erect 
or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one the smallest. 



[. p. Lapponica. 



P. euphrasioides. 
P. parvijiora. 



6, P. Furbishtae. 

7, P. Jiammea. 

8, P. capitata, 

(I- F. f. 3331.) 
or short-petioled, 
obtuse or acutish, 



Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip; anthers approximate in 
pairs, their sacs transverse, equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely mucronate at the base. 
Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked, many-seeded, loculicidally dehis- 
cent. Seeds reticulate, pitted, striate or ribbed. [Latin, pertaining to lice, long 
supposed to breed lice in sheep that feed on these plants.] About 125 species, 
mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, some 25 
others inhabit western N. Am. 
Beak of the galea conic, decurved, 2 mm. long. 
Beak of the galea very short, or none. 

Annuals or biennials ; stems leafy, freely branching ; northern. 

Puberulent; upper leaves crenulate, lower pinnatifid. 

Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves all pinnatifid. 
Perennials; stems leafy, simple (rarely branched in No. 6). 

Corolla yellow, or the galea red; plants 1.5-9 dm. high; eastern species. 
Leaves pinnately lobed; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. 

4. P. lanceolata. 
Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the calyx. 

5. P. Catiadejisis. 
Lower leaves pinnately divided; capsule ovate. 

Galea crimson or purple; plant 2.5-10 cm. high ; arctic. 
Perennial ; stem scapose, or i-leaved ; flowers capitate ; arctic. 

1. Pedicularis Lapponica L. Lapland Pedicularis. 
Perennial, puberulent, leafy, I-2 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
I-4 cm. long, pinnately incised into numerous approximate oblong serrulate lobes; 
flowers almost capitate, light yellow, 12-14 mm. long; calyx cleft on the lower 
side, 2-toothed on the upper; galea erect, arched. In open places. Lab. and 
Greenland to the Arctic Sea. Also in Arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 

Pedicularis pedicellata Bunge, an Alaskan species is recorded by Bunge from Lab- 
rador. It is distinguished from the above by its scapose stem, deeply pinnatifid leaves 
and pedicellate lower flowers. 

2. Pedicularis euphrasioides Steph. Eyebright Pedicularis. (I. F. f. 
3332.) Puberulent, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Lower leaves 
petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 5-10 cm. long, pinnatifid 
into oblong obtuse crenate-dentate segments; upper leaves sessile, linear or linear- 
oblong, smaller, crenulate ; flowers in a short terminal spike and solitary in the upper 
axils; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-3-toothed on the upper, shorter than the 
corolla-tube; corolla yellow, or the galea purplish, about 12 mm. long; galea as 
long as the tube, tipped with a very short truncate beak, minutely 2-toothed on 
the lower side at the apex. Lab. to Greenland, the Arctic Sea, Alaska and Br. 
Col. Also in northern Asia. Summer. 

3. Pedicularis parviflora J. E. Smith. Purple Pedicularis. (I. F. f. 
3333.) Glabrous, or the petiole-bases ciliate, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 2-5 cm. 
long, alternate, or some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid 
into oblong crenate or incised segments; flowers in terminal rather loose spikes 
and solitary in the upper axils, 14-16 mm. long; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes with an 
incised crested border; corolla purple, its tube twice as long as the calyx, the lip 
much shorter, the galea arched at the top, not beaked, bhmt. bearing a pair of 
minute teeth below its summit; capsule obliquely ovate, twice as long as the calyx. 
Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, the N. W. Terr, and Ore. Summer. 

Pedicularis paliistris L., which differs from this in its larger flowers and apiculate 
galea, is reported from Newf. and Lab.; it is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. 

4. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. (I. F. f. 3334.) 
Glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves alternate and opposite, lanceolate, 
or linear-lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile, the lobes oblong, obtuse, short, crenate-dentate, the margins cartilaginous; 
spikes short; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes witli foliaceous margins; corolla vellow, 
1.5-2 cm. long, the galea arched, terminated by a very short truncate beak, the 
lower lip erect-ascending; capsule ovate, little exceeding the calyx. In swamps, 
Ont. to Conn., Va., Manitoba, Minn., Ohio, Mich, and Neb. (according to Wil- 
liams). Aug. -Oct. 



044 FLORA. 

5. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Wood Betony. Lousewort. (I. F. f. 
3335.) Pubescent, or glabrate below; stems commonly tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, 
simple. Leaves alternate or some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 7-13 cm. 
long, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, pinnately parted into obtuse incised 
or dentate lobes; spike 1-2 dm. long in fruit, the lower bracts usually foliaceous, 
the others small; calyx cleft on the lower-side, 2-3-crenate on the upper, oblique; 
corolla yellow, or reddish (rarely white) 1.5-2 cm. long, the tube much longer than 
the calyx, the galea arched, incurved, minutely 2-toothed below the apex; capsule 
oblique, 14-16 mm. long. In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to Manitoba. Fla., 
Miss., Colo, and Northern Mex. April-June. 

6. Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Miss Furbish's Pedicularis. (I. F. f. 
3336.) Pubescent, at least above; stem strict, simple, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate, alternate, or some of them opposite, the lower long-petioled, 1-1.5 dm. 
long, pinnately divided into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the 
upper sessile, pinnately parted or lobed; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes entire or dentate, 
narrow, somewhat unequal; corolla yellow, 14-18 mm. long, the galea arched, 
truncate, not beaked, 2-cuspidate at the apex. In swamps and along streams, Me. 
and N. B. July-Sept. 

7. Pedicularis flammea L. Red-tipped Pedicularis! (I. F. f. 3337.) 
Glabrous or somewhat wooly; stem simple, 5-10 cm. high with several linear- 
oblong, pinnately parted leaves. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 2.5-4 cm. 
long, the uppermost sessile, the lobes ovate or oblong, incised-serrate; flowers about 
12 mm. long, pedicelled in a short spike-like raceme, longer than the narrow bracts; 
calyx 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate, acute, unequal; corolla-tube and the lower 
lip greenish-yellow, the galea slightly arched, blunt, much longer than the lower 
lip; capsule lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; fruiting 
pedicels 6-10 mm. long. Lab. to Greenland and Alaska. Also in arctic and 
alpine Evu-ope. Summer. 

8. Pedicularis capitata Adams. Capitate Pedicularis. (I. F. f. 3338.) 
Stem scapose, leafless, or i-leaved, 2.5-13 cm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, pin- 
nately divided, the segments ovate or oblong, incised; flowers several in a capitate 
cluster, 2.5-4 cm. long; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes foliaceous, incised or crenate; corolla 
described as white; galea scarcely broadened above, slightly curved, obtuse, twice 
as long as the lower lip; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx beaked on 
the outer side near the summit. Hudson Bay to Alaska. Summer. 

34. RHINANTHUS L. 

Annual erect herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow, blue, violet, or variegated 
flowers, in terminal l -sided leafy-bracted spikes, or solitary in the upper axils. 
Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranous and conspicuously veiny 
in fruit. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) compressed, arched, 
minutely 2-toothed below the entire apex, the lower lip 3-lolDed, shorter, the lobes 
spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the galea; anthers pilose, 
the sacs obtuse at the base, transverse, distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicid- 
ally dehiscent, several-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, winged. [Greek, nose- 
flower, from the beaked corolla.] About 3 species, of the northern hemisphere. 

I. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli L. Rattle. Rattle-box. Yellow or 
Penny Rattle. (I. F. f. 3339.) Glabrous, or pubescent above; stem usually 
branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 
coarsely serrate-dentate, 2-5 cm. long; bracts broader, ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, 
incised-dentate, the teeth acuminate or subulate-tipped; flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. 
long; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple spot on one or 
both lips; fruiting calyx 8-12 mm. in diameter; capsule nearly as broad as the 
calyx. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, Ore., Quebec, N. H., N. Y,. Ont. and in the 
Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. ; on the Atlantic Coast from R. I. to N. B. Common in 
northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

35. MELAMPYRUM L. 

Annual herbs, with opposite leaves, and small flowers solitar}^ in the upper axils, 
or in bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat the longer. 



LENTIBULARIACEAE. MS 

Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the tube gradually enlarged above, the upper lip com- 
pressed, obtuse or emarginate with a groove behind the margins, or these recurved 
or v^rith a tooth on each side; lower lip 3-toothed, 2- grooved beneath. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs distinct, parallel, obtuse 
or mucronulate at the base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculicidally dehiscent, 2-4- 
seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. [Greek, black wheat.] About 10 species, 
of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in N. Am. 

Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the floral 2-4-toothed at the base. 

I. M. linear e. 
Leaves ovate, all entire. 2, M. latifohum. 

1. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Narrow-leaved Cow-wheat. (I. F. f. 
3340.) Puberulent; stem obscurely 4-sided above, at length widely branched, 
1.5-5 ^^- hig^- Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acuminate 
or acute, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, the lower all entire, the upper floral ones ovate or 
lanceolate, with 2-6 bristle-pointed teeth near the base; flowers short-peduncled, 
8-12 mm. long; calyx about one -third the length of the corolla, its subulate teeth 
longer than its tube; corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow; 
capsule 8-10 mm. long, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, 
N. S. to Br. Col., N. Car., Ky. and Minn. Variable. May-Aug. 

2. Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Broad-leaved Cow-wheat. (I. F. f. 
3341.) Similar to the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, but the leaves all entire, short- 
petioled, the lowest small, spatulate, obtuse, the middle ones lanceolate or ovate, 
acuminate, narrowed at the base, 5-8 cm. long, the floral ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
shorter, acute, mostly rounded at the base; corolla purple, veiny. In dry woods, 
Del. (according to Muhlenberg); Va. to Ga. and Tenn. June- Aug. 



Family 10. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl.* 

Bladderwort Family. 

Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal 
and tufted, or borne on branching stems, or reduced to minute scales. 
Scapes erect. Flowers perfect, irregular, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx 
inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect, con- 
cave, or the sides plicate, entire, or 2-lobed, interior in the bud ; lower 
lip larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into 
the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath, Stamens 2 ; anther-sacs 
confluent into i. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, i-celled; ovules 
numerous ; style short, or none ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, 
irregularly bursting, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, 
reticulated, or bristle-bearing; endosperm none. About 4 genera and 
180 species, widely distributed. 

Aquatic or bog; plants ; foliag:e often dissected and bladder-bearing. i. Utricularia. 

Terrestrial ; leaves basal, tufted, entire. 2. Pittguicula. 

I. UTRICULARIA L. 

Herbs, floating, or rooting in the mud, the aquatic species with stems usually 
bearing finely divided leaves and covered with minute bladders; marsh species 
with a few bladder-bearing leaves or rootlets under ground. Bladders ctnitracted 
at the mouth, closed by an operculum and furnished with a few i^rojecting bristles. 
Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of slender scapes, the pedicels 2-brac- 
tcolate. Calyx deeply 2-lobed, the lobes equal or nearly S(K Corc^lla 2-lip]ied. the 
upper lip usually erect and entire, the lower larger, 3-U^bed. spvnred at the base 
and with a prominent palate, commonly bearded in the throat. C\ipsule n\any- 
sceded. [Latin, utriculus, a bag, or little bladder.] About 150 species, of wide 
distribution. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 



* Contributed by the late Rev. Thi)Mas Moronc; 



846 FLORA. 



* Scapes rooting in the mud: leaves entire; bladders usually few or none. 

Scapes stout, strict, i-io-flowered; flowers yellow, 8-20 mm. broad. 

Flowers 16-20 mm. broad; spur 12 mm. long. i, C/. cornuta. 

Flowers 8-10 mm. broad; spur 6 mm. long. 2. U.juncea. 

Scape filiform, 2-bracted above; flower solitary, purple. 3. U. resupmata. 

Scape filiform, the raceme zig-zag; flowers i-io, yellow. 4. U. subulata. 

Scape filiform; flowers minute, cleistogamous. 5. U. cleistogama, 

* * Branches and finely divided leaves floating, or creeping on the mud, bladder- 
bearing. 
f Scape bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles. 6. U. inflata. 
f t Scape leafless, or with a few minute scales. 
Leaves verticillate; corolla purple. 7. U. purpurea. 

Leaves crowded, 2-3-pinnately divided; corolla yellow, large. 8. U. vulgaris. 

Leaves scattered, dichotomously divided. 

Cleistogamous flowers among the leaves. 9. U. clandestina. 

No cleistogamous flowers. 

Bladders mainly or entirely on leafless branches. 

Leaf-segments linear, flat 10.. U. intermedia. 

Leaf-segments capillary. 11. U. fibrosa. 

Bladders among the leaves. 

Flowers 2-8; spur usually reduced to a short protuberance. 

12. U. minor. 
Flowers 1-2; spur shorter than the lower lip, conic, gibbous. 

13. U. gibba. 
Flowers 1-3; spur oblong, as long as the lower lip. 14. U. biflora. 

1. Utricularia cornnta Michx. Horned Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 3342.) 
Scape strict, 0.7-4 dm. high, with or without a few scattered scales, rooting in the 
mud. Stems and branches root-like, sometimes with a few entire leaves and few 
bladders, or several; flowers 1-6, yellowy fragrant; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; lower 
lip of the corolla large, somewhat galeate, the sides strongly reflexed, with a promi- 
nent palate which projects inwardly and is pubescent at the throat; upper lip 
smaller, obovate; sp,ur acute, curved; seeds black, rugosely pitted. On borders 
of ponds, or in bogs, Newf. to Ont., Minn.. Fla. and Tex. June— Aug. 

2. Utricularia juncea Vahl. Rush Bladderwort. (L F. f. 3343.) Scape 
strict, 1.5-4 dm. high, rooting in the mud, bearing few or several minute scales. 
Flowers 3-10, bright yellow; pedicels 2 mm. long, or less; lower lip of the corolla 
obovate, pointed, mainly composed of the palate, the upper little smaller, obovate, 
emarginate; spur linear-subulate, slightly curved, or straight. In bogs, Va. to 
Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Also in the W. Ind. and S. Am. July- Aug. 

3. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. Reversed Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 
3344.) Scape 5-18 cm. high, 2-bracted near the flower, arising from creeping 
rooting shoots which rise 2-5 cm. above the ground and bear a few branches and 
bladders. Flower resting transversely upon the summit of the scape and so appear- 
ing resupinate; corolla 6-10 mm. long, the limb deeply 2-parted, remote from the 
conic spur. In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Me. to Fla., west to Mich. 
July-Aug. 

4. Utricularia subulata L. Tiny or Zig-zaCx Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 
3345.) Scape 2.5-20 cm. high, the racemes zig-zag. Leaves few, entire, they 
and the bladders seldom found; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, slender; corolla 4-6 mm. 
broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper smaller, ovate; spur conic, appressed to the 
lower lip and equalling it in length, or shorter. In wet. sandy soil, Mass. to Fla., 
west to Tex., Mex. and Ark. Also in Cuba. March-Aug. 

5. Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Britton. Closed Bladderwort. 
(I. F. f. 3346.) Scape hair-like, 2-8 cm. high, l-2-flowered. Stems root-like, 
sparse, sending a few minute simple shoots above ground; bladders minute, seldom 
seen; flowers on short bracted pedicels ; corolla 1-2 mm. broad, strictly cleistoga- 
mous, spurless, the lips nearly equal, the lower varying from purplish to yellow, 
the upper white; seeds rugosely pitted; capsule globose. In wet soil, eastern 
Mass. and in the pine-barrens of N. J. August. 

6. Utricularia inflata Walt. Swollen Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 3347.) 
Scapes stout, 0.7-5 ^"1- high, bearing a whorl of 5-9 leaves at about. the middle. 
Branches long, floating, crowded with dichotomously divided leaves and covered 



with bladders; leaves of the scape finely dissected, their petioles cylindric, inflated, 
dilated upward; flowers 2-10, yellow, about 2 cm. broad; upper lip of the corolla 
broadly ovate, obscurely lobed or crenate, the lower 3-lobed; spur conic, emargi- 
nate, appressed to the lower lip and about one-half its length; capsule nodding in 
fruit. In ponds, Canada (according to Pursh); Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the 
coast. March-Aug. 

7. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Purple Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 3348.) 
Scape 2.5-15 cm. high, 1-4-flowered. Branches floating, long, with numerous 
dichotomous capillary leaves in verticils of 4's and 5's, and many large bladders; 
corolla violet-purple, 6-16 mm. broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sac- 
cate; upper lip truncate, emarginate; spur nearly conic, appressed to the lower 
lip and one-half its length, or more. In ponds. Me. to Fla., near the coast; also in 
Ind. May-Aug. 

8. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. Hooded Water- 
milfoil. Pop-weed. (I. F. f. 3349.) Scapes stout, 0.7-3.5 <i™' high. Leaves 
2-3-pinnately divided, usually crowded, the segments setaceous; branches floating, 
sometimes 3 dm. long, the leaves sometimes 12-14 mm. long, with numerous blad- 
ders; flowers 3-20, racemose, yellow; pedicels 8-16 mm. long, recurved in fruit; 
corolla 12 mm. broad or more, the sides of the lips reflexed; palate prominent; 
upper lip nearly entire, the lower slightly 3-lobed and longer than the conic some- 
what curved spur. In brooks and ponds, Newf. to Fla., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in 
Europe, Asia, Cuba and Mex. June-Aug. 

9. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Hidden-fruited Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 
3350.) Scape slender, 5-13 cm. high, arising from long floating branches. Leaves 
scattered, repeatedly forked, the divisions capillary, bearing numerous bladders. 
Flowers of two kinds; those of the scape 3-5, complete, those among the leaves 
cleistogamous, numerous, their pedicels reflexed in fruit; corolla of the upper com- 
plete flowers yellow, spreading, 8-10 mm. broad when expanded, the lips nearly 
equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed; spur shorter than the lower lip, 
thick, obtuse, approximate to it. In shallow ponds, N. B. to N. J. July. 

10. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Flat-leaved Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 
3351.) Scape capillary, 5-25 cm. high. Branches floating, 5-15 cm.' long; leaves 
6-12 mm. long, more or less scattered, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, the seg- 
ments 0.25 mm. wide or less, the margins bristly-serrulate. Bladders, with rare 
exceptions, borne on leafless branches; flowers 1-5, yellow; corolla 12 mm. broad, 
its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding the upper; spur conic, sub- 
acute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is appressed. In shallow water, Cape 
Breton to Br. Col., N. J., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 

11. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fibrous Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 3352.) 
Scape slender, 0.7-3 ^"^- ^^ig^- Leaves scattered, small or sometiines scarcely any, 
bladders often on leafless branches, sometimes none; flowers 1-6, yellow: corolla 
8-12 mm. broad, the lips nearly equal, broad, the upper undulate or 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe striate; spur nearly linear, obtuse, ascending, nearly equalling or 
sometimes exceeding the lower lip. In shallow ponds and swamps, L. I. to Fla. 
and La. June-July. 

12. Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladderwort. (I. F. f. 3353.) Scapes 
slender. 0.5-1.8 dm. high. Branches floating, short; leaf- divisions few and seta- 
ceous; bladders borne along the leaves, few, often none, the largest not over 2 mm. 
long; flowers i-io, pale yellow, racemose; corolla 4-6 mm. broad, ringent. the 
upper lip smaller than the lower; spur usually reduced to a blunt broad protuber- 
ance, shorter tJian the lips; pedicels reflexed in fruit. In shallow ponds and in 
bogs. Greenland and Lab. to Br. Col., N. J., Ark., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe. 
June-July. 

13. Utricularia gfibba L. Humped Bladderwort. (T. F. f. 3354.) Scapes 
filiform, 2.5-13 cm. high, arising from sparingly leafy, floating or creeping 
branches. Leaves root-like, in the mud or just above it, usually delicate, the tlivi- 
sions often only I or 2, capillary; bladders few and minute, the largest aKnit 
I mm. long, or often none; flowers I or 2. yellow: C(M-(^lla 6-8 mm. broad, its lips 
rounded, broad, entire, or undulate, about equal; spur thick, conic, ascending, 
gibbous at the base, obtuse, shorter than the lips. In shallow water, Ont. to Me., 
Mich., Ala. and 111. Jidy-Aug, 



848 FLORA, 

14. Utricularia biflora Lam. Two-flowered Bladderwort. (L F. f. 3355.) 
Scapes filiform, 5-13 cm. high, arising from long floating branches. Leaves scat- 
tered, their divisions few, finely capillary, often copiously bladder-bearing; flowers 
I-3, yellow; corolla 8-12 mm. broad, the lips rounded, nearly equal; spur narrow- 
ly oblong, blunt, curved upward, equalling the lower lip. In shallow water, 
eastern Mass. and R. I. to 111., La. and Tex. 

2. PINGUICULA L. 

iVcaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots, naked i -flowered circinate scapes, and 
basal tufted entire leaves, the upper surface covered, with a viscid secretion to which 
insects adhere, and are captured by the involution of the sensitive leaf- margins. 
Calyx 4-5 -parted, or 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-parted, the upper 2-parted. Corolla 
2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; base of the corolla saccate and 
contracted into a nectariferous spur. Capsule 2-valvedor 4-valved. Seeds oblong, 
wrinkled or reticulated. [Latin, pinguis^ fat, the leaves seeming greasy to the 
touch. ] About 30 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 4 others 
are found in the southern U. S. 

Scapes villous, 2-5 cm. high; leaves oval, 6-12 mm. long-. i. P. villosa. 

Scapes glabrous or minutely downy ; leaves ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long. 

2. P. vulgaris. 

1. Pinguicula villosa L. Hairy Butterwort. (L F. f. 3356.) Scapes 
slender. Leaves 3 or 4, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; petioles short, vil- 
lous; corolla pale violet with a yellowish-striped throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2- 
parted, the lower larger, 3-parted, the tube abruptly contracted into a straight linear 
or oblong blunt spur 3-4 mm. long. Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in 
Greenland. Summer. 

2. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort. Bog or Marsh Violet. (I. F. 
f- 3357-) Scapes 5-15 cm. high. Leaves 3-7, greasy to the touch on the upper 
surface, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, short-petioled, or sessile; corolla 
violet-purple, 6-8 mm. broad, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the 
tube gradually contracted into a nearly straight spur 4-8 mm. long; capsule glo- 
bose-ovoid, longer than the calyx. On wet rocks or in gravelly rivulet beds, 
Greenland to Alaska, Vt. , N. Y. , Minn, and Br. Col. . Also in Europe and Asia. 
July-Aug. 

Family 11. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. 

Broom-rape Fatiiily. 

Erect root-parasites, the leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales, 
the flowers perfect, irregular (rarely cleistogamous,) sessile in terminal 
bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the axils of the scales. 
Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed, 4-5-cleft, or split nearly or 
quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous, oblique, 
the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the 
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudimentary one 
occasionally present ; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, the sacs paral- 
lel, equal. Ovary superior, i-celled, the four placentae parietal; ovules 
numerous, anatropous ; style slender; stigma discoid, 2-lobed, or some- 
times 4-lobed. Capsule i-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, 
wrinkled or striate ; embryo minute ; cotyledons scarcely differentiated. 
About II genera and 200 species of wide distribution. 

Flowers all complete and perfect . 
Calyx 2-5-toothed. 

Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels nor calyx, i. Thalesia. 
Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides ; flowers bracted. 

2. Orobaitche. 
Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the upper. 

3. Co7JophoHs. 
Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile ; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. Leptamnium. 



"^^ 



I. THALESIA Raf. 



Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of 
various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled flowers. Calyx campanu- 
late or hemispheric, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla-tube elongated, curved, 
the limb slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip erect- spreading, 2-lobed, the lower spread- 
ing, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included; anther-sacs mucronate 
at the base. Ovary ovoid; style slender, deciduous; stigma peltate, or transverse- 
ly 2-lamellate. [Dedicated to Thales.] About 3 species, of N. Am. 

Stem very short ; peduncles 1-4, erect ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. 

1. T. uniflora, ' 
Stem erect, 5-13 cm. high; peduncles several; calyx-lobes broad, acute. 

2. T. fasciculata. 

1. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Pale or Naked Broom-rape. One- 
flowered Broom-rape. Cancer-root. (I. F. f. 3358,) Stem usually less 
than 2.5 cm. long, nearly subterranean, bearing several ovate-oblong scales and 
1-4 erect scape-like glandular-puberulent i -flowered peduncles, 7-20 cm. high. 
Calyx campanulate, pubescent, glandular, 8-10 mm. high, less than one-half the 
length of the corolla, its lobes as long as the tube or longer, lanceolate, acuminate; 
corolla white or violet, puberulent without, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the tube about 3 
times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval or obovate, obtuse; placentae nearly 
equidistant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In woods and thickets, Newf. 
to Br. Col., Va., Ohio, Tex. and Cal. April-June. 

2. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. Clustered or Yellow Cancer- 
ROOT. (I. F. f. 3359.) Stem densely glandular-pubescent, bearing several scales 
and 3-15 naked i-flowered peduncles 2-8 cm. long. Calyx glandular, broadly 
campanulate, 6-10 mm. high, about one-third the length of the corolla, its 
lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the 
tube; corolla nearly 2.5 cm. long, purplish yellow, puberulent without, the tube 
3 times as long as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb more manifestly 
2-lipped than in the preceding species; capsule ovoid to globose. In sandy soil, 
Ind. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Neb., Ariz, and Cal. April-Aug. 

Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton. Whole plant light yellow. Western 
Neb. and Wyo. 

2. OROBANCHE L. 

Glandular-pubescent herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scat- 
tered scales, and spicate or racemose, bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. 
Calyx split both above and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft 
or rarely entire, or unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; 
upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 
included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base. Style slender, commonly 
persistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, 
entire, or laterally 2-lamellate. [Greek, Choke-vetch,] About 90 species, of the 
Old World and western Am. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western 
N. Am. 

Calyx 4-toothed; stems mostly branched. i. O. ravtosa. 

Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. 2. O. minor. 

Calyx 5-cleft; stem simple. 3. O. Liufofh'uiua. 

1. Orobanche ramosa L. Hemp or Branched Broom-rape. (I. F. f. 
3360.) Plant yellowish; stem branched, or rarely simple, 0.7-4 dm. high, the 
scales few and distant, 4-10 mm. long. Spike loosely many-flcnvered, denser 
above than below, the lowest flowers short-pedicelled; bracts usually 3. the longest 
about equalling the calyx; calyx- teeth triangular-ovate, acute, or actnninate, about 
as long as the tube; corolla 1-2 cm. long, the tube yellow, slightly constricted 
above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the n>otsof hemp and tobacco, K}-. 
Adventive or nat. from Europe. Summer. 

2. Orobanche minor J. K. Smith. Lesser or Ct over Broom-rapk. Hkri?- 
BANE. (I. F. f. 3361.) Plant yellowish brown; stem 1-5 dm. high; lower scales 
numerous, ovate-oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered, 6-20 mm. long. 



850 FLORA, 

Spike dense, or the lower flowers separated, 0.7-2 dm. long; bracts lanceolate, 
equalling or longer than the flowers; flowers 1-2 cm. long; calyx split both above 
and below, each of the lateral segments 2 -cleft, the teeth lanceolate-subulate; 
corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Para- 
sitic on the roots of clover, N. J. to Va. Nat. from Europe. May-July. 

3. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Broom-rape. (I. F. £ 
3362.) Stems stout, simple, viscid-puberulent, 1-3 dm. high, scaly. Flowers 
12-16 «mm. long, numerous in dense terminal spikes, i-2-bracted under the calyx; 
calyx-lobes somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 2-lipped, pur- 
plish, its tube narrow, about twice as long as the limb; anthers woolly; capsule 
ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx. In sandy soil, 111. to the N. W. Terr., 
Tex., Ariz, and Cal. June- Aug. 

3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. 

An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light-brown herb, parasitic on the 
roots of trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick 
dense bracted spike, the bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Corolla strongly 
2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip concave, nearly erect, emarginate, 
the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted; anther-sacs bristly pubescent. 
Placentae about equidistant; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate. Capsule 
ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a scaly cone.] Two known species, one of 
eastern N. Am., the other Mexican. 

I. Conopholis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. (I. F. f. 3363). 
Plants 7-25 cm. high from a thickened base, light brown, usually clustered, covered 
with stiff imbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate or ovate, acute, I-2 cm. long, 
the lowest much shorter; flowers about 12 mm. long, exceedingly numerous in the 
dense spike which is 1-2 cm. thick; corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the 
calyx; anthers sagittate; capsule ovoid-globose, 8-10 mm. high. In rich woods at 
bases of trees, Canada ? ; Me. to Mich, and Fla. April-Aug. 

4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. 

An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiflT branching herb, 
parasitic on the roots of the beech, with few small scattered scales, and sessile 
dimorphous flowers, distantly spicate on the branches, the lower cleistogamous, 
abundantly fertile, the upper complete but mostly sterile. Calyx short, 5 -toothed. 
Corolla of the upper flowers cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much 
longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe concave, larger than the three lower 
ones; stamens not exserted; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; style filiform, 
2-lobed; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the base. Corolla of 
the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit of the 
ovary; style very short; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsule at length 2-valved 
at the summit. [Greek, referring to the small calyx.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.)Raf. Beech-drops. (I. F. f. 3364.) 
Plant 1.5-6 dm. high from a thick scaly base, the roots brittle, fibrous. Branches 
straight, ascending; corolla of the upper flowers 8-10 mm. long, striped with 
purple and white, the limb not spreading; stamens about as long as the corolla; 
style slightly exserted; lower flowers 3 mm. long, the corolla resembling the 
calyptraof a moss; capsule 6 mm. high, somewhat oblique and compressed, many- 
seeded. In beech woods, N. B. to Fla., Ont, Mich., Mo. and La. Aug-Oct. 

.Family 12. BIGNONlACEAE Pers. 

Trumpet-creeper Family. 

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with oppo- 
site (rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered, 
more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla 
gamopetalous, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-iipped, at least in the bud. Anther- 
bearing stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate 
with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, Disk 



annular or cup-like. Ovary mostly 2-celled ; placentae parietal, or on 
the partition-wall of the ovary ; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous ; 
style slender ; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat, 
transverse, winged in our genera ; endosperm none ; cotyledons broad 
and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed ; radicle short, straight. About 60 gen- 
era and 500 species of wide distribution in tropical regions, a few in the 
temperate zones. 

Leaves compound; anther-bearing stamens 4; our species vines. 

Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. 

1. Bignonia. 
Calyx s-toothed ; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 

2. Tecoma. 
Leaves simple; anther-bearing stamens mostly 2; trees. 3. Catalpa, 

1. BIGNONIA L. 

Woody vines, with opposite 2-3-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet usually 
reduced to a tendril (some tropical species with decompound or even simple leaves), 
and large flowers. Calyx campanulate, the limb undulate, truncate or slightly 
5 -toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded abpve the calyx, the limb some- 
what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, 
included; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, septifragally dehiscent, 
the margins of the valves more or less thickened. Seeds in i or 2 rows on both 
margins of the partition, winged, much broader than high, the wing entire, or 
erose at the end. [Named after the Abbe Bignon, 1662-1743, librarian to Louis 
XV.] About 150 species, natives of America. The following is the only one 
known in the U. S. 

I. Bignonia crucigera L. Tendrilled Trumpet-flower. Cross-vine. 
(I. F. f. 3365.) Glabrous, climbing, the stems sometimes i dm. in diameter, exhib- 
iting a cross in the transverse section. Leaves petioled, commonly with small 
simple stipule-like ones in their axils, 2-foliolate, terminated by a branched tendril; 
leaflets stalked, oblong or ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at 
the base, 7-17 cm. long; cymes numerous, short- peduncled, 2-5 -flowered; pedi- 
cels 2-5 cm. long; calyx membranous; corolla 5 cm. long, orange and puberulent 
without, yelLw' within; capsule 13-17 cm. long, very flat, each valve longitudinally 
I -nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly winged above and below. In 
moist woods, Va. to Fla., La., Ohio and 111. April-June. 

2. TECOMA Juss. 

Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, or erect shrubs, with opposite pin- 
nately compound or sometimes simple leaves, and large red or orange flowers, in 
terminal corymbs, racemes, or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate, unequally 
5 -toothed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly campanu- 
late, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther-bearing 
stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs divergent, 
glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsule elongated, loculicidally and septicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds in i, 2 or several rows on each side of the margins of the parti- 
tion, winged, the wing translucent. [From the Aztec name Tect)maxochitl.] 
About 80 species, of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another 
occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. TRUMrET-FLOWER. TRUMrET-CREEPER. 
(I. F. f. 3366.) Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 2-4 dm. long; 
leaflets 7-11, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked,, sharply serrate, reticulato-veined. 
glabrous, or pubescent on the veins beneath, acute or acuminate. 3-7 cm. long; 
flowers corymbose, short-pediccllcd ; cor> mbs 2-9-flo\verod ; calyx ooviactx>us. 
about 2.5 cm. long; corolla scarlet, 6-7 cm. long, the tube veined within, 3 times 
as long as the limb; anther-sacs glabrous; stigma spatulate; capsule stalked. 10-15 
cm. long, 2 cm. in diameter, narrowed at both ends, little flattened, ridged above 
and below by the margins of the valves; seeds in several rows on each surface of 
the partition, broadly winged laterally, the wing eroded. In moist woods and 



852 FLORA, 

thickets, N. J, and Penn. to Fla., Tex., Kans, and 111. Escaped from cultivation 
further north. Aug. -Sept. 

I. CATALPA Scop. 

Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple 
petioled leaves, and large white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles, or corymbs. 
Calyx closed in the bud, splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla- 
tub^ oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their mar- 
gins crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the 
corolla; anther-sacs glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (stami- 
nodia) 3, short (or occasionally 4 perfect didynamous stamens and I staminodium). 
Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the 
partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, 
the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes. [The American Indian 
name of the first species below.] About 7 species, the following in N. Am., 2 in 
eastern Asia, 2 or 3 in the W. Ind. 

Corolla thickly spotted within, 2.5-4 cm. long-, the lower lobe entire, i. C. Catalpa, 
Corolla little spotted, 5 cm. long, the lower lobe emarginate. 2. C. speciosa. 

1. Catalpa Catalpa (L.)JCarst. Catalpa. Indian Bean, Candle-tree. 
Bean-TREE. (I. F. f. 3367.) A tree, with thin flaky bai-k, the branches spread- 
ing. Leaves strong-scented, broadly ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, 
densely pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous above, obtuse at the base, 1.5-3 d"^* 
long, the lobes, when present, acuminate; petioles stout, nearly as long as the 
blade; flowers white, numerous, mottled with yellow and purple within, in large 
terminal erect panicles ; corolla-tube campanulate, the lower lobe entire; capsules 
2.5-3.3 dm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, thin-walled, drooping. In woods in the Gulf 
States. Escaped from cultivation northward as far as Penn. and southern N. Y. 
June-July. 

2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catawba Tree. Larger Indian Bean. 
(I. F. f. 3368.) A tree, with thick rough bark, similar to the preceding. Leaves 
not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate, commonly entire, long- acuminate; panicles 
few-flowered; corolla faintly mottled within, the tube obconic, the limb only slight- 
ly oblique, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick- walled, 2.5-5 '^"^- ^^i^gj near- 
ly 2 cm. in diameter. In woods, 111. to Tenn., Mo. and Ark. May- June. 



Family 13. MARTYNIACEAE Link. 

Unicor7i-pla7it Family. 

Herbs, vi^ith opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and perfect ir- 
regular flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4-5-cleft or 
4-5-parted, or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla 
gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 
5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile; 
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled, 
with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces, or 2-4-celled 
by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions ; ovules, anat- 
ropous ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Seeds com- 
pressed ; endosperm none; embryo large ; cotyledons fleshy, flat ; ra- 
dicle short, straight. Three genera and 10 species, mainly tropical. 

I. MARTYNIA L. 

Coarse glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with long-petioled 
leaves, and large flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate at the 
base, campanulate, inflated, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-campanulate. Anthers 
gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary i -celled, the 2 parietal placentae in- 
truded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad surfaces bearing the 
ovules in I or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked loculicidally 2-valved capsule, 



the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also* 
above, 4-celied by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. 
[Named for John Martyn, 1693-1768, professor of botany at Cambridge, England.] 
About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
southwestern U. S. 

I. Martynia Louisiana Mill Unicorn-plant. Elephant's Trunk. Dou- 
ble claw. (I. F. f. 3369.) Annual; stem stout, the branches prostrate or ascend- 
ing, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, 
cordate at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 0.7-3 *^"^- ^^ diameter, the petiole 
stout; calyx somewhat cleft on the lower side; racemes several-flowered; pedicels 
slender; corolla whitish or yellowish, mottled with purple or yellow within, 3-5 cm. 
long, the lobes obtuse; fruit curved, 1-1.5 dm. long, the beak longer than the 
body, splitting into 2 elastically diverging segments, the endocarp crested on the 
under side. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Me. to N. J. and N. Car. 
Native from Iowa, 111. and Kans. southward. July-Sept. 



Family 14. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. 

Acanthus Family. 

Herbs, or some tropical- genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite 
simple exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. 
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments 
imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only ; anther-sacs longitu- 
dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2-10 
in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; style filiform, simple ; 
stigmas i or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. 
Seeds not winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the 
placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral 
threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following genera 
none; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 1800 
species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 

Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. 

Ovules 2 in each cavity ; capsule 2-4-?eeded. i. Calophanes, 

Ovules 3-10 in each cavitv; capsule 6-20-seeded. 2. Ruellia. 

Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2. 

Lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft; flowers bracted, not involucrate. 3. DiiTntJiera, 

Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedium. 

I. CALOPHANES D. Don. 

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones sometimes fascicled 
in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, axillary bracted flowers. Calyx 
deeply 5 -cleft, the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the tube slightly curved, 
the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes rounded. Stamens in- 
cluded; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Summit of the style recurved; stigma 
simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base. 
Seeds flat, orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, beautiful 
appearance.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 4 
others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Calophanes obIongifolia(Michx.)D. Don. Calophanes. (T. F. f. 3370.) 
Rootstocks horizontal, slender. Stems slender below, pubescent or ]nil->erulent, ob- 
tusely 4-angled, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves ascending or erect, t^blong or oval, 
rounded at the apex, short-petioled. or sessile, 1.5-3 cm. long; floweis commonly 
solitary in the axils; calyx-segments fllifonn. hirsute, exceeding the oblong t^btuse 
bractlets; corolla blue, or mottleil with p\u-ple. 1. 5-:?. 5 cm. long, its tube enlarged 
above; capsule oblong, abcnit one-half" the length of the calyx; anther-sacs mucronate- 
aristate at the base. In sandy pine barrens, Va. to Fla. June-Sept. 



854 FLORA, 

* 2. RUELLIA L. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate 
leaves and large flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in terminal 
panicles. Calyx 5 -cleft, or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or 
salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading. 5- 
lobed, the lobes obtuse. Anther-sacs not mucronate at the base. Apex of the style 
recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped. 
Seeds compressed, ovate or orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. 
[Named for I. De la Ruelle, 1474-1537. an early French herbalist.] About 200 
species, mainly of tropical America. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in 
the southern U. S. 

Flowers sessile or nearly so. 

Calyx-segments Unear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule, i. R. strepens. 
Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule. 

Leaves sessile or very short-petioled. 2. R. ciliosa. 

Leaves slender-petioled. 3. R. parvifiora. 

Flowers peduncled ; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit. 4. R. pedwiculata. 

1. Ruellia strepens L. Smooth Ruellia. (I. F. f. 3371.) Glabrate, or 
somewhat pubescent; stem 4-sided, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, 
petioled, acute or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long; flow- 
ers solitary or several together in the axils; calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, 
shorter than the corolla- tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. 1-2 mm. 
wide; corolla blue, 3-5 cm. long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about as long 
as the throat and limb; capsule club-shaped. In dry woods, Penn. to Wis., Fla. 
and Tex. May-July. 

Ruellia strepens micrdntha (Engelm. & Gray) Britton. Flowers mostly cleistoga- 
mous ; leaves often narrower. Range of the type. 

2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy Ruellia. (L F. f. 3372.) Hirsute 
or pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves hairy, ciliate, oblong, oval, or ovate, sessile or 
short-petioled, obtuse or subacute, 3-7 cm. long ; flowers clustered or solitary in 
the axils, sometimes cleistogamous; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute, 2-2.5 cm. 
long, 0.5 mm. wide; corolla blue, 3.5-5 cm. long, the tube equalling or longer 
than the obconic throat and nearly regular limb; capsule shorter than the calyx, 
In (Jry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Mich., Kans. and La. June-Sept. 

3. Ruellia parvifiora (Nees) Britton. Southern Ruellia. Less pubescent 
than the preceding, sometimes merely puberulent. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5-12 
cm. long, acute, or the lower obtuse ; calyx-segments nearly filiform, ciliate. In 
woods and thickets Md. to W.Va., Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. 

4. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. Stalked Ruellia. (L F. f. 3373-) Finely 
pubescent, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at 
the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the larger 5-8 cm. long; peduncles 
2-8 cm. long, with 2 leaf-like bracts at the summit which subtend a solitary flower, 
or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled ones with pedicels similarly bracted; calyx-segments 
awnlike, equalling the narrow corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla funnelform, 3-5 cm. 
long; capsule about 2 cm. long, puberulent, longer than the calyx. In dry soil. Mo. 
to Ark. and La. June-Sept. 

3. DIANTHERA L. 
Herbs, mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and very irregular 
flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4- 5 -parted, the 
segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or as- 
cending, concave; lower lip spreading, 3 -cleft. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat 
of the corolla, not exceeding the upper lip; anther-sacs slightly divergent, not 
mucronate, separated by a rather broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the 
ovary; style slender. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4- 
seeded'. Seeds flat, orbicular or ovate, the placentas not separating from the walls 
of the capsule. [Greek, double anthers.] About 100 species, mostly of tropical 
Am. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 



Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong. i. D. Americana. 
Flowers in loose spikes. 

Flowers in pairs in the spikes. 2. D. ovata. 

Flowers scattered singly along the spikes. 3. D. lanceolata. 

1. Dianthera Americana L. Dense-flowered Water Willow. (I. F. f. 
3374.) Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, angled, slender, usually simple, 3-9 dm. 
high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 
entire, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or sessile ; flowers violet, or nearly 
white, capitate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary peduncles; bractlets linear- 
subulate, shorter than the flowers; corolla 10 -1 2 mm. long, its tube shorter than 
the lips, the base of the lower lip rough and palate-like; capsule 12 mm. long, ex- 
ceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length of the slightly compressed body. In 
water and wet places, Ont. to Mich., Kans., Ga. and Tex. May -Aug. 

2. Dianthera ovata Walt. Loose-flowered Water Willow. (I. F. f. 
3375.) Perennial, glabrous; stem ascending or erect from a horizontal base, 1.5-5 
d-m. high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-petioled, or sessile, ovate, 
oblong, oval to elliptic-obovate, 2-8 cm. long, 8-35 mm. wide; flowers in loose 
slender-peduncled axillary spikes; peduncles shorter than or little exceeding the 
leaves; calyx-segments narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts and bractlets; 
corolla pale purple, 8-10 mm. long; capsule 10-12 mm. long. In wet soil, Va. 
to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 

3. Dianthera lanceolata (Chapm.) Small. Narrow-leaved Water Wil- 
low. Perennial, often minutely puberulent; stems erect or spreading, 1-3 dm. 
long. Leaves linear to linear-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, often 
acuminate, undulate, sessile, or nearly so; spikes slender, 3-10 cm. long, the 
flowers scattered singly and quite evenly along one side of the peduncle; calyx- 
segments narrowly linear, 5-7 mm. long; corolla about I cm. long, the lips nearly 
as long as the tube, which is saccate at the base; capsules about 1.5 cm. long, the 
body as long as the stipe-like base or shorter. In swampy grounds, Mo. to Tenn., 
Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. {D. ovata var. lanceolata Chapm.) 

4. DIAPEDIUM Konig. 

Herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and blue, red, or violet flowers, subtended by 
involucres of 2-4 bracts, the inflorescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres 
subtending I flower or several. Calyx 4-5 -cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. 
Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above; upper lip erect, concave, interior in 
the bud; lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2; anther-sacs paral- 
lel, sometimes unequal, separated by, a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 
2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, 2-4-seeded. 
Placentae separating elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, 
nearly orbicular. About 60 species, of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
following, 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh) Kuntze. Diapedium. (I. F. f. 3376.) 
Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long-petioled, acuminate or acute, 
7-15 cm. long; inflorescence paniculate, the involucres 1-4-flowered. each of 2 
oblong or obovate, opposite bracts; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pink or purple, the 
lips about as long as the slender tube; upper lip 2-3-toothed, the lower entire; 
capsule oblong, 4-6 mm. high, a little longer than the involucre, the valves slightly 
divergent in dehiscence, the placentiie curving upwai^d and remaining attached to 
their summits. In moist thickets, Kans. and Ind. Ten*, to Tex., Fla. and N. Car. 
July-Oct. 

Family 15. PHRYMACEAE Schauer. 

Lopsced Family. 

An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite mem- 
branous simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in 
slender elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric. 2-lippiHl ; u[->pcr lip 2-cleft, 
the teeth setaceous; lower lip nmch shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subu- 



856 FLORA. 

late. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, con- 
cave, emarginate ; lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3~lobed, the lobes 
obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, i-celled; 
ovule I, orthotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx 
reflexed in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, 
closed and its teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute ; radicle 
superior. Consists of the following : 

1. PHRYMA L. 

A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. , eastern and central Asia. 

I. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed. (I, F. £ 3377.) Puberulent; stem 
somewhat 4-sided, sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched above, the 
branches slender, elongated, divergent. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, coarsely 
dentate, 5-15 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly sessile; spikes 
very narrow, 7-15 cm. long; flowers about 6 mm. long, mostly opposite, distant, 
borne on very short minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon spreading, 
the calyx, after flowering, abruptly reflexed against the axis of the spike. In 
woods and thickets. Can. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. June- Aug. 



Order 6. PLANTAGINALES. 

Only the following family : 

Family I. PLANT AGINACEAE Lindl.* 

Plantain Family. 

Herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate 
leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate 
in spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, peristent, 
the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous, 
mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only i in an Andean 
genus), inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, 
exserted or included ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs logitudinally 
dehiscent. Ovary sessile, superior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. 
Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudin-ally stigmatic. Ovules i-several 
in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, cir- 
cumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 
i-several in each cavity of the fruit ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons nar- 
row; radicle short, mostly straight. Three genera and over 200 species, 
of wide distribution. 

Flowers in spikes or heads ; fruit a pyxis. i. Plantago. 

Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among- the 

linear leaves ; fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella, 

I. PLANTAGO L. 

Leafy-stemmed, short-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, with opposite, alternate 
or basal leaves, bearing axillary or terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or 
purplish flowers (flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, 
or two of them larger. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the 
throat, the limb spreading in anthesis, erect, spreading or reflexed in fruit, 4-lobed 
or 4-parted. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 
l-several in each cavity. Fruit a membranous pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds 
various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name.] Over 200 
species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 28 others 



* Prepared with the assistance of Mr. E. L. Morris. 



PLA NT A GIN A CEA E. 8 5 / 

occur in the western and southwestern parts of N. Am. Known as Plantain, Rib- 
wort or Road-weed. 

* Stem acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes. 
Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis. 
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong-. 

Seeds several or many in each pyxis. 

Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. i. P. major. 

Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. Rugelii. 
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. 

Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed. 

Seeds excavated on the inner side. 3. P. lanceolata. 

Seeds fiat or but slightly concave on the inner side. 

Capsule equalling or a little longer than the calyx. 

Spike very dense ; leaves pubescent. 4. P. media. 

Lower flowers scattered ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 

5. P. eriopoda. 
Capsule twice as long as the calyx. 6. P. sparsijiora. 

Leaves, or some of them, cordate ; veins starting from the midrib. 

7. P. cordata. 
Leaves linear or filiform. 

Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. 8. P. maritima. 

Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime. 

Spike densely tomentose ; bracts usually not longer than flowers. 

9. P. Purshii. 
Plant light green and villous ; bracts twice as long as the flowers. 

10. P. spinulosa. 
Plant dark green and pubescent ; bracts much longer than the flowers. 

11. P. aristata. 
Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis. 

Leaves spatulate to obovate ; stamens 4. 12. P. Virginica. 

Leaves linear-filiform ; stamens 2. 

Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx. 13. P. elongata. 

\ Capsule 8-2o-seeded, twice as long as the calyx. 14. P. heterophylla. 

* * Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at the ends of axillary peduncles. 

15. P. arettarta 

1. Plantago major L. Common, or Greater Plantain. (I. F. f. 3378.) 
Perennial, glabrous or pubescent; rootstook short, thick, erect. Leaves long- 
petioled, mostly ovate, entire, or coarsely dentate, 2.5-25 cm. long, 3-11-ribbed; 
scapes 0.5-9 dm. high; spike linear-cylindric, usually dense, commonly blunt, 
5-25 cm. long, .6-8 mm. thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous ; sepals broadly 
ovate to obovate, scarious margined, one-half to two-thirds as long as the obtuse 
or subacute, 5-16-seeded pyxis; stamens 4. In waste places, nearly throughout 
N. Am. Nat. from Europe, or perhaps indigenous in the far North and on salt 
meadows. May-Sept. 

2. Plantago Rugelii Dec. Rugel's Plantain. (I. F. f. 3379.) Similar 
to the preceding, the spikes less dense, at least toward the base, usually long-at- 
tenuate at the summit, sometimes I cm. thick. Sepals oblong, prominently keeled 
on the back; pyxis 4-6 mm. long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much 
below the middle and entirely within the calyx, 4-iO-seeded; corolla-lobes spread- 
ing or reflexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. In fields, woods and waste 
places. Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. Petioles commonly purple 
at the base. Usually brighter green and with thinner leaves than I\ major. 
June-Sept. 

3. Plantago lanceolata L. Rihwort. Rih-grass. (I. F. f. 3380.) 
Perennial or biennial, pubescent; rootstock short, erect, with tufts of brown hairs 
at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sliortor than the 
scapes, entire, acute or acuminate, gradually narr(.)wed into petioles, 3 5-ribbcd, 
5-30 cm. long; scapes slender, channelled, sometimes 7.5 dm. tall; spikes dense, 
at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and i-io cm. long in Iruit, S-12 mm, 
thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals ovate, with a naiTow green midrib 
and broad scarious margins, the two lower ones commonly united; corolla glabrous; 
filaments white; pyxis oblong, very obtuse. 2-seeded. slightly longer than the calyx, 
circumscissile at about the middle. In liehls and waste pl.icos, N. B. to the N. W. 
Terr., Br. Col., Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. April-Nov. 



SsS 



FLORA. 



4. Plantago media L. Hoary Plantain. (I. F. f. 3381.) Perennial, the 
short rootstock clothed with brown hairs. Leaves spreading, ovate, oblong or el- 
liptic, entire, or repand-dentate. densely canescent. 5-7 -ribbed, narrowed into 
margined petioles: scapes slender, much longer than the leaves. 3-6 dm. tall; 
spikes dense, cylindric, 2-8 cm. long in fruit; flowers perfect; sepals all distinct, 
oblong, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous, 
stamens pink or purple; pyxis oblong, obtuse. 2-4-seeded, the seeds concave on the 
face; stamens 4. In waste places, Me., R. I., Ont. and N. Y. Adventive from 
Europe. May-Sept. 

5. Plantago eriopoda Torr. Saline Plantain. (I. F. f. 3382.) Perennial, 
succulent; rootstock usually covered with long brown hairs among the bases 
of the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, entire, or 
repand-dentate, acute, narrowed into petioles. 5-9-ribbed. 0.7-3 d°^- ^o^g; glabrous 
or nearly so; scapes stout, pubescent, longer than the leaves. 1.5-4.5 dm. high; 
spikes 2-13 cm. long, dense above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers perfect; 
sepals distinct, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its 
lobes spreading or reflexed; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third longer than 
the calyx, 2-4-seeded. circumscissile below the middle. Li maritime or saKne soil, 
N. S. and Quebec to Minn.. Cal. and the X. W. Terr. June-Sept. 

6. Plantago sparsifidra Michx. Southern Plantain. (L F. f. 3383.) 
Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate; scapes slender, sometimes 6 dm. tall. Leaves 
thin, oblong-lanceolate, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 5-7-ribbed, acute or acuminate, entire, 
narrowed into slightly margined petioles; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 3 dm. 
loner; flowers perfect; sepals oblong or oval, rather rigid, with narrow scarious 
margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes not erect over the fruit; p}-xis oblong, 5 mm. 
long? 2-seeded. circumscissile below the middle; seeds convex on the back, slightly 
concave on the face. In sandy dry soil, N. Car. to Fla. and in southern 111. 

7. Plantago cordata Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. \Yater Plantain. 
(I. F. f. 3384.) Perennial, glabrous, purple-green; rootstock short, stout. Leaves 
broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, pinnatel}' veined, entire or dentate, rounded, 
abruptly narrowed, or cordate at the base, often 2.5 dm. long; petioles stout, 
margined above; scapes longer than the leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 
3 dm. long, with interrupted clusters; fl.owers perfect; sepals ovate to obovate, ob- 
tuse, green; corolla-lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid- globose, obtuse, circumscissile at 
or slightly below the middle. 1-4-seeded; seeds not excavated on the face. In 
swamps and along streams. X. Y. to Ala.. Mo. and La. March-July. 

8. Plantago maritima L. Sea or Seaside Plantain. (L F. f. 3385.) An- 
nual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; rootstock sometimes with tufts of whitish hairs 
amono- the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear, glabrous, obscurely nerved, sessile, 
or narrowed into short margined petioles, 5-25 cm. long, entire, or with a very few 
small teeth. 2-5 mm. wide; scapes slender, more or less pubescent, longer than or 
equalling the leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, 2.5-13 cm. long; flowers 
perfect; sepals ovate-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled; co- 
rolla pubescent without, its lobes spreading; p}-xis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-4-seeded, 
circumscissile at about the middle, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; seeds nearly 
flat on the face. In salt marshes and on seashores. Lab. to N. J., and on the 
Pacific Coast from Alaska to Cal. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Jxme- 

Sept. 

9. Plantago Piirshii R. & S. Pursh's Plantain. (I. F. f. 3386.) Annual, 
woollv or silky, pale green; scapes slender. 5-35 cm. tall. Leaves ascending, 
linear, acute ox acuminate, narrowed into margined petioles. 3-nerved, 3-8 mm. 
wide, entire, or rarely with a few small teeth; spikes usually dense, cylindric, 
obtuse. 2.5-13 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, exceedingly villous; bracts rigid, 
equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers perfect but heterogonous, 
many of them cleistogamous ; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined; corolla- 
lobes broadly ovate, spreading: stamens. 4; pyxis oblong, obtuse. 2.5 mm. long, 
little exceeding the cah~x. 2-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds con- 
vex on the back, deeply concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies. 111. and 
western Ont. to Br. Col.. Tex. and ^lex. May- Aug. 

10. Plantago spinulosa Decne. Spinulose Plantain. Intermediate in 
aspect betvveen tlie preceding and the following species. Annual, pubescent, pale 



FLAN 1 -A GIN A CEA E. O 59 

green, scapes 5-10 cm. high. Leaves nearly linear, acuminate, entire, 3.ribbed, 
3-6 mm. wide; spikes rather interrupted, cylindric, villous; bracts pubescent, 
linear, rather spreading, two to five times as long as the flowers; sepals spatulate- 
oblong, obtuse, scarious, with green midribs; corolla-lobes ovate, obtuse, reflexed; 
pyxis equalling the calyx, oval, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, circumscissile at the middle. 
Assiniboia to Mont, and S. Dak., southward to Tex. 

11. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plantain. (I. F. f. 3387.) 
Annual, dark green, pubescent; scapes stout, erect, 7-30 cm. tall, exceeding the 
leaves. Leaves linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed into slender peti- 
oles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed 1-5 mm. wide; spikes very dense, cylin- 
dric, 3-12 cm. long, pubescent; bracts puberulent, linear, elongated, ascending, 
the lower often 10 times as long as the flowers; pyxis 2-seeded; the seeds concave 
on the face. On dry plains and prairies. 111. to La. and Tex., S. Dak., Br. Col. 
and N. Mex. Also widely adventive as a weed in the eastern States from Me. to 
Ga. May-Oct. 

12. Plantago Virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Plantain. (I. F. f. 
3388.) Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous; scapes erect, 2.5-45 cm. high, 
much longer than the leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate, thin, entire, or repand- 
denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile, 3-5 -nerved; spikes 
dense, or the lower flowers scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 6-8 mm. thick, 
flowers imperfectly dioecious; corolla-lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent 
on the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile spreading; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, 
about as long as the calyx, 2-4-seeded. In dry soil. Conn, to Fla., III., Mo., 
Ariz, and Mex. March-July. 

Plantagfo occidentalis Decne. (/•. Virginica var. lotigifolia A. Gray), of the South- 
west, with larger leaves, longer spikes, and larger flowers may be specifically distinct. 
It is reported from Missouri. 

13. Plantago elongata.Pursh. Slender Plantain. (I. F. f. 3389.) An- 
nual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 5-18 cm. high, longer than the linear-filiform, 
mostly entire, blunt, obscurely I -nerved leaves. Leaves about i mm. wide; spikes 
slender, linear, rather loosely flowered, 1-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; flowers im- 
perfectly dioecious, or polygamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long as the 
bract, scarious-margined; corolla-lobes of the more fertile plants becoming erect 
over the pyxis; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, circumscissile at about the middle; 
seeds nearly flat on both sides. In dry sandy soil. Conn, to N. Y., Va., La., 111., 
S. Dak. and Tex, April-Aug. 

14. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many-seeded Plantain. (I. F. f. 3390.) 
Annual, similar to the preceding, but glabrous or slightly puberulent; scapes 5-25 
cm. long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger about 4 mm. wide, entire 
or often with distant small teeth or linear lobes; spikes loose, linear, 1-13 cm. long; 
sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, mostly shorter than the bract; corolla- 
lobes in the more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; pyxis oblong, sub- 
acute, circumscissile rather below the middle; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely 
concave on the face. In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., Tenn., Tex. and Cal. April- 
July. 

15. Plantago arenaria W. & K. Sand Plantain. (I. F. f. 3391.) Annual, 
pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem commonly becoming much branched, leafy, 0.7-4 
dm. high. Leaves opposite, orwhorled, narrowly linear, entire, sessile, 2-S cm. long, 
about 2 mm. wide; peduncles axillary, often umbellate at the ends of the branches, 
slender; heads of flowers 1-2 cm. long, about I cm. thick; lower bracts acute or 
acuminate; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla-lobes acute; capsule 2-seeded. Dayton, 
Ohio. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

2. LITTORELLA L. 

A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal loaves and moinvcious 
flowers, the staminate solitary or two together at the siunnnts of slender scapes, the 
pistillate sessile among the leaves. Sepals 4. Corolla of the staminate flowers 
with a somewhat urceolate tube, and a spreading 4-lobod limb. C\nolla of the 
pistillate flowers urn-sha]->ed, 3-4 toothed. Staminate flowers witli 4 long-exserted 
stamens, their filaments filifo4-m, the anthers ovate. Pistillate flowers with a single 



86o FLORA, 

ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent l-seeded nutlet 
[Latin, shore.] A monotypic genus of Europe and N. Am. 

I. Littorella uniflora (L.) Rusby. Plantain Shore-weed. Shore-grass. 
(I. F. f. 3392.) Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright green, 2-8 cm. 
long, 1-2 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, mostly longer than the scapes of the 
staminate flowers, which bear a small bract at about the middle; sepals lanceolate, 
mostly obtuse, sometimes only 3 in the fertile flowers; stamens conspicuous, 8-32 
mm. long; corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistillate flowers very small; nutlet about 
2 mm. long. Borders of lakes and ponds, Me. and Vt. to N. S. and Ont. July- 
Aug. 

Order 7. RUBIALES. 

Corolla gamopetalous. Anthers separate, the stamens as many as 
the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Limicsa of the 
Caprifoliaceae) or twice as many. Ovary compound, inferior, adnate to 
the calyx-tube. Ovules i or more in each cavity of the ovary. Leaves 
opposite or verticillate. 

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 

Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. i. Rubiaceae. 

Leaves usually estipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 2. Caprifoliaceae. 

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herb with ternately divided leaves. 

Fam. 3. Adoxaceae. 

Family i. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. 

Madder Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticil- 
late, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimor- 
phous, regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Cal) x-tube adnate to the 
ovary, its limb various. Corolla funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, 
or rotate, 4-5 lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and 
alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary i-io-celled ; 
style simple or lobed ; ovules i-oo in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, 
or drupe. Seeds various ; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous ; endo- 
sperm fleshy or horny (wanting in some exotic genera) ; cotyledons ovate, 
cordate, or foliaceous. 

About 355 genera and 5500 species of wide distribution. 

* Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3), 
Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; herbs. 

Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate, i. Houstonia, 

Capsule wholly adnate to the ovary; seeds minute, angular. 2. Oldejilandia. 
Ovules I in each cavity of the ovary. 

Shrubs or small trees ; flowers in dense globular heads. 3. Cephalanthus. 

Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united. 4. Mitchella. 
Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. 

Capsule separating into 2 dehiscent carpels. 5. Spermacoce. 

Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels. 6. Diodia. 
** Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7. 

Corolla rotate; calyx-teeth minute or none. 7. Galium. 
Corolla funnelform. 

Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. Sherardia. 

Flowers in panicles. 9- Asperula, 

I. HOUSTONIA L. 

Usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small blue 
purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, 
the lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate. 
Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Style 
slender • ovules numerous; stigmas 2, linear. Capsule partly inferior, its summat 



RUBIACEAE, 86 1 

free from the calyx, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally 
dehiscent above. Seeds peltate, concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or 
roughened; endosperm horny; embryo club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. 
William Houston, botanist and collector in South America, died 1733.] About 25 
species, of N. Am. and Mex. 

* Plants 2.5-18 cm. high; peduncles i-flowered. 
Peduncles filiform, 2.5-6 cm. long. 

Erect; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles. i. //. coerulea. 

Diffuse or spreading ; leaves nearly orbicular. 2. H. serpyllifoUa. 

Peduncles 0.6-3.5 cm. long, stouter. 

Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule. 3. H. minor. 

Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule. 4. H. minima. 

** Plants 10-45 cm. high; flowers cymose. 

Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 2 to 3 times as long as the capsule. 5. H. lanceolafa. 

Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, scarcely longer than the capsule. 

Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate. 6. H purpurea. 

Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate. 7. H. ciliolata. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate. 8. H. longifolia. 

Leaves filiform or narrowly linear. 

Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled. 

9. H. tenuifolia. 
Flowers densely cymose on very short pedicels ; leaves usually fascicled. 

10. H. angustifolia. 

1. Houstonia coerulea L. Bluets. Innocence. (L F. f. 3393.) Erect, 
7-18 cm. high, glabrous, or nearly so, perennial by slender rootstocks, forming 
dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about 12 mm. long, 
sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile; 
flowers solitary on filiform peduncles; corolla salverform, violet, blue, or white, with 
a yellow center, 8-12 mm. broad, its tube slender and about the length of the lobes; 
capsule didymous, compressed, about 4 mm. broad, broader than long, the upper 
half free from the calyx and shorter than its lobes. In open grassy places, or on 
wet rocks, N. S. t > Quebec, Mich., Ga. and Ala. April-July, or producing a few 
flowers through the summer. 

2. Hoiistonia serpyllifolia Michx. Thyme-leaved Bluets. (I. F. f. 
3394.) Perennial; stems prostrate or diffuse, slender, glabrous, 1-2.5 ^^- ^o^g- 
Leaves orbicular or broadly oval, abruptly petioled, 6-8 mm. long, sometimes hi- 
spidulous, or those of the flowering stems narrower, distant ; corolla usually deep 
blue, 8-12 mm. broad, its tube rather shorter than the lobes; capsule similar to that 
of the preceding, but usually slightly larger, nearly as long as the calvx. Moim- 
tains of Penn., Va. and W. Va. to S. Car. and Tenn. May. 

3. Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britton. Small Bluets. (I. F. f. 3^95.) 
Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched from the base, 2-15 cm. high. Lowerand 
basal leaves oval or ovate, 10-12 mm. long, narrowed into petioles,^ the upper nar- 
rower and sessile; corolla violet-blue or purple, 6-8 mm. broad, its tube about equal- 
ling the lobes; capsule compressed, didymous, 5-6 mm. broad, its upper part free 
from the calyx. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. March-April. 

4. Houstonia minima Beck. Least Bluets. (I. F. f. 3^96.) Annual, 
spreading or diffuse, 2.5-6.5 cm. high, roughish. Lower and basaVleaves oval or 
ovate, the upper oblong, sessile; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; corolla violet or purple, 
the tube longer than the lobes; capsule didymous. compressed, about 6 mm. broadi 
its upper part free from the calyx. In dry soil. Mo. and 111. to Kans., Ark. and 
Tex. March-April. 

5. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. Calycose Houstonlv. Cla- 
brous, or pubescent, perennial, 1.5-3 <^"i- high. Leaves lanceolate to linoar-l.\ncco- 
late, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into jxHioles. Corolla little ex- 
ceeding the calyx; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter, much shorter than the lanceo- 
late rigid calyx-lobes. N. C. to Ala.. Ky., Tcnn. and Mo. Mav-June. [//. pur- 
purea calycosas A. Crray.] 

6. Houstonia purpurea L. Large Houstonia. (I. F. f. 3^17.) Peren- 
nial, tufted, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 1-4.5 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or 
the lower ones short-petioled, 3-5-nerved, 1-5 cm. "long, the margins often ciliate; 
pedicels 2-8 mm. long; corolla purple or lilac, funncliorm, 0-8 mm. lono. the tube 



862 FLORA. 

at least twice as long as the lobes; capsule compressed- globose, 3 mm. broad, some- 
what didymous, its upper half free, shorter than the subulate-linear calyx-lobes. 
In open places, Md. to Ky., Ga. and Ala. May-Sept. 

Houstonia purpurea pubescens Britten. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong- 
lanceolate. Va. 

7. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed Houstonia. (I. F. f. 3398.) 
Perennial, tufted, I-2 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, thick, i- 
nerved, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, their margins conspicuously 
ciliate; stem leaves oblong or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so; pedicels filiform, 
2-8 mm. long ; corolla funnelform, lilac or pale purple, about 6 mm. long, the lobes 
about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, obscurely didy- 
mous, 3 mm. wide, overtopped by the linear- lanceolate calyx-lobes. On rocks and 
shores, Me (?), Ont. to Mich., Penn., W. Va., Ky. and Ark. May-Aug. 

8. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long-leaved Houstonia. (L F. f. 3399.) 
Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous, 1.2-2.5 ^"^' ^^g^* Basal leaves spatu- 
late or oblanceolate, obtuse, not ciliate, short-petioled ; stem leaves linear or linear- 
oblong, I -nerved, I-2.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; corolla pale purple or nearly 
white, 5-6 mm. long, its lobes about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little 
compressed, globose-ovoid, about 2 mm. in diameter, its upper half free and much 
exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. Li dry open places, Me. and Ont. to Mani- 
toba, Ga. and Mo. May-Sept. 

9. Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Slender-leaved Houstonia. (I. F. f. 
3400.) Perennial, somewhat tufted, slender, branching, erect, glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. 
high, sometimes pubescent below. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate or oval, 
obtuse, petioled, 8-12 mm. long; upper leaves narrowly linear or filiform, blunt, 
1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; pedicels filiform, 4-12 mm. long; corolla purple, 
narrow, 4-6 mm. long, its lobes short; capsule compressed-globose, didynamous, 
about 2 mm. in diameter, its upper half free and slightly exceeded by the subulate 
cal-y%-\obes. In dry soil, Va. to Ohio, N. Car. and Tenn. May-July. 

10. Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Houstonia. (I. F. f. 
3401.) Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually branched, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves linear, 1-3.5 ^"^- ^^ng, 2-4 mm. wide, or the lowest narrowly spatu- 
late, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on short axillary branches; 
corolla white or purplish, between funnelform and salverform, about 4 mm. long, 
its lobes shorter than the tube; capsule compressed-obovoid, 3 mm. wide, its sum- 
mit free and scarcely exceeded by the calyx-lobes. In dry open places, 111. to 
Mo., Kans., Tex., Tenn. and Fla. May-July. 

2. OLDENLANDIA L. 

Herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube obo- 
void or subglobose, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; 
ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed. Capsule small, ovoid, top- 
shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx -tube, loculicidally dehiscent at 
the summit. Seeds angular, not peltate; endosperm fleshy; embryo club-shaped. 
[Named for H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist.] About 175 species, mostly of 
tropical distribution. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the Southern States 
and I in N. Mex. 

I. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Clustered Bluets. (I. F. f. 3402.) Annual, 
weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-pubescent, diifuse or ascending; stems 
2.5-35 cm. long. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3-5-nerved, 
ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about 2 mm. broad, terminal and axillary, clus- 
tered or solitary; calyx hirsute, hemispheric '\vl fruit, the ovate or oval lobes erect 
and nearly equalling the tube. In low grounds, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. Also in 
Cuba. June-Sept. 

3. cephala'nthus l. 

Shrubs, or sometimes small trees, with opposite or verticillate entire deciduous 
leaves, and densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx- 
|;ube obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes, CoroUa tubular-funnelform, with 



RUBIACEAE. 863 

4 short lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; 
anthers oblong, 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celIed; ovules solitary in each 
cavity, pendulous; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyrami- 
dal, i-2-seeded. Endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, 
head-flower.] About 7 species, natives of America and Asia. 

I. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush. (I. F. f. 3403.) A shrub, 
or rarely a small tree, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate 
or oval, entire, acuminate or acute, 7-15 cm. long, 2-6.5 c^* wide; peduncles 
2-8 cm. long; heads globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the receptacle pubescent; 
flowers sessile, white, 8-12 mm. long; style about twice the length of the corolla; 
calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to 
Ont., Wis., Neb., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Sept. 

4. MITCHELLA L. 

Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, 
and white peduncled geminate dimorphous flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx- 
tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 
4-lobed, the lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the 
lobes of the corolla and inserted on its throat; filaments short and style exserted, 
or filaments exserted and style short. Ovary 4-celled; stigmas 4, short, filiform; 
ovules I in each cavity, erect, anatropous. Fruit composed of 2 united drupes 
usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect; cotyledons short, obtuse; em- 
br}^o minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent of Lin- 
naeus in Virginia.] Two species, one N. American, the other Japanese. 

I. Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. (I. F. f. 3404.) 
Stems slender, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-3 ^^- long, branching, glabrous, or slightly 
pubescent. Leaves ovate-orbicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some- 
what cordate at the base, 6-20 mm. long, dark green, shining; peduncles shorter 
than the leaves, bearing 2 sessile flowers at the summit; corolla 10-12 mm. long; 
drupes red (rarely white), broader than high, 4-8 mm. in diameter, persistent 
through the winter, edible. Li woods, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and Tex. 
April-June, sometimes flowering a second time in the autumn. 

6. SPERMAcbCE L. 

Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite stipulate leaves, and small white flowers, in 
dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or obconic. its limb 
4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules i in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate, 
or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 dehiscent carpels, or one 
dehiscent, the other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm 
horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp 
calyx-teeth surmounting the carpels.] Two species, natives of America. 

I. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Smooth Button-weed. (L F. f. 3405.) 
Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, 2.5-5 ^'"^- 1<^"&- Leaves lanceolate or elliptic- 
lanceolate, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, 2-8 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, acute 
at each end, the margins rough; corolla pubescent in the throat, about 3 mm. long, 
scarcely exceeding the ovate-lanceolate acute calyx-teeth; stamens and style inclu- 
ded; capsule obovoid, about 4 mm. long, glabrous; seeds black, punctate. On 
river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ky. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Also 
in tropical Am. June-Sept. 

6. DIODIA L. 

Herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire stipulate leaves, and small axillary 
white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx-tube obconic or obovoid. the limb 2 4-lobed 
(sometimes i-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the lobes. Corolla funnel- 
form or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the throat of 
the corolla; filaments slender; anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary 
2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled); ovules i in each cavity; style lilift^rm. simple, or 2-cleft; 
stigmas 2. Fruit 2-celled, finally separating into 2 inilehiscent carpels. Seed 
oblong, convex on the back; endosperni horny; cotyledons loliaceous; embryo 



864 FLORA. 

straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are frequently found.] About 
35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the South- 
ern States. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. i. D. teres. 

Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D. Virginiana. 

1. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed. (I. F. £ 3406.) Rigid, 
usually rough, much branched from near the base, the branches prostrate or ascend- 
ing, 4-sided above, 1-7.5 <i™* lo^g- Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very rough, 
1-4 cm. long, acute, the margins revolute when dry; flowers lilac or purple, 
4-6 mm. long, usually solitary in the axils; style entire; stigmas capitate; fruit 
obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 4 mm. high, the usually 4 persistent calyx- 
lobes ovate to lanceolate. In dry or sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., 111., Kans., Tex., 
N. Mex. and Sonora. July-Sept. 

2. Diodia Virginiana L. Larger Button- weed. (LF. f. 3407.) Hispid- 
pubescent or glabrate, much branched from near the base, the branches procum- 
bent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oval, narrowed at 
the base, acute, or the lowest obtuse, 2-8 cm. long; flowers i or 2 in each axil, 
about 12 mm. long, the corolla-tube very slender; fruit somewhat fleshy, but becom- 
ing dry, hirsute or glabrous, oval, 6-8 mm. high, furrowed, crowned with the 2 
or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist soil, southern N. J. to Fla., Ark. 
and Tex. June- Aug. 

7. GALIUM L. 

Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate 
leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, the 
pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species dioe- 
cious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla 
rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers 
exserted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules one in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas 
capitate. Fruit didymous, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or sometimes only 
I of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave on the face, or 
spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. 
[Greek, milk, from the use of G. verwn for curdling.] About 225 species, of wide 
distribution. Besides the following, about 27 others occur in southern and western 
N. Am. The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticils 
being stipules. 

* Fruit dry, smooth, hispid, or roughened. 
\ Annuals (except Nos. i and 2). 

1. Flowers yellow ; leaves narrowly linear, i. G. verum. 

2. Flowers white or greenish white. 

a. Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo. 

b. Fruit bristly, tubercled. granular or papillose (or sm^ooth in No. 3). 
Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled. 

Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly. 

Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, i mm. broad ; pedicels not recurved ; stem 

very slender. 3. G. Parisiense. 

Fruit granular-tubercled, 3 mm. broad ; fruiting pedicels recurved; stem stout. 

4. G. tricorne. 
Fruit densely bristly-hispid. 

Cymes few-flowered ; leaves 2-8 cm. long ; fruit fully 4 mm. broad, 

5. G. Aparine. 
Cymes mostly several-flowered; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; fruit smaller. 

6. G. Vaillantii. 
Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts; fruit bristly. 

7. G. virgatum, 

ft Perennials. 
1. Fruit bristly-hispid (or becoming glabrous in No. 12). 

a. Leaves in 4'$, i-nerved. 8. G. pilosum. 

b. Leaves in 4's, 3-nerved. 
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate ; flowers in open cymes. 

Upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 9. G. lanceolatum. 



RUBIACEAE. ' 865 

Upper leaves ovate, oblong-, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse. 

Corolla usually hirsute; plant mostly pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceo- 
late. 10. G. circaezans. 
Corolla glabrous; plant little pubescent; some leaves obovate, 

II. G. Kamtschaticum. 
Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles. 12. G. boreale. 

c. Leaves in 6's. 13. G. triflorum, 

2. Fruit smooth and glabrous, or warty in No. 15. 
a. Flowers brown-purple. 
Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved; fruit smooth. 14. G. latifolium. 

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, i-nerved; fruit warty. 15. G. Arkansanum. 

b. Flowers white, yellowish, or greenish. 
Endosperm of seed annular in cross-section. 

Corolla 4-parted, its lobes acute ; stems smooth, or nearly so. 

16. G. tinctorium. 
Corolla mostly 3-parted, its lobes obtuse; stems minutely retrorse-hispid. 
Pedicels slender, rough; leaves mostly in 4's. 17. G. trifidum. 

Pedicels rather stout, smooth ; leaves mostly in 5's and 6's. 

18. G. Clay torn. 
Endosperm of seed lunate in cross-section. 

Leaves obtuse. 19. G. palustre. 

Leaves acute, or cuspidate. 

Stem nearly or quite smooth. 20. G. concinnum. 

Stem strongly retrorse-hispid. 21. G. asprellum. 

* * Fruit fleshy, resembling a double berry. 22. G. hispidulum. 

1. Galium verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Lady's Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 
3408.) Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erector ascending, 1.5-7.5 <in^- 
high. Stems smooth or minutely roughened; leaves in 6's or 8's, narrowly linear, 
8-25 mm. long, about I mm. wide, rough on the margins, at length deflexed; 
flowers yellow, the cymes in dense narrow panicles; fruit usually glabrous, less 
than 2 "mm. broad. In waste places and fields. Out. to Mass., N. Y. and N. J. 
Adv. or nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

2. Galium Mollugo L. Wild Madder. White, or Great Hedge Bed- 
straw. , (I. F. f. 3409.) Glabrous or nearly so, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. long; 
leaves in' 6's or 8's, oblanceolate or linear, cuspidate, 12-30 mm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, sometimes roughish on the margins; flowers small, white, very numerous in 
terminal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform; fruit smooth, glabrous, nearly 2 mm. 
broad. In fields and waste places, Newf. to Vt., N. Y., Penn., Ni J. and Del. 
Adv. or nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 

3. Galium Parisiense L. Wall Bedstraw. (L F. f. 3410.) Very slender, 
much branched; stem rough on the angles, 1.5-3 ^"^' high- Leaves in verticils of 
about 6 (4-7), linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, minutely scabrous on the mar- 
gins and midrib, 4-8 mm. long; cymes several -flowered, on filiform peduncles; 
flowers minute, greenish white; fruit glabrous, smooth or finely granular, less than 
2 mm. wide. Roadsides, Va. and Tenn. Adv. or nat. from Europe. June-Aug, 

4. Galium tricorne Stokes. Rough-fruited Corn Bedstraw, (I. F, f. 
3411,) Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high, simple, or little 
branched. Stem rough with reflexed prickles; leaves in 6's or 8's. linear or nar- 
rowly oblanceolate, 2.5 cm, long or less, 3-4 mm. wide, rough on the margins and 
midrib; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; pedicels thickened and curved 
downward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (1-3-) flowered; fruit tuberculate or 
granular, 8-10 mm, broad. In waste places or cultivated fields, eastward (accord- 
ing to Gray^; Ont., and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Introduced from 
Europe. May-Aug. 

5. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Goosegrass. Cleaver-wokt. (I. F. 
f. 3412.) Weak, scrambling over bushes, 6-15 dm. long, the stems rotrorsely his- 
pid on the angles. Leaves in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate. 2.5-S 
cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the margins and midrib very rough; fltnvers in 1-3- 
flowered cymes in the upper axils; peduncles 1-2.5 cm. long; fruiting pedicels 
straight; fruit 4-6 mm. broad, densely covered with hooked bristles. In various 
situations, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Mo. and Tex. Nat, from Europe. May-Sopt, 

6. Galium Vaillantii DC, Lesser Goosegrass or Cle.wers. (I. F. f, 
3413 as G. spiirinm.) Similar to the preceding species but smaller, the stem cijual- 



866 FLORA. 

\j rough -angled. Leaves smaller, 2.5 cm. in length or less, linear-oblong or slight- 
ly oblanceolate, cuspidate, rough on the margins and midrib; cymes 2-9-flowered; 
fruit 2-3 mm. broad, usually less hispid. In low grounds, Ont. to Br. Col., south 
in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and to Cal. Also in Europe. G. spurium L., o£ 
Europe, appears to have uniformly smooth fruit. May-Aug. 

7. Galium virgatum Nutt. Southwestern Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 3414.) 
Annual, 1-3 dm. high, usually hispid, sometimes nearly glabrous; stem slender, 
4-angled. Leaves in 4's, oblong or linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, or 
less; peduncles axillary, i-flowered, less than 2 mm. long, recurved in fruit; 
flower white, subtended by 2 large oblong to lanceolate bracts which closely re- 
semble the leaves; fruit about 2 mm. in diameter, covered with slender barbed 
bristles. Tenn. and Mo. to Ark., La. and Tex. April-June. 

8. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. (L F. f. 3415.) Perennial, 
hirsute-pubescent; stems ascending, branched, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves in 4's, oval 
or oval-ovate, punctate, i -nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved at the base, mu- 
cronulate, I-2.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles 
axillary and terminal; cymes numerous, few-flowered; pedicels 2-12 mm. long, 
flowers yellowish purple; fruit densely hispid, nearly 4 mm. in diameter. In dry 
or sandy soil, Mass. to Ind., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 

Galium pilosum puncticulosum (Michx.) T. & G. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves 
smaller, ciliate. Southern N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 

9. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Torrey's Wild Liquorice. (I. F. f. 
3416.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems minutely roughened, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves in 4's, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, 
ciliate on the margins and nerves, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2.2 cm. wide, the lower 
smaller and obtuse or obtusish ; cymes rather few-flowered, loose, widely branched ; 
flowers sessile or nearly so; corolla glabrous, yellowish green to purple, its lobes 
acuminate; fruit hispid with long hairs, 4-5 mm. broad. In dry woods, Quebec 
and Ont. to Minn., N. J., Va., Penn. and Mich. June-Aug. 

10. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild Liquorice. Cross-cleavers. (I. F. f. 
3417.) Perennial, more or less pubescent, branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves in 4's, 
oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, 3-nerved, I-3.6 cm. long, 8-16 mm. 
wide, usually somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, the lower smaller; cymes 
divaricately branched; flowers sessile or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute with- 
out, its lobes acute ; fruit hispid, similar to that of the preceding species, at length 
deflexed. In woods, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-July. 

Galium circaezans glabellum Britton. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; corolla 
glabrous. N. Y. 

11. Galium Kamtschaticum Steller. Northern Wild Liquorice. (I. F. 
f. 3418.) Similar to the preceding species, but weak, smaller; stems 1-4 dm. 
long. Leaves in 4's, broadly oval, orbicular or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse, 
mucronulate, 1-3.6 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, glabrate, or pubescent with short 
scattered hairs on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath, sometimes ciliate; 
flowers few, all on pedicels 4-12 mm. long; corolla glabrous, yellowish green, its 
lobes acutish; fruit hispid, 4 mm. broad. In mountainous regions, Quebec, north- 
ern N. E. and northern N. Y. Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. 

12. Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 3419.) Erect, 
perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, leafy, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves in 4's, lance- 
olate or linear, 3-nerved, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the margins sometimes 
ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, many -flowered, the flowers white in small com.- 
pact cymes; fruit hispid, at least when young, sometimes becoming glabrate when 
mature, about 2 mm. broad. In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, 
N. J., Penn., Mich., Mo., Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
May-Aug. 

13. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented or Fragrant Bedstraw. 
(I. F. f. 3420.) Perennial, diffuse, procumbent or ascending, glabrous or near- 
ly so, shining, fragrant in drying, the stems and margins of the leaves sometimes 
roughened. Leaves in 6's, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, i -nerved, cus- 
pidate, narrowed at the base, 2.5-9 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; peduncles slender, 
often exceeding the leaves, 3-flowered or branched into 3 pedicels which are 1-3- 
flowered; flowers greenish; fruit 3-4 mm. broad, hispid with hooked hairs; seed 



RUBIACEAE, 867 

almost spherical, the groove obsolete. In woods, N. S. to Alaska, Fla., La., the 
Ind. Terr., Colo, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 

14. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 3421.) 
Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous, branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves in 4's, 
lanceolate, 3 -nerved, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 8-i6 mm. wide, the midrib some- 
times pvibescent beneath, the margins minutely roughened, the lower smaller and 
sometimes opposite; peduncles slender, usually shorter than the leaves; flowers 
purple; cymes loosely many-flowered, the pedicels slender, 4-12 mm, long, smooth 
or nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy, 4 mm. broad, usually only one of the 
carpels developing. In dry woods, Penn. to Tenn. and Ga. May-Aug. 

15. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. Arkansas Bedstraw. (L F. f. 
3422.) Similar to the preceding, but usually lower, the leaves linear-lanceolate, 
1-2.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none, the midrib 
sometimes pubescent beneath, and the margins ciliate; fruiting pedicels roughish, 
6-25 mm. long; flowers brown-purple, the numerous cymes loosely several-many- 
flowered; fruit glabrous, warty, somewhat fleshy, each carpel 2-3 mm. in diameter. 
Southern Mo. and Ark. June-July. 

16. Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw. Wild Madder. 
(I. F. f. 3423.) Perennial; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, rather stiff, branched al- 
most to the base, the branches commonly solitary, strict; stem 4-angled, nearly 
glabrous; leaves commonly in 4's, linear to lanceolate, I-2.5 cm. long, broadest 
below the middle, obtuse, cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, I -nerved, the 
margins and midrib roughish ; flowers terminal, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; pedicels 
slender, not much divaricate in fruit; corolla white, 2-3.5 "^'^- broad, 4-parted, its 
lobes oblong, acute; disk large; fruit smooth; seed spherical, hollow, annular in 
cross-section. Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps. Can. to N. Car., 
Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz. May-July. 

Galium tinct5rium filif61ium Wiegand. More slender than the type and often more 
diffuse; leaves almost filiform, 2 mm. wide or less, not broader below the middle, strong- 
ly cellular-papillose; inflorescence more open; pedicels slender; bracts minute; flowers in 
2's or 3's; corolla larger. Sandy places in swamps, Va. to Fla. 

Galium tinctorium Labrad6ricum Wiegand. Low and strictly erect, 5-25 cm. high; 
branches few, ascending, mostly from the upper nodes ; leaves small, 6-8 mm. long, linear, 
reflexed; flowers large. In sphagnous bogs, Conn., N. Y. and Wis. to Lab. 

17. Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw. Small Cleavers. (I. F. f. 
3424.) Perennial, slender and weak; stem ascending, 4 dm. long or less, much 
branched and intertangled; stem sharply 4-angled, rough; branches commonly in 
2's; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, 5-14 mm. long, obtuse, cuneate at the biise, 
I -nerved, dark green and dull, scarcely papillose, the margins and midrib retrorse- 
scabrous; flowers small, on pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the 
leaves, commonly two at each node, or three terminal ; corolla very small, white, 
0.5 mm. long, trifid, its lobes broadly oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed 
spherical and hollow, annular in cross-section. Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, 
Me. to N. Y., Ohio, Neb., Colo, and northward. Summer. 

18. Galium Claytoni Michx. Clayton's Bedstraw. (I. F. f. "-.xi^.^ 
Perennial; stem diff"use when old, 1.5-6 dm. high; stem slender or sometimes quite 
stout, sharply 4-angled, rough, the diff'use brandies in 2's; loaves 8-16 mm. long, 
commonly in 5's or 6's, linear-spatulate or spatulate-oblong, obtuse, cuneatelv narl 
rowed into a short petiole, rather firm in texture. scabrous\in the margin and mid- 
rib, dark green and dull above, discolored in drrintr: flowers in clusters of 2's or 
3's, terminal, provided with I or 2 minute bracts;' pedicels straight, in fruit ^troncr. 
ly divaricate, glabrous and rather stout; corolla minute, white." 3-parted. the lobes 
broadly oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed si^herical and hollow', annular in cross- 
section. Swamps, Mass. and N. Y. t(^ Fla.. Mich.. Mo. and Tex. Mav-Julv. 

19. Galium palvistre L. Marsh Bedstraw. (T. F. f. :;426.)' Perennial; 
stem erect, slender, about 4 dm. liigh; internodes very long; short l^ranches mostlv 
in 2's. Stem 4-angled. smooth or roughish; leaves in 2's to 6's, linear-elliptic to 
spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse,' 6-16 mm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, the rather 
firm margins and the midrib slightly scabrous: flowers numerous in terminal and 
lateral cymes; bracteoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in flower ascending, 



868 FLORA, 

3-5 mm. long, in fruit strongly divaricate; corolla white, 2-3.5 ^'^"^- broad, 4-parted, 
the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost obsolete ; trait glabrous; endosperm of the seed 
grooved on the inner face, in cross-section lunate. In damp places, Newf. and 
(Quebec to Mass., Conn, and N. Y. Also in Europe. Summer. 

20. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray. Shining Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 
3427.) Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much branched, the angles of the 
stem and edges of the leaves minutely scabrous. . Leaves usually all in 6's, linear 
or sometimes broader above the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed, or 
minutely cuspidate, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, green in drying; peduncles 
filiform ; pedicels short ; flowers minute, white, numerous in open cymes ; fruit 
small, glabrous; endosperm deeply grooved. In dry woodlands, N. J. to Va., Minn., 
Kans. and Ark. June-Aug. 

21. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 3428.) Peren- 
nial, weak, much branched and reclining on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem re- 
trorsely hispid, 6-18 dm. long. Leaves in 6's or 5's, or those of the branches rare- 
ly in 4's, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate, narrowed at the base, 
8-16 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, their margins and midribs rough ; cymes several- 
many -flowered; flowers white; fruit smooth and glabrous, about 2 mm. broad; 
endosperm with a shallow groove. In moist soil, Newf. to Ont., N. Car., 111., 
Wis. and Neb, June-Aug. 

22. Galium hispidulum Michx. Coast Bedstraw. (I. F. f. 3429.) 
Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves in 4's, i -nerved, oval, mucronate. rather thick, 6-20 mm. long, 3-8 mm. 
wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying; flowers few. terminating the 
branchlets, white; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit; 
fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 4 mm. broad. In dry or sandy soil, south- 
ern N. J. to Fla. and Ga. May-Aug. This species has been referred, on account 
of its fleshy fruit, to the genus Relbiinhmi Endl., but it lacks the characteristic 
involucre of the typical species. 

8. SHERARDIA L. 

Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed 
leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in involucrate heads. Calyx- 
tube ovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 
4-5-lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the 
tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong, exserted. Ovary 2- 
celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules i in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the 
carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Wm. Sherard, 1659-1728, 
patron of Dillenius.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field-Madder. Herb Sherard. Spur- 
wort. (I. F. f. 3430.) Tufted, roughish; stems numerous, prostrate, as- 
cending, or decumbent, ©.'7-2.5 dm. long. Leaves in 4's, 5's or 6's, the upper 
linear or lanceolate, acute and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the margins, 6-16 
mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower often obovate, mucronate; flowers in slender- 
peduncled involucrate heads, the involucre deeply 6-8-lobed. the lobes lanceolate, 
sharp-pointed; corolla-lobes spreading; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate 
calyx-teeth. In waste places, Ont. and Mass. Also in Bermuda. Adv. from 
Europe. June-July. 

o. ASPERULA L. 

Perennial herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticillate leaves, and small white, pink 
or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx-tube some- 
what didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in- 
serted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2- 
celled: ovules i in each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous. the carpels 
indehiscent. Seed adherent to the pericarp ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo curved, 
[Latin diminutive of asper. rough, referring to the leaves.] About 80 species, 
natives of the Old World. 

I. Asperula odorataL. Sweet Woodruff. (LF. f. 3431.) Stems erect, 
slender, smooth. Leaves usually in 8's (6's-9's), thin, oblong-lanceolate, mucron- 
ate, I -nerved, roughish on the margins, 1-3.5 cm. long, the lower smaller, often 



CA PRIFOLIA CEA E. 869 

obovate or oblanceolate ; peduncles slender; cymes several-flowered; flowers white 
or pinkish, 3 mm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit hispid, about 2 mm. broad. 
In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J. Fugitive from Europe. May -July. 

Asperula arvensis L., another European species, with terminal capitate flowers and 
linear obtuse leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten Island. 

Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. 

Honeysuckle Family. 

Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and per- 
fect, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx- 
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla 
gamopetalous, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 
4), inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 
versatile. Ovary inferior, i-6-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate, or 
2-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit ; ovules anatropous. Fruit 
a i-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular ; 
seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, embryo usually small, placed 
near the hilum ; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera 
and 260 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. 

Corolla rotate to urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style deeply 2-5-lobed; shrubs 
or trees 
Leaves pinnate ; drupe 3-5-seeded. i. Sajnbtictis. 

Leaves simple ; drupe i-seeded. 2. Vibur7tu7n. 

Corolla tubular to campanulate, often 2-lipped ; style slender. 

Erect perennial herbs ; leaves connate. 3. Triosteutu, 

Creeping, somewhat woody herb ; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. 

4. Linnaea. 
Shrubs or vines. 

Fruit a few-seeded berry. 

Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so. 5. Symphoricarpos. 

Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate. 6. Lonicera. 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 7. Diey-villa. 

I. SAMBUCUS L. 

Shrubs or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate 
leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound 
depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-to()thed or 3-5- 
lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
serted at the base of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5- 
celled; style short, 3-parted ; ovules I in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry- 
like, containing 3-5, i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo nearly as long 
as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.] About 20 species, of wide geographic 
distribution. In addition to the following, 3 or 4 others occur in western N. Am. ' 
Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. i. 6". Cauadettsis. ' 

Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad; fruit red. 2. S. pubcns. 

1. Sambucus Canadensis L. American Elder. Sweet Elder. (I. F. 
f. 3432.) A shrub, I-3.5 m. high, glabrous or nearly so, the stems but little woody, 
the younger ones with large white pith. I^eaflets 5-11, usually 7, ovate or oval, 
acuminate or acute, short-stalked, glabrous above, sometimes slightly pubescent on 
the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, sharply serrate, sometimes stipellate ; cymes 
broader than high; flowers white, about 3 mm. broad ; drupe nearly 6 mm. in 
diameter : nutlets roughened. In moist soil, N. B. and N. S. to Fla.. Manitoba. 
Kans. and Tex. June-July. 

2. Sambucus ptibens Michx. Red-hf.rried Elder. (I. F. f. 3433.) A 
shrub, 0.6-4 II''- lii^b, the twigs and leaves commonly pvibescent; stems woody, the 
younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets 5-7. ovate-lanceolate or oval, acumin- 
ate at the apex, often narrowed and usually inoijuilateral at the base. 5-13 cm. long. 
not stipellate, sharply serrate ; cymes longer than broad ; flowers whitish, turning 



870 



FLORA. 



brown in drying ; drupe scarlet or red, 4-6 mm, in diameter ; nutlets minutely 
roughened. In rocky places, N. B. to Alaska, Br. Col., Ga., Colo, and Cal. Fruit 
rarely white. April-May. 

Sambucus piibens dissecta Britton. Leaflets laciniate. Lake Superior and Penn. 

Sambucus nigra laciniata (Mill.) DC, a cut-leaved variety of the related European 
species has been found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped from cultivation. 

2. VIBURNUM L. 

Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, and 
white or rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant 
and neutral. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, 5 -toothed. Corolla ro- 
tate or short-campanulate in our species, regular, 5 -lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on 
the tube of the corolla; anthers oblong, exserted. Ovary 1-3 -celled; style short, 
3-lobed or 3-parted ; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or 
globose, sometimes flattened, i -seeded. Seed compressed; endosperm fleshy; em- 
bryo minute. [The ancient Latin name,] About 100 species, of wide distribution. 
Besides the following, about 5 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

* Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red. 
Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. i. V. alnifoliutn. 

Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus. 

* * None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in No. 3). 
1. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed. 
Cymes 1-2.5 cm. broad, the rays short; drupe red. 3. V. pauciflorum. 

Cymes 3.5-6 cm. broad, the rays slender; drupe nearly black. 4. V. acerifolium. 
2. Leaves pinnately veined. 
a. Leaves coarsly dentate, the veins prominent beneath. 
Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5. V. pubescens. 

Petioles 0.6-4 cm. long. 

Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6. V. dentatum. 
Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate. 
Drupe globose-ovoid; eastern and southern. 

Veins of leaves not very prominent. 7, V. molle. 

Veins very prominent on the under surfaces of the leaves. 

8. V. venosum. 
Drupe oblong, twice as long as thick; western. 9. V. Dejnetrionis. 

b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent. 
Cymes manifestly peduncled. 

Peduncle shorter than the cyme ; leaves crenulate. 10. V. cassinoides. 

Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme. 11. V. nudum. 

Cymes sessile, or nearly so. 

Leaves slender-petioled, large. 

Leaves prominently acuminate. 12. V. Lentago. 

Leaves obtuse, or merely acute. 

Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so. 

13. V. prunifolium. 
Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose. 

14. V. rufotomentosum. 
Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, small. 15. V. obovatum 

1. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. American Warfaring 
Tree. (I. F. f. 3434-) A shrub, with smooth purplish bark, widely and irregu- 
larly branching, the branches often procumbent, the youngest twigs scurfy. Leaves 
orbicular, or very broadly ovate, short-acuminate or acute, usually cordate, finely 
stellate-pubescent, or at length glabrous above, scurfy with stellate pubescence on 
the veins beneath, finely serrate all around, 0.7-2 dm. broad, petioles 1-3 cm. long; 
cymes sessile, 7-13 cm. broad, the exterior flowers usually about 2 cm. broad; 
drupes red, becoming purple, ovoid-oblong, 10-12 mm. long; stone 3-groovedon one 
side, I -grooved on the other. In low woods, N. B. to N. (iar., western N. Y. and 
Mich. Leaves of shoots from cut stumps thin, ovate, coarsely toothed. May-June. 

2. Viburnum Opulus L. Cranberry-tree. Wild Guelder-rose. 
High Bush -cranberry. (L F. f. 3435.) A shrub sometimes 4 m. high, with 
smooth branches. Leaves broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, glabrous, 
or with scattered hairs above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath, rather 
deeply 3-lobed, rounded or truncate and 3-ribbed at the base, the lobes acuminate, 
coarsely dentate; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; cymes peduncled, 7-10 cm. in diameter^ 



CA PRIFOLIA CEA E. %7 1 

the exterior flowers radiant, neutral ; drupes globose, or oval, 8-io mm. in dia- 
meter, red, very acid, translucent; stone orbicular, flat, not grooved. In low 
grounds, N. B. to Br. Col., N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and Ore. Also in Europe and 
Asia. June-July. 

3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. 
(I. F. f. 3436.) A straggling shrub, 6-18 dm. high, with twigs and petioles glab- 
rous or nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long, 5 -ribbed, 
truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes, 
coarsely and unequally dentate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 
3-8 cm. broad; cymes peduncled, short- rayed, 1-2.5 cm. broad ; flowers all per- 
fect and small; drupes globose to ovoid, light red, acid, 8-10 mm. long; stone flat, 
orbicular, scarcely grooved. In cold mountain woods, Newf. to Alaska, Me., N. 
H., Vt., Penn., Colo, and Wash. June-July. 

4. Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Dockmakie. 
(I. F. f. 3437.) A shrub, 1-2 m. high, with smooth gray branches, and somewhat 
pubescent twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicular, or broader than long, cor- 
date or truncate at the base, pubescent on both sides, or becoming glabrate, 5-13 
cm. broad, mostly rather deeply 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, the lobes acute or acu- 
minate; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; cymes long-peduncled, 3-8 cm. broad; flowers all 
perfect, 4-6 mm. broad ; drupe nearly black, 6-8 mm. long, the stone lenticular, 
faintly 2-ridged on one side and 2-grooved on the other. In dry woods, N. B. to 
N. Car., Ont., Mich, and Minn. May -June. 

5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-wood. 
(I. F. f. 3438.) A shrub, 6-15 dm. high, with straight gray branches. Leaves ses- 
sile, or with petioles less than 6 mm. long, ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate 
at the base, acute or acuminate, coarsely dentate, 3-8 cm. long, densely velvety- 
pubescent beneath, glabrous, or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate on 
both surfaces ; cymes peduncled, 3-7 cm. broad, the flowers all perfect ; drupes 
oval, nearly black, about 8 mm. l6ng; stone slightly 2-grooved on both faces. In 
rocky woods, Quebec and Ont. to Manitoba, Ga., 111., Iowa and Mich. June-July. 

6. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow-wood. (I. F. f. 3439.) A shrub with 
glabrous gray branches, sometimes 5 m. high. Petioles 6-25 mm. long ; leaves 
ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or 
short- acuminate, prominently veined, coarsely dentate, 3-8 cm. broad, glabrous on 
both sides, or pubescent with simple hairs in the axils of the veins beneath; cymes 
long-peduncled, 5-8 cm. broad; drupe globose-ovoid^ about 6 mm. in diameter, 
blue, becoming nearly black; stone rather deeply grooved on one side, rounded on 
the other. In moist soil, N. B. to Ont., Ga., western N. Y., Mich, and Minn. 
May-June. 

7. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft-leaved Arrow-wood. (I. F. f. 3440.) 
Similar to the preceding species, but the twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower 
surfaces of the leaves more or less stellate-pubescent; petioles short and stouter; 
leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate, commonly somewhat pubescent above; 
drupe globose-ovoid, blue, 8 mm. in diameter, its stone similar to that of J\ dcnta- 
tum. S. Penn. ? ; Ky. to Fla. and Tex. 

8. Viburnum venosum Britton, «. sp. Coast Arrow-wood. A shrub, 
similar to the two preceding species. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves very 
densely steliate-tomentose; petioles stout, I-2 cm. long; blades broadly ovate to 
orbicular, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely toothed, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs 
on the upper surface; cymes 6-8 cm. broad; drupe orbicular or short-oval, about 7 
mm. in diameter, the veins very prominent on the lower surfaces. E. Mass. to N. J. 
Type collected by E. P. Bicknell on Nantucket Island. 

9. Viburnum Demetrionis Deane & Robinson. Df.mf.trio's Viuuknum. 
(I. F. f. 3441.) A shrub about 4 m. high, the older twigs ash-gray, or at length 
grayish black, the hark exfoliating. Bud-scalos acutish, ciliolate; leaves broadly 
ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base. S 13 
cm. long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and bright green above, soft- putrescent and 
paler beneath, some of the pubescence stellate; petioles 1.5-- cm. long, channeled; 
stipules linear-filiform; cymes peduncled, 4-7-rayed. glandular-pulverulent: calyx- 
teeth ciliate; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends, about I cm. long and 0.5 cm. 
broad, much flattened, with 2 grooves when dry. Bluffs, Benton Co., Mo. 



^JT. FLORA. 

10. Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Appalachian Tea. (I. F. 
f. 3442.) A shrub, 0.6-4 m. high, with ascending gray branches, the twigs some- 
what scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, thick, narrowed or sometimes 
rounded at the base, acute, 2-8 cm. long, generally crenulate, glabrous or very near- 
ly so; peduncle shorter than or equalling the cyme; drupe pink, becoming dark 
blue, globose to ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; stone round or oval, flattened. In swamps 
and wet soil, Newf. to Manitoba, N. J., Ga. and Ala. June-July. 

11. Viburnum nudum L. Larger Withe-rod. (I. F. f. 3443.) Similar 
to the preceding, but usually larger, sometimes 5 m. high. Leaves oval, oval- 
lanceolate, or obovate, entire or obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes 2.2 
dm. long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse, more prominently veined, some- 
times scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle equalling or exceeding the cyme. In 
swamps, L. I. to Fla., Ky. and La. Blooms a little later than the preceding species. 

12. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-berry. Sheep-berry. (I. F. f. 3444.) 
A shrub, or often a small tree. Winter buds acuminate, glabrous; leaves slender- 
petioled, ovate, mostly rounded at the base, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous on 
both sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath, sharply serrulate ; petioles often 
broadened and wavy-margined, 1.8-2.5 cm. long ; cyme several-rayed, 5-13 cm. 
broad ; drupes oval, bluish-black with a bloom, 10-12 mm. long; stone very flat, 
circular or oval. In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, N. J., Ga., Kans., Ind. and 
Mo. Fruit sweet, edible. May. 

. 13. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag-bush. Sloe. (L F. 
f. 3445.) A shrub or small tree, similar to the preceding; but the winter buds 
smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent. Leaves ovate or broadly oval, obtuse 
or acutish, 2-8 cm. long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so; petioles rarely 
margined; cyme several-rayed, 5-10 cm. broad; drupe oval, bluish black and glau- 
cous, 8-10 mm. long; stone very flat on one side, slightly convex on the other, oval. 
In dry soil. Conn, to S. Car., Mich., Kans. and Tex. April-June. Fruit ripe in 
September, sweet and edible. 

Viburnum prunifblium globosum Nash. Drupe globose, about 6 mm. in diameter; 
cymes smaller; flowers expanding: before the leaves. N. J. and Penn. 

14. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. Southern Black Haw. (I. F. 
f. 3446.) A small tree. Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse, finely and sharp- 
ly serrate or serrulate, the veins brown-tomentose beneath; petioles 6-16 mm. 
long, winged, brown-tomentose; cymes large, the principal rays mostly 4; flowers 
6-7 mm. broad; drupe oval, 10-14 mm. long, blue with abloom; seed nearly orbic- 
ular. In woods and thickets, Va. to 111., Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 

15. Viburnum obovatum Walt. Small Viburnum. (I. F. f. 3447.) A 
shrub, 0.6-2.5 m. high, the twigs, petioles and rays of the cyme slightly pubescent, 
or at length glabrate. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or retuse, 
short-petioled, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, or obscurely crenate toward the 
apex, 1-4 cm. long; cymes 3-5 -rayed, 2-5 cm. broad; drupe oval, black, 6-8 mm. 
long; stone lenticular, slightly furrowed on both sides. In swamps and along 
streams, Va. (according to Gray) to Fla. April-May. 

3. TRIO'STEUM L. 
Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or 
sessile leaves narrowed below the middle. Plowers axillary, perfect, sessile, yel- 
lowish, green or purplish, 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes 
elongated, persistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla- tube nar- 
row or campanulate, gibbous at the base, the limb oblique, unequally lobed. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short; anthers linear, in- 
cluded. Ovary 3-5 -celled; ovules I in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3-5 -lobed. 
Drupe coriaceous, orange or red, enclosing 2 or 3 (rarely 4-5) i -seeded nutlets. 
Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute, [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets.] 
Five known species, the following of eastern N. Am., two Japanese, one Hima- 
layan. 

Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish or dull red. 

Leaves, or some of them, connate-perfoliate; fruit orange-yellow, i. T. perfoliatum. 

Leaves narrowed to a sessile base; fruit orange-red. 2. T. aurantiacum. 

Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate ; flowers yellowish. 3. T. angustifolium. 



CA PRIFOLIA CEA E. 8/3 

1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. Stem 
erect, stout, finely glandular-pubescent, 6-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate to broadly 
oval, 1-2.2 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the 
base, soft-pubescent and rugose beneath, sometimes puberulent above, the margins 
entire; bracts linear; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm. long, viscid-pubescent, about the 
length of the calyx-lobes; filaments bearded; drupe 8-12 mm. long, obovoid to 
globose, densely and finely pubescent In rich soil, N. Y. to Minn., Ala., Ky. and 
Kans. May-July. 

2. Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell. Scarlet-fruited Horse-Gentian. 
(I. F. £ 3448, as T. perfoliatum.) Stem 5-12 dm. tall, glandular-puberulent to 
subhirsute; leaves thin, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, broadly ovate -oblong to oblong -lanceo- 
late, acuminate, contracted below the middle into a narrow base, sometimes slight- 
ly connate but never broadly perfoliate, minutely soft-pubescent beneath, thinly 
appressed-hirsutulous to glabrate above; corolla dull red, 14-20 mm. long, with 
larger, more spreading lobes than in T. perfoliatum, the stamens shorter and style 
less exserted; calyx- lobes linear, obtuse, 10-20 mm. long; fruit 12-14 ki"^- ^^^^g) 
larger and more obovoid-oblong than in T. perfoliatum^ and bright orange-red in- 
stead of orange-yellow, Quebec to Minn., Mass., N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Type 
from Van Cortlandt, N. Y. Similar to T. perfoliatum, but less finely pubescent and 
less leafy, the larger leaves greener, thinner and not rugose; the flowers and fruit 
markedly different. Flowers 2-3 weeks earlier than T. perfoliatum. 

3. Triosteu-n angustifolium L. Yellow or Narrow-leaved Horse- 
Gentian. (I. F. f, 3449.) Stem slender, hirsute-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 7-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. 
wide, rough-pubescent, tapering to the sessile base, or the lower smaller, obtuse 
and spatulate; corolla yellowish, I2-I4mm. long; flowers commonly solitary in the 
axils. In rich soil, Conn, and L. I., to N. J., Penn., Ala., 111. and La. May-Aug. 

4. LINNAEA L. 

Creeping, somewhat woody herbs, with opposite evergreen petioled obovate or 
orbicular leaves, and perfect pink or purplish flowers borne in pairs at the summit 
of elongated terminal peduncles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla 
campanulate to funnelform, regular, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, in- 
serted near the base of the corolla-tube, didynamous, included. Ovary 3-celled, 2 
of the cavities with several abortive ovules, the other with I perfect pendulous ovule. 
Fruit nearly globose, 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the other with a single oblong 
seed. Endosperm fleshy; embryo cylindric. [Named by Gronovius for Linnceus, 
with whom the plant was a favorite.] About 4 species of the north temperate zone. 

I. Linnaea Americana Forbes. American Twin-flower. Ground- 
vine. Branches slender, slightly pubescent, trailing, 1.5-6 dm. long; petioles 2-4 
mm. long; leaves obscurely crenate, thick, 6-15 mm. wide, sometimes wider than 
long; peduncles slender, erect, 2-bracted at the simimit, 2-fl(nvered (or rarely pro- 
liferously 4-flowered); pedicels filiform, 6-20 mm. long, 2-bracteolate at the sum- 
mit; flowers nodding, 8-12 mm. long, fragrant; corolla funnelform; calyx-segments 
2 mm. long; ovary subtended by a pair of ovate glandular scales which are C(nini- 
vent over the fruit or adnate to it. In cold woods, Newf. to Alaska, S. Dak., Colo. 
and Md., Penn., Mich., Utah. The European and Asiatic Z. boralis has an al- 
most campanulate corolla, and calyx- segments 3 mm. long. June- Aug. 

5. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. 

Shrubs, with opposite deciduous short-petiolcil simple loaves, and small, white or 
pink, perfect flowers, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, 
the limb 4-5-toothetl. Corolla campanulate or salverform. sometimes gibbous at 
the base, 4-5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, inserted (ni the cinx^lla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of 
the cavities containing several abortive ovules, the other two each with a single 
suspended ovule; style fililbrm; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a 4. celled 2- 
seeded berry. Seeds oblong; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, fruit 
borne together, from the clustered berries.] About 10 species, of N. Am. and Mex. 



874 PLORA. 

Fruit white ; style glabrous. 

Stamens and style included ; clusters usually few-flowered. 

Erect shrub; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long; clusters several-flowered. 

I. S. racemosus. 
Diffuse shrub; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; clusters 1-2-flowered. 2. S. paiccifiorus. 
Stamens and style somewhat exserted; clusters many-flowered. 3. 6". occidentalis. 
Fruit red, style bearded. 4. S. Symphoricarpos. 

1. Symphoricarpos racemosus Mi chx. Snowberry. (I. F. f. 3451.) An 
erect shrub, glabrous or nearly so. Petioles about 4 mm. long; leaves oval, obtuse 
at each end, sometimes a little pubescent beneath, entire, undulate, or those of 
young shoots sometimes dentate; axillary clusters few-flowered, the terminal one 
mostly interruptedly spicate; corolla campanulate, about 6 mm. long, slightly gib- 
bous at the base, bearded within; style glabrous; berry snow-white, globose, loose- 
ly cellular, 6-10 mm. in diameter. In rocky places and on river shores, N. S. to 
Br. Col., Penn., Ky., S. Dak. and in Cal. Commonly planted and sometimes es- 
caped from cultivation. June-Sept. 

2. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry. 
(I. F. f. 3452.) A low spreading diffusely branched shrub, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. 
Leaves broadly oval to orbiculate, entire, softly pubescent, especially along the 
veins beneath; flowers 4-6 mm. long, solitary in the upper axils and 2 or 3 in the 
terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within; berry oval when 
young, becoming globose, white, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In rocky places, Ont. and 
Vt. to N. Y., Penn., S. Dak., Br. Col., Neb. and Colo. June-July. 

3. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. (I. F. f. 3453-) 
Similar to S. racemosus but stouter, with larger paler leaves 2-8 cm. long, more 
or less pubescent beneath, entire, or often undulate-crenate; axillary clusters 
spicate, many-flowered; corolla campanulate, 6 mm. long, lobed to beyond the 
middle; berry nearly globular, white, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Mich, and Minn, to 
Br. Col., Kans. and Colo. June-July. 

4. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Coral-berry. (I. F. f. 
3454.) A shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the branches, purplish, usually pubescent. 
Petioles 2-4 mm. long; leaves oval or ovate, entire or undulate, mostly obtuse at 
each end, glabrous or nearly so above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, 2-4 cm. 
long; clusters dense, many-flowered, at length spicate, shorter than the leaves; co- 
rolla campanulate, sparingly pubescent within, pinkish, about 4 mm. long; stamens 
included; berry purplish red, ovoid-globose, 3-4 mm. long. Along rivers and in 
rocky places, N. J. and Penn. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and Tex. Also 
sparingly escaped from cultivation farther east. July. 

6. LONl'CERA L. 
Erect or climbing shrubs, with opposite mostly entire leaves; flowers spicate, 
capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly 
globular, the limb slightly 5 -toothed. Corolla often gibbous at the base, the limb 
5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous, pendulous; style slender, stigma 
capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely i -celled, few-seeded. Seeds with 
fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. [Named for Adam Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a 
German botanist.] About 100 species, of the north temperate zone, a few in trop- 
ical recrions. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western N. Am. 

* Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads, or interrupted spikes; upper leaves 

connate-perfoliate. 

Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. 

Corolla glabrous within. i. L. CaprifoUum. 

Corolla pubescent within. 

Leaves pubescent, at least beneath ; corolla yellow. 

Leaves pubescent on both sides, at least when young, ciliate ; corolla slightly 

gibbous at base. 2. L. hirsuta. 

Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; corolla-tube strongly gibbous at 
the base. 3- L. glaucescens. 

Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. 
Corolla greenish yellow, the tube somewhat gibbous. 

Corolla-tube 6-10 mm. long; filaments hirsute at the base. 

4. L. dioica. 



CA PRIFOLIA CEA E. 875 

Corolla-tube 10-14 rn™- long; filaments nearly glabrous. 

5. L. Sullivantii. 
Corolla bright yellow or orange, its slender tube not gibbous. 

6. L. /lava. 
Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 7, L. senipervirens. 

• * Climbing vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles, 

8. L. Japom'ca, 

* * * Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles (Genus Xylosteum). 
Bracts of the peduncle subulate, linear, minute, or none. 

Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent, or cihate. 

Leaves pale or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate-veined. 

Peduncles shorter than the flowers ; fruit blue ; leaves ciliate. 

9. L. coerulea. 
Peduncles equalling the flowers ; fruit red ; leaves not ciliate. 

10. L. oblongifolia. 
Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not strongly reticulate ; fruit red. 

11. L. ciliata. 
Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 12. L. Xylosteum. 

Leaves cordate, glabrous. 13. L. Tatarica. 

Bracts of the peduncle broad, foliaceous. 14. L. involucrata. 

1. Lonicera Caprifolium L. Italian or Perfoliate Honeysuckle. 
(I. F. f. 3455.) Climbing high, glabrous, somewhat glaucous. Upper pairs of 
leaves connate-perfoliate, glaucous beneath, the others sessile or short-petioled, 
oval or obovate, rounded at the base, entire; flowers in terminal capitate sessile 
clusters; corolla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, purple without, the limb white within; upper 
lip 4-lobed, the lower one narrow, reflexed; tube slightly curved, not gibbous; 
stamens and style much exserted; berries red. Thickets, N. Y., N. J. and Penn. 
to Mich., and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. May-June. 

2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 3456.) Twin- 
ing; branches hirsute-pubescent. Upper one or two pairs of leaves connate-per- 
foliate, the others oval or ovate, short-petioled or sessile, softly pubescent beneath, 
dark green and appressed-pubescent above, ciliate, obtuse or obtusish, 5-9 cm. long; 
flowers verticillate in short terminal interrupted spikes; corolla about 2.5 cm. 
long, viscid-pubescent without, orange-yellow, the tube slender, somewhat gibbous 
at the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped, about as long as the tube; stamens and 
style exserted; filaments hirsute below. In woodlands, Vt. and Out. to Manitoba, 
Penn., Ohio and Mich. June-July. 

3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas' Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 
3457.) Similar to the preceding, the branches glabrous. Leaves glabrous above, 
pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath, 3-9 cm. long, charts-ceous-margined, not 
ciliate, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; flowers verticillate in a short 
interrupted spike; corolla yellow, changing to reddish, pubescent or puberulent 
without, pubescent within, 2.5 cm. long, or less, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the 
tube; stamens nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; style hirsute; both exsert- 
ed. Ont. to Saskatchewan, Penn., N. Car., Ohio and Kans. May-June. 

4. Lonicera dioica L. Smooth- leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle. 
(I. F. f. 3458.) Glabrous, twining or shrubby, 1-3 m. long. Leaves glaucous 
beneath, 3-8 cm. long, the upper connate-perfoliate. oval, obtuse; the lower sessile 
or short-petioled, narrower; flowers several in a terminal cluster, yellowish green 
and tinged with purple, pubescent within, the tube gibbous at the base, scarcely 
longer than the 2-lipped limb; stamens exserted with the style; berries red, 6-8 
mm. in diameter. In rocky and usually dry situations, Quebec to Manitoba, N. 
Car., Ohio and Mich. May-June. 

5. Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray. Sullivant's Honeysuckle. (I. F. 
f. 3459.) Similar to the preceding, very glaucous. Leaves oval or obovate, glaucous 
and commonly pubescent beneath, obtuse; flowers larger than those of the preced- 
ing species, the tube slightly exceeding the limb, pale yellow; fruit vellow, 6 mm. 
in diameter. In woodlands, Tenn., Ohio and western Ont. (^?) to Wis. and Mani- 
toba. May-June. 

6. Lonicera fl^va Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 3460.) Twin- 
ing or trailing, glabrous. Leaves broadly (wal. or elliptic, entire, obtuse, short- 
petioled, or the upper sessile, green above, glaucous beneath, the pairs subtendin^^ 



876 FLORA, 

flowers connate-perfoliate; flowers fragrant, in a terminal interrupted spike; cor- 
olla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, the slender tube pubescent above within, the limb strongly 2- 
lipped, about half as long as the tube; filaments and style glabrous, exserted; fruit 
about 6 mm. in diameter. N. Car. to Ky., Ga. and Ala. April-May. 

7. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle. (I. F. 
f. 3461.) Glabrous, high climbing, evergreen in the South. Leaves oval, ob- 
tuse, 5-8 cm. long, or the lower ones smaller, narrower and acutish, the upper 
pairs connate-perfoliate, all glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, 
dark green above ; flowers verticillate in terminal interrupted spikes ; corolla scarlet 
or yellow, 2-3.7 cm. long, glabrous, the tube narrow, slightly expanded above; 
stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries scarlet, about 6 mm. in diameter. In 
low grounds, or on hillsides, Conn, to Fla., Neb. and Tex. Escaped from cultiva- 
tion farther north. April-Sept. 

8. Lonicera Japonica Thumb. Japanese or Chinese Honeysuckle. (I. F. 
f. 3462.) Pubescent, climbing or trailing. Leaves short- petioled, ovate, entire, 
2.5-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous 
above, pale and usually sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers leafy-bracted at the 
base, white or pink, fading to yellow, pubescent without, the tube longer than 
the strongly 2-lipped limb; stamens and style exserted; berries black, 6-8 mm. in 
diameter. Freely escaped from cultivation, N. Y. and Penn. to N. Car., Fla. and 
W. Va. Nat. from eastern Asia. June-Aug. 

9. Lonicera coeriilea L. Blue or Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle. (I. F. 
f. 3463.) Shrubby, 3-9 dm. high, the twigs sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves 
oval or obovate, 2.5-4 cm. long, obtuse, thick, pale and pubescent beneath, glab- 
rous above, at least when mature, ciliate; flowers short-peduncled, subulate-bracted, 
yellow, 12-16 mm. long; corolla-tube gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 
its lobes oblong, equalling or slightly exceeding the tube; ovaries of the two flowers 
becoming united and forming a bluish-black 2-eyed berry about 5 mm. in diame- 
ter. In low grounds, Newf. to Alaska, R. L, Penn., Wis. and Cal. Also in 
Europe and Asia. June. 

10. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swaisip Fly-Honeysuckle. 
(I. F. f, 3464.) Leaves oval-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so when 
mature, downy-pubescent when young; flowers in pairs on long slender peduncles; 
corolla yellow, or purplish within, 16-18 mm. long, gibbous at the base, deeply 2- 
lipped; bracts of the peduncle minute or none; ovaries remaining distinct, or be- 
coming united, the berries red or crimson. In swamps, Quebec to Manitoba, Vt., 
N. Y., Penn. and Mich. May-June. 

11. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 3465.) 
Shrubby, 9-15 dm. high, the twigs glabrous. Petioles 4-6 mm. long, very slender; 
leaves ovate or sometimes oval, acute or acutish, rounded or cordate at the base, 
villous-pubescent beneath when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, but the 
margins strongly ciliate; flowers alDout 16 mm. long; peduncles long-filiform; 
bracts very small, subulate; corolla-limb nearly regular, its lobes short; berries 
separate, ovoid, light red, about 6 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, N. S. to 
Manitoba, Conn., Penn. and Mich. May. 

12. Lonicera Xylosteum L. Fly Honeysuckle. (L F. f. 3466.) A 
shrub, 9-21 dm. high, the foliage densely appressed-pubescent when young. Leaves 
ovate, oval, or obovate, entire, short- petioled, rather pale green, obtuse, or the up- 
per acute! persistently pubescent beneath, 2.5-8 cm. long; peduncles about as long 
as the flowers, or longer; flowers yellowish white; bracts linear- subulate; berries 
scarlet. Escaped from cultivation in N. Y. Native of Europe and Asia. May-June. 

13. Lonicera Tatarica L. Tartarian Bush-Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 3467.) 
A glabrous shrub, 1.5-3 ni. high. Leaves ovate, rather thin, cordate, not ciliate; 
flowers in pairs on slender axillary peduncles; corolla pink to white, 14-16 mm. 
long, the tube gibbous at the base, the limb irregularly and deeply 5-lobed, some- 
what 2-lipped: peduncles 2.5 cm. long; bracts linear, sometimes as long as the 
corolla-tube; stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries separate, red. Escaped 
from cultivation, Ont. and Vt. to N. Y., N. J. and Ky. Native of Asia. May. 

14. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. Involucred Fly-Honey- 
SUCKLe. (I. F. f. 3468.) A glabrate or pubescent shrub, 1-3 m. high. Leaves, 
short-petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubes- 



ADOXACEAE. %y7 

cent, at least when young; peduncles axillary, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3-flowered; bracts 
ovate or oval, often cordate ; bractlets large, at length surrounding the fruit; 
flowers yellow; corolla pubescent, funnelform, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; 
berries separate, globose, or oval, nearly black, about 8 mm. in diameter. In 
woodlands, Quebec to Ont., Mich., Alaska, Ariz., Utah and Cal. June-July. 

7. DIERVILLA Moench. 

Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and yellow cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx- 
tube slender, narrowed below, the limb with 5 linear persistent lobes. Corolla nar- 
rowly funnelform, the tube slightly gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 5- 
lobed. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous; style fili- 
form; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at the 
summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed-coat minutely reticulated; 
endosperm fleshy ; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the 
plant to Tournefort. ] Thre.e species, the following and two in the mountains of the 
Southern States. 

I. Diervilla Diervilla (L.) MacM. Bush Honeysuckle. (I. F. f. 3469.) 
A shrub, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so, with terete branches. Leaves 
short-petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate, usually rounded at the base, 5-14 cm. 
long, irregularly crenulate and often slightly ciliate; peduncles terminal, or in the 
upper axils, slender, I-5 -flowered; flowers about 18 mm. long; corolla more or less 
pubescent both without and within, 3 of its lobes somewhat united; capsule gla- 
brous, slender, beaked. In dry or rocky woodlands, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 

Family 3. ADOXACEAE Fritsch. 
Moschatel Family. 

Glabrous slender herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal 
and opposite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in 
terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, 
the limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla rotate, regular 4-6-lobed. Stamens twice 
as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted in pairs on its tube ; fila- 
ments short; anthers peltate, i-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style 3-5- 
parted ; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous. Frui't a small drupe with 
3-5-nutlets. Endosperm cartilaginous. The family contains only the 
following monotypic genus. 

I. ADOXA L. 

Characters of the family. [Greek, without glory, i.e., insignificant.] 
I. Adoxa Moschatellina L. Musk-root. Hollow-root. Moschatel. 
(1. F. f. 3470-) Stems simple, weak, erect, 7-15 cm. high, bearing a pair of oppo- 
site ternate leaves usually above the middle. Basal leaves 1-4, loiig-petioled. ter- 
nately compound, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or s- 
parted, the lobes obtuse and mucronulate; head 6-8 mm. in diameter, of 3-6 flowers; 
corolla of the terminal flower 4-5-lobed, those of the others usually 5-6-lobed; 
drupe green, bearimi" the persistent calvx-lobes above the micUlle. In shaded roekv 
places, Arctic Am. to Iowa, Wis., S. Dak. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
Odor musky. May. 

Order 8. VALERIANAlES. 

Herbs, the corolla gamopetalous. Stamens mostly fewer than the 
corolla-lobes; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, i-celled with i pendulous 
ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. 

Ovary 3-celled; 2 cavities empty. Earn. i. ^'alfvianacfac. 

Ovary i-celled; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 2. Dipsacaa\ie. 



8/8 FLORA. 

Family i. VALERIANACEAE^Batsch. 

Valerian Family. 

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small flowers, in 
corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 
its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in 
fruit. Corolla epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed, and 
sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spreading, mostly 5- 
lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities containing a single ana- 
tropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a 
single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none; embryo straight ; 
cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 275 species, of wide distribution. 
Fruit i-celled ; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like ; tall herbs, i. Valeriajia. 
Fruit 3-celled ; calyx-lobes minute or none; low herbs. 2. Valerianella. 

I. VALERIANA L. 

Perennial strong-smelling herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose flowers 
paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 plumose teeth, short and inroUed in 
flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnelform 
or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5- 
lobed. Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. 
Fruit compressed, i -nerved on the back, 3 -nerved on the front. [Name Middle 
Latin, from valere, to be strong.] About 185 species, mostly in the north temper- 
ate zone and the Andes. Besides the following, 6 or 7 others occur in southern and 
western N. Am. 

Corolla-tube very slender, 1-2 cm. long; basal leaves cordate. i. V. paucifiora. 
Corolla-tube 2-6 mm., long; basal leaves not cordate. 

Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate. 

2. V. edulis. 
Leaves thin, reticulate-veined, the segments dentate. 

Lower leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. 

Segments of middle stem-leaves 9-13, usually sinuate-dentate; corolla 3.5-5 

mm. wide. 3. V. uliginosa. 

Segments of middle stem-leaves 5-7, entire ; corolla 2.5-3 ™n"- wide. 

4. V. septentrionalis. 
All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent, especially at the nodes. 

5. V. officinalis. 

1. Valeriana paucifiora Michx. Large-flowered Valerian. (L F. 
f. 3471.) Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal. Stem glabrous, 3-9 dm. high, 
often sending out runners; leaves thin, the basal ones slender-petioled, simple, or 
sometimes with a pair of small segments on the petiole, broadly ovate, cordate, acute, 
crenate or dentate; stem leaves pinnately 3-7-divided, the terminal segment larger 
than the others; cymes terminal, clustered; corolla pink; bracts linear; fruit ob- 
long or oblong-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, glabrous or puberulent; bristles of the 
calyx at length elongated and plumose. In moist soil, Penn. to W. Va., 111., Ky. 
and Mo. May-June. 

2. Valeriana edulis Nutt. Edible Valerian. Tobacco-root. (I. F. 
f. 3472.) Erect, 3-12 dm. high, from a deep carrot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, 
or nearly so, the young leaves commonly pubescent and the older ones ciliate, some- 
times glabrous; basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 0.7-3 d™- long, obtuse, nar- 
rowed into margined petioles, parallel-veined, entire or with a few obtuse entire 
lobes; stem leaves few, sessile, pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate segments; 
flowers yellowish white, 4 mm. long, polygamo-dicecious, paniculate; bracts 
lanceolate, short; fruit narrowly ovate, glabrous or nearly so, 4 mm. long, at length 
exceeded by the plumose calyx-teeth. In wet open places, Ont. to Br. Col., Ohio, 
Wis., Ariz, and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

3. Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Wood or Swamp Valerian. (I. 
F. f. 3473.) Erect, glabrous or nearly so, 3-7.5 dm. high. Rootstocks creeping or 
ascending; basal leaves petioled, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few 



VALERIANACEAE. 8/9 

obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 5-25 cm. long; stem leaves 3 or 4 pairs, petioled, 
sparingly hairy when young, pinnately parted into 3-13 ovate to lanceolate, den- 
tate or rarely entire segments; inflorescence cymose -paniculate; flowe-rs pink or 
nearly white, 6-8 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate; fruit ovate, glabrous, 4-5 
mm. long. In wet soil, Me. to N. Y., Ont. and Mich. May-Aug. [F". sylvatica 
uliginosa T. & G. ; V. sylvatica Beck, not Banks.] 

4. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. Northern Valerian. Erect, perfectly 
glabrous throughout or the inflorescence minutely puberulent, 2-4 dm. high. Basal 
leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 2-10 cm. long, entire; stem-leaves usually 3 
pairs, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; segments 5-7, oval to linear -lanceolate, 
entire or merely undulate on the margins; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, in 
flower usually congested, flowers white, about 5 mm. long; fruit glabrous, 3-4 
mm. long. In wet soil on hillsides, Newf., subarctic America to Br. Col. and 
south in the Rockies to N. Mex. \y. sylvatica Banks; not F. W. Scmidt.] 

5. Valeriana officinalis L. Garden Valerian. (I. F. f. 3474.) Erect, 
6-15 dm. high. Leaves pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-veined lanceo- 
late acute or acuminate segments, sharply dentate, or those of the upper leaves en- 
tire, usually with some scattered hairs beneath; flowers pink or nearly white, about 
4 mm. long ; inflorescence of several rather compact corymbed cymes ; bracts linear- 
lanceolate; fruit glabrous, ovate, about 3 mm. long. Escaped from gardens to road- 
sides, N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe and Asia. June -Aug. 

2. VALERIANELLA Poll. 

Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of 
the stem sessile, often dentate, the flowers in compact or capitate cymes, in our 
species corymbed or panicled. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. 
Calyx-limb short or obsolete in flower, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the 
base, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; style minutely 3-lobed at the sum- 
mit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the 
fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian.] About 50 species, of the northern 
hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western N. Am. 

Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it. 

Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick. i. V. Locusta, 

Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. V. chetiopodifoha. 
Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved. 

Groove of the fruit broad and shallow. 3. V. radiata. 

Groove of the fruit narrow. 4. V. stenocarpa. 

Fruit globose or saucer-shaped. 5. V. Woodsiana, 

Corolla salverform, the slender tube much longer than the limb. 6. V. longifiora. 

1. Valerianella Locusta (L.) Bettke. European Corn Salad. (I. F. 
f- 3475-) Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 1.5-3 dm. high, usually repeated- 
ly forked. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. rounded and obtuse at the apex, 
3-5 cm. long, entire; upper stem leaves oblong lanceolate, usually dentate; pod- 
uncles short; cymes 6-12 mm. broad, almost capitate, bracts linear or linear-ob- 
long; corolla blue, about 2 mm. long; fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, 2 mm. 
long, glabrous, depressed-orbicular in outline, the two empty cavities smaller than 
the fertile one, which has a corky mass at its back. In waste places, N. Y., N. J. 
and Penn. to Va. and La. Nat. from Europe. April-July. 

2. Valerianella chenopodiiolia (Pursh) DC. Goose-foot Corn Salad., 
(I. F. f. 3476.) (ilabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves entire, or the basal and lower 
ones repand, spatulate. obtuse; upper stem leaves obUwg or lanceolate, 2.5-S cm. 
long; cymes dense, 12-18 mm. broad, at length slcndci-pcdunclod; bracts lanceo- 
late or oblong -lanceolate; corolla while, about 2 mm. long; fruit triangular-pyra- 
midal. 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the two emjitv 
cavities narrower tlian the fertile one but about as deep. In moist soil, western 
N. Y. to Va., Wis. and K}'. May-July. 

3. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Beaked Corn Salad. (I. F. \. 3477.) 
Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower loaves 
spatulate, obtuse, entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate; cymes S 12 mm. 
broad, dense; bracts small, lanceolate or oblong-laucoolate; corolla white. 2 mm. 
long; fruit finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous, 2 mm. long, i mm. thick, tlie 



88o FLORA. 

empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the beaked fertile one and separated 
from each other by a broad shallow groove. In moist soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich., 
Mo. and Tex. May -July. 

4. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm.) Krok. Narrow-celled Corn 
Salad. (I. F. f. 3478.) Similar to the preceding. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slight- 
ly smaller, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; sterile cavities not as thick as the ob- 
long seed-bearing one, and separated from each other by a narrow groove. Kans. 
and Mo. to Tex. March-June. 

5. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Woods' Corn Salad. 
(I. F. f. 3479.) Usually larger than any of the preceding species, sometimes 9 dm. 
high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire; up- 
per leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, usually dentate; cymes 6-12 mm. broad, 
few-flowered; bracts comparatively large, lanceolate; corolla white, about 2 mm. 
long; fruit glabrous, nearly globular, about 2 mm. in diameter, the empty cavities 
inflated, introrse with a depression or concavity between them, as broad as the 
fertile one. In moist soil, N. Y., Penn. and Ohio to Tenn. and Tex. May-July. 

Valerianella Woodsiana umbilicata (Sulliv.) A. Gray. Empty cells of the fruit 
bladdery-inflated, curved together at the ends, forming- a deep concavity. Same range. 

Valerianella Woodsiana patellkria (SulHv.) A. Gray. Empty cells divergent, the 
fruit becoming saucer-shaped. Ohio and Penn. 

6. Valerianella longifl6ra(T. & G.) Walp. Long-flowered Corn Salad. 
(I. F. f. 3480.) Glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones 
spatulate, 2.5-7 cm. long, those of the stem oblong or spatulate-oblong, smaller, 
somewhat clasping; cymes dense, corymbed; corolla salverform, pink or purplish, 
about 12 mm. long, the almost filiform tube 3-4 times as long as the limu, the lobes 
linear-oblong; bracts with small gland-tipped teeth; friiit broadly ovate or nearly 
orbicular, the empty cavities divergent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one. 
In moist rocky situations. Mo. and Ark. April-May. 

Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. 
Teasel Family. 

Herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect flowers 
in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elon- 
gated or globose receptacle, bracted and involucellate. Calyx-tube ad- 
nate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into 
spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 
2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; fila- 
ments distinct ; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, i-celled ; style filiform ; 
stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral ; ovule i, anatropous. 
Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed- 
coat membranous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight. About 7 genera 
and 140 species, of the Old World. 

Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. i, Dipsacus 

Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2.' Scabiosa. 

I. DIPSACUS L. 

Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs, with usually large 
leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads in our 
species. Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny point- 
ed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed, with a somewhat spreading border. Limbof the^calyx 
cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2 -lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 
4. Stigma oblique or lateral. [Greek, to thirst, the leaves of some species hold- 
ing water.] About 15 species, of the Old World. 

Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. i. D. sylvestris. 

Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fullonum. 

I. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild Teasel. (I. F. f. 3481.) Biennial, 
stout, with numerous prickles, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high. 
Leaves sessile, or the upper connate-perfoliate, lanceolate or oblong, the upper 
acuminate and generally entire, the lower crenate or sometimes pinnatifid, often 
3 dm. long; heads becoming cylindric, at length 7-10 cm. long; flowers lilac, 



CUCURBITACEAE. 88l 

8-12 mm. long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved upward, as long as the head 
or longer; scales of the receptacle ovate, tipped with a straight subulate barbed 
awn, usually exceeding the flowers. In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Va., west 
to Mich. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

2. Dipsacus fallonum L. Fuller's Teasel. (I. F. f. 3482.) Similar to 
the preceding species. Leaves of the involucre, or some of them, shorter than the 
heads, spreading or at length reflexed; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips, 
about equalling the flowers, which are usually paler than in D. sylvestris. About 
wool mills, Eastern and Middle States. Fugitive from Europe. 

2. SCABIOSA L. 
Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue, pink, or white flowers in 
peduncled involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. Scales of the 
receptacle small, .capillary, or none. Involucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins 4-toothed 
or expanded. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft, oblique or 
2-lipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene adnate to 
the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as 
a remedy for scaly eruptions. ] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 

Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid ; receptacle hairy, not scaly. i. S. arvensis. 

Leaves entire, or toothed ; receptacle scaly. 2. S. australis, 

1. Scabiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious. (I. F. f. 3483.) Perennial, 
pubescent, simple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves peti- 
oled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pinnatifid, 0.7-2 dm. long; 
upper leaves sessile, often deeply pinnatifid; heads long-peduncled, depressed- 
globose, 2.5-3.7 cm. broad; flowers lilac-purple, about 12 mm. long; receptacle 
depressed-hemispheric; achene angled, crowned with the 8 or 10 linear-subulate 
calyx-teeth. In cultivated fields and waste places, Mass., Vt., N. Y. and Penn. 
Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Scabiosa australis Wulf. Southern Scabious. (I. F. f. 3484.) Per- 
ennial, puberulent, at least above, slender, 4-9 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceo- 
late to oblong, mostly obtuse, 1-3 dm. long, the petiole often as long as the blade, 
or longer; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, or toothed, 
short-petioled, or the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of purple flowers 
long-peduncled, rather less than 2.5 cm. in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit; bracts 
of the involucre glabrous; receptacle scaly; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth. 
Nat. from Europe in N. Y. and Mass. Summer. 

Scabiosa succisa L., similar to the preceding species, but with globose fruiting 
heads and hirsute involucre, is reported from Cape Breton Island. 

Order 9. CAMPANULAlES. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes 
separate in Cucurbitaceae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer 
in the Cucurbitaceae); anthers united except in Camf)a7n(hi and Sf^ecu- 
laria of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnta of the 
Compositae. Ovarv inferior. 
Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky. 

Endosperm none; flowers monoecious or dioecious; our species vines. 

Fam. I, Cucurbitacfae. 
Enaosperm present, fleshy; flowers perfect. Fam. 2. Campatiulaceae. 

Flowers in involucrate heads. 

Flowers all expanded into ravs (Hgulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 3. Cichoriacfae. 
Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays; juice very rarelv milky. 

Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fani, 4. Ambrosuicfae. 

Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnict). 

Fam. 5. Compositae, 

Family i. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. 
Gourd Fiimily. 
Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, oetioled, 
generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers monoecious or dice- 



882 FLORA. 

cious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed, the 
lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, 
separate, or united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 
(sometimes i), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a i-celled 
anther; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3- 
celled ; style terminal, simple, or lobed ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 
pepo, indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregu- 
larly ; or sometimes dry and membranous. Seeds usually fiat; endo- 
sperm none. About 90 genera and 650 species, mainly of tropical regions. 

Flowers large, yellow ; prostrate vine. i. Cucurbita. 
Flowers small, white or greenish ; climbing vines. 

Fruit glabrous ; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria. 
Fruit prickly ; seeds i or few, erect or pendulous. 

Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several-seeded. 

Leaves 3-7-lobed ; anthers 3. • 3. Micrampelis. 

Leaves digitately compound ; anther i. 4. Cyclanthera. 

Fruit indehiscent, i-seeded. 5. Sicyos. 

1. CUCURBITA L. 

Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually 
lobed leaves mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flow- 
ers. Calyx-tube campanulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to 
about the middle, the lobes recurving. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the 
anthers linear, more or less united, and no pistil. Pistillate flowers with I pistil; 
ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentse; style short, thick; stigmas 3-5, 
each 2-lobed, papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a thick rind, 
many-seeded, indehiscent. [The Latin name of the gourd.] About 10 species, 
natives of America, Asia, and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
in the southern U. S. 

I. Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K. Missouri Gourd. (L F. f. 3485.) 
Stem stout, rough, hirsute. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles stout, very 
rough; leaves ovate-triangular, thick, somewhat fleshy, cordate or truncate at the 
base, acute, 1-3 dm. long, usually slightly 3-5 -lobed, denticulate, rough above, 
canescent beneath; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla 
6-10 cm. long; pepo globose or globose -ovoid, 5-8 cm. in diameter, smooth, its 
pulp fibrous and bitter. Dry soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex., west to southernCal. 
May-Sept. 

Cucurbita Pepo ^'j ^^ PUMPKIN, is found occasionally in waste places. 

Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the WATERMELON, is found escaped from cultivation 
along river shores in Va. and W. Va. and in the Southern States. 

2. MELOTHRIA L. 

Slender vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, thin leaves, and small white 
or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. 
Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5 -parted. Stamens 
3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil want- 
ing or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with I pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below 
the corolla; placentse 3; ovules numerous; style short; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit 
small, berry -like, pulpy. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia 
Cretica.'] About 64 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
following 2 or 3 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. (I. F. f. 3486.) Root 
perennial. Stem slender, branched, glabrous, grooved; leaves nearly orbicular in 
outline, finely pubescent or scabrous'on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or 
5-angled, denticulate or dentate; tendrils puberulent; staminate flowers 4-7, race- 
mose, borne on a peduncle 1-2.5 cm. long; fertile flowers solitary, slender-pedun- 
cled; corolla greenish white, about 4 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, green, 8-12 mm. long. 
In thickets. Penn. (Schweinitz, according to Cogniaux), Va. to Fla., Ind., Ky., 
La. and Mex. June-Sept. 

3. micrampelis Raf. 

Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, 
and small white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-lobed. Corolla 



CAMPANULACEAE. 883 

deeply 5-6-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers more or less 
coherent. Pibtillate flowers with a 2 -celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
very short; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit fleshy or dry at maturity, densely 
spiny, i-2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity, dehiscent at the summit. 
Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine.] About 25 species, natives of 
America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the western U. S. 

I. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Wild Balsam Apple. Mock 
Apple. (I. F. f. 3487.) Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved, climbing to 
a height of 4.5-7.5 m., sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Leaves thin, 
roughish on both sides, deeply cordate, 3-7 -lobed to about the middle, the lobes 
triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, remotely serrulate; staminate flowers 
very numerous in narrow compound racemes; pistillate flowers solitary, or rarely 
2 together; fruit ovoid, green, about 5 cm. long, armed with slender spines. Along 
rivers, and in waste places, Me. to Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 

4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. 

Climbing, mostly glabrous vines, with usually digitately compound leaves and 
small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, 5 -toothed. Corolla 
rotate, deeply 5-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or panicled, the stamens 
united into a central columxU; anther I, annular in our species. Pistillate flowers 
solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, 1-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity; 
style short; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at 
length irregularly dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle-anther.] About 40 
species, natives of America. 

I. Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G.) Arn. Cut-leaved Cyclanthera. 
(I. F. f. 3488.) Annual; stem grooved and angular, glabrous, branching, climb- 
ing to a height of 9-12 dm., or straggling. Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate, the 
leaflets oval or oblong, acute at each end, 1-5 cm. long, rough on both sides, den- 
tate, or somewhat lobed; staminate fl(jwers racemose, borne on a peduncle 1-5 cm. 
long; pistillate flowers solitary, very short-peduncled; fruit narrowed at the base, 
slightly oblique, about 2.5 cm. long, armed with slender spines. Thickets, Kans. 
to Tex., La. and northern Mex. July-Sept. 

5. Sl'CYOS L. 

Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and 
small white or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 
5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5- parted nearly to the base. Staminate 
flowers corymbose or racemose, with 3 stamens, the filaments vmited into a short 
column, the anthers coherent. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long- 
peduncled clusters; ovary oblong or fusiform, i-celled; ovule i, pendulous; style 
short, slender; stigmas usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, i -seeded. [Greek, a 
cucumber or gourd.] About 35 species, of America and Australasia. Besides the 
following, 2 others occur in the southwestern States. 

I. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber. Star Cucimber. 
Nimble Kate. (I. F. f. 3489.) Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, 
climbing to a height of 4.5-7.5 m., or trailing. Leaves nearly orbicular, rough on 
both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at the base, 5 -angled or 5 -lobed, the lobes 
acute or acuminate, denticulate; staminate flowers loosely corymbose or racemose, 
borne on elongated peduncles; fertile flowers capitate, their peduncles shorter; 
fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellowish, about 1.3 cm. long, pubescent, armed with 
slender rough spines. Along river banks and in moist places. Quebec and Ont. to 
Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and Tex. Nat. in eastern Europe. June-Sept. 

Family 2. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. 
Be 11 -flower Family. 
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate 
exstipulate simple leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and perfect 
flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostlv 5-lobed or 
5-parted, the lobes equal or sliohtly uneqiial. valvate or imbricate in the 
bud, commonly i:>ersistent. Corolla gainopetalous, regular or irregular, 
inserted at the line where the calyx becomes free from the ovarv, its 



884 FLORA. 

tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular, or more 
or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided into separate petals. Stamens 
5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla ; filaments 
separate or connate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate, or united into 
a ring or tube. Ovary 2-5-celled (rarely 6-io-celled), with the placentae 
projecting from the axis, or i-celled witli two parietal placentae; style 
simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed, pilose by a tuft or ring of hairs, or' 
glabrous ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds numer- 
ous, small; embryo minute, straiglit ; endosperm fleshy. About 60 
genera and 1500 species, of wide distribution. 

Corolla regular, campanulate or rotate ; anthers separate. 
Capsule opening by lateral pores or valves. 

Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. i. Campanula. 

Corolla rotate ; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. Specularia. 

Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves. 3. Jasione. 

Corolla irregular ; anthers connate around the style. 4, Lobelia. 

I. CAMPANULA L. 

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers regular, 
complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx-tube hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or 
prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5-lobed or 5 -parted (rarely 3-4- 
parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or 5 -parted. Stamens 5, free 
from the corolla; filaments usually dilated at the base. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; 
stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the persistent 
calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5 
small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Dimin- 
utive of the Latin campana^ a bell.] About 250 species, natives of the northern 
hemisphere. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in southern andwestern 
N. Am. 

* Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or panicled. 

Flower solitary at the end of the stem; arctic and alpine plants. 

Corolla 8-12 mm. long; capsule-openings near the summit. i. C tinijlora. . 
Corolla 12-25 rnm. long; capsule-openings near the base. . 2. C. rotu7idifolia. 
Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate. 
Corolla 14-30 mm. long. 

Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate. 2. C. rotundifolia. 

Leaves all ovate to lanceolate ; plants pubescent or scabrous. 

Flowers pedicelled in i-sided racemes. 3. C. rapunculoides. 

Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. 4, C. gloinerata. 

Corolla 4-12 mm. long. 

Plant rough; style not exserted. 

Flowers white, sometimes tinged with blue, 5-8 mm. long; leaves mostly 

linear-lanceolate, crenulate. 5. C. aparmotdes. 

Flowers blue, 10-12 mm. long ; leaves linear, denticulate with minute 
callous teeth. 6. C. uliginosa. 

Plant smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid; style long-exserted. 

7. C. divaricata, 
** Corolla rotate; flowers spicate. 8. C. Aniei'icana. 

1. Campanula uniflora L. Arctic Harebell or Bellflower. (L F. 
f. 3490.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, i-flowered, 3-15 cm. high. 
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly den- 
tate, 18-35 c^- lo^g) o^ ^^^ lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed 
into petioles; flower erect; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous or pubescent, shorter 
than or equalling the lobes; corolla campanulate, 8-12 mm. long, blue; capsulr 
cylindric or club-shaped, about 12 mm. long, erect, opening by valves near the 
summit. Lab. and Arctic Am. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 

2. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. Blue Bells of Scotland. 
(L F. f. 3491.) Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect or 
diffuse, often several from the same root, 1.5-9 dm. high. Basal leaves nearly 
orbicular or broadly ovate, usually cordate, slender-petioled, 6-25 mm. wide, den- 



CA MP A NULA CEA E. 885 

tate or entire, often wanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, 
acute, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short petioles and some- 
what spatulate; flowers, racemose (rarely solitary), drooping or spreading; calyx- 
lobes subulate, spreading, longer than the short-turbinate tube; corolla blue, cam- 
panulate; capsule obconic or ovoid, pendulous, ribbed, opening by short clefts 
near the base. On moist rocks and in meadows. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., 
Neb., in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. Also in Europe 
and Asia. June-Sept. 

Campanula rotundif61ia Langsdorfikna (A. DC.) Britton. Flower commonly 
solitary and erect, nearly or quite 2.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes nearly filiform, spreading 
or deflexed. Summits of the White Mts. of N. H.; Quebec to Lab. and Arctic Am. 

Campanula rotundifolia velutina DC. Stem and leaves pubescent or canescent. 
Sand hills, Burt Lake, Mich, (according to A. Gray); Newcastle, N. Y. (according to 
J. M. Bates). 

3. Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping or European Bellflower. 
(I. F. f. 3492.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous or pubescent, sim- 
ple or rarely branched, leafy, erect, rather stout, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves pubescent 
or puberulent, crenate-denticulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 7--15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, slender- 
petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, smaller; flowers short-pedicelled, 
drooping, 25-35 mm. long; corolla deeply 5-lobed, much longer than the linear 
spreading calyx-lobes; capsule globose, nodding, about 8 mm. in diameter, open- 
ing near the base. In fields and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., southern N. Y. 
and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

4. Campanula glomerata L. Clustered Bellflower. Dane's Blood. 
(I. F. f. 3493.) Perennial by short rootstocks; stem stout, simple, erect, pubescent, 
leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate, the lower and basal 
ones oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper 
lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping, smaller; flowers about 25 
mm. long, sessile, erect and spreading; corolla deeply 5-lobed; calyx-lobes lanceo- 
late, acuminate; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about 6 mm. high, opening near 
the base. In fields and along roadsides, eastern Mass. Nat. from Europe. June- Aug. 

5. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower. 
(I. F. f. 3494.) Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak, reclining or dif- 
fuse, rough with short retrorse bristles, leafy, paniculately branched, 1.5-6 dm. 
long. Leaves lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, sparingly crenulate with low 
teeth, or entire, rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both ends, 12-35 rn'Ti' 
long, 2-6 mm. wide; flowers paniculate, 5-8 mm. long; corolla deeply 5-cleft, 
its tube equalling or longer than the triangular-lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; cap- 
sule subglobose, opening near the base. In grassy swamps, N. B. to the N. W. 
Terr., south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. June- Aug. 

6. Campanula ulig-inosa Rydb. n. sp. Blue Marsh Bellflower. Per- 
ennial; similar to the preceding but branches less spreading; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
retrorsely hispidulous on the angles. Leaves linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, 
retrorsely hispidulous on the margins and midribs, acute, minutely denticulate with 
callous teeth or entire; corolla blue with darker veins,' cleft to below the middle 
into lanceolate lobes; capsule subglobose, about 5 mm. long and ni^arly as broad, 
opening near the base. In wet meadows, Me. and northern N. Y. to Minn, and 
Iowa; type collected by B. C. Taylor at Chisago City, Minn. 

7. Campanula divaricata Michx. Paniclkd Bellflower. (I. F. f. 3495.) 
Perennial, glabrous but somewhat viscid; stem erect, paniculately branched, slent 
der, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uiipormos- 
sometimes linear, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, 
the upper sessile, the lower petioled, 5-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; flowers in 
compound panicles, drooping; corolla light blue, about 6 mm. long; calyx-lobes 
lanceolate, acute, often dentate; capsule turbinate, about 5 mm. long, opening near 
the middle. On rocky banks, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. Jinie-Sept. 

8. Campanula Americana L. Tall Bellflower. (I. F. f. 3406.1 Annual 
or biennial, more or less pubescent; stem erect or nearly so. simple or rarely with a 
few long branches, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, ser- 
rate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, 



■HP 



S86 FLORA. 

7-15 cm. long, the lowest sometimes cordate; flowers in a sometimes leafy spike, 
which is often 3-6 dm. long; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; corolla 
blue, ornearly white, about 25 mm. broad, deeply 5 -cleft; calyx-lobes linear-subu- 
late, spreading; style declined and curved upward, long-exserted; capsule narrowly 
turbinate, ribbed, erect, 8-10 mm. long, opening near the summit. In moist 
thickets and woods, N. B, to Ont., S. Dak., Fla., Ky., Ark. and Kans. July-SepL 

2. SPECULARIA Heist. 
[Legouzia Durand.] 
Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem and branches 
long, slender. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper 
panicled in some exotic species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the 
later with a blue or purple nearly rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in 
the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5. Corolla 5-lobed or 5 -parted, the lobes 
imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat; anthers separate, linear. Ovary 3-celled 
(rarely 2- or 4-celled); ovules numerous; stigma usually 3 -lobed. Capsule pris- 
matic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid, 
oblong, or lenticular. About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one 
extending into South America. [Name derived from Speculum Veneris, the an- 
cient name of the European Venus' Looking-glass.] The generic name Specularia 
Heist., used by Fabricius in 1759, antedates Legouzia Durand, 1782. 
Capsule narrowly oblong or turbinate. 

Leaves sessile ; capsule-valves near the top. i. S. biflora. 

Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule-valves at about the middle. 2. 6". per/oltata. 

Capsule linear-cylindric ; leaves sessile ; western. 3. S. leptocarpa. 

1. Specularia biflora (R. & P.) A. Gray. Small Venus' Looking-glass. 
(I. F. f. 3497.) Glabrous, or nearly so; stem simple or branched, very slender, 
roughish on the angles, 1.5-3 ^"^'- l^igl^- Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lan- 
ceolate, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few teeth, or entire, 
8-20 mm. long, or the upper smaller; earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceo- 
late calyx-lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-subulate, longer; cap- 
sule oblong-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, opeziing by valves close under the calyx- 
teeth. In dry soil, Va. to Mo., Kans., Fla. and Texas. Also in Cal. and S. Am. 
April-July. 

2. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-glass. (I. F. f. 
3498.) More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy, slender, sometimes prostrate, 
retrorse-hispid on the angles, or nearl}^ smooth, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular 
or broadly ovate, crenate-dentate or sometimes entire, 6-25 mm. wide; flowers 
solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, the later (upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) trian- 
gular-lanceolate acuminate rigid calyx-lobes, and a rotate blue or violet corolla 1-2 
cm. broad, the earlier ones with 3 or 4 shorter calyx-lobes longer than the rudimen- 
tary corolla; capsule oblong, or narrowly turbinate, 4-6 mm. long; seeds lenticular. 
In dry woods. Me. and Ont. to Br. Col., Fla., La., Mex., Utah and Ore. May-Sept. 

3. Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt. ) A. Gray. Western Venus'Looking-glass. 
Cl. F. f. 3499.) Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, not clasping, acute at both ends, or the lowest 
obtuse at the apex, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
flowers usually solitary in the axils, the later ones with 4 or 5 subulate calyx-lobes 
and a rotate corolla 10-18 mm. broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter calyx-lobes and 
rudimentary corolla; capsule 8-16 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, the upper at 
length opening near the summit; seeds oblong. In dry soil, western Mo. to Mont. 
and Tex. May-Aug. 

3. JASIONE L. 

Herbs, the flowers in terminal heads subtended by a many-leaved involucre. 
Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary, the limb 5 -divided. Corolla at first 
tubular, splitting later to the base into 5 linear or linear-oblanceolate segments. 
Filaments subulate. Anthers united at the base, free above. Ovary inferior, 
2-celled; stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, dehiscent by two terminal pores. 
[Greek name of some medicinal plant.] Five species of central Europe and the 
Mediterranean Region. 



CA MP A NULA CEA E. ^'^J 

1. Jasione montana L. Sheep's-bit. Annual or biennial, with several stems 
from a simple root. Stems 1.5-2.5 dm. high, branched above, leafy below; leaves 
linear, rough-hairy, sessile; flowers in hemispherical heads; corolla blue, seldom 
white or pink. In waste places, R. I. and Conn. Adventive from Europe. June- 
Sept 

4. LOBELIA L. 

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves, and race- 
mose spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted, red, yellow, blue, or white flowers. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube 
straight, oblique, or incurved, divided to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our spe- 
cies, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other 
3 which are somewhat united. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, 
at least above, 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tips, 3 of them usually 
larger than the other 2, all united into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 
2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicid- 
ally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish botanist.] 
About 225 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 
12 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

* Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flow^ers light blue. 
Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, all tufted at the base. i. L. Dortmanna. 

Leaves flat, linear- oblong; or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate. 

2. L. paludosa. 
* * Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy. 
1. Cofolla-tube 10-25 min- long. 
Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white); corolla-tube 20-25 rnm. long. 3. L. cardinalis. 
Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 10-15 n^"^- long. 
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate. 
Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 

Calyx-lobes hirsute; sinuses with large deflexed auricles. 

4. L. syphilitica. 
Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles. 

5. L. amoena. 
Leaves densely puberulent; calyx hirsute; auricles small. 6. L. puberula. 

Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate. 7. L. glandulosa. 

2. Corolla-tube only 4-8 mm. long. 
Stems mostly simple ; flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. 

Sinuses of the calyx without auricles. 8. L. spicata. 

Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles. 9. L. leptostachys. 

Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes. 

Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate. 10. L. injfata. 

Stems slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider. 

Pedicels mostly longer than flowers, 2-bracteolate near the middle. 

II. L. Kabnii. 
Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base. 

Corolla 5-7 mm. long ; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit. 12. L. Ntittallii, 
Corolla 9-11 mm. long; calyx-tube turbinate. 13. L. Canbvi. 

1. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. Water Gladiole. (L F. f. 
3500.) Perennial, aquatic, glabrous thoughout, somewhat fleshy; roots numer- 
ous, white, fibrous ; stem slender, simple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 1.5-4.5 
dm. high. Leaves all submersed, longitudinally divided by a partition. 2-5 cm. 
long, about 4 mm. thick; flowers in a loose terminal raceme, blue. 12-16 mm. 
long; pedicels filiform, shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx-lobes subulate 
or lanceolate, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 6-8 mm. 
long, its lower lip glabrous or nearly so. Borders of ponds, N. J. and Penn. to 
N. S., N. B., the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 

2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Swamp Louelia. (L F. f. 3501.) Poronuial, 
aquatic, glabrous throughout; roots few and thick; stem nearly naked, slender, sin^ • 
pie, or branched above, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves emersed, obtuse or acutish, th.ose 
of the stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 5-22 cm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, 
narrowed into petioles; flowers pale blue, racemose. 10-12 mm. long; calv\-lobes 
narrowly lanceolate, the sinuses commonly not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 6-S 



888 FLORA. 

mm. ]ong, its lower lip pubescent at the base. In swamps and ponds, Del. to Fla. 
and La., mostly near the coast. May -July. 

3. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. Red Lobelia. (I. F. f. 
3502.) Perennial by offsets; stem slightly pubescent, or glabrous, leafy, 6-13 dm. 
high. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, thin, glabrous or 
sparingly pubescent, 5-15 cm. long, 6-35 mm. wide, acuminate or acute at both 
ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; flowers race- 
mose, commonly numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white), 25-37 mm. long; 
bracts usually glandular; calyx-lobes linear, elongated, acute; larger anthers gla- 
brous. In moist soil, N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Tex. Jidy-Sept. 

4. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Blue Cardinal-flower. 
(I. F. f. 3503.) Perennial by short offsets; stem sparingly pubescent, rather stout, 
very leafy, usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, green, 5-15 cm. long, 
1-5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, repand-den- 
ticulate, or irregularly crenate-dentate, sessile or the lower petioled; flowers 
densely racemose, leafy-bracted; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or 
ciliate; corolla bright blue, or occasionally white, 20-25 mm. long, the lobes of its 
larger lip oblong-oval, obtuse, glabrous; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, 
Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga., La. and Kans. July-Oct. 

Lobelia syphilitica Ludoviciana A. DC. Glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves thick, 
pale green, oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower obtuse and spatulate; calyx- 
lobes sparingly pubescent; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla acutish. Neb. to La. 

5. Lobelia amoena Michx. Southern Lobelia. (I. F. f. 3504.) Nearly 
glabrous throughout, perennial; stem simple, slender, leafy. 3-12 dm. high. 
Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to oval, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower 
petioled and mostly obtuse, 5-15 cm. long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, 
smaller; flowers blue, racemose, nearly 25 mm. long; bracts narrow and small, or 
the lower foliaceous, glandular; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, 
elongated; corolla-tube 10-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; larger anthers glabrous, 
or puberulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla broadly ovate to oval, 
obtuse, glabrous. In swamps, N. Car. to Fla. ; probably within our area, though 
not reported. July-Sept. 

Lobelia amoena glandulifera A. Gray. Smaller; stem very slender; leaves 2-5 cm. 
long, mostly obtuse, glandular-dentate; bracts small, very glandular; raceme somewhat 
secund; sinuses of the calyx sometimes slightly auricled, the lobes commonly glandular. 
Del. and Va. to Fla. and Ala. 

6. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobelia. (I. F. f. 3505.) Peren- 
nial, densely and finely puberulent all over, slightly viscid ; stem mostly simple, 
leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, rather thick, the 
lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute, denticulate or crenate-dentate, 
the teeth often glandular; flowers blue, 16-20 mm. long, in long spike-like racemes: 
lower bracts, or sometimes all of them, foliaceous. glandidar; calyx hirsute or 
pubescent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually with small short round- 
ed auricles at the sinuses; corolla-tube about I cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, the lobes 
of its larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous; larger anthers minutely bearded. In 
moist sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

7. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Glandular Lobelia. (I. F. f. 3506.) 
Perennial; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked above, simple, glabrous, or 
sparingly pubescent, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves thick, glabrous, the lower petioled, 
obtuse, often 17 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, the upper sessile, acutish, shorter; 
flowers racemose-spicate, secund, often few and distant, blue, nearly 25 mm. long; 
bracts narrow, glandular; calyx-tube often densely hirsute, its lobes subulate, the 
sinuses not appendaged; corolla-tube 10-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, about twice 
as long as the calyx-lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubescent within at the base, 
its lobes ovate, acutish ; anthers all bearded at the tip. In swamps near the coast, 
Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 

8. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. (I. F. f. 3507.) Peren- 
nial or biennial, puberulent; stem strict, simple, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
thickish, pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the basal ones broadly 
oblong, oval, or obovate, very obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, 3-7 cm. long, 



CICHORIACEAE. 889 

3-5 cm. wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate, obtuse, the upper- 
most gradually smaller and acutish; flowers pale blue, 8-10 mm. long, race- 
mose-spicate, bracts linear, entire; calyx-tube turbinate, usually glabrous, shorter 
than its subulate spreading lobes; corolla-tube about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. thick. 
In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, N. S. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. C, La. and Ark. June-Aug. 

Lobelia spicata hirtella A. Gray. Rough or roughish; bracts and calyx-lobes hirsute 
or cihate. Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., south to Mich, and Kans. 

Lobelia spicata parviflora A. Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stem low, very slender; 
flowers only about 6 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly subulate. In swamps, Lancaster, Pa- 

9. Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spicked Lobelia. (L F. f. 3508.) Sim- 
ilar to the preceding species; stem usually stouter, puberulent or glabrous, 6-12 
dm. high. Basal leaves oval or obovate, obtuse; stem leaves spatulate, oblong, or 
lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the upper- 
most narrower and acute; bracts linear, glabrous; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes 
linear-subulate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; flowers blue, 8-10 mm. long. 
In dry soil, Va. to Ohio and 111., Ga. and Kans. June-Aug. 

10. Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Wild Tobacco. (I. F. f. 3509.) 
Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid; stem leafy commonly paniculately 
branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower 
oval or obovate, obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, narrowed into short petioles, the upper 
sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute; 
flowers light blue, 4-6 mm. long, lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; calyx 
glabrous or nearly so, its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla ; capsule in- 
flated, 6-8 mm. long, finely transversely veined between the ribs. In fields and 
thickets, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Ga., Neb., Ark. and Kans. July-Nov. 

11. Lobelia Kalmii L. Brook or Kalm's Lobelia. (I. F. f. 3510.) 
Perennial by short offsets, glabrous throughout, or sparingly pubescent below; 
stem leafy, erect, slender, 15-25 cm. high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, 
obtuse, short-petioled, sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 12-25 ^"^^n^- ^o^gj 
3-5 mm. wide; upper leaves sessile, linear, linear-oblong, or narrowly spatulate, 
the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 8-10 mm. long; lower bracts linear-lanceo- 
late, the upper subulate; pedicels nearly filiform; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 
longer than the turbinate tube, the sinuses not appendaged; capsule wholly in- 
ferior, not inflated, campanulate or subglobose, about 4 mm. long. On wet 
banks, and in wet meadows, N. S. to N. J., west to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio 
and Mich. July-Sept. 

12. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall's Lobelia. (L F. f. 35 11.) An- 
nual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughovit, or puberulent below; stem weak, 
usually reclining, very slender, loosely branched, at least when old, 3-9 dm. long. 
Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtuse, mostly petioled, 12-25 ^^'^^- long, slightly re- 
pand, or entire; stem leaves distant, linear, linear-oblong, or slightly spatulate, entire 
or sparingly glandular-denticulate ; flowers pale blue, loosely racemose ; bracts linear 
or the upper subulate; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric 
strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged; capsule depressed-globose, half- 
inferior, about 2 mm. long. Sandy soil, L. I. to Penn., Fla. and Ga. June-Sept. 

13. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. Canby's Lobelia. iI. F. f. 3512.) Annual, 
slightly puberulent, usually glabrous; stem erect, slender, 6-9 dm. high. Stem 
leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, the lower obtuse, 
sometimes slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, narrower, entire; flowers 
racemose, blue; lower bracts linear, the upper subulate; calyx-lobes linear-subu- 
late, glandular-denticulate, equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly turbi- 
nate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla; caps^l!e (^biong. turbinate, 
4 mm. long, shorter than the calyx-tube. Swamps, N. J. to S. Car. July-Sept. 

Family 3. CICHORIACEAE Keichenb. 
Chicory Family. 

Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or 
bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue, purple, or 



890 



FLORA. 



white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in I to sev- 
eral series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous), 
smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect. 
Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple 
or plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or 
long tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5 -toothed limb (ray). Anthers 
connate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not 
tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually i2-sided. 
Ovary i-celled; ovule I, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, the 
lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect ; endosperm none ; radicle 
narrower than the cotyledons. About 65 genera and 1400 species, of wide geo- 
graphic distribution. The family is also known as Liguliflorae, and is often 
regarded as a tribe of the Compositae. 

* Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none (see No. 18). 
Flowers blue or white ; pappus of blunt scales. i. Cichorium. 

Flowers yellow. 

Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous. 

Pappus none; achenes 20-30-nerved. 2. Lapsana. 

Pappus none ; achenes 8-io-ribbed. 3. Serinea. 

Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles. 

4. Adopogon. 
Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering ; pappus none. 

5. Arnoseris. 
* * Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles. 

Receptacle chaffy. 6. Hypochaeris. 

Receptacle naked. 

Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. 

Flowers yellow ; plants scapose, the leaves basal. 7. Leontodon. 

Flowers yellow ; plants leafy-stemmed. 8. Picris. 

Flowers pink, 9. Ptiloria. 

Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 10. Tragopogon. 

** * Pappus of simple bristles (of soft white scales w^ith or without bristles in No. 18.) 
f Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles; flowers yellow. 

II. Malacothrix. 
ft Receptacle naked. 
1. Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. 
Heads few- (6-15-) flowered, yellow; stem branching. 12. Chondrilla. 

Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes. 13. Taraxacum. 

2. Achenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit. 
(a) Achenes flattened. 
Achenes truncate, not beaked ; flowers yellow. 14. Sonchus. 

Achenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked ; flowers blue or yellow. 15. Lactuca. 

(b) Achenes cylindric, or prismatic. 
Achenes terete, not narrowed either at the base or summit ; flowers pink or purple. 

16. Lygodesmia. 
Achenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit ; flowers yellow. 
Achenes slender-beaked. 

Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. 

Pappus of slender simple bristles. 17. Agoseris. 

Pappus of narrow soft scales, with or without some slender bristles. 

18. Nothocalais. 
Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at base. 19. Sitilias. 

Achenes merely narrowed above, not beaked, 20. Crepis. 

Achenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in two species of 
Hieraciurn). 

Flowers yellow, orange, or red. 21. Hieraciurn. 

Flowers white, cream-colored, or purple. 22. Nabalus. 

I. CICHORIUM L, 

Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and 
branches usually very sm,all and bract-like, and large heads of blue, purple, pink, or 
white flowers, peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 
2 series of herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and 
subtending, or partly enclosing, the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or 
slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate 



CICHORIA CEA £. 89 1 

at the base. Style-branches slender, obtushish. Achenes 5 -angled or 5-ribbed, 
truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt scales. [From the 
Arabic name.] About S species, natives of the Old World. 

I. Cichorium Intybua L. Chicory. Wild Succory. Blue Sailors. 
Bunk. (I. F. f. 3513-) Perennial from a long deep tap-root ; stems slightly his- 
pid, stiff, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves spreading on the ground, 
runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into long peti- 
oles; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping 
and auricled at the base; heads numerous, 25-37 mm. broad, 1-4 together in ses- 
sile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted branches; inner bracts of the involu- 
cre about 8. Roadsides, fields and waste places, N. S. to Minn., N. Car., Neb. 
and Kans. The ground-up root is used as a substitute or adulterant for coffee. 
July-Oct. 

Cichorium Intybus divarica,tum DC. Some or all the heads on stout spreading 
peduncles 2-10 cm. long. Frequent with the type. 

2. LAPSANA L. 

Annual erect branching herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and 
small panicled slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cylin- 
dric, its principal bracts in i series, nearly equal, with a few exterior small ones 
at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. 
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovate -oblong, 
20-30-nerved, somewhat flattened, narrowed below, rounded at the summit. Pap- 
pus none. [Greek, lampsana, the name of a crucifer,] About 9 species, natives 
of the Old World. 

I. Lapsana communis L. Nipplewort. Succory Dock-cress. (I. F. f. 
3514.) Stem paniculately branched, glabrous above, more or less hispid-pubes- 
cent below, 3-10 dm. high. Lower leaves ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, 
pubescent, or glabrate, petioled, 5-10 cm. long, often with 2-6 lobes on the peti- 
ole, the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute, much smaller, mostly en- 
tire; heads very numerous, 6-12 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cylindric, 4-6 mm. 
high, of about 8 linear glaucous principal bracts and several very small outer ones. 
Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Penn. Also on 
the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

3. SERINIA Raf. 

Low glaucescent branching annual herbs, with alternate clasping entire or 
lobed leaves, or those of the stem sometimes appearing as if opposite, and few 
small long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate, 
its bracts about 8, equal, membranous, becoming concave after flowering. Recep- 
tacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at 
the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovoid, 8-iO-ribbed, contracted at 
the base, rounded at the summit. Pappus none, or a mere vestige. [Greek, 
small chicory.] Three known species of the southern U. S. 

I. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kimtze. Serinia. (I. F. f. 3515.) Gla- 
brous throughout, or slightly glandular-pubescent along the ends of the peduncles, 
branched from the base, 10-25 cm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, oblong- 
lanceolate or spatulate in outline, acute or obtuse, entire, lobed or pimiatitid. 7-12 
cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; upper leaves mainly sessile, clasping, alternate, or appear- 
ing as if opposite, usually entire, smaller; peduncles very slender, sometimes I dm. 
long; heads 3-4 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, about the 
length of the rays. In fields, Kans. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. March-INIay. 

4. ADOPOGON. Neck, 

Herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, basal or alternate leaves, and sukiU in- 
middle-sized heads of yellow or orange flowers, solitary at the end of the scape or 
its branches. Involucre campanulate, its herbaceous bracts in i or 1 series, with 
no exterior shorter ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed 
at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slei\der, obtusish. 
Achenes turbinate or oblong, r5-20-ribbod. truncate. Pappus in I or 2 series, the 



892 FLORA. 

outer of thin broad rounded scales, the inner of slender naked bristles, or these 
sometimes wanting in the southwestern A. occidentale. [Greek, a pleasing beard.] 
Five known species, natives of N. Am. 

Stem i-leaved and branched above, bearing 2-6 heads. i. A. Virginicum. 

Scape naked, monocephalous. 

Head about 25 mm. broad; pappus-bristles 12-20; perennial. 2. A. Da7idelion. 
Head 6-14 mm. broad ; pappus-bristles 5-7; annuals. 

Bracts of the involucre 5-8, remaining erect, firm, keeled. 3. A. occidentale. 
Bracts of the involucre 8-18, at length reflexed, thin. 4, A. Caroli7iiajium. 

1. Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Cynthia. Virginia Goats- 
beard. (I. F. f. 3516.) Perennial, glabrous and glaucous ; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
i-leaved and branched above. Basal leaves tufted, runcinate, sinuate, denticu- 
late, or entire, 5-17 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; heads about 4 cm. 
broad; involucre of 9-15 lanceolate nerveless bracts 6-^ mm. long; achenes nearly 
oblong; pappus of 10-15 oblong scales and an equal or greater number of capil- 
lary bristles; flowers orange to reddish orange. In moist woods and meadows, Mass. 
to southern Ont. and Manitoba, Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kans. May-Oct. 

2. Adopogon Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. Dwarf Dandelion or Goatsbeard. 
(I. F. f. 3517.) Perennial, acaulescent, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; scape 
15-45 cm. high, slender. Stolons filiform, bearing globose tubers; leaves all basal, 
tufted, linear-lanceolate to spatulate, entire, denticulate, sinuate, or pinnatifid, 
narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; head about 25 mm. broad; 
involucre about I cm. high ; pappus similar to that of the preceding species. In 
moist soil, Md. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. April- June. 

3. Adopogon occidentale (Nutt. ) Kuntze. Western Dwarf Dandelion. 
(I. F. f. 3518.) Annual, acaulescent; scapes tufted, 5-20 cm. high, usually glandular, 
at least above, bearing a single head 10-20 mm. broad. Leaves basal, lanceolate 
to obovate, entire to pinnatifid, mostly shorter than the scapes; involucre 4-6 mm. 
high, its bracts 5-8, lanceolate, becoming ovate-lanceolate to ovate, firm and keeled 
at maturity, remaining erect; pappus of 5 obovate scales and usually 5 alternating 
bristles. Prairies, southern Mo. to Tex. 

4. Adopogon Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Carolinia Dwarf Dan- 
delion. Krigia. (I. F. f. 3519.) Annual, acaulescent; scapes usually several 
from the same root, very slender, glabrous or hispidulous, monocephalous, 3-40 cm. 
high. Leaves commonly all basal, tufted, spatulate, lanceola.te or linear, pinnatifid, 
sinuate, lobed, dentate or rarely entire, 3-15 cm. long, narrowed into margined 
petioles; head 6-14 mm. broad; involucre of 9-18 linear-lanceolate bracts; pappus 
usually of 5 round short scales and 5-10 long capillary bristles. In dry, sandy 
soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. April- Aug. 

5. ARNdSERIS Gaertn. 

A low annual scapose herb, glabrous, or nearly so, with tufted basal dentate or 
nearly entire leaves. Scapes several or numerous, simple or branched, upwardly 
thickened below the solitary heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its 
bracts in I series, narrow, equal, thickened and keeled on the back after flower- 
ing, rarely with a few outer minute ones. Receptacle flat, pitted, not chaffy. 
Anthers sagittate. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes oval, 8-iO-ribbed, narrowed 
below, truncate, or with a denticulate margin. Pappus none. [Greek, lamb-suc- 
cory.] A monotypic genus of western Europe. 

I. Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. Lamb Succory. (I. F. f. 3520.) Scapes 
slender, 7-30 cm. high, leafless, simple, or with 1-4 branches mostly above the 
middle, gradually thickened and hollow upward. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate, or 
oblong, 3-7 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, nar- 
rowed into margined petioles; heads 16 mm. broad, or less; bracts of the involucre 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, strongly keeled after flowering, 4-8 mm. long, curv- 
ing over the achenes. Mount Desert Island, Me. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

6. HYPOCHAERIS L. 

Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched stems and mostly basal 
tufted leaves, pinnatifid to entire, those of the scapes few, scale-like, very small, or 
none. Heads mostly large, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong- 



CICHORIACEAE, 893 

cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous, imbricated in several series, ap- 
pressed, the outer smaller. Receptacle fiat, chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style- 
branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong to linear, lO-ribbed, somewhat nar- 
rowed below, contracted above into a long or short beak, or the outer truncate. 
Pappus of I row of plumose bristles,, sometimes with some shorter simple ones. 
[Greek, for pigs, which are fond of its roots.] About 50 species, natives of Europe, 
Asia, and S. Am. 

I. Hypochaeris radicata L. Long-rooted Cat's-ear. Gosmore. (I. F. f. 
3521.) Perennial; stems several together, glabrous, slender, 3-6 dm. high, bracted, 
or rarely simple, bearing a few scales. Leaves spreading on the ground, oblan- 
ceolate to obovate in outline, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 5-15 cm. long, hirsute on 
both sides; involucre oblong-cylindric, about 25 mm. high, its bracts glabrous, or 
sparingly pubescent; heads 25 mm. broad or more; achenes rough, all with very 
slender beaks longer than the body ; flowers longer than the involucre. In waste 
places, L. I. to N. J. Also in Cal. and Wash. Adventive or nat. from Europe. 
Native also of Asia. May-Oct. 

Hypochaeris glabra L., the smooth Cat's-ear, a smaller species, with nearly or quite 
glabrous leaves, flowers scarcely longer than the involucre, and the outer achenes trun- 
cate, has been found as a waif in Me., and is nat. or adventive on the Pacific Coast. 

7. LEONTODON L. 

Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal mostly pinnatifid leaves, branched 
and scaly, or simple and naked scapes, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary 
at the end of the scape or of its branches. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its principal 
bracts in i or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of short outer ones. Re- 
ceptacle flat, fimbrillate, villous, or somewhat honeycombed. Rays truncate and 
5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. 
Achenes oblong or linear, finely striate, contracted or beaked at the summit. Pap- 
pus of I or 2 series of plumose persistent brownish bristles, somewhat broadened at 
the base, or the outer scale-like and simple. [Greek, lion's tooth.] About 45 
species, natives of the Old World. 
Plant nearly glabrous; scape commonly branched; pappus-bristles all plumose. 

1. L. autumnale. 
Plant somewhat hirsute; scape simple; outer pappus of outer achenes simple. 

2. L. nudicaule. 

1. Leontodon autumnale L. Fall Dandelion. Autumnal Hav^kbit. 
Lion's-TOOTH. (I. F. f. 3522.) Scape slender, usually branched and scaly, • 
1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid into nar- 
row lobes, or some of them coarsely dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acumi- 
nate at the apex, short-petioled ; heads several, rarely solitary, about 25-30 mm. 
broad: involucre oblong, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Li fields and along road- 
sides, Newf.* and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. Native also 
of Asia. June-Nov. 

2. Leontodon nudicaule (L.) Porter. Rough or Hairy Hawkbit. (I. F. f. 
3523.) Scape simple, slender, 1-3 dm. high, minutely scaly, or naked. Leaves 
linear-oblong to narrowly spatulate, acute or obtuse, not acuminate, nearly entire, 
coarsely sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 5-12 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, 
narrowed into petioles; head solitary at the end of the scape, 1-2 cm. broad; invo- 
lucre canescent or pubescent; outer achenes with an outer pappus of simple nar- 
row scales and an inner one of plumose bristles. In ballast and waste places about 
the eastern seaports. Also at Seidersville, Penn., and on Vancouver Island. Ad- 
ventive from Europe. Junc-Oct. 

8. PICRIS L. 

Erect hispid, mostly branching, leafy herbs, with alternate leaves (in our spe- 
cies), and rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. 
Involucre campanulate or cup-shaped, its principal bracts in one series, nearly 
equal, with 2-3 series of small or lari:;e exterior spreading ones. Receptacle flat, 
short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Antliers sagittate at 
the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear ox oblong, stnnewhat incurved, 
terete or angled, 5-10-ribbed and transversely wrinkled, narrowed at the base and 



894 FLORA. 

summit, or beaked in some species. Pappus of I or 2 series of slender plumose 
bristles. [Greek, bitter.] About 35 species, natives of the 01d*World, one per- 
haps indigenous in Alaska. 

Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked. i. P. hieracioides. 

Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous ; achenes short-beaked. 2. P. echioides. 

1. Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed Picris. (I. F. £ 3524.) Biennial, 
more or less hispid, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, dentate, or nearly entire, the basal narrowed into petioles, acute, often 
15 cm. long, those of the stem mostly sessile and smaller; heads numerous, I-2.5 cm. 
broad; involucre 8-12 mm. high, its outer bracts linear, subulate, spreading, the 
inner linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus copious, nearly white. In waste 
places, 111., Penn., N. J., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from 
Europe. Nat. also of Asia. Very bitter. June- Sept. 

2. Picris echioides L. Bristly Ox-tongue. Bugloss and Bugloss Pic- 
ris. (I. F. f. 3525.) Annual or biennial, branched, hispid; stem about 7 dm. 
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, 5-15 cm. 
long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves sessile and clasping, oblong or lanceo- 
late, smaller, the uppermost mainly acute and entire; heads numerous, short-ped- 
uncled, about 12 mm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, foliaceous, 
ovate, acute, hispid- ciliate, the inner ones lanceolate, membranous. In waste 
places, N. S. and Ont., and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. 
July-Sept. 

9, PTILORIA Raf. 

Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect, simple 
or branched, usually rigid stems, alternate or basal, entire dentate or runcinate- 
pinnatifid leaves, those of the stem and branches often reduced to subulate scales, 
and small erect heads of pink flowers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the 
branches, opening in the morning. Involucre cylindric or oblong, its principal 
bracts few, equal, scarious-margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous 
short exterior ones and sometimes a few of intermediate length. Receptacle flat, 
naked. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong 
or linear, terete or columnar, 5 -ribbed, truncate or beaked at the summit, the ribs 
smooth or rugose. Pappus of I series of rather rigid plumose bristles. [Greek, 
referring to the feathery pappus.] About 16 species, natives of western and" cen- 
tral N. Am. 

Pappus brownish, plumose except at the base. i. P. pauciflora. 

Pappus white, plumose to the base. 2. P. ramosa. 

1. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf. Brown-plumed Ptiloria. (I. F. f. 
3526.) Perennial; stem rather stout, striate, rigid, divergently branched, 3-6 dm. 
high. Basal and lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 3-6 cm. long, 6-i2 mm. wide, 
the upper all short and narrowly linear or reduced to scales; heads somewhat 
racemose-paniculate along the branches, usually about 5-flowered; involucre 
8-10 mm. high; rays 2-4 mm. long; pappus brownish, plumose to near the base. 
Plains, Neb. (?), Kans. and Wyo. to Tex. and Cal. Summer. 

2. Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. White-plumed Ptiloria. (I. F. f. 3527.) 
Similar to the preceding species, but commonly lower, bushy-branched. Basal 
leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, those of the stem linear, entire, or sometimes runcinate- 
dentate, the uppermost reduced to small scales; heads numerous, usually solitary 
at the ends of the branchlets; pappus bright white, very plumose to the base. 
Plains and dry, rocky soil, western Neb. to Mont, and Colo. May-Aug. It has 
been confused with P. tenuifolia (Torr. ) Raf. 

10. TRAGOPOGON L. 

Biennial or perennial, erect, usually branched, somewhat succulent herbs, with 
slender fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear -lanceolate long-acuminate leaves, 
clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of yellow or purple flowers, 
opening in the early morning, usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or 
narrowly campanulate, its bracts in i series, nearly equal, acuminate, united at 
the base, Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex, Anthers sagittate at the base. 



CICHO RIA CEA E. 895 

Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, terete, or 5 -angled, 5-10-ribbed, termin- 
ated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles in 1 series, 
plumose, connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. [Greek, goats- 
beard.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. 

Flowers yellow; involucral bracts equalling- or shorter than the rays. i. T. pratensis. 
Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays. 2. T. porrifolius. 

1. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow Goat's-beard. Meadow Salsify. 
(I. F. f. 3528.) Stem branched, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves keeled, tapering from the 
broad, more or less clasping base to a very long acuminate tip, the lower some- 
times 25 cm. long and 25 mm. wide; peduncles thickened at the top; heads 3-6 cm. 
broad; bracts of the involucre about 8, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than or 
equalling (rarely exceeding) the yellow rays; marginal achenes striate, smooth or 
roughened. In fields and waste places, N. B. to N. J., Ont., Ohio and Manitoba. 
Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 

2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster Plant. Salsify. Purple Goat's- 
beard. (I. F. f. 3529.) Taller, sometimes 1.5 m. high. Peduncles very much 
thickened and hollow for 3-7 cm. below the heads; heads 5-10 cm. broad, 
very showy; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, usually much 
longer than the purple rays; achenes sometimes 5 cm. long, the outer ones cov- 
ered with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs below. In fields and waste 
places, Ont. to N. J., N. Car., Minn, and Colo., mostly escaped from gardens, where 
it is common. Native of Europe. June-Oct. 

II. MALACOTHRIX DC. 

Annual or perennial, branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly 
pinnatifid leaves, and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow or rarely 
white flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in i or 2 series, equal 
or nearly so, with several series of shorter exterior ones. Receptacle flat, naked 
or bristly. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the 
base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous, io-15-ribbed, 
4 or 5 of the ribs usually more prominent than the others, truncate, or margined 
and 4-5-toothed at the summit. " Pappus-bristles in 2 series, the inner naked or 
minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer 
few (1-8), more persistent, or all deciduous in our species. [Greek, soft-hair, in 
allusion to the soft pappus.] About 15 species, natives of the western and south- 
western U. S. and lower Cal. 

I. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G. Malacothrix. (I. F. f. 
3530.) Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular; stem branched. 
15-30 cm. high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong or linear-oblong in outline, pin- 
natifid and the lobes dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, the basal ones 4-7 cm. 
long, narrowed into short broad petioles, those of the stem smaller, sessile; heads 
several or numerous, 16-25 mm. broad; principal bracts of the involucre linear, 
acute, scarious-margined, the outer short, oblong; achenes linear-oblong, margined 
at the summit by a 15 -denticulate white border; pappus-bristles all deciduous. On 
dry plains, western Neb. and Kans. tu Cal. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

12. CHONDRILLA L. 

Perennial herbs, with stiff divaricately branched stems, the basal leaves large and 
mostly pinnatifid, those of the stem small, narrow, alternate, and few middle sized 
heads of yellow flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre 
cylindric, several-flowered, its inner bracts in I or 2 series, nearly equal, with sev- 
eral series of small or minute outer ones. Rece^ptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate 
and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slen- 
der. Achenes oblong or linear. 4-5 -angled, many-ribbetl, more or less spiny ne\ir 
the summit, abruptly contracted into a beak. Pappus of copious soft white simple 
bristles. [Greek, lump, from the gummy matter borne on the stems ot some spe- 
cies.] About 18 species, of the Old World. 

I. Chondrilla juncea L. Gum Succory. (I. F. f. 3531.) Stem rush-like. 
hirsute at the base, glabrous above, much branched. 3-Q dm. high. Basal leaves 
runcinate-pinnatifid, those of the steu\ linear or linoar-lnnceolato. acute, dentate or 



896 



FLORA. 



entire, sessile, 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; heads terminal and lateral on the 
branches, short- peduncled or sessile. 8-12 mm. broad; involucre glabrous or nearly 
so, about 8 mm. high, its inner bracts narrowly linear; achenes slightly shorter 
than the filiform beak. In dry fields and waste places, Del. to ]SId. and Va. Nat. 
from Europe. July-Aug. 

13. TARAXACUM Hall. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate -dentate 
leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 3 together at 
the ends of naked hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate. its inner bracts 
in I series, nearly equal. sHghtly tinited at the base, the outer of several series of 
shorter somewhat spreading ones, often reflexed at matirrity. Receptacle flat, 
naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the 
base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4-5- 
angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or spinulose, at least above, tapering into a very 
slender beak. Pappus of numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. 
[Name of some wild succory, probably of Arabic or Persian origin.] About 20 
species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern S. Am. 

Outer involucral bracts reflexed; achenes greenish brown, the beak 2-3 times their 

length. I. T. Taraxacum. 
Outer involucral bracts spreading or ascending. 

Achenes greenish, the beak 2-3 times their length. 2. T. latilobum. 

Achenes red, the beak not more than twice their length. 3. T. erythrosperjnum. 

1. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion. Blowball. (I. F. f. 
3532.) Root thick, deep, often 2-3 dm. long, bitter. Leaves oblong to spatvdate 
in outline, usually pubescent, at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid or 
sinuate-lobed. rather succulent. 7-25 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, narrowed into peti- 
oles; scape erect, 5-45 cm. high; head 3-5 cm. broad; flowers 150-200 ; inner 
bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not 
glaucous, reflexed. all acute; achenes greenish-brown, fusiform, spintilose above. 
In fields and waste places. Perhaps indigenous northward, southward naturalized 
as a weed from Europe. Also in Asia and distributed as a weed in all civilized 
parts of the world. Jan-Dec. 

2. Taraxacum latilobum DC. Mountain Dandelion. . Similar to the 
preceding but scape lower, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves sinuateh^ lobed with broadly 
triangular lobes, but less deeply so than in T. Taraxacum and rarely as far as half 
way to the midrib, or often merely dentate or subentire ; heads smaller, about 3 cm. 
wide; bracts fewer, the outer broadly ovate, appressed or merely spreading. In 
moist places in subalpine or subarctic regions, Lab, to Br. Col., south in the moun- 
tains to Colo, and Cai. (7^. Taraxacum alpinum Porter; not T. alpimwi Koch 
of Etirope. ) 

3. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. (I. F. 
f- 3533-) Similar to the two preceding species, the leaves glabrous, ver}- deeply 
rimcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrower triangular-lanceolate usually 
long-pointed segments; heads rarely more than 25 mm. broad, 70-90 flowered; 
bracts of the involucre glaucous, the outer lanceolate, spreading or ascending, the 
inner linear, longer, each usually with an appendage just below the tip; achenes 
narrower, bright red, or red-brown, spinulose above ; pappus dirty white. In fields 
and woods, Me. to Vt, southern N. Y. and Penn. Nat. from Europe? April-Jime. 

14. SdNCHUS L. 

Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-clasp- 
ing, entire dentate lobed or pinnatifid. prickly-margined leaves, and large or 
middle-sized, peduncled cor}-Tnbose or paniculate heads of A'ellow flowers. Invo- 
lucre ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened and more or less conic at 
the base when old. its bracts herbaceous or membranous, imbricated in several 
series, the outer successive!}' smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays tnmcate and 
5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Stv-le-branches slender. 
Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, io-20-ribbed, somewhat 



CICHORIACEAE. 897 

narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capil- 
lary bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with i or 2 stouter ones 
which fall separately. [The Greek name of the Sow-thistle.] About 45 species, 
of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 

Involucre glandular-pubescent; heads nearly 25 mm. high. i. S. arvensis. 

Involucre glabrous; heads 12-16 mm. high. 

Auricles of the leaves acute ; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus. 

Auricles rounded; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 3. S. asper. 

1. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-Thistle. Milk Thistle. (I. F. f. 
3534.) Perennial by deep roots and creeping rootstocks, glabrous; stem leafy 
below, paniculately branched and nearly naked above, 6-12 dm. high. Lower and 
basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate, narrowed into short petioles, 
the upper pinnatifid or entire, lanceolate, clasping; heads several or numerous, 
corymbose-paniculate, 3-5 cm. broad, bright yellow, very showy; bracts as also 
the peduncles glandular-bristly; achenes oblong, with about 10 rugose longitudinal 
ribs. In low grounds along salt meadows and streams, N. J. to Que. and at Great 
Salt Lake, Utah, and in fields and along roadsides, NewJF. to Minn. Nat. from 
Europe. July-Oct. 

2. Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual Sow-Thistle. Hare's Lettuce. (I. F. 
f- 3535-) Annual, with fibrous roots; stem leafy below, nearly simple, 3-30 dm. 
high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 10-25 cm. long, the ter- 
minal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins denticulate with 
mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled 
or sagittate base; uppermost leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads several or 
numerous, pale yellow, 18-30 mm. broad. In fields and waste places, a common 
weed in most cultivated parts of N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in Cent, 
and S. Am. Nat. from Europe. May-Nov. 

3. Sonchus asper(L.) All. Spiny or Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle. (I. F. f. 
3536.) Annual, similar to the preceding species; leaves undivided, lobed or some- 
times pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate to spinulose-denticulate, the lower and basal 
ones obovate or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate, clasping by an 
auricled base; heads several or numerous, 25 mm. broad or less; flowers pale yel- 
low. In waste places throughout most of our area and in tropical and S. Am. 
Widely distributed as a weed in nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Nat. 
from Europe. May-Nov. 

15. LACTUCA L. 

Tall leafy herbs, with small panicled heads of yellow, white or blue flowers, 
and alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, 
the outer shorter, or of I or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and 
several rows of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 - 
toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches mostly 
slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5 -ribbed on each face, narrowed 
above or contracted into a narrow beak, which is somewhat expanded at the sum- 
mit into a small disk bearing the copious soft capillar}- white or brown pappus- 
bristles. [The ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.] 
About 95 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 
* Pappus bright white. 
I. Leaves spiny-margined and often with spiny or hispid midribs; flowers yellow. 
Heads 6-i2-flo\vered ; involucre very narrow, 8-12 mm. high i. L. Scariola, 

Heads 12-20- flowered; involucre broader. 

Involucre 16-18 mm. high; achene about as long as its beak. 2. L. Ludoviciana. 
Involucre 8-12 mm. high; achene longer than its beak. 6. L. sagittifolia. 

a. Leaves neither spiny-margined nor with spiny midribs (rarely spinulose in No. 4). 
(a) Achenes very thin, flat, contracted into filiform or tapering beaks. 
Outer involucral bracts abrui^tly shorter than the inner ; heads S-14 mm. high; flowers 
yellow to red (blue in No. 5). 
Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid. 

Plant glabrous throughout, 1-3 m. high. 3. /,. diruJiTftsis. 

Leaves, at least their midribs, hirsute. 

Beak of the achene as long as its body; flowers yellow. 4. /,. /lirsuta. 
Beak of the achene less than half as long as its body; flowers blue. 

5. A. Morssii. 



898 FLORA, 

Leaves entire or dentate, none of them pinnatifid. 
Stem glabrous, or hirsute only toward the base. 

Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; achene longer than the beak. 

6. L. sagittifolia. 
Leaves lanceolate; achene about equalling the beak. 3. L, Canadensis. 
Stem hirsute up into the branches of the inflorescence. 7, L. Steelei. 

Outer bracts gradually shorter; heads 16-20 mm. high; flowers blue. 8. L. pulc/iella. 

(b) Achenes beakless or with short necks, thickish ; flowers blue. 
Leaves oblong to ovate, acuminate, dentate. 9. L. villosa. 

Leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment commonly triangular. 10. L. Floridana. 

* * Pappus brown; flowers blue to white. 11. L. spicata. 

1. Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3537.) Biennial, 
green and glaucous; stem stiff, leafy, usually paniculately branched, glabrous 
throughout, or hirsute at the base, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
lanceolate, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping, the lowest some- 
times 25 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, the upper much smaller; heads 4-8 mm. broad, 
very numerous in an open panicle; involucre cylindric, its outer bracts about one- 
third the length of the inner; rays yellow; achenes obovate-oblong, about as long 
as the filiform beak. In fields and waste places. Me. to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb., 
Colo, and Kans. Nat. from Europe. Aug-Sept. 

Lactuca sah'gna L., the Willow Lettuce of Europe, similar to Z. Scariola, but 
with runcinate-pinnatifid lower leaves, either spinulose on the midvein or unarmed, has 
been found in Ohio. 

2. Lactuca Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3538). 
Biennial, glabrous throughout, leafy up to inflorescence, paniculately branched, 
6-15 dm. high. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acutish, 5-10 cm. long, 
auriculate-clasping, spinulose-denticulate to pinnatifid with spinulose segments; 
heads 6-10 mm. broad, numerous in an open panicle; involucre cylindric or 
ovoid-cylindric, glabrous, its bracts successively shorter and broader, the low'er 
ones ovate; rays yellow; achenes oval to obovate, flat. Plains and banks, Iowa, 
Minn, and S. Dak. to Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

3 Lactuca Canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce. Wild Opium. (I. F. 
f- 3539-) Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem 
leafy up to the inflorescence, 1-3 m. high, branching above into a narrow panicle. 
Stem-leaves sessile or auriculate-clasping, 5-20 cm. long, the uppermost smaller. 
often lanceolate, acuminate and entire, the basal often 3 dm. long, narrowed into 
petioles ; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad ; involucre cylindric ; rays yellow; 
achenes oval. In moist, open places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr, south to Ga., Ala., 
La. and Ark. June-Nov. 

Lactuca Canadensis montkna Britton. Plant 3-12 dm. high ; leaves all lanceolate 
and entire ; bracts of the involucre purple or purplish. Mountains, Penn. and N. Y. 

4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy or Red Wood-Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3540.) 
Similar to the preceding species, but commonly smaller and less leafy; stem 
3-18 dm. high, naked and paniculately branched above, usually hirsute, at least 
below. Stem-leaves mostly sessile or auriculate-clasping, 7-17 cm. long, the 
uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire, the basal petioled; midvein rarely 
spinulose; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad; involucre glabrous, 10-18 mm. high; 
outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays reddish-yello%v or paler; achenes oblong- 
oval, flat, about the length of the beak. In dry soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ala. and 
Tex. July-Sept. 

5. Lactuca Morssii Robinson. MoRSS Wild Lettuce. Similar to the pre- 
ceding species; stem strict, leafy. 1-3 m. tall, somewhat hirsute at the base. Leaves 
runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower sparingly hirsute beneath along the midrib and 
cordate-clasping narrowed base, the upper glabrous; involucre shorter than in 
L. hirsiita; rays blue; achenes oval-lanceolate, 3-ribbed on each face. 4-5 mm. 
long, 3-4 times as long as the filiform beak. Along salt meadows, Me. and 
eastern Mass. to N. Y. 

6. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow-lea^ted Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3541.) 
Biennial; stem glabrous throughout, or hirsute below, leafy nearly up to the 
usually paniculate inflorescence, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves entire or denticulate, 
the lower rarely pinnatifid, sometimes spinulose on the margins, those of the stem 



CICHOKIACEAE. . 899 

sessile or sagittate-clasping, 7-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, the basal and lower ones 
petioled; heads commonly very numerous, 4-8 mm. broad; involucre cylindric, 
10-14 mm. high, the outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays yellow or reddish. 
In dry, open soil, N. B. and Ont. to Idaho, Ga. and Kans. July- Sept. 

7. Lactuca Steelei Britton, n. sp. Steele's Wild Lettuce. Stem and 
branches hirsute. Leaves obovate to oval, the larger 2 dm. long and I dm. wide, 
sessile, irregularly dentate, not lobed, hispid on the veins beneath, short-acumi- 
nate; involucre about 12 mm. high; rays not seen; achenesoval, 3-ribbed, about 
3 mm. long, the filiform beak slightly shorter; pappus bright white. Near Wash- 
ington, D. C, E. S. Steele, July 10, 1897. 

8. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Large-flowered Blue Lettuce. 
(I. F. f. 3542.) Perennial, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem rather 
slender, leafy up to the corymbose-paniculate inflorescence, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 
those of the stem sessile or partly clasping, 5-20 cm. long, 4-35 mm. wide, the 
lowest and basal ones sometimes petioled; heads mostly numerous, 12-20 mm. 
broad; involucre well imbricated, 16-20 mm. high ; achenes oblong-lanceolate, 
flat, twice as long as their tapering beaks. In moist soil, western Ont, to the 
N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Mich., Kans.. N. Mex. and Cal. June-Sept. 

9. Lactuca villosajacq. Hairy-veined Blue Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3543.) An- 
nual or biennial; stem glabrous, leafy up to the paniculate inflorescence, 6-18 dm. 
high. Leaves acuminate, acutely dentate or the teeth mucronate-tipped, glabrous 
above, pubescent with short, stiff hairs on the veins beneath, sessile and slightly 
clasping at the base, or petioled, 10-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the lowest some- 
times lobed at the base; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad; involucre about i cm. 
high, some or all of the bracts obtuse ; achenes thick, oblong, little flattened, nar- 
rowed above. In thickets, N. Y. to 111., south to Fla., Ga. and Ky. July-Sept. 

10. Lactuca Floridana (L.) Gaertn, False or Florida Lettuce. (I. F. 
f. 3544.) Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, rather stout, leafy up to the large, 
paniculate inflorescence, 1-2 m. high. Leaves sessile or petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 
glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the lateral segments lanceolate to 
oval, acute, all usually dentate, or the leaves irregularly lobed ; heads numerous, 
6-10 mm. broad; rays blue; involucre about 12 mm. high. In moist, open places, 
southern N. Y. and Penn. to III., Neb., Fla., La. and Kans. July-Sept. 

11. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. (I. F. 
f. 3545.) Annual or biennial; stem usually stout, glabrous, 1-3.5 ^"^^ ^^€^1 leafy 
up to the large, rather dense panicle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or lobed. sharply 
dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, sessile, or the lower narrowed into margined 
petioles, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, 12-30 cm. long, 
5-15 cm. wide; heads very numerous, about 4 mm. broad; rays blue to nearly 
white; achenes oblong, compressed, narrowed above into a short neck. In moist 
soil, Newf. to Manitoba, south to N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. July-Oct. 

Lactuca spickta integrif51ia (A. Gray) Britton. Leaves oblong:, sharply denticulate, 
undivided, or some of the lower ones pinnatifid. N. Car. to Mich. 

16. LYGODESMIA D. Don. 

Glabrous rigid branching herbs, with linear leaves, or the basal and lower ones 
sometimes broader and pinnatifid, those of the stem very narrow and entire or 
reduced to linear scales, and middle-sized 3-12-flowered heads of jiink or purple 
flowers, solitary and erect at the ends of the stem and branches, or sometimes race- 
mose. Involucre cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined. 
equal, slightly united at the base, with several very short outer ones. Receptacle 
flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the 
base. Style-branches slentler. Achenes linear, smooth or striate. Pappus oi 
copious somewhat unequal simple bristles. [Greek, twig-bundle, from the numer- 
ous branches.] About 6 species, natives of western and southern N. A. 
Heads solitary at the ends of tlie branches; leaves linear or subulate. 1. L. juncfa. 
Heads racemose alonp; the branches; leaves elonj^ated-linear. 2. L. rostrata. 

I. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Rush-like Lygodesmia. (I. F. 
f. 3546.) Perennial by a thick woody root; stems stiff, striate, much branched, 



900 FLORA. 

20-45 c^* ^ig^? ^'^ branches erect. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, entire, 
acute, or acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long, I-3 mm. wide, the upper similar but smaller, 
or reduced to subulate scales ; heads 12-16 mm. broad, mostly 5 -flowered; involucre 
12-16 mm. high; achenes narrowly columnar or slightly tapering, truncate at the 
summit, about 8-nerved or ribbed; pappus light brown. Plains, Minn, to Mont., 
Mo., Kans. and N. Mex. June- Aug. 

2. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray. Beaked Lygodesmia. (I, F. f. 3547.) 
Annual, less rigid; stem striate, leafy, paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves elongated-linear, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, the lower 7-17 cm. long, 
2-3 mm. wide, the uppermost very small and subulate; heads numerous, 7-10- 
flowered, about i cm. broad; involucre 10-14 mm. high; achenes narrowly fusi- 
form, narrowed or somewhat beaked at the summit, 5-8-ribbed or -striate, 8-10 
mm. long, longer than the whitish pappus. Kans. and Neb. to the N. W. Terr., 
Colo, and Wyo. Aug. -Sept. 

17. AGdSERIS Raf. 

Herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted usually sessile basal leaves, and solitary 
heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the end of a naked or bracted scape. 
Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts imbricated in several rows, appressed, 
or with spreading tips, membranous or herbaceous, not thickened after flowering, 
the outer ones gradually shorter and broader. Receptacle flat, naked or foveolate. 
Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- 
branches slender. Achenes oblong, obovate, or linear, lo-ribbed, not flattened, 
beaked at the summit. Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles. [Greek, 
head- or chief- succory.] About 25 species, natives of western and southern N. A. 
and southern S. A. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western 
parts of the U. S. ^ 

Head 3-5 cm. broad; achenes 10-12 mm. long. i. A. glauca. 

Head 2.5 cm. broad or less; achenes about 6 mm. long. 2. A, parviflora. 

1. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Greene. Large-flowered Agoseris. (I. F. 
f. 3548.) Perennial, pale or glaucous, glabrous throughout or a little woolly below. 
Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 5-25 cm. long, 
4-20 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes into 
margined petioles; scapes stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, longer than the 
leaves, often 4 dm. high; involucre oblong-campanulate, or broader in fruit, com- 
monly quite glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate; achenes conspicuously 
beaked; pappus of rather rigid scabrous or denticulate bristles. S. Dak. to the N. 
W. Terr., south to Kans., Colo, and Utah. May-July. 

2. Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) Greene. Small-flowered Agoseris. (L F. 
f. 3549.) Perennial, glabrous throughout; scape slender, much longer than the 
leaves, 12-40 cm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 7-20 cm. 
long, 2-5 mm. wide; involucre oblong-ovoid, becoming nearly hemispheric in 
fruit, 12-16 mm. high, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate; achenes con- 
spicuously beaked; pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles. Plains, 
western Neb. to Manitoba, Idaho and N. Mex. May-July. 

18. NOTHOCALAIS Greene. 

Perennial herbs, with basal tufted narrow undulate or crisped, tomentose-mar- 
gined leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers solitary at the ends of simple 
naked scapes. Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in 2-4 series, lanceolate, 
acute, or acuminate, appressed, nearly equal, the margins hyaline. Receptacle 
flat, alveolate. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the 
base. Achenes fusiform, contracted or beaked at the summit, lo-ribbed or lo- 
striate. Pappus of 10-30 white soft unequal narrow scabrous scales, with or with- 
out some capillary bristles. [Greek, 'false Calais.] Three known species, of 
western and central N. A. 

I. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene. False Calais. (I. F. f. 3550.) 
Leaves linear, long- acuminate, thick, pubescent or glabrate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-iomm. 
wide, somewhat conduplicate, their margins conspicuously white-tomentose and 
crisped, or entire. Scape stout, tomentose, at least above, shorter than or equalling 



CICHORIA CEA E. 9O I 

the leaves ; head 3-5 cm. broad ; involucre usually quite glabrous, nearly 25 mm. 
high; achenes slightly contracted at the summit, about 6 mm. long; pappus of 
40-50 unequal scales and bristles. In dry soil, on prairies and rocky hills, 111. 
to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb. and Kans. April-June. 

19. SITILIAS Raf. 

Perennial herbs (some species annual ?), with alternate or basal leaves, and mostly 
large, solitary or few heads of yellow flowers, borne on long, usually bracted pedun- 
cles. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its principal bracts in I series, nearly equal, 
slightly united at the base, with several series of smaller outer ones. Rays truncate 
and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, 
obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusiform, mostly 5 -ribbed, roughened or hirsute, 
abruptly narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of numerous soft simple 
brownish somewhat unequal bristles, surrounded at the base by a villous white 
ring. [Name unexplained.] Six known species, of N. Am. and Mex. 

Stem leafy, usually branched; plant glabrous, or nearly so. i. S. Caroliniana. 

Scape naked, monocephalous; plant hirsute, or pubescent. 2. S. grandtjlora, 

1. Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Leafy Stemmed False Dandelion- 
(I. F. f. 3551.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem leafy, usually branched, 6-15 dm- 
high. Basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatirid, lobed, coarsely dentate 
or some of them entire, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 7-20 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
wide, narrowed into margined petioles ; stem leaves sessile or partly clasping, the 
upper usually lanceolate, entire and acuminate; heads I or several, 25-35 "im. 
broad; involucre commonly puberulent or pubescent, its outer bracts setaceous or 
subulate, spreading, the inner corniculate at the apex. In dry fields, Del. to Fla., 
Mo., La. and Tex. April-July. 

2. Sitilias grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Rough False Dandelion. (I. 
F. f. 3552.) Hirsute or pubescent. Root tuberous-thickened; leaves all basal, 
oblong or spatulate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, 
narrowed into margined petioles; scape naked or sometimes with a small leaf near 
its base; head solitary, 3-5 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre small, short, 
subulate, the inner ones obscurely corniculate at the tip. On prairies, Kans. to 
Tex. April-June. 

20. CREPIS L. 

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly toothed or pinnatifid 
leaves, and small or middle-sized heads, usually paniculate or corymbose, of yel- 
low or orange flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate or swollen at the base, its 
principal bracts in I series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Recep- 
tacle mostly flat, naked or short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the 
apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear- 
oblong, io-20-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose, narrowed at the base and 
apex, beakless in our species. Pappus copious, of very slender white bristles. 
[Greek, sandal; application not explained.] About 180 species, of the northern 
hemisphere. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in western N. Am. 
Involucre glabrous. 

Involucre cylindric; plant pubescent below; introduced. 
Involucre campanulate; plant glaucous; native, western. 
Involucre pubescent, glandular, or canescent. 

Foliage not canescent nor scurfy, sometimes hirsute. 

Stem naked, or with i or 2 small leaves; western, native. 
Stems leafy; introduced annuals or biennials. 

Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile. 
Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined. 
Involucre 6-8 mm. higli; achenes lo-striate. 
Involucre 8-12 mm. high; achenes 13-striate. 
Foliage cinereous, canescent, or scurfy, sometimes also hirsute. 
Inner bracts of tlie involucre 5-8; flowers 5-8. 
Inner bracts of the involucre 9-24; flowers 10-30. 
I. Crepis pulchra L. Small-flowered IIawksheard. 
Annual; stem 6-13 dm. high, leafy and pubescent below, mostly 'glabrous. Vuiked 
and paniculately branched above. Stem loaves oblong or oblong -lanceolate, den- 



I. 


C. piilcJira. 
C. glaiica. 


3- 


C. runcinata. 


4- 


C. tectorum. 


5- 
6. 


C. vi'rens. 
C. biennis. 


7- 
8. 


C. intertneJiii. 
C. occiJcntalis. 


(I 


■ F- f- 355.^^ 



902 FLORA. 

tate, clasping by an aiiricled base or truncate, pubescent, 7-10 cm. long, acute or 
obtuse; basal leaves runcinate, narrowed into petioles; heads very numerous, about 
6 mm. broad, in a large naked panicle; involucre narrow, cylindric, glabrous, 
about I cm. high, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acuminate, the outer ones very 
short, ovate, appressed; achenes linear, faintly lO-nerved. Along railroad near 
Culpepper, Va. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May-July. 

2. Crepis glauca (Nutt.) T. & G. Glaucous Hawksbeard. . (I. F. f. 
3554.) Perennial; scapose, or rarely with I or 2 leaves on the stem, 3-7 dm. 
high, glabrous and glaucous throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, oblanecolate, or 
obovate, gradually narrowed into margined petioles, entire, dentate, or pinnatifid, 
5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; heads not numerous, long-peduncled, 12-25 '^'^'^• 
broad; peduncles glabrous; involucre campanulate, its principal bracts lanceolate, 
acute, the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed; achenes oblong-cylindnc. 
strongly lO-ribbed. In moist and saline soil. Neb. to the N. \V. Terr., Nev. and 
Utah. July-Aug. 

3. Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G. Naked-stemmed Hawksbeard. 
(I. F. f. 3555.) Perennial, similar to the preceding species but not glaucous or 
scarcely so, often pubescent below; stem leafless or with i or 2 small leaves, 
3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, obovate, or oblong, obtuse or acute, entire, 
repand, dentate, or rarely runcinate-pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide; 
heads several, long-peduncled, nearly 25 mm. broad ; involucre campanulate, its 
principal bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, outer ones short, lanceolate, appressed; 
achenes linear-oblong, lO-ribbed. In moist soil, Iowa to Manitoba, west to Utah 
and Mont. June-July. 

4. Crepis tectorum L. Narrow-leaved Hawksbeard. (L F. f. 3556.) 
Annual; stem slender, puberulent or pubescent, leafy, branched, 3-6 dm. high. 
Basal leaves lanceolate, dentate, or runcinate-pinnatifid, 10—15 c^- lo^gJ stem leaves 
sessile, sometimes slightly sagittate at the base, linear, entire, dentate, or lobed; 
heads numerous, corymbose, 12-20 mm. broad; involucre narrowly campanulate, 
canescent or pubescent, 6-10 mm. high, its principal bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
downy within, the exterior ones linear, spreading; achenes lo-ribbed, the ribs 
minutely scabrous. In waste places and in ballast, N. J. to Conn., Ont., Mich, 
and Neb. June-July. 

5. Crepis virens L. Smooth Hawksbeard. (I. F. f. 3557.) Annual; 
stem corymbosely branched above, glabrous or somewhat hirsute below, 3-7 dm. 
high. Basal leaves spatulate, pinnatifid, or dentate, sometimes 2 dm. long and 
5 cm. wide, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, clasping by a 
sagittate base, flat, the upper mostly very small and usually entire; heads numer- 
ous. 10-16 mm. broad, slender-peduncled; involucre oblong, 6-8 mm. high, its 
principal bracts lanceolate, glabrous within, the outer mostly appressed; achenes 
lo-ribbed, smooth. In fields and waste places, Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Penn., 
and in ballast about the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adventive from 
Europe. Very variable. July-Sept. 

6. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawksbeard. (I. F. f. 3558.) Biennial, or 
sometimes annual; stem pubescent or hirsute, leafy, at least below, branched 
above, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, usually hirsute, 5-15 cm. long, 
oblong or spatulate, the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles and sometimes 
merely dentate; heads several, subcorymbose, 2-4 cm. broad; involucre canescent 
or pubescent, 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, downy within, 
the outer ones linear-oblong or lanceolate, spreading; achenes oblong, 13 -striate, 
glabrous. In waste places, Vt, Penn., and in ballast about the seaports. Nat. or 
adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

7. Crepis intermedia A. Gray. Small-flowered Gray Hawksbeard. 
(I. F. f. 3559.) Perennial, cinereous- puberulent or scurfy; stem rather slender, 
1-3-leaved, 3-6 dm. high, naked and branched above. Basal leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
the base, 10-15 cm. long; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile, less divided; heads sev- 
eral, 12-18 mm. broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, its principal bracts 5-8, 
lanceolate or linear-oblong, canescent, acutish, the outer ones few and short; 
achenes oblong, strongly lO-ribbed. In dry soil, western Neb. and Colo, to Cal. 
and Br. Col. May-Sept. 



CICHORIACEAE. 9O3 

8. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Large-flowered Gray Hawksbeard. 
(I. F. f. 3560.) Perennial, scurfy and canescent, sometimes also hirsute; stem 
rather stout, leafy, branched, 15-45 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong in 
outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones 15-25 cm. 
long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile and slightly clasping; heads few or 
several, corymbose, stout-peduncled, about 25 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cam- 
panulate, canescent, its principal bracts 9-24, linear, acute; achenes oblong, 
sharply lo-ribbed, glabrous. Plains, western Neb. (according to Gray) and Colo, 
to Cal., north to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. May-July. 

21, HIERACIUM L. 

Perennial hispid scabrous glandular or glabrous herbs, with alternate or basal 
leaves, and small middle sized or large, solitary corymbose or paniculate heads of 
yellow orange or red flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or nearly hemis- 
pheric, its principal bracts in I-3 series, the outer either regularly and gradually 
smaller or abruptly much smaller, none of them much thickened at the base after 
flowering. Receptacle flat, naked or short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed 
at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 
oblong, columnar, or fusiform, not beaked, 10- 15 -ribbed, terete or 4-5 -angled. 
Pappus copious, or 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brown or brownish 
bristles. [Greek, hawk.] Not fewer than 300 species, natives of the north tem- 
perate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, some 15 others occur 
in western N. Am. 

* Flowering stem leafless, or with 1-5 leaves; achenes columnar or oblong, truncate. 
(a) Stem scapose, with a single head only ; introduced; principal bracts in i or 2 series. 

I. H. Pilosella, 
(b) Heads corymbose or paniculate ; principal bracts in 1-3 series. 
Leaves coarsely dentate; introduced species. 

Leaves cordate or subcordate. • 2. H. murorutn. 

Leaves narrowed at both ends. 3. H. vulgatum. 

Leaves denticulate or entire. 

Leaves mostly entire, spatulate to oblong- ; heads corymbose ; introduced species ; 
principal bracts of the involucre in 2-3 series. 

Heads 16-25 mm. broad; flowers red or orange. 4. H. atirantiacum. 

Heads 10-18 mm, broad ; flowers yellow. 

Glaucous, slightly hispid. 5. H. praealtum. 

Densely hirsute. 6. H. pratense. 

Leaves, at least some of them, denticulate, mostly obovate or oval; heads corymbose- 
paniculate-; natives; principal bracts in i series. 

Principal bracts of the involucre glabrous, or nearly so. 

Stem glabrous, or nearly so ; leaves usually purple-veined. 

7. H. venosum. 
Stem pilose below ; leaves green. 8. H. Marianum. 

Involucre and peduncles densely hirsute and glandular. 9. H. Greenii. 
* * Flowering stem abundantly leafy, at least below, 
(a) Principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series; heads corymbose. 
Leaves sessile, not clasping; involucre glabrous. 10. IL umbel la f ton. 

Leaves, at least the upper, clasping; involucre pubescent. 11. H. CanaJe/ise. 

(b) Principal bracts in i series; heads small, paniculate or racemose. 
1. Achenes columnar at maturity, truncate. 
Plant nearly or quite glabrous except towards the base; heads is-20-flowered. 

12. H. panictilatuyn. 
Plants scabrous or glandular ; heads 15-50-flowered. 

Peduncles stout, s]-)reading. 13. //. scabrum. 

Peduncles slender, ascending. 

No tuft of basal leaves at flowering time. 8. H. Marianuvi. 

Basal leaves present at flowering time. 14. //. Alleghanietise. 

1. Achenes spindle-sliaped, or with a tapering summit at maturity. 
Leaves and lower part of tlie stem pilose. 15. 11. Gfimovii. 

Leaves and stem densely clotlied with very long brown hairs. 16. //. lonp'pilum. 

I. Hieracium Pilosella L. Mouse-ear PLwvkweed. (LF. f. 3561.) Sto- 
loniferous, pilose-pubescent throughout; stolons leafy, i-ooting, slender. 7-30 cm. 
long. Scape slender, erect, IO-25 cm. high, leafless, with a single head; leaves 
oblong or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acutish at the ape.x, narrowed intt) petioles. 



904 FLORA. 

often white-tomentc-se beneath, 4-7 cm, long, 8-16 mm. wide; head 25 mm. broad 
or more; flowers yellow; bracts linear, acuminate, pubescent, usually with I or 2 
exterior ones. Dooryards and fields, Ont., N. Y., Penn. and Mich. Adventive 
from Europe. May-Sept. 

Hieracium Pilosella Peleterianum Mer. Stolons shorter, thick; plant silky -pubes- 
cent. Fields and roadsides, Prince Edward Island. Nat. from Europe. 

2. Hieracium murdrum L. Wall Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3562.) Stem 
pubescent or glabrate, simple, or with I or 2 branches, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves 
thin, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, cordate or truncate at the base, or abruptly 
narrowed into petioles, coarsely dentate or laciniate, at least near the base, 5-10 cm. 
long, 3-5 cm. wide, the petioles villous; stem leaves I or 2 (som.etimes none), short- 
petioled or sessile; heads about 25 mm. broad; peduncles ascending, usually 
glandular; involucre 8-10 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glandular- 
pubescent; pappus nearly white. Woodlands near Brooklyn, N. Y. ; about Que- 
bec. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. June-Aug. 

3. Hieracium vulgatum Fries. Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3563.) Similar to 
the preceding species, sometimes taller and slightly glaucous; stem 2-5 -leaved, 
pubescent or glabrate. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely dentate or den- 
ticulate, petioled, 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, stem leaves similar, short-petioled 
or sessile; petioles more or less pubescent; peduncles mostly glandular, straight; 
bracts linear, acuminate, mostly glandular. Lab. and Newf. to Quebec and in 
southern N. Y. and N. J. Probably introduced. Also in Greenland, northern 
Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 

4. Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange or Tawny Hawkweed. Golden 
Mouse-Ear Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3564.) Stoloniferous, or stolons wanting; stem 
leafless or rarely with I or 2 small sessile leaves, hirsute, slender, 1.5-5 ^m. high. 
Basal leaves hirsute, tufted, spatulate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
entire, or sometimes slightly denticulate, 5-12 cm. long, .5-2 cm. wide; heads 
14-25 mm. broad; peduncles glandular-pubescent; involucre 8-10 mm. high, its 
bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute and sometimes glandular. In fields, 
woods and along roadsides, N. B. and Ont. to N. Y., N, J. and Penn. Nat. from 
Europe. June-Sept. 

5. Hieracium praealtum Vill. King-devil. (I. F. f. 3565.) Stolonifer- 
ous or stolons wanting; stem glabrous, or somewhat hispid, glaucous, slender, 
4-9 dm. high, bearing I-3 leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly 
oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed 
below into margined petioles, hirsute with stiff hairs, 5-10 cm. long, 6-14 mm. 
wide; heads 8- 1 2 mm. broad; peduncles mostly short, pilose and glandular; in- 
volucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, pilose and some- 
what glandular. In fields, meadows and along roadsides. Me. and Ont. to N. Y. 
Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 

6. Hieracium pratense Tausch. Field Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3566.) Stolon- 
iferous, hirsute or pilose with long hairs, those of the stem blackish. Stem sea- 
pose, simple, 3-6 dm. high, bearing i or 2 leaves below the middle; basal leaves 
numerous, tufted, light green, oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 
cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, or to a sessile base, entire, or with few 
distant minute glandular teeth; heads 2 cm. wide, or less; peduncles glandular and 
often tomentose; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular 
and pilose. Dongan Hills, Staten Island, N. Y. Nat. or adventive from Europe. 

7. Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin's Plan- 
tain. (1. F. f. 3567.) Stems solitary or several from the same root, slender, 
glabrous, or with a few hispid hairs, leafless or with 1-3 leaves, 3-9 dm. high. 
Basal leaves tufted, spreading on the ground, obovate, oval or oblong-spatulate, 
mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or petioled, 3-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
wide, usually purple- veined, more or less hirsute, some or all of them, glandular- 
denticulate; heads 10-16 mm. broad, 15-40-flowered, slender-peduncled; pedim- 
cles glabrous, or slightly glandular; involucre about 6 mm. high. Dry woods and 
thickets. Me. to Ont. and Manitoba south to Ga., K}'-. and Neb. May-Oct. 

8. Hieracium Marianum Willd. Maryland Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3568.) 
Stems usually solitary, slender, 3-9 dm. high, bearing 2-7 leaves. Basal leaves 



CICHORIACEAE. 9O5 

obovate or oblong, ascending or erect, obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or peti- 
oled, villous or hirsute, glandular-denticulate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, those 
of the stem similar, smaller; heads 12-20 mm. broad, 15-40-flowered, slender- 
peduncled; peduncles more or less glandular and sometimes canescent ; involucre 
about 8 mm. high, bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, glabrous or nearly 
so, with a few short outer ones. In dry woods and thickets, R. I. to southern N. 
Y., Penn., Ky., Ala. and Fla. May-July. 

9. Hieracium Greenii Porter and Britton. Green's Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 
3569.) Stem glabrous up to the branches, rather slender, leafless or rarely with I 
or 2 leaves, 4-7 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, ascending, spatulate, oblong, or 
obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly .petioled, glandular-denticulate or 
entire, villous-pubescent or somewhat hispid, 10-17 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide; heads 
30-40-flowered, slender-peduncled, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre 10 mm. high, 
bracts linear, acute, densely pilose- glandular. In dry soil, mountains of Penn. to 
Va. and W. Va. May-June. 

10. Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 
3570.) Stem rather slender, glabrous or puberulent, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves lance- 
olate or linear-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes 
laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, 3-7 cm. long, 
4-12 mm. wide, glabrous above, mostly somewhat pubescent beneath, the margins 
commonly ciliolate; heads about 25 mm. broad; peduncles rather stout, canescent; 
involucre 10-14 mm. high, the outer bracts spreading. Lower St. Lawrence 
River to Ont., Minn., Neb., Br. Col. and Ore. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
June-Aug. 

11. Hieracium Canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3571.) 
Stem erect, firm, glabrate or pubescent, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves numerous, oblong- 
lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
sessile, and, at least the upper ones, clasping at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. 
wide, serrate or incised, the margins sometimes ciliolate, glabrous or pubescent 
beneath, the lowest somewhat spatulate and petioled; heads about 25 mm. broad; 
involucre about 12 mm. high, outer bracts spreading. In dry woods and thickets, 
N. S. to Ont.' and the N. W. Terr., south to N. J. and Mich. July-Sept. 

12. Hieracium paniculatum L. Panicled Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3572.) 
Glabrous throughout, or somewhat pilose-pubescent below, stem paniculately 
branched above, leafy, slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest 
into petioles, denticulate or dentate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads 10-14 
mm. broad; peduncles filiform, often drooping, glabrous or sometimes glandular; 
involucre about 6 mm. high, glabrous or nearly so, bracts linear, acute, with a few 
very small outer ones at the base. In dry woods, Me., Quebec and Ont. to Ga., 
Ala. and Ky. July-Sept. 

13. Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 3573.) 
vStem stout, leafy, densely hirsute or hispid below and glandular-pubescent above, 
strict, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves hirsute, obovate, oblong, or broadly spatulate, 
5~io cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base or 
the lowest into margined petioles, denticulate; heads 12-16 mm. broad; pedun- 
cles stout, densely glandular; involucre 8-10 mm. high, glandular; bracts linear, 
acute, with a few very small outer ones. In dry woods and clearings, N. S. to 
Minn., Ga., Neb. and Kans. July-Sept. 

14. Hieracium Alleghaniense Britton n. sp. Alleghany Hawkweed. 
Stem rough-hairy below, glabrous or nearly so above, about 6.5 dm. tall. Lower 
and middle stem-leaves oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long, 3 cm. wide or more, obtuse, 
cuspidate, tapering into narrowly margined pubescent petioles, thin, pale and 
pubescent along the midvein beneath, green above, with a few very distant miiuite 
glandular teeth; upper leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to a 
sessile base; inflorescense paniculate, its branches tililbrm, glandular; heads rather 
numerous: involucre about 7 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, sparingly glan- 
dular, a little shorter than the brown pappus; young achenes ti-uncate. Aurora. 
Alleghany Mountains of W. Va., E. S. Steele, Aug. 20. iSqS. 

15. Hieracium Gronovii L. Gronovius' Hawkwf.ei>. Hairy Hawkweed. 
(I. F. f. 3574.) Stem stiff, mostly slender, leafy and villous or hirsute, sometimes 



go6 FLORA. 

nearly leafless, 3-9 cm. high. Leaves villous or hirsute, the basal and lower ones 
obovate or spatulate, denticulate, or entire, obtuse, 5- 15 cm. long, usually narrowed 
into petioles; stem leaves mostly sessile, oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, the upper 
gradually smaller; heads 10-18 mm. broad; peduncles glandular and canescent, 
slender; involucre about 8 mm. high, somewhat canescent, bracts linear- lance- 
olate, acute, with several very small outer ones. In dry soil, Mass. to Ont., 111., 
Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

16. Hieracium longipilum Torr. Long-bearded Hawkweed. (I. F. f. 
3575.) Stem, at least its lower portion, and leaves densely covered with long 
brown rather rigid bristly hairs 1-2.5 cm. long, arising from papillae. Stem very 
leafy below, stiff, simple, 6-10 dm. high; basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob- 
long, obtuse, mostly entire, 8-16 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the 
upper lanceolate or spatulate, mostly sessile; heads 16-20 mm. broad; peduncles 
tomentose and glandular; involucre 8 -10 mm. high, bracts linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, with several short subulate outer ones. Prairies and dry woods, Ont. to 
Minn,, 111., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

22. NABALUS Cass. 

Perennial, herbs with alternate, mostly petioled, dentate lobed or pinnatifid 
leaves, or the upper auriculate and clasping, and numerous small heads of ligulate 
white yellowish or purplish flowers in open or spike-like terminal panicles, or also 
in axillary clusters, usually drooping. Involucre cylindric, usually narrow, its 
principal bracts in I or 2 series, nearly equal, with a few smaller exterior ones at 
the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the summit. 
Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or narrowly columnar, truncate, terete or 
4-5-angled, mostly lO-ribbed. Pappus of copious rather rigid simple white to red- 
dish-brown bristles. [Modern Latin, from an Indian name for Rattlesnake-root.] 
About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, another 
occurs in northwestern Am. 

* Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 
Heads 5-7 flowered; involucre very narrow, light green, 2 mm. thick ; pappus light 

straw-color. i- N. altissitnus . 

Heads 8-16 flowered ; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, 3-6 mm. thick. 

Leaves, or some of them, lobed, divided, or pinnatifid ; involucre about 3 mm. thick. 
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. N. albus. 

Pappus straw-color or hght brown. 
Inflorescence paniculate. 

Involucral bracts with some stiff hairs, obviously shorter than the pap- 
pus; panicle-branches divergent. 3. ^V. serpent arius. 

Involucral bracts glabrous, equalhng the pappus ; panicle-branches 
ascending, or erect. 4. JV. tri/olzGlatus. 

Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate. 

Leaves palmately lobed or divided ; northern. 5. N. nanus. 

Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid ; southern. 6. yV. virgatus. 
Leaves irregularly dentate or denticulate, oblong ; plant tall. 3. N. serpentarius. 
Leaves entire or denticulate ; plant low, alpine ; involucre 5-6 mm. thick. 

7. I\\ Boottii. 
* * Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent. 
Inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid; heads 8-i6-flowered. 

Leaves and stem rough-puberulent or scabrous. 8. N. asper. 

Leaves and stem glabrous, glaucous. 9. N. racemosus. 

Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; heads 20-25-flowered. 10. N. crepidineus. 

I. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall White Lettuce. (I. F. f. 3576.) 
Glabrous, or sparingly hispidulous, not glaucous; stem slender, 1-2 m. high, green, 
or sometimes purplish. Leaves thin, hastate, cordate, ovate, or the uppermost 
lanceolate, entire, denticulate, dentate or palmately lobed or divided, most of them 
long-petioled, the larger sometimes 15 cm. long; heads very numerous, in a nar- 
row panicle, and often in axillary clusters, 5-7-flowered, pendulous, about 4 mm. 
broad; inflorescence often narrow; involucre narrowly cylindric, 10-18 mm. long, 
about 2 mm. thick, green, glabrous, its principal bracts about 5 ; flowers greenish 
or yellowish white. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Manitoba, south to Ga. and 
Tenn. July-Oct. 



CICHORIACEAE, 907 

2. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. Rattlesnake-root. White Lettuce. 
(I. F. f. 3577-) Glabrous and glaucous; stem commonly purple, 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves hastate, ovate, cordate, denticulate, dentate, lobed, or palmately divided, 
or the upper lanceolate, entire; heads numerous, pendulous, about 6 mm. broad, 
paniculate, or thyrsoid, and often in axillary clusters; involucre glabrous, or with 
a few scattered hairs, glaucous, 10-14 mm. high, its principal bracts about 8, 
purplish; flowers greenish or yellowish white, fragrant. In woods, Me. and Ont. 
to Manitoba, south to Ga. and Ky. Aug.-Sept. 

3. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-Earth. 
(I. F. f. 3578.) Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, green; stem stout or slender, 
not glaucous. 3-12 dm. high. Leaves rather firm, similar to those of the preced- 
ing species, equally variable in outline, often pihnatifid or pinnately lobed, or 
palmately divided; inflorescence paniculate, the branches divaricate, upcurved; 
heads numerous, about 6 mm. broad, pendulous; involucre more or less bristly- 
hispid, rarely glabrous, 10-14 mm. long, its principal bracts about 8, shorter than 
the pappus; flowers whitish or cream-color, rarely yellow. In fields and thickets, 
Ont. to southern N. Y., Fla., Ala. and Ky. July-Oct. 

Nabalus serpentarius integrifolius (Cass.) Britton. Leaves oblong to oval, irregu- 
larly dentate, denticulate or entire. L. I. to N. Car. 

4. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Tall Rattlesnake-root. (I. F. f. 3579.) 
Glabrous throughout; stem usually stout, 10-27 ^"^^ high. Leaves thinnish, the 
lower long-petioled, usually 3-divided with the divisioiis stalked or sessile, the 
upper short petioled or sessile, all commonly lobed or dentate, but the upper some- 
times lanceolate, acuminate and entire; panicle-branches ascending, or nearly 
erect; heads few in the clusters, drooping; involucre glabrous, 12 mm. long, its 
principal bracts 6-8, equalling the pappus; flowers whitish or pale yellow. In 
woods and thickets. Me. to Vt., Penn., Tenn. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 

5. Nabalus nanus (Bigel.) DC. Low Rattlesnake-root, or Lion's-foot. 
(I. F. f. 3580.) Glabrous throughout; stem simple, erect, 1-4 dm. high. Basal 
and lower leaves slender- petioled, 3-divided, or sometimes broadly hastate, the 
divisions variously lobed, toothed, or entire; upper leaves much smaller, entire, 
toothed, or lobed, sessile, or short-petioled; inflorescence rarely with I or 2 short 
ascending branches; involucre dark purple-brown or nearly black, glabrous, 
8-12 mm. long, its inner bracts 6-8, slightly ciliate at the apex, about as long as 
the pappus. Alpine summits of the Adirondacks and the mountains of N. Eng. ; 
N. S. to Lab. and Newf. Aug.-Sept. 

6. Nabalus virgatus (Michx.) DC. Slender Rattlesnake-root. De 
Witt's Snakeroot. (I. F. f. 3581.) Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem strict, 
mostly simple, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, the basal 
and lower ones sinuate-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, petioled, often 25 cm. long, 
the lobes entire or dentate, distant; upper leaves all sessile, pinnately lobed, or the 
uppermost entire, very small and bract-like; heads very numerous, pendtilous, 
about 4 mm. broad, in a narrow, simple or branched, terminal thyrsus, often uni- 
lateral; involucre 10 mm. long, its principal bracts about 8; flowers white or pnik- 
ish. In moist sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., near the coast. Sept-Oct. 

7. Nabalus Boottii DC. Boott's Rattlesnake-root. (I. F. f. 3582.) 
Glabrous be^ow, commonly pubescent above; stem simple, 1-3.5 dm. high. 
Leaves thickish, the basal and lower ones ovate, hastate, or deltoid, petioled. 
mostly obtuse, entire, or denticulate, 3-5 cm. long, the upper ovate or oblong, 
usually entire, short-petioled or sessile, much smaller; heads erect, spreading, or 
some of them pendulous, racemose or somewhat thyrsoid, 8-10 mm. broad; invo- 
lucre campanulate-oblong, 8-14 mm. long, dark purplish green, its principal bracts 
8-10, obtuse or obtusish; flowers whitish, odorous. Alpine siunmits of the moun- 
tains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y. July-Aug. 

8. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G. Rough White-lettuce. (I. F. f. 35S3. ) 
Stem virgate, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves firai, oval, oblong, or oblancoi>late, those of 
the stem all closely sessile, acute or acutish, tlentate. denticulate, or the upper- 
most entire, the lower sometimes clasping, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the basal 
tapering into winged petioles, comnninly obtuse; heads ntnnevous, erect, spread- 
ing, or slightly drooping, 6-8 mm. broad, 12-16-flowered, in a long narrow thyrsus; 



908 FLORA. 

involucre oblong, 4-5 mm. thick. 10- 14 mm. high, very hirsute, its principal 
bracts 8-10; flowers light yellow; pappus straw-color. On dry prairies, Ohio to 
Minn, and Neb., south to Ky., La. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 

9. Nabalus racemosus (Michx. ) DC. Glaucous White- lettuce. (I. F. f. 
3584.) Stem virgate, striate, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thickish, glabrous and 
glaucous, the lower and basal ones oval, oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, dentate 
or denticulate, 1-2 cm. long, mostly obtuse, tapering into long margined petioles; 
upper leaves sessile, smaller and partly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 
denticulate or entire, mostly acute ; heads numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly 
drooping, i2-i6-flowered, 4-6 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cylindric, hirsute, 
10-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, longer than the hirsute peduncle, its principal 
bracts 8-10, with several small outer ones; flowers purplish. In moist open places, 
N. B. and Anticosti to the N. W. Terr., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Mo. and 
Colo. Aug. -Sept. 

Nabalus racemosus pinnatifidus (A. Gray) Britten. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately 
lobed. Hackensack marshes, N. J.; near Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 

Prenanthes Mainensis A. Gray, from northern Me., is probably a hybrid between N. 
racemosus and N. t7-ifoliolatus. 

10. Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. Corymbed Rattlesnake-root. 
(I. F. f. 3585.) Stem glabrous or nearly so below, sometimes puberulent above, 
stout, 1.5-2.7 m. high. Leaves thin, the basal and lower ones hastate, ovate, oblong, 
or deltoid, sharply dentate, lobed, or incised, sometimes 25 cm. long, usually with 
broadly winged petioles; the upper much smaller, sessile or short-petioled, nar- 
rowed at the base, not clasping, ovate, deltoid, or lanceolate, acute; heads numer- 
ous, pendulous, short-peduncled, 8-12 mm. broad; involucre oblong or oblong - 
campanulate, hirsute, 10-15 mm. long, about 6 mm. thick, dark green or purplish, 
its principal bracts 12-15; flowers cream-color; pappus brown. In fields and 
thickets, western Penn. and N. Y. to Ky., Minn, and Kans. Aug.-Oct. 

Family 4. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. 
Ragweed Family. 

Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, 
rarely shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small 
heads of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, 
separate or united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and 
nut-like or bur-like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in 
separate heads. Receptacle chafify. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, 
or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the i-celled 
ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers 
with a funnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 
5, separate, or their anthers merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, 
with short inflexed appendages ; ovary rudimentary ; summit of the style 
often hairy or penicillate. Eight genera and about 55 species, mostly 
nativ^es of America. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads ; involucre of a few rounded bracts. 

I. Iva. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the staminate mostly uppermost ; in- 
volucre of the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like. 
Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united. 

Involucre of the pistillate heads with several tubercles or prickles in a single 

series. 2. Ambrosia. 

Involucre of the pistillate heads with numerous prickles in several series. 

3. Gaertneria. 

Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate; involucre of pistillate heads an 

oblong bur. 4. Xanthium. 

I. iVA L. 

Puberulent or scabrous herbs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, 
and small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or paniculate heads of 
greenish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. 



A MBROSIA CEA E. 909 

Receptacle chaffy, the linear or spatulate chaff enveloping the flowers. Marginal 
flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers 
perfect, sterile, their corollas funnelform, 5-lobed, their styles undivided, dilated at 
the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent with each other, 
tipped with mucronate appendages. Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous. 
Pappus none. [Named after Ajuga Iva, from its similar smell.] About 12 spe- 
cies, natives of America. Besides the following, 6 others occur in the southern 
and western U. S. 

Heads spicate or racemose, solitary-axillary, each subtended by a linear or oblong leaf. 
Heads solitary, pedicelled. 

Bracts of the involucre 4-5; heads 3-5 mm. high. 

Leaves serrate, oval or oblong ; eastern. i. I.fr<itescens. 

Leaves entire or nearly so, obovate or oblong; western. 

2. /. axillaris. 
Bracts of the involucre 6-9 ; heads 6-8 mm. high ; southeastern. 

3. /. imbricata. 
Heads spicate; leaves dentate. 4. /. ciliata. 

Heads spicate-paniculate, not subtended by leaves. 5. /. xaitthiifolia, 

1. Iva frutescens L. Marsh Elder. High-water Shrub. (LF. f. 3586.) 
Perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, somewhat fleshy; stem minutely pubescent, or 
sometimes glabrous below, 9-35 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- 
late, all the lower ones opposite, short-petioled, 3-nerved, acute or obtusish, serrate, 
narrowed at the base, the lower 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upper smaller 
and narrower, passing gradually into those of the racemose inflorescence, which are 
much longer than the short-pedicelled heads ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its 
bracts orbicular-obovate, separate; fertile flowers about 5, their corollas tubular. 
Along salt marshes and on muddy seashores, N. H. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

2. Iva axillaris Pursh. Small-flowered Marsh Elder. (L F. f. 3587.) 
Perennial by woody roots; stems herbaceous, ascending, glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent, simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, entire or very nearly 
SO; obtuse, faintly 3 nerved, obovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, thick, 
somewhat fleshy, glabrous or pubescent, the lower opposite, the upper alternate 
and smaller, passing gradually into those of the inflorescence; heads mostly solitary 
in the axils of the leaves, 4-6 mm. broad, short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, 
about 3 mm. high, its bracts about 5, connate at the base; pistillate flowers 4 or 5, 
their corollas tubular. In saline or alkaline soil, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., 
N. Mex,, Br. Col. and Cal. May-Sept. 

3. Iva imbricata Walt. Seacoast Marsh Elder. (I. F. f 3588.) Peren- 
nial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so throughout, fleshy; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest alternate, sessile, oblong- 
spatulate, or lanceolate, obtusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, obscurely 
3-nerved, the larger 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; heads short peduncled or nearly 
sessile, the upper ones longer than their subtending leaves; involucre broadly cam- 
panulate, its bracts 6-9, not united, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile flowers 
2-4, their corollas tubular, the staminate ones much more numerous. On sandv 
seashores, Va. and N. Car. to Fla. and La. July-Oct. 

4. Iva ciliata Willd, Rough Marsh Elder. (I. F. f 3589.) Annual, 
hispid-pubescent; stem simple, or branched, 6 20 dm. high. Leaves nearly all 
opposite, ovate, petioled, scarcely fleshy, puberulcnt beneath, acuminate at the 
apex, abruptly or gradually narrowed at the base, coarsely and irregularly dentate. 
3 nerved, the lower 10-12 cm. long; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid, squar- 
rose, much longer than the heads; heads about 2 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
3-5, distinct or united below; hispid; fertile flowers 3-5, their corollas slender; 
staminate flowers 10-15. In moist soil. III. to Neb., La. and N. Mex. Aug.-Oct. 

5. Iva xanthiifolia (Frcsen.) Nutt. Burweed Marsh Elder. \l F. 
f. 3590.) Annual; stem nuich branched, pubescent or puberulcnt alnn-e. glabrous 
below, 1-2 m. high. Leaves nearly all opposite, broadly ovate, long-petioled, 
acuminate at the apex, abruptly or gradually contracted at the base, coarsely and 
irregularly dentate, pale and canescent or puberulent beneath, roughish alxn^e. 3- 
ribbed; inflorescence spicate-paniculate, terminal and axillary, ample, naked; heads 
sessile or minutely peduncled, less than 2 mm, broad; bracts oi the involucre in 2 



9IO FLORA, 

series of 5» the outer ovate, the inner obovate or truncate, concave, subtending the 
usually 5 achenes; corollas of the fertile flowers rudimentary or none; staminate 
flowers 10-15, their corollas obconic. In moist soil, or waste places, Ont. toN. W. 
Terr., south to Wis., Neb., N. Mex. and Utah. July-Sept. 

2. AMBROSIA L. 

Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, most- 
ly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate 
or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the 
pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, i-flowered, usually armed with 
4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; 
achenes ovoid or obovoid ; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate heads mostly 
hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered; receptacle nearly 
flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla funnelform, 5-toothed: anthers scarcely 
coherent, mucronate-tipped ; style undivided, penicillate at the summit. [The 
ancient classical name.] About 12 species, mostly natives of America. Besides 
the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Sterile heads sessile ; a lanceolate hispid lobe on inner border of involucre. 

1. A. bidentata. 
Sterile heads short-pedicelled; involucre depressed-hemispheric. 

Leaves opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed, or undivided ; receptacle naked. 

2. A. trifida. 
Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-2-pinnatifid ; receptacle chaffy. 

Annual ; leaves thin ; fruiting involucre spiny. 3. A. artemisicefolia. 

Perennial ; leaves thick ; fruiting involucre naked or tubercled, 

4. A. psilostachya. 

1. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Lance-leaved Ragweed. (I. F. f. 3591.) 
Annual, hirsute, usually much branched, very leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate, mainly alternate, sessile and somewhat cordate-clasping at the base, 
acuminate at the apex, i -nerved, 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, usually with i or 2 
sharp lobes at the base and a few minute sharp teeth above, or the upper ones 
quite entire; spikes of staminate heads dense, their receptacles chaffy; fertile heads 
solitary, or clustered, oblong, 4-angled, 6-8 mm. long, bearing 4 sharp spines. 
Prairies, 111. to Kans., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 

2. Ambrosia trifida L. Horse-cane. Bitter-weed. Great Ragweed. 
(I. F. f. 3592.) Annual, scabrous or hispid, or nearly glabrous, branched, 1-5 m. 
high. Leaves all opposite, petioled, 3-nerved, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes lanceo- 
late or ovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate; the upper sometimes ovate and 
undivided; racemes of sterile heads 7-25 cm. long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 
3-ribbed on the outer side; fertile heads usually clustered in the axils of the upper 
bract- like leaves, turbinate to obovoid, 5-7 -ribbed, conic-beaked, 6-8 mm. long, 
each rib bearing a tubercle near the summit. In moist soil, Quebec to Fla., the 
N. W. Terr., Neb., Colo, and Ark. July- Oct. 

Ambrosia trifida integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
not lobed; plant usually lower. Frequent with the type. 

3. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed. Roman Wormwood. Hog- 
weed. Wild Tansy. (I. F. f. 3593.) Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hir- 
sute, paniculately branched, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, i-2-pinnatifid, petioled, 
5-10 cm. long, the upper alternate, the lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent 
beneath, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute ; racemes of sterile heads 
very numerous, 2-15 cm. long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate; fertile heads 
obovoid or subglobose, mostly clustered, 3-4 mm. long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined 
near the summit, sparingly pubescent. In dry soil, often a pernicious weed in 
cultivated fields, N. S. to Fla., west to Br. Col. and Mex. Also in the W. Ind. 
and S. Am., and introduced into Europe as a weed. July-Oct. 

4. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western Ragweed. (I. F. f. 3594.) 
Similar to the preceding species, but perennial by running roots, the leaves thick, 
the pubescence strigose or hispid. Stems usually much branched, 6-12 dm. high, 
rather stout; leaves 1-2 pinnatifid. 5-12 cm. long, the lobes acutish; racemes of 
sterile heads several or numerous, 5-15 cm. long, the involucres campanulate, the 



A MBROSIA CEA E. 9 1 1 

receptacles chaffy; fertile heads mostly solitary, ovoid or obovoid, reticulated, 
short- pointed, unarmed, or with about 4 short tubercles, pubescent, 3-4 mm. long. 
In moist open soil. 111. to the N. W. Terr., Tex., Mex. and Cai. July-Oct. 



Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, with the aspect of Ambrosias^ sometimes 
woody at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoe- 
cious greenish heads of discoid flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, 
the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate 
heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4-celled, 1-4-beaked, armed with several rows of 
spines and forming a bur in fruit; corolla none or rudimentary; style deeply bifid, 
its branches exserted; stamens none; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the cells; 
pappus none. Staminate heads sessile, or short-peduncled, their involucres broadly 
hemispheric, open, 5-12-lobed; receptacle chaffy; corolla regular, the tube short, 
the limb 5 -lobed; style undivided; anthers scarcely coherent; mucronate-tipped. 
[In honor of Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791, German botanist.] About 15 species, 
natives of America. In addition to the following, some 8 others occur in the west- 
ern and southwestern United States. 

Plant hirsute; annual; spines of the fruiting- involucre long, flat. i. G. acanthicarpa. 
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; spines short, conic; perennials. 

Leaves bipinnatifid. 2. G. discolor. 

Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal segment large. 3. G. tomentosa. 

1. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. Hooker's Gaertneria. 
(I. F. f. 3595.) Annual, erect or diffuse, paniculately branched, 3-6 dm. high; 
stem hirsute or hispid. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, bipinnatifid, 5-10 
cm. long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, once pinnatifid, or merely lobed; 
racemes of sterile heads usually numerous, 3-7 cm. long; fruiting involucres clust- 
ered in the axils, 6-8 mm. long, commonly i -flowered, armed with numerous long 
flat straight spines. N. W, Terr, to Kans., Tex., Br. Col. and Cal. July-Sept. 

2. Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.)Kuntze. White-leaved Gaertneria. (I. F. 
f. 3596.) Erect or ascending from perennial rootstocks, branched, about 3 dm. 
high. Leaves nearly all bipinnatifid, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath, 
green and pubescent or glabrate above, 5-12 cm. long; sterile racemes narrow, 
commonly solitary, 3-5 cm. long; fruiting involucres clustered \w the axils, finely 
canescent, about 4 mm. long, mostly 2-flowered, armed with short, sharp, conic 
spines. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Wyo., Colo, and N. Mex. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze. Woolly Gaertneria. (I. F, 
f. 3597.) Erect from a deep perennial root, usually branched at the base, 3-9 dm. 
high. Leaves pinnately lobed or divided, finely and densely tomentose on both 
sides, or ashy above, the terminal segment lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acum- 
inate, serrulate or entire, very much larger than the 2-6 rather distant narrow lat- 
eral ones; sterile racemes solitary, 5-10 cm. long; fruiting involucres solitarv, or 
2-3 together in the upper axils, ovoid, finely canescent or glabrate, 2-flowered, 
about 6 mm. long, armed with subulate-conic, very acute, sometimes curved spines. 
On rich prairies and along rivers, western Neb., Kans. and Colo. Aug. -Sept. 

4. XANTHIUM L. 
Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed 
or dentate leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid fli)wcrs. the staminate 
ones capitate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillarv. Stam- 
inate heads with a short involucre of i to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle 
cylindric, chafty; corollas tubular, 5-toothed; anthers not coherent, m'ucronato at 
the apex; filaments monadelphous; style slender, undivided. Pistillate heads of 
an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hoc^ked spines, l-2-beaked. 
2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene; corolla none; pap- 
pus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding 
a yellow hair-dye.] About 15 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
Leaves lanceolate, not cordate ; axils bearing 3-divided spines, i. X. spinosum. 
Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, or truncate ; axils not spiny. 

Bur 12-20 mm. long, usually nearly glabrous ; beaks straight or nearly so. 

2. X. glabratum 



912 FLORA, 

Bur 5-30 mm. long ; beaks hooked or incurved. 

Body of the bur oblong, twice as long as thick or more. 

Bur and its spines merely puberulent and glandular or with a few hispid hairs. 
Prickles very dense, slender; leaves thin, sharply toothed. 

3. X. Pennsylvanicum. 
Prickles scattered, stout ; leaves firm, bluntly toothed. 

4. X. Canadense. 
Bur or its prickles very hispid. 

Prickles as long as the diameter of the bur or longer. 

5. X. speciosum. 
Prickles not longer than the diameter of the bur. 

Prickles slender, loosely hispid to about the middle. 

6. X. commune. 
Prickles stout, very densely long-hispid nearly to the strongly- 
hooked tip. 7. X. Macounii. 

Body of the bur oval to ovoid, not twice as long as thick. 

Prickles of the bur dense ; pubescence of the bur and its prickles brown. 

8. X. echinattcm. 
Prickles of the bur, scattered; pubescence of the bur and its prickles yellow. 

9. X. glanduliferum. 

1. Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny or Thorny Clotbur or Burweed. 
(I. F. f. 3598.) Stem pubescent or puberulent, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lobed, or the upper 
entire, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, white canescent beneath and on the 
whitish veins of the upper surface, 5-12 cm. long; ripe fertile involucre (bur) 
oblong-cylindric, 8 12 mm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, pubescent, armed with 
short subulate rather inconspicuous beaks, and numerous glabrous prickles about 
2 mm. long. In waste grounds, Out. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo. and Tex. Widely 
distributed as a weed. Nat. from Europe or Asia. Aug. -Nov. 

2. Xanthium glabratum (DC.) Britton. Smoothish Cocklebur or 
Burweed. (I. F. f. 3599.) Rough, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, 
broadly ovate to orbicular, 3- ribbed and cordate or cordate-reniform at the base, 
the lower often 25 cm. wide, the margins dentate, or iTiore or less 3-5 -lobed, both 
surfaces roughish and green; bur oblong, glabrous or nearly so. 12-18 cm. long, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, its 2 sharp subulate 2.toothed beaks straight or nearly so, 
equalling or slightly longer than the numerous, nearly glabrous or pubescent 
prickles. ■ In waste places, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Neb., south to Fla. and Mex. 
[Jf. macrocarpon, var. glabration DC; X. pungens Wallr. ; has generally been 
referred to the Old World X. strufnarium L., which has smaller, puberulent burs, 
with stouter shorter beaks.] Aug. -Oct. 

3. Xanthium Pennsylvanicum Wallr. Pennsylvania Clotbur. Stem 
comparatively slender, smooth below, roughish above, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
long-petioled, sharply toothed and some of them 3-5 -lobed, smoothish, or the upper 
surface scabrate, glandular; burs clustered in the axils, 15-18 mm. long, about 
one-third as thick, puberulent and resinous- glandular, and commonly with a few 
longer hairs; prickles very numerous, subulate, hooked, the longer ones nearly as 
long as the diameter of the bur; beaks slender, but stouter than the prickles, in- 
curved and hooked. D. C. to Penn., Ont. and Minn. 

4. Xanthium Canadense Mill. American Cocklebur. Hedgehog Bur- 
weed. (I. F. f. 3600.) Similar to the preceding species. Leaves roughish and 
thicker, bluntly toothed and lobed ; bur puberulent and glandular, oblong, 15-20 
mm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the two stout beaks hooked or incurved at the 
apex, longer than or equalling the scattered rather slender hooked prickles. 
Northern N. Y. to Mass. Aug. -Oct. 

5. Xanthium speciosum Kearney. Great Clotbur. Very stout, 1-1.5 
m. high. Stem sharply angled above; lower petioles 10-15 cm. long; leaf-blades 
broadly triangular-ovate, the larger 15-22 cm. wide, 3-5 -lobed, dentate, scabrous 
on both surfaces; burs commonly clustered, oblong to ovoid-oblong. 2.5 cm. longer 
more, the stout beaks 10-12 mm. long, somewhat incurved, strongly hooked at the 
apex, equalling or a little longer than the dense subulate uncinate prickles, which 
are hispid to above the middle. Tenn. and Mo. to N. Dak., Kans. and Tex. 

6. Xanthium commune Britton, n. sp. Common Clotbur. Stem rather 
slender, 3-6 dm. high, roughish. Leaves broadly ovate, more or less lobed, sea- 



COMPOSITAE. 913 

brous, especially above; burs commonly solitary in the axils, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
long, half as thick, or less, the subulate-conic beaks slightly incurved, hooked at 
the apex, about as long as the subulate uncinate prickles, which are hispid to 
about the middle with brown hairs. Quebec to N. Y., Kans., Mo. and Ariz. 
Type collected by N. L. Britton at Westport, N. Y. 

7. Xanthium Macounii Britton, n. sp. Macoun's Clotbur. Stem purplish 
or purple-blotched, about 2.5 dm. high. Leaves slender petioled, triangular- 
ovate, acute, irregularly dentate, firm, scabrous on both surfaces; burs mostly 2 in 
each axil, oblong, the body about 2 cm. long and 8 mm. thick, the stout prickles 
very densely hispid, excepting their strongly incurved, glabrous lips, shorter than 
the stouter, hispid incurved beaks, and than the diameter of the bur. Goose 
Island, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, J. M. Macoun, Aug. 16, 1884. Specimen in 
the herbarium of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. 

8. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Beach Clotbur. Stem rough, purplish 
or purple-blotched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, scabrous, with scattered short 
papillose hairs, obtusely toothed and lobed, somewhat resinous-glandular beneath; 
burs commonly clustered in the axils, ovoid to oval, 15-20 mm. long, 8-12 mm. 
thick, glandular; prickles very dense, densely hispid from the base to the middle or 
beyond, subulate, hooked, the longer about 5 mm. long, and about equalling the 
stout hispid beaks. Sea, lake and river beaches, N. C. to Mass., Vt., northern 
N. Y. and Minn. {X. macu latum Raf. ; X. oviforme Wallr., ex descr.) 

9. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene. Glandular Clotbur. Similar to 
X. echinatum. Leaves very thick and scabrous with sliort stout papillae; burs 
oval, 10-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, yellow, the prickles scattered, bristly-hispid 
nearly to the hooked apex, scarcely as long as the conic-subulate short-bristly 
beaks. Neb. to N. Dak. and Assiniboia. 

Family 5. COMPOSITAE Adans. 
Thistle Family. 
Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res- 
inous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate 
leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious 
or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended 
by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series. 
Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending the flowers, smooth, 
or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube completely adnate to 
the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown- 
like, or cup-like, or wanting. Coralla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, 
the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded 
into a lio-ule (ray); when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be 
discoid; when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disk. 
Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their 
anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, 
sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often 
rough or prickly. Ovary i-celled ; ovule i, anatropous; style of fertile 
flowers 2-cleft ; stigmas marginal; style of sterile flowers commonly un- 
divided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryo 
straight; hypocotyl inferior. About 760 genera and not less than 10,000 
species, of wide geogra[)hic distribution. In Kuhnia, the anthers are 
distinct, or nearly so, 

* Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, 

or not extending beyond the middle ; flowers all tubular and perfect, 

never yellow ; rays none. 

Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous ; receptacle naked. 

Tribe i. \'krnonie.\e. 
Style branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2. I-ava roRiEAE. 

** Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (ex- 
cept in Inula, where they are large and yellow). 

Tribe 4. Inule.^e. 



914 FLORA. 

* * * Anthers not tailed at the base; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the per- 

fect flowers extending to the summit; flowers tubular only, or tubular 
and radiate, often yellow. 

1. Receptacle naked (see also Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82 of Tribe 7.) 

a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated. 
Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. 

Tribe 3. Astereae. 
Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. Helenieae. 

b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all ; pappus of soft bristles. 

Tribe 8. Senecioneae. 
2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82), 
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous; not scarious. Tribe 5. Heliantheae. 
Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. Anthemideae. 

* * * * Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads 

large; rays none. (.In Centaurea often with enlarged marginal flowers; 

bracts imbricated. Tribe 9. Cynareae. 

Tribe i. Vernonieae. 

Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles ; 

heads not glomerate. i. Vernonia. 

Pappus a single series of bristles; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 

2. Elephantopus. 

Tribe 2. Eupatorieae. 

* Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. 
Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves, 

3. Sclerolepis. 
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 

Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. Eupatorium. 

Involucre of 4 bracts; twining herbaceous vines. 5. Willugbaeya. 

* * Achenes 8-io-ribbed, or 8-io-striate. 

I. Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter. 

Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled or corymbed in our 

species. 

Pappus-bristles rough or serrate ; involucral bracts numerous. 6. Coleosanthus. 
Pappus-bristles plumose ; involucral bracts few. 7. Kuhnia. 

Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all ; heads spiked or racemed. 

8, Laci'narza. 

2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series ; all nearly equal. 

9. Trilisa. 

Tribe 3. Astereae. 

A. Ray-flowers yellow (wMte in one species of Solidagro), or wanting ; plants not 

dioecious. 
* Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. 
Heads small, nor over 4 mm. high ; leaves narrowly linear, entire. 

Perennial herbs, or shrubs; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gutterrezia. 

Annual herb; disk-flowers sterile. n, Amphiachyris. 

Heads large, showy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 

12. Grindelia. 

* * Pappus of either the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary 

bristles, with or without an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales. 
t Pappus, at least of the disk-flowers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and 

an outer one of scales or short bristles ; heads large. 
Achenes of the ray-flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles; 

achenes of the disk-flowers flat. 13. Heterotheca. 

Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chry sepsis. 

t t Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. 
I. Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species); ravs none; leaves narrowly linear. 
a. Perennial herbs: style-tips not exserted; eastern. 15. Chondrophora. 
b. Shrubs; style-tips mostly exserted; western. 
Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 

16. Chrysothatnnus. 
Involucral bracts cuspidate, flat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis. 

2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species). 
a. None of the leaves cordate; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer. 
Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid. 

Achenes glabrous ; pappus-bristles deciduous. 18. Prid?topsis . 

Achenes white-tomentose ; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Sideranthus, 



CO MF OS IT A E. 9 1 5 

Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate. 

Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire ; low western undershrubs. 

20. Stenotus. 
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves not evergreen. 

Pappus-bristles unequal ; heads loosely panicled ; annual. 

21. Isopappus. 
Pappus-bristles equal; heads variously clustered; perennial herbs. 

Receptacle alveolate; rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers. 

22. Solidago. 
Receptacle fimbrillate; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers; heads 

corymbose-paniculate. 23. Euthamia. 

b. Lower and basal leaves cordate; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene. 

24. Brachychaeta. 

B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species. 
* Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous 

capillary bristles 
I. Receptacle conic. 
Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 

25. Aphanostephus. 
Bracts of the involucre all about equal ; achenes flattened, 26. Bellis. 

2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex. 
Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled; perennial herbs 

with large heads. 27. Toivnsendia. 

Achenes fusiform, terete; annual herbs with small heads. 28. Chaetopappa, 

Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins ; perennials. 

29. Boltonia. 
* * Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, 

I. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles; sometimes with an outer series 
of shorter ones. 
a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series. 
Bracts mostly in 2-5 series; teeth or lobes of the leaves not bristle-tipped. 

Involucre narrow, its bracts firm ; rays few, white. 30. Sericocarpus'. 

Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin; rays usually numerous, white 
to purple. 

Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster. 

Disk-flowers permanently white; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid. 

32. Leucelene. 
Involucre turbinate; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. 

33. Brachyactis. 
Bracts in many series; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in our species. 

34. Mac/iaeranthera. 
b. Bracts of the involucre in only i or 2 series, very narrow; heads mostly 

long-peduncled. 
Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Erigeron. 

Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk; heads very small, panicled, 

36. Leptilott. 
2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter. 
Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; rays white. 37, Dofllingeria. 

Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 38. lanactis. 

C. Ray-flowers none; dioecious shrubs; pappus capillary. 39- Baccharis. 

Tribe 4, Inuleae. 

* Heads small, rays none; flowers white or whitish. 

1. Receptacle chaffy. 

Receptacle convex; pappus none, 40- FH'-^go. 

Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 

41. Gi/ola. 

2. Receptacle naked. 

a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles. 
Bracts of the involucre notscarious; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolh-. 

42. Pluchea, 
Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink; plants woolly. 

Plants dioecious, or polvgamo-dicecious. 

Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened above. 43. Antennaria, 

Pappus-bristles not thickened; stem leafy, 44. Anaphalis^ 



gi6 



FLORA. 



Plants not dioecious ; flowers all fertile. 45. Gnaphalium. 

b. Pappus none; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath. 46. Adenocaulon. 



47. Inula. 



Tribe 5. Heliantheae. 



A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. 
Achenes thick, short, not flattened; pappus none. 

Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts. 48. Polymnia. 

Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts. 

49. Melaynpodium. 
Achenes flattened. 

Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free. 50. Silphium. 

Ray-flowers in i series; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle, falUng away 
with them. 

Rays large, yellow. 

Leaves opposite and basal. 51. Chrysogonum. 

Leaves alternate. 

Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns. 52. Berlandiera. 

Pappus a persistent irreg-ularly-cleft crown. 53. Engelmannia. 

Rays small, the heads appearing discoid. 54. Partheniuni. 

B. Disk-flowers fertile. 

' Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes. 
Achenes compressed, or 3-angIed; leaves entire. 55. Crassina. 

Achenes short, thick; leaves toothed. 56. Heliopsis. 

* * Ray-flowers deciduous, or none. 

f Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns, or bristles. 

I. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compres'sed (except in Ratibida and Ver- 

besina) ; scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping. 
Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle-like; rays white, short. 

57. Eclipta. 
Scales of the receptacle broad, larger. 

Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts. 58. Tetragonotheca. 

Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts. 
Receptacle conic, or columnar. 

Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting; leaves opposite. 59. Spilanthes. 

Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral; leaves mostly alternate. 
Rays yellow. 

Achenes 4-angled. 60. Rudbeckia. 

Achenes compressed, winged. 61. Ratibida. 

Rays rose-purple. 62. Brauneria, 

Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 64 and 65;. 

Low, fleshy seacoast shrubs. 63. Borrichia. 

Tall herbs, not fleshy. 

Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined. 

64. Helianthus. 
Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged. 

65. Verbesina. 

2. Achenes very flat; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly concave. 
a. Bracts of the involucre all separate. 
Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none. 66. Coreopsis. 

Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. 

67. Bidens. 
b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle. 

68. Thelesperma. 
t t Pappus of numerous scales. 

Leaves opposite, toothed; ray-flowers fertile; rays small. 69. Galinsoga. 

Leaves alternate, entire. 

Ravs large, neutral ; receptacle deeply honeycombed. 70. Actinospermum 

Rays none; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid. 71. Marshallia, 



COMPOSITAE. 91^ 

Tribe 6. Helenieae. 

A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away witli them, papery. 

7ij. ^silostrophe, 
B. Ray-flowers decidnons, or wanting. 

* Plants not dotted with oil-glands. 

a. Pappus none. 73. Flaveria. 

b. Pappus present (in all our species), of separate scales or bristles. 
I. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious. 
Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid; rays none; corolla-lobes of 

disk-flowers ovate. 74. Ilymenopappus. 

Leaves entire ; rays present, or none ; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 

75, Folypteris. 
2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or 

spreading-. 
Receptacle naked. 

Bracts of the involucre appressed. 

Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 76. Picradeniopsis. 

Achenes 5-10-ribbed or 5-10-angled, top-shaped. 

Outer involucral bracts separate. 77. Tetraneuris. 

Outer involucral bracts connate at base. 78. Ftcradenta. 

Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. 79. Helenium. 

Receptacle with bristle-like chaff, 80. Galliardia, 

* * Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre. 
Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated. 
Involucral bracts united at the base. 81. Boebera. 

Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 82. Thytnophylla. 

Involucral bracts separate; style-branches of the disk-flowers very short. 

83. Pedis. 

Tribe 7. Anthemideae. 

* Receptacle chaffy. 
Achenes flattened ; involucre obovoid to campanulate ; heads small. 

84. Achillea. 
Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric ; heads large. 85. Anthemis. 

* * Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy. 
I. Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting; rays large. 
Receptacle flat to hemispheric ; bracts of the involucre in several series. 

86. C/t?-ysanthemum. 
Receptacle conic to ovoid; bracts in few series; rays white or none. 

87. Matricaria, 
2. Ray-flowers none ; heads small. 

Heads corymbed; pappus a short crown; flowers yellow. SS. Tanacetum. 

Heads racemose, spicate or panicled; pappus none. 89. Artemisia.' 

Tribe 8. Senecioneae. 

Leaves all basal; heads on scapes. 

Head solitary; flowers yellow. _. ^ ., 

Heads corymbed ; flowers white or purple. ^^" p'Jtliff^' 

Leaves opposite; rays yellow. ^ ' ^y"-/'^^- 

Leaves alternate. 92- Armca. 
Flowers white, whitish or pinkish- rays none 

Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect. q, Frechtites 

Flowers all perfect. -^' ^"^"""'^■>' 

Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milkv. ai ^feuld^ni^ 
Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer oiies. ' 

Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. O^'. ^sTnecTo".' 

Tribe c). Cynareae. 

* Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. 
Receptacle densely bristly. 
Filaments separate. 

Invcilucral bracts hooked at ihe tip: leaves not iMistlv. o- Arctium 
Involucral bracts not hooked; leaves bristly. gs' CarJuus 



9lB FLORA. 

Filaments united below. 99. Mariana. 

Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 100. Onopordon. 

* * Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. 
Heads not subtended by bristly leaves; involucral bracts often bristly. 

loi. Centaurea, 
Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 102. Cnicus. 

I. VERNONIA Schreb. 

Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alter- 
nate (very rarely opposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-panic- 
ulate heads of purple, pink, or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, 
campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its bracts imbricated, in several or many series. 
Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5 -cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, 
not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole length. Achenes 
8-io-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of numerous 
roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout bris- 
tles. [Named after William Vernon, English botanist.] About 475 species, of 
wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in S. Am. Besides 
the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 

Bracts of the hemispheric involucre, or some of them, with subulate or fihform tips. 

Involucre 6-10 mm. broad, its bracts shorter than the head. i. V. Aoveboracensis. 
Involucre 18-25 mm. broad, its bracts as long as the head. 2. V. crinita. 
Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse or truncate. 
Leaves lanceolate to oval, pinnately veined. 

Bracts of the involucre with squarrose tips. 3. V. Baldwiniu 

Bracts of the involucre appressed or their tips slightly spreading. 
Leaves glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces. 

Leaves thin, pale beneath, the lower oval, coarsely serrate. 

4. V. glauca. 
Leaves thin, green beneath, lanceolate, finely serrate. 

5' V. gigantea. 
Leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate. 6. V.fasciculata. 
Leaves densely pubescent beneath, lanceolate. 

Involucre 8-12 mm. high ; plant tomentose. 7. V. Drummondii, 

Involucre 6-7 mm. high; plant pubescent. 8. V. interior. 

Leaves narrowly linear, i-nerved, 4-6 mm. wide, dentate. 9. V. marginata. 

1. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L.) Willd. New York Iron-weed. Flat 
Top. (I. F. f. 3601.) Roughish-pubescent or glabrate, 9-27 dm, high. Leaves 
lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate, 7-25 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, acumi- 
nate or acute at the apex; heads peduncled; involucre 2Q-30-flowered; bracts 
brownish-purple, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with subulate spreading awns 
usually of twice or three times their own length, or some of the lower linear-subu- 
late, the upper sometimes merely acute; flowers deep purple, rarely white; achenes 
hispidulous on the ribs. In moist soil, Mass. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. July-Sept. 

Vernonia Noveboracensis tomentbsa (Walt.) Britton. Leaves densely puberulent 
beneath, broader; involucre purple, some scales sometimes merely acute. In dry soil. 
Va. to N. Car. ^ 

2. Vernonia crinita Raf. Great Iron- weed, (I. F. f. 3602;) Stout, 
glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, 25-35 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
finely denticulate, acuminate. 10-30 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; 'heads stout- 
peduncled, the peduncles thickened above; involucre 50-70-flowered; bracts green, 
or the upper reddish, very squarrose. all filiform-subulate from a broader base and 
equalling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider below; achenes hispidulous on 
the ribs. On prairies and along streams, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

3. Vernonia Baldwmii Torr. Baldwin's Iron-weed. (I. F. f. 3603.) 
Stout, 6-16 dm. high, finely and densely tomentose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 10-20 cm. 
long, 1-2,5 cm, wide, scabrate above, densely tomentulose beneath; heads stout- 
peduncled, 15-30-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 6-8 mm broad'; bracts ovate, 
the acute tips recurved or spreading. In dry soil, Mo, and Neb, to Tex. July- 
Sept. 



COMPOSITAE. 919 

4. Vernonia glauca (L.) Britton. Broad- leaved Iron-weed. (I. F. f. 

3604.) Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, the 
lower broadly oval or slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, 10-17 
cm. long, 3-6 cm. v^^ide, the upper narrower and more finely toothed; inflorescence 
loosely branched; heads 10-20- flowered; involucre campanulate, 4-7 mm. broad; 
bracts ovate, acute, or mucronate, or the upper ones obtuse ; achenes minutely his- 
pidulous. In woods, Penn. and Md. to Ohio, south to Fla. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

5. Vernonia maxima Small. Tall Iron-weed. (I. F. f. 3605.) Glabrous 
or nearly so, 1.5-3 ni. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, 
usually long-acuminate, finely serrate, I-3 dm. long, I-4 cm. wide, usually gla- 
brous on both surfaces ; inflorescence at length loosely branched and open ; involucre 
campanulate, rounded at the base, 4-5 mm. broad, 15-30-flowered; bracts obtuse 
or mucronate, more or less ciliate; achenes slightly hispidulous; pappus purple. 
In moist soil, Penn. to Ala., Mo.. Ky. and La. July-Sept. \y. gigantea 
(Walt.) Britton, in part.] 

Vernonia maxima pub^scens E. L. Morris, Mostly over 3 m. tall, pubescent, 
especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, the peduncles bracted below the heads. 
W. Va. 

6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron-weed. (I. F. f. 3606.) 
Glabrous, or puberulent above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 4-30 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so 
on both surfaces; inflorescence usually compact; heads short-peduncled, or some 
of them sessile; involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. broad, 20-30- flowered; bracts 
ovate or oval, acute, ciliate, or sometimes pubescent; achenes glabrous, or a little 
pubescent. In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minn, and N. Dak., south to Ky. 
and Tex. July -Sept. 

7. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. Drummond's Iron-weed. (I. F. 
f. 3007.) Stout, densely tomentose, 9-21 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly 
oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, 7-15 cm. long, I-4 cm. wide, scabrous above, 
densely pubescent beneath; heads short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric or short- 
cylindric, 15-50 flowered; bracts purplish, ovate, acute, or mucronate, more or less 
floccose-pubesceht or ciliate; achenes glabrous. Prairies, 111. and Ky. to Mo., Ala. 
and Tex. Autumn. 

8. Vernonia interior Small. Inland Iron-weed. Stem 1-2 m. tall, leafy. 
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic -lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, acuminate, finely and sharply 
serrate; involucre 4-7 mm. high, its bracts pubescent, acute or acuminate, the 
tips erect or slightly spreading; achenes pubescent; pappus purple. Prairies and 
plains. Mo. to Kans. and Tex. Autumn. 

9. Vernonia marginata (Torn) Britton. James' Iron-weed. (I. F. 
f. 3608.) Glabrous or very nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves minutely denticulate, 
i-nerved, firm, punctate, 5-12 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, acuminate; inflorescence 
rather loose; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 15-30-flowered, 8-12 mm. broad; 
bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, to short-acuminate, purplish, somewhat 
pubescent, appressed; achenes nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Prairies, 
Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex. Autumn. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS L. 
Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-voined 
leaves, and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in 
branching corymbs. Heads discoid, 2-5 flowered. Involucre compressed, oblong, 
its chaffy bracts imbricated in about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of 
the glornerules large, foliaceous. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regu- 
lar, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner side. Achenes lO-ribbed, truncate. 
Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in I or 2 rows. [Greek, ivory, 
or Elephant's-foot.] About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. 
Besides the following another occurs in the southern U. S. 

Stem and branches usually leafy. I. E. Carolimauus. 

Stem scapiform, naked, or with i or 2 leaves. 

Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 1.S-5 cm. wide; heads 8 mm. long;. 

2. E. nuiiatus. 
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-10 cm. wide ; beads 12 mm. loni^-. 

;. /;". tcm^ntosus. 



920 FLORA. 

1. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Carolina Elephant's-foot. (I. F. 
f. 3609.) Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate above, branched above, 3-9 dm. 
high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin, the lower rather abruptly narrowed 
into margined petioles, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the 
upper smaller, narrower and sessile; glomerules, including the bracts, nearly 25 
mm. broad; scales of the pappus lanceolate-subulate, gradually narrowed into a 
long slender awn. In dry woods, southern N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Kans. and 
Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. Smoothish Elephant's-foot. (I. F. 
f. 3610. ) Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubescent, or glabrate, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, crenate or repand, 
5-25 cm. long, the basal ones usually much larger than those of the stem and 
branches, or these usually few and bract-like; glomerules 12-18 mm. broad; scales 
of the pappus ovate-triangular, a.bruptly narrowed into the awn. In sandy 
woods, Del. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

3. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Woolly Elephant's-foot. Tobacco- 
weed. (I. F. f. 361 1.) Erect, villous-pubescent, or sometimes glabrate, 3-6 dm. 
high, the stem branching above, leafless or with I or 2 leaves Basal leaves 
narrowed at the base, usually silky- pubescent beneath, crenate-dentate, 10-22 cm. 
long; glomerules 2.5-4 cm. broad; scales of the pappus triangular-subulate, gradu- 
ally narrowed into the awn. In moist soil, Va. to Fla., west to Ky., Ark. and 
La. Aug.-Sept. 

3. SCLEROLEPISCass. 

Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 
2-4) discoid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly 
campanulate or hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2 series. Receptacle 
conic, naked. Corolla regular, its tube short, its limb campanulate, 5-lobed. 
Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad 
cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek, hard scale, referring to 
the pappus. ] A monotypic genus, 

I. Sclerolepis uni'flora (Walt.) Porter, Sclerolepis. (I. F. f, 3612.) Per- 
ennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base, erect or ascending, glabrous or slight- 
ly pubescent, 3-6 dm, long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in 4's-6's, linear, 
I -nerved, 8-25 mm. long. I-2 mm, wide, or the submerged ones filiform; head 
about I cm, broad; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually puber- 
ulent. In shallow ponds and streams, pine barrens of N. J. to Fla. July-Sept. 

4. EUPATORIUM L. 

Erect, perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alternate, 
often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white, 
blue or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the 
bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Receptacle naked. Corolla regular, its 
tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5 -toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, 
appendiculate at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, 
stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary 
usually scabrous bristles arranged in i row. [Named for Mithridates j5'?if/a^(?r, i.e., 
of a noble father,] About 475 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Be- 
sides the following, some 35 others occur in southern and western N. A. 

* Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments. i. E. capillifoliii7?i. 

* * Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3's-6's, or the upper opposite. 
Leaves rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 

Leaves ovate, acute. 2. E. maculatum. 

Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. 3. E. Rydbergi. 

Leaves nearly glabrous ; inflorescence pjTamidal. 

Leaves sharply serrate. 4. E. purpureum. 

Leaves crenate, the teeth apiculate. 5. E. trifoliatum. 

* * * Leaves opposite (rarely in 3's), or the uppermost alternate. 

t Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter. 

1. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 6. E. serotifium. 

2. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate. 

a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate. 
§ Leaves narrowed at the base. 



COMPOSITAE. 921 

Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 4-12 mm. wide. 7. E, leucolepis. 
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 1-4 cm. wide. 8. E. album. 
Bracts of the involucre obtuse. 

Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse. 9. E. hyssopifolium. 

Leaves lanceolate, oval or oblong, usually serrate. 

Leaves hnear-lanceolate, acute, dentate. 10. E.Torreyanum. 

Leaves oblong to oval, sharply serrate, obtusish or acute. 11. E. semiserratum. 
Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long-acuminate. 12. E. altissimum. 
% § Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base. 
Plant glabrous; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. 13. E. sessilifolium. 

Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse. 

Leaves ovate-oblong, to lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 

14, E. verbenaefolium. 
Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 

15. E. rotundifolium. 
Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 16. E. pubescens. 

b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the base. 
Leaves connate-perfohate; involucral bracts acute. 17. E. per/oltatum. 

Leaves merely clasping ; involucral bracts obtuse. 18. E. resinosum. 

f t Involucral bracts in \ or 2. series, all equal or nearly so. 
Receptacle fiat; flowers white. 

Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, sharply dentate, acuminate. 19. E. ageratoides. 

Leaves thickish, 2-5 cm. long, blunt-toothed, acute or obtusish. 

20. E. aro7naticum. 
Receptacle conic ; flowers blue or violet. 21. E. coelestinum. 

I. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel. Hog-weed. 
(I. F. f. 3613.) Erect, paniculately much branched, with the aspect of 2in Artemi- 
sia, the stem finely pubescent, I -3 m. high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or 
nearly so, alternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous, 
about 3 mm. high, short-peduncled, racemose-paniculate, 3-6-flowered- bracts of 
the involucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly scarious-margined, o-la- 
brous ; flowers greenish white. In fields, Va. to Pla. Also in the W. Ind. Sept. 

2. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-pye Weed. (I, F. f. 3614.) 
Scabrous or pubescent, 6-18 dm, high. Stem usually striate, often rough and 
spotted with purple; leaves thick, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, ver- 
ticillate in 3's-5's, or the upper ones opposite; peduncles and outer scales of the in- 
volucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil, N. Y. toKy., Minn,, Br. 
Col., Kans. and N. Mex, Aug,-Sept. 

Eupatorium maculatum amo^num (Pursh) Britton. Leaves opposite, or in 3's or 4's, 
ovate or oblong ; heads smaller, fewer ; plant low. In dryer places, Va. to N, Y. and Me! 

3. Eupatorium Rydbergi Britton, n. sp. Rydberg's Joe-pye Weed. Stem 
tall, pubescent, often densely so, at least above. Leaves verticillate in 3's--5's, 
rather slender-petioled, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, scabrous above, finely densely pubescent and reticulate-veined beneath, 1-1.5 
dm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide; inflorescence depressed or subpyramidal; outer bracts 
of the cylindric involucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil. Iowa 
to Neb. and Colo. Type Rydberg, No. 1682, from South Fork of Dismal River, 
Neb, July-Sept, 

4. Eupatorium purpureum L, Joe-pye or Trumpet- weed, (T, F, f, 3615,) 
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, I-3 cm. \iigh. Stem green or purple, usually 
smooth; leaves thin, verticillate in 3's-6's, ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, pet- 
ioled, acuminate, serrate, sometimes incised, 1-3 dm, long, 3-7 cm. wide- heads 
numerous; involucre cylindric, its bracts pink, oblong, obtiise, imbricated in 4 or 
5 series, the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occasionally white. In moist 
soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept, 

Eupatorium purpCireum falcitum (Michx.) Britton. Leaves narrower, linear-lan- 
ceolate, or linear-oblong, 12-30 mm, wide. With the type. 

5. Eupatorium trifoliatum L. Crenate-le.\ved Joe-pyk Weed. Stem 
tall, stout, often purple, glabrous, or very nearly so. Leaves rather firm, lancet^late 
to oblong-lanceolate, verticillate. acute or acuminate at the apex. i.i;-2 dm. long, 
smooth and glabrous on both sides or very nearly so, crenate ; inflorescence ample,' 



922 FLORA. 

its branches puberulent; bracts of the cylindric involucre all obtuse, the outer short, 
puberulent. In moist soil, N. Y. and N. J. to eastern Tenn. and Wis. July-Sept. 

6. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late-flowering Thoroughwort. 
(I. F. f. 3616.) Much-branched, finely and densely pubescent, or glabrate below, 
12-25 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, 5 -nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the 
upper alternate; heads very numerous, the inflorescence broadly cymose; heads 
7-15-flowered, 4-6 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts pubescent, linear- 
oblong, obtuse or truncate; flowers white. In moist soil, Md. to Fla,, Iowa, Kans. 
and Tex. Sept. -Nov. 

7. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. White-bracted Thoroughwort. 
Justice-weed. (I. F. f. 3617.) Slender, puberulent, branched above, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, glaucous green, rough, thick, 
blunt-pointed, sparingly serrate, or the upper entire, 3-7 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, 
obscurely 3-nerved; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 6-8 mm. high, about 
5 -flowered; bracts of the narrow involucre white, lanceolate, densely canescent, 
the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist places, pine barrens of N. J, to Fla., 
Ga. and La. Aug.-Sept. 

8. Eupatorium album L. White Thoroughwort. (I. F. f. 3618.) 
Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves obtuse, 
obtusish or the upper acute at the apex, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, rather 
thick, minutely scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath; inflorescence cy- 
mose-paniculate; heads numerous, 8-10 mm. long, 5-7-flowered; involucre narrow, 
its bracts bright white, linear, cuspidate, the outer short and usually pubescent, the 
inner much longer, glabrous and shining; flowers white. In sandy soil, L. I. to 
Fla., west to La. Aug.-Sept. 

Eupatorium album subven6sum A. Gray. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, acute, less coarsely 
serrate, prominently 3-nerved at the base; bracts of the involucre greenish. Eastern 
L. L and N. J. 

9. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort. Jus- 
tice-weed. (I. F. f. 3619.) Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely branched 
above, bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite, and fascicled in the axils, 1-5 cm. 
long, 2-4 mm. wide, firm, narrowed at the base, margins usually revolute; inflor- 
escence densely cymose-paniculate; heads 6-8 mm. long, about 5 -flowered; involu- 
cre campanulate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, sometimes apiculate, puberulent; 
flowers white. In dry fields, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. A plant from 
the coast of Maryland with very narrow leaves, closely approaches Eupatorium 
lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida. 

10. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Torrey's Thoroughwort. (I. F. f. 
3620.) Rootstock tuberous-thickened; stem usually densely puberulent, mostly 
branched above, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves commonly with short leafy branches in 
their axils, often drooping, acute, 2-7 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, usually distinctly 
3-nerved, the upper and those of the branches much smaller, linear, entire; heads 
about 6 mm. high, generally 5 -flowered; bracts of the campanulate involucre linear- 
oblong, pubescent, or puberulent; flowers white. In dry soil, Penn. to N. Car., 
Ky., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

11. Eupatorium semiserratum DC. Small-flowered Thoroughwort. 
(I. F. f. 3621.) Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched above, 6-9 dm. high. 
Leaves rather thin, short-petioled, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 10-25 "^^• 
wide, 3-nerved, usually with short branches in their axils; heads 4-6 mm. high, 
about 5-flowered; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-oblong, canescent; flow- 
ers white. In dry soil, Va, to Fla., Tex. and Ark. Aug.-Sept. 

12. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall Thoroughwort. (I. F. f. 3622.) 
Densely and finely pubescent, corymbosely much-branched above, 12-25 dm. high. 
Leaves tapering below into a short petiole, roughish, rather thick, some of them 
entire, strongly 3-ribbed, 5-12 cm. long, 10-25 "^^- wide; heads about 5-flowered, 
6-8 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, densely pubescent; flow- 
ers white. In dry open, places, Penn. to N. Car., Ala., S. Dak,, Neb. and Tex. 
Sept. -Oct. 

13. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upland or Bastard Bonesf.t. (I. F. f. 
3623 ) Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above, branched near the summit, 



COMPOSITAE. 923 

6-18 dm. high. Leaves closely sessile, thin, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
i~3 mm. wide; heads 8-10 mm. high, about 5 -flowered; involucre campanulate, 
its bracts linear-oblong, the inner obtuse, the outer acutish; flowers white. In dry 
woods, Mass. to Penn., 111. and Ala. Aug. -Oct. 

Eupatorium sessilifolium Brittoniknum Porter. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, spar- 
ingly and finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, the upper 2-5 cm. long, 
12-18 mm. wide, pinnately veined, dark green; cymes dense, their branches puberulent. 
Budd's Lake, N. J. 

14. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Rough or Vervain Thorough- 
wort. (I. F. f. 3624.) Rough-pubescent, slender, 9-25 dm. high, branched at 
the summit. Leaves obtuse or blunt-pointed, rounded at the base, more or less 
crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the upper pairs distant and small; 
heads 5 -flowered, about 6 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear- 
lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent; flowers white. In moist soil. Mass! to Penn., 
south to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

Eupatorium verbenaefolium Saundersii Porter. Leaves of the stem lanceolate or 
lance-ovate, acuminate, not rounded at the base, strongly incised-dentate, with the teeth 
mostly acute ; those of the inflorescence smaller and entire. Collected in a sphagnum- 
bog near Willow Grove, Montgomery Co., Penn., by Mr. C. F. Saunders, for whom it is 
named, and later in Tinicum, Delaware Co., by Mr. B. H. Smith. 

15. Eupa-torium rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Thoroughwort. Wild 
HoARHOUND. (I. F. f. 3625.) Rough -pubescent, branched at the summit, 3-6 
dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, often as wide as long, acutish or obtuse, 
truncate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-crenate, 2 -5 cm. long, ascend- 
ing; heads about 5-flowered, 4-6 cm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts 
linear-oblong, acute, densely pubescent; flowers white. In dry soil, southern N. Y. 
to Fla., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 

16. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (I. F. f. 
3626. ) Puberulent or pubescent, branched above, usually taller than the preceding 
species. Leaves often tNiCQ as long as wide, rounded or truncate at the base, 
coarsely dentate with a';.ite or acutish teeth, or the lower incised-dentate; heads 
5-8-flowered, 4-6 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 
or 3 series, the outer ;»horter; flowers white. In dry soil, N. H. and Mass. to 
Penn., W. Va. and Flat. July-Sept. 

17. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common Thoroughwort. Boneset. 
Indian Sage. (I. F. f. 3627.) Pubescent, stout, branched above, 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's, divaricate, lanceolate, long-acuminate with a 
slender apex, finely crenate-serrate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 1-2 dm. long, 
2-4 cm. wide; heads crowded, io-i6-flowered, 4-6 mm. high; invohicre campan- 
ulate, its bracts lanceolate, pubescent; flowers white, rarely blue. In wet places, 
N. B. to Man., Fla., Neb. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Eupatorium perfoliiltum truncitum (Muhl.) A. Gray. Leaves separated and truncate, 
or somewhat rounded at the base. Occasional with the type. 

Eupatorium perfoli^ltum cuneiYtum (Engelm.) A. Gray. With leaves smaller, nar- 
rowed and separated at the base, occurring in Ark. and Mo., is regarded by collectors as a 
hybrid with E. serotinuvi. 

18. Eupatorium resinosum Torr. Resin Boneset. (I. F. f. 362S.) Slen- 
der, resinous-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high, branched at the sinnmit, the inflorescence 
comparatively small, 7-10 cm. broad. Leaves closely sessile, clasping, or slightly 
connate perfoliate at the base, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, 
7-15 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, roughish above, canescent beneath; lieads 10-15- 
flowered; involucre campanulate, about 4 mm. high, its bracts oblong; flowers 
white. In wet places, pine-barrens of N. J. Aug.-Sept. 

19 Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. White'Snake-root. White Sanicle. 
(I. F. f. 3629.) Glabrous or nearly so, much branched. 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oppi^ 
site, thin, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, or abruptly narnnved into the 
slender petiole, coarsely dentate or crenatc. 2-7 cm. wide, 3-nerved and veiny; 
inflorescence rather loose, ample; heads 10-30- flowered; involucre namnvly cam- 
panulate, about 4 mm. high; its bracts linear, acute or acuminate. In rich woods, 
N. B. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Neb., the Ind. Terr, and La. July-Nov. 



924 FLORA. 

20 Eupatorium aromaticum L. Smaller White Snake-Root. (I. F. f. 
3630.) Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at the summit, 3-7 dm. high. 
Leaves opposite, petioled, firm, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded, cordate or 
sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate, 4-7 cm. long, 18-35 °^°^- wide, 
3-nerved and veiny; petioles 4-16 mm. long; inflorescence usually compact; heads 
10-25 -flowered; involucre campanulate. 3-4 mm. high, its bracts linear, generally 
obtuse; flowers white. In dry soil, Mass. to Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

21. Eupatorium coelestinum L. Mist-flower. (I. F. f. 3631). Pubes- 
cent or puberulent, branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, 
obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate at the base, or abruptly contracted into 
the petiole, crenate-dentate, 4-7 cm. long, 18-35 °^n^- wide; heads 4-6 mm. high; 
involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers 
blue or violet. In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., 111., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Also in 
Cuba. Aug.-Oct. 

5. WILLUGBAEYA Neck. 

Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species shrubs, with opposite, peti- 
oled leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of white or pink flowers. 
Heads 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly tmequal narrow bracts. Recep- 
tacle small, naked. Corolla regular, its tube slender, the limb campanulate, 
5-cleft. Anthers entire and obtuse at the base. Style-branches elongated, acutish. 
Achenes trimcate, 5- angled. Pappus of numerous capillary roughish bristles in I 
or 2 series. [Probably named in honor of Francis Willoughby, 1635-1672, Eng- 
lish naturalist, but the name spelled by Necker as above.] About 150 species, of 
Am. Besides the following another occurs in the southern U. S. 

I. Willugbaeya scandens iL.) Kuntze. Climbing HEMP^\-EED or Boneset. 
(I. F. f. 3632.) Glabrous or nearly so, 1.5-4.5 m. long. Leaves ovate or has- 
tate, deeply cordate, acuminate, repand or obtusely dentate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. 
wide; petioles slender, shorter than the blades; heads in compound clusters borne 
at the ends of the branches; involucre about 6 cm. long, its bracts lanceolate, 
acuminate or apiculate; flowers white or pink; achenes resinous. In swamps and 
moist soil, N. H. and Mass. to western Ont. and Ind., Fla. and Tex. Also in the 
W. Ind. and S. Am. July-Sept. 

6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. 

Herbs or shrubs, with discoid heads of white, yellowish or pink flowers, in 
panicles or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts 
striate, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones successively smaller. Recep- 
tacle naked. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style- 
branches long, obtuse. Achenes lo-striate or lo-ribbed. Pappus a single row of 
numerous rough or serrate bristles. [Greek, sheath-flower.] About 60 species. 
Besides the following some 40 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

I. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Large-flowered Thor- 
OUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 3633.) Erect, glabrous or puberulent, much branched, 
6-9 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate, cordate at the base, acumi- 
nate at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; heads 
short-peduncled, 12-14 nini. long; peduncles pubescent; involucre campanulate, 
30-45-flowered. the outer bracts ovate, pubescent, usually abruptly acuminate or 
subulate-tipped, the inner linear, glabrous, striate. Mont, to Mo., Kans., N. Mex. 
to Ore. and Ariz. Aug.-Sept. 

7. KUHNIA L. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves, and discoid 
heads of white or purplish flowers in terminal cymose corymbs. Involucre turbi- 
nate-campanulate. its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. 
Corolla regular, the tube slender, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at 
the base, nearly or quite separate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 
lo-striate. Pappus a single row of numerous very plumose bristles. [Named for 
Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, a pupil of Linnaeus.] About 8 species, of 
N. Am. and Mex. 



COMPOSITAE. 925 

Puberulent; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire; heads loosely clustered, 8-10 mm. hijjh. 

I. K. eupatorioides. 
Pubescent or tomentulose; leaves sharply serrate; heads densely clustered, 12-16 mm. 
high. 2. K. glutinosa. 

1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False Boneset. (I. F. f. 3634.) Erect, 
puberulent and resinous, 3-9 dm. high, branched above. Leaves lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrov^^ed at the base, the upper 
sessile, the lower usually short-petioled; heads several or numerous, peduncled, 
8-10 mm. high; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, the inner much longer, linear, cuspidate; pappus tawny, or sometimes 
nearly white. In dry soil, N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Prairie False Boneset. (I. F. f. 3635.) Stouter 
and often taller than tbe preceding species, corymbosely or paniculately branched, 
somewhat viscid. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually sharply 
serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, 3-7 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide; or those of the 
branches linear-lanceolate and entire; heads numerous, 12-16 mm. high, their 
peduncles mostly short; inner bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate; pap- 
pus tawny or brown. In dry soil, 111. to S. Dak., Ala. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

8. LACINARIA Hill. 

Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched, 
with alternate entire narrow 1-5 -nerved leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid 
heads of rose purple or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric, 
its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, or slightly 
convex, naked. Corolla regular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobedor 5 -cleft. An- 
thers obtuse at the base. Style branches elongated, obtuse or flattened at the apex. 
Achenes lO-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base. Pappus of I or 2 series of slender 
barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the appearance of the heads.] 
About 25 species of eastern and central N. Am. 

* Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate. 
Involucre cylindric, or turbinate, 15-60-flowered, its base rounded. 

Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips. i. L. squarrosa. 

Bracts mucronate, closely appressed. 2. L. cylindracea. 

Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanulate, 3-6-flowered. 

Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. 3. L. elegans. 

Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate. 

Bracts appressed; pappus-bristles very plumose. 

Leaves 2-4 nmi. wide; spike usually leafy below. 4. L. pioictafa. 

Leaves less than 2 mm. wide; spike mostly naked. 5. L. acidota. 

Tips of the bracts spreading; pappus-bristles barbelkite. 6. L. pycnostachya. 

* * Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse, or acutish in No. 11. 
Bracts of the involucre very obtuse. 

Involucre hemispheric, 10-25 mm. broad, i5-45-flo\vered ; heads peduncled. 

7. /,. scariosa. 
Involucre oblong, 4-8 mm. broad, 5-15-flowered. 

Involucre rounded at base; bracts usually not punctate; heads mostly sessile. 
Spike elongated, not very dense, often 3 dm. long. 8. L. sfidita. 

Spike short, exceedingly dense. ^ " 9. L. Kansatia. 

Involucre narrowed at base ; bracts usually very punctate; heads peduncled. 

10. /,. gt-aminifolia. 
Bracts of the involucre acutish, punctate; involucre oblong-campanulate. 

11. A. Smallii. 

I. Lacinaria squarrosn (L.) Hill. Scaly Blazinc; Star. (I. F. f. 3036.) 
Usually stout, 2-6 dm. high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves narrowlv linear, 
rigid, sparingly punctate, 7-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; heads sessile or short- 
peduncled, usually few, or sometimes solitary. 2-4 cm. lojig, S-15 mm. thick; 
bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5-7 series, lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, gla- 
brous or pubescent; flowers bright purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil, 
western Out. to Ky.. Fla., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. June Sept. 

Lacinaria squarr5sa intermedia (Lindl.) Porter. Heads narrower; tips of the bracts 
less spreading. With the type. 



926 FLORA. 

2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze. Cylindric Blazing Star. 

(I. F. f. 3637-) Glabrous or nearly so, stout, 3-5 dm. high, sometimes branched 
above. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 7-17 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide; heads several or numerous, peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbinate-cylin- 
dric, 1-2.5 cm. high, 8-12 mm. thick; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 
series, broadly oval, abruptly acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus very 
plumose. In dry soil, western Ont. to Minn, south to 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 

3. Lacinaria elegans (Walt.) Kuntze. Handsome Blazing Star. (I. F. f. 
3638.) Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
linear, very punctate, 3-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the upper much smaller than 
the lower and soonreflexed; heads 4-5-flowered, 12-14 '^'^- high, narrowly cam- 
panulate, very numerous in a dense spike or raceme ; bracts of the involucre in 2 
or 3 series, the inner ones linear, with rose- colored petaloid or sometimes white 
tips; pappus very plumose; flowers purple. In dry soil, Va. to Fia., Ala. and 
Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze. Dotted Button-Snakeroot. 
(I. F. f. 3639.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 1.5-7.5 dm. high; rootstock 
stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear, rigid, very punctate, 5-15 cm. long, 
about 2 mm. wide, or the lower 4 mm., the upper gradually shorter, all erect or 
ascending; heads 3-6-flowered, 12-16 mm. long, sessile, crowded into a dense 
spike ; spike commonly leafy below ; involucral bracts oblong, cuspidate or acuminate, 
often ciliate on the margins, imbricated in 4 or 5 series ; flowers purple. In dry 
soil, Minn, and Manitoba to Mont., Mo., Tex., N. Mex. and Sonora. Aug.-Oct. 

5. Lacinaria acidota (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze. Slender Button-snake- 
ROOT. (I. F. f. 3640.) Similar to the preceding species, but usually glabrous through- 
out. Stem 6 dm. high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, .5-1 mm. wide, 
or the lower wider, slightly punctate, 2-10 cm. long, the upper gradually shorter; 
spike slender, naked, or sparingly leafy at the base; heads 3-flowered, 12-18 mm. 
long; involucre narrowly oblong-campanulate, its bracts oblong to ovatC-lanceolate, 
more or less punctate, abruptly or gradually acuminate, glabrous or sparingly cili- 
ate; flowers purple. Prairies, Kans. and Mo. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. Prairie or Hairy Button- 
snakeroot. (I. F. f. 3641.) Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glabrous below, 
6-15 dm. high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed below the 
middle into a slender margined petiole, acuminate at the apex, often 3 dm. long and 
I mm. wide, the upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate; heads 8-12 
mm. long, 3-6-flowered; involucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts oblong, pubescent 
and ciliate, with acute, slightly spreading, colored tips; flowers purple. On prai- 
ries, 111. and Minn, to Neb., Ky.. La., and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. Large Button-snakeroot. (I. F. f. 3642.) 
Finely pubescent, at least above, 3-18 dm. high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, spat- 
ulate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a margined petiole, often 3 dm. long and 
4 cm. wide; upper leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, much smaller, all densely 
punctate; heads hemispheric, on stout peduncles 4-50 mm. long, or sometimes ses- 
sile; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 series, spatulate-linear, oblanceo- 
late or obovate, their tips dry and scarious, often colored; flowers bluish purple; 
pappus barbellate. In dry soil. Me. to Fla., Ont., Manitoba, Neb. and Tex. Aug- 
Sept. 

Lacinaria scari6sa squarrulosa (Michx.) Small. Heads smaller, 10-14 mm. broad, 
turbinate-hemispheric. Dry woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Perhaps a distinct species. 

8. Lacinaria soicata (L. ) Kuntze. Dense Button-snakeroot. Gay 
Feather. Devil's Bit. (I. F. f. 3643.) Glabrous or nearly so, 6-18 dm. high. 
Lower leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, usually blunt-pointed, sometimes 3 
dm. long and i cm. wide, the upper linear or even subulate, somewhat or obscurely 
punctate; spike generally dense. 1-4 dm. long; bracts appressed, oblong, obtuse 
and scarious-margined at the apex, imbricated in 4-6 series; flowers blue-purple, 
occasionally white. In moist soil. Mass, to Fla., Ont., S. Dak., Ky., La. and Ark. 
Aug.-Oct. 

Lacinaria spic^ta pumila (Lodd.) Porter. Low, stout, 3-6 dm. hig^h. Lower leaves 
broader and shorter, obtuse; spike shorter; heads larger. 



COMPOSITAE. 927 

9. Lacinaria Kansana Britton, n. sp. Kansas Button-snakeroot. Very 
leafy, glabrous, about 6 dm. high. Base of the stem clothed with the fibrous rem- 
nants of old leaves, as in L. spicata; leaves similar to those of that species, linear, 
blunt-tipped; heads confluent into a very dense spike 5-7 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. 
thick, with numerous undeveloped ones in the axils of linear-subulate bracts below; 
bracts of the oblong involucre oblong to oblong-spatulate, purple, rounded or obtuse; 
pappus plumose. Dodge City, Kansas, on river bottoms, B. B. Smyth, No, 163, 
1890. 

10. Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze. Loose-flowered Button- 
snakeroot. (I. F. f. 3644.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves similar to those of the two preceding species, but more conspicuously punc- 
tate, usually somewhat ciliate near the base and acute or acutish at the apex; bracts 
distinctly punctate, appressed, rounded and scarcely margined at the apex, thick; 
flowers purple; pappus barbellate ; achenes hairy. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Ga. 
Aug. -Sept. 

Lacinaria graminifblia pilosa (Ait,) Britton, Leaves usually prominently ciliate; heads 
larger, spicate, racemose, or even paniculate ; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong or spat- 
ulate, narrowly scarious-margined. In sandy soil, N. j. to Fla. and Ala. 

11. Lacinaria Smallii Britton, n. sp. Small's Button-snakeroot. 
Similar to L. graminifolia. Stem very slender, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves scattered, 
linear, 4-10 mm. wide, acute, pubescent on the midvein beneath, very punctate; 
heads scattered, sessile in the axils of the upper small leaves, the uppermost leaves 
not larger than the involucral bracts; involucre oblong-campanulate, about 
8-flowered, about i cm. high, its innermost bracts linear, acute or acutish, the out- 
ermost obtusish, all punctate; flowers purple; pappus short-plumose. Iron Moun- 
tain, Smyth Co., Va., at 2900 ft., J. K. Small, Aug. 8, 1892. 

9. TRILISA Cass. 

Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves; those oi 
the stem sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, 
discoid, of 5-10 purple or white flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose panicles 
Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely 
shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, its limb 5 -lobed. 
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes nearly terete, lO-ribbed. Style- 
branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of I or 2 series of elongated, barbed bristles. 
[Anagram of Z/a/r/j.] Two known species. 

Stem glabrous; heads corymbose-paniculate. i. T. odoratisshna. 

Stem viscid-pubescent ; heads thyrsoid-paniculate. 2. T, paniculata. 

1. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Vanilla-leaf. Vanilla-plant. 
(I. F. f. 3645.) Rather stout, glabrous, 6-9 dm, high. Leaves thick, entire, or 
sometimes dentate, the lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 10-25 cm. 
long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, those of the stem gradually smaller, oblong, ovate, or oval, 
theuppermost bract-like; heads corymbose-paniculate, about 6 mm. high; bracts 
of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes glandular-pubescent. In pine-barrens, 
Va. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt.) Cass. Hairy Trilisa. (I. F. f. 3646.) Stem 
viscid-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves entire, the basal ones lanceolate or nar- 
rowly oblong, acute, or obtusisli, 7-25 cm. long, 1-3.5 C"^^- wide, those of the stem 
much smaller, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate; heads thyrsoid-paniculate, about 
6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes finely pubescent. 
[n pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Ga. Sept. -Oct. 

10. GUTIERREZIA Lajr. 

Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with 

linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow 

flowers, corymbosely paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. 

Disk-flowers regular, mostly perfect, or some of them only staminato. the corolla- 

mh 5-lobed. Involucre ovoid or narrowly campanulate. its bracts coriaceous, 

nbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, convex, or conic, commonly foveolate. 



928 FLORA. 

Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their 
appendages slender. Achenes terete, ribbed, or 5 -angled. Pappus of several 
scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named 
from Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.] About 20 species of western N. Am., 
Mex. and western S. Am. Besides the following some 10 others occur in the south- 
western U. S. 

I . Gutierrezia Sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby. Gutierrezia. (I. F. f. 
3647.) Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, 1-6 dm. high, the branches rigid, 
ascending. Leaves linear, 1-3.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acute; heads oblong, 
3-4 mm. high, few-flowered, usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the numerous 
branches; rays I-6, scarcely 2 mm. long; scales of the pappus linear-oblong, sub- 
ulate or acuminate ; achenes pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, Minn, and Manitoba 
to western Neb., Tex. and Sonora, west to Nev., Ariz, and Cal. Aug. -Sept. 

II. AMPHIACHYRIS DC. 

Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and 
very numerous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or 
clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts 
coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. 
Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile, or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete 
or coroniform, that of the disk-flowers of 5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat 
united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek, chaff"-around.] Two known 
species, natives of the south-central U. S. 

I. Amphiachyris dracunculoxdes (DC.) Nutt. Amphiachyris. (I. F. f. 
3648.) Annual, slender, much branched, 15-45 cm. high, the branches ascending. 
Leaves linear, 12-35 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acutish, the uppermost almost fili- 
form; heads solitary at the ends of short branches, io-30-flowered, about 4 mm. 
high; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays 5-10, about as long as 
the involucre ; disk-flowers mostly staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of 
5-8 subulate aristate scales, united into a short cup at the base. In dry soil, Mo. 
and Kans. to Tex. ; adventive at Easton, Penn. Sept. -Oct. 

12. GRINDELIA WiUd. 

Perennial or biennial herbs, sometimes woody at th^ base, with alternate sessile 
or clasping leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid 
and radiate yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely want- 
ing). Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many 
series, usually subulate-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray- 
flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse 
and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages linear 
or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed, glabrous, 4-5-ribbed. 
Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H. Grindel, of 
Riga, 1776-1836.] About 25 species, natives of western N. Am., Peru and Chili. 
Besides the following, some 15 others occur in western N. Am. 

Leaves spatulate to oblong, obtuse or obtusish ; achenes truncate. i. G. squarrosa. 

Leaves linear or linear-oblong;, acute ; achenes 2-toothed. 2. G. lanceolata. 

I. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum-plant. 
(I. F. f. 3649.) Glabrous, erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong or 
oblong- spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at the base, sharply dentate, some- 
times laciniate, 1-3.5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; heads very glutinous; bracts of 
the involucre linear-lanceolate, subulate-tipped, strongly squarrose; achenes trun- 
cate, those of the outer flowers usually thicker than those of the inner; pappus of 
2 or 3 awns. In dry soil, 111. and Minn, to Manitoba, south to Mo., Tex., Nev. 
and Mex. Adventive in southern N. J. June-Sept. 

Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) A. Gray. Rays wanting. Mo. and westward with 
the type. 

3. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Narrow-leaved Gum plant. (I. F. f. 
3650.) Slender, erect, glabrous, about 6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, 
acute at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base, spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or 



COMPOSITAE. 929 

the upper entire, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; bracts of the involucre linear- 
subulate, the inner erect, the outer spreading; pappus of I or 2 awns. In dry soil, 
Tenn. to Kans., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 

13. HETEROTHECA Cass. 

Erect, hirsute or pubescent herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and 
rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, generally solitary at 
the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its 
bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. 
Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. 
Style-branches flat, their appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, 
obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus 
of the ray-flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles, that of the disk-flowers of 
an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer row of shorter 
stouter bristles or scales. [Greek, difterent-case, from the dissimilar achenes.] 
Five or 6 species of the southern U. S. and Mex. 

I. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby. Heterotheca. 
(I. F. f. 3651.) Biennial or sometimes annual, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower 
leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 5-7 cm. long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or 
clasping, smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate; heads rather numerous, 12-18 
mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-10 mm. high, its bracts linear, or 
slightly dilated above, the inner with scarious margins; rays 10-25 ; i'^ner bristles 
of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 4 mm. long. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., La., 
Kans., Ariz, and Mex. July-Sept. 

14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. 

Perennial herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves, or the basal ones dentate, 
and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (rays 
wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends of the 
branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in 
several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, foveolate. Ray- flowers 
pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk- and 
ray-flowers, the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or 
minute scales or bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate. Style- 
branches narrow, somewhat flattened, their appendages linear or subulate. [Greek, 
of golden aspect. ] About 20 species, of N. Am. and Mex. Besides the following, 
about 8 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined; achenes linear: involucre campanulate 
Pfent 3-9 dm. high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 7-30 cm. long. 

I. C. gramiuifolia. 
Plant 1-2.5 dm. high, woolly-pubescent; leaves rigid, 2-T0 cm. long. 

2." C. falcata. 
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined; achenes obovate, or oval ; invo- 
lucre hemispheric. 

Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3. C. pilosa. 

Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent. 

Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate: eastern species. 4. C. Afiirujtia. 
Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches; western species. 
Villous-pubescent; lecives oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate. 

Leaves acute. 5. C. camf>orum. 

Leaves obtuse. 6. C. villosa. 

Hirsute-pubescent. 

Leaves linear, acutish, short. 7. C. stcnof^JivIla. 

Leaves spat ulate, obtuse. 8. C. hispid<i. 

Pilose-pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate. 9. C. XuttaUti. 

I. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Gkass-t.e.wed Golden Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3652.) Slender, corymboscly branched above. Leaves 3-5-nerved. shin 
ing. the basal ones 7-30 cm. long. 4-10 mm. wiile. the upper much smaller, and 
the uppermost subulate and erect; heads several or numerous, about T cm. broad, 
solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre campaiuilato. its briuis glabrate; 
achenes linear-fusiform. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., Ohio and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 



930 FLORA, 

2. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. Sickle-leaved Golden Aster. (I.F. 
f. 3653.) Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, leafy to the top. Leaves 
linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes slightly curved, 2-6 mm. wide, obscurely 
parallel-nerved; heads rather few. 6-10 mm. broad, terminating the branches; in- 
volucre campanulate, its bracts slightly pubescent; achenes linear. In sandy soil, 
eastern ]\Iass. to N. J. July-Aug. 

3. Chrysopsis pilosa (Walt.) Britton. Cottony Golden Aster. (I. F. f. 
3654.) Stout. 3-6 dm. high, branched above. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, 
the lower and basal ones 2-7 cm. long. 6- 10 mm. wide, the uppermost much 
smaller; heads usually about 2 cm. broad, terminating the branches, bright vellow ; 
involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely pubescent when young, becoming glabrate ; 
achenes obovate. In pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Autumn. 

4. Chrysopsis Mariana (L.) Nutt. ISL^ryland Golden Aster. (I. F. f. 
3655.) Stout, 3-7 dm. high, loosely villous -pubescent with silky hairs when your.g. 
at length nearly glabrous. Upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 
sessile, 2-5 cm. long, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into a peti- 
ole, generally obtuse, 5-10 cm. long and sometimes 25 mm. wide; heads commonly 
numerous. 18-25 iim^' broad, on glandular peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts glandular, acute, viscid-pubescent; achenes obovate. In dry soil, southern 
N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 

5. Chrysopsis camporum Greene. Prairie Golden Aster, (I.F. f. 3656.) 
Stem erect, 3-7 dm. high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate to ob- 
long-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low distant teeth, acute, sessile, or the lower nar- 
rowed into petioles, appressed -pubescent with short hairs, ciliate, at least near the 
base, 2-7 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; heads 25-35 ™°^^- broad, showy; involucre 
nearly hemispheric, i cm. high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; outer 
pappus -bristles subulate. On prairies. 111. and Ky. to yVo. July-Sept. 

6. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Hairy Golden Aster. (I. F. f. 3657.) 
Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ob- 
lanceolate. obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the lowernarrowed 
into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent with appressed hairs ; heads rather few, 25 
mm. broad or more; involucre hemispheric, 8-10 mm. high, its bracts linear- sub- 
ulate, pubescent and often ciliate ; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Mirm. and 111. to 
Ala., Manitoba. Br. Col. and Xeb. July-Aug. 

7. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. Stiff-leaved Golden As- 
ter. (I. F. f. 3658.) Low, slender. 15-25 cm. high. Leaves linear or slightly 
broadened above, densely canescent and ciliate, acutish, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide, the margins revolute in drying; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanu- 
late, its bracts pubescent or the outer densely ciliate; heads few, 12-20 mm. broad. 
In dry soil, Neb. to Ark. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

8. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. Hispid Golden Aster, (I. F, f. 
3659.) Lower than C. villosa. stem rarely over 3 dm. high, with spreading hir- 
sute or hispid pubescence. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, 18-35 mm- 
long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half as long as 
the blade or more; heads smaller, often more numerous; involucre not over 8 mm. 
high, its bracts lanceolate, hirsute. In dry soil. Manitoba to Idaho. Kans. and 
Tex. July-Sept. 

9. Chrysopsis Nuttallii Britton. Nuttall's Golden Aster. (I. F f. 
3660.) Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glandular, 3-6 dm. high, 
branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute. 2.5-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads few, 15-25 mm, broad, 
terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular-viscid; 
achenes obovate. In dry soil, Kans. to La., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 

15. CHONDRdPHORA Raf. 

Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate 
discoid heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate. its bracts rigid 
and glutinous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, generally foveolate. 
naked. Corolla regular, tubular, the limb 5 -cleft. Anthers obtuse at the 
base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate, Achenes oblong. 



COMPOSITAE. 931 

somewhat compressed, i-2-ribbed on each side. Pappus of i or 2 series of 
numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing.] One, or per- 
haps two species, of eastern N. Am. 

I. Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Britton. Rayless Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3661.) Glabrous, erect, simple, 3-7 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, 
obtuse, or obtusish, 7-15 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, attenuate into a margined peti- 
ole; stem leaves distant, small, linear or subulate; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. high, 
crowded in a compound terminal corymbose cyme; involucre narrowly campanu- 
late,. acute at the base, its bracts coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated 
in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the inner. In moist pine-barrens, 
N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

Chondrophora nudkta virg^ta (Nutt.) Britton. Lower leaves linear, shorter, or the 
basal ones linear-spatulate. Perhaps specifically distinct. With the type, southward, 
not certainly known north of N. Car. 

16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. 

Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid 
heads of yellow perfect flowers. Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered. Involucre oblong 
to narrowly campanulate, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, imbri- 
ca>ted in several series, often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5 -toothed. 
Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches exserted, their appendages subulate to 
filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubescent. Pappus of copious capillary rough- 
ened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush.] About 25 species, of western N. Am. 

Heads about 12 mm. high; involucral bracts obtuse or mucronulate. i. C. nauseosus. 
Heads 14-20 mm. high; involucral bracts_subulate-tipped. 2. C. Howardi. 

1. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pursh) Britton. Fetid Rayless Golden- 
rod. (I. F. f. 3662.) Densely white-tomentose, at least when young, much 
branched, very leafy, 3-12 dm. high, odorous. Leaves linear, or slightly spatu- 
late, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; heads 10-15 mm. high, very numerous and 
crowded in terminal compound corymbose cymes; rays none; involucre narrowly 
campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts oblong or linear-oblong, acutish, puberu- 
lent, imbricated in about 4 series; achenes linear; pappus-bristles soft, copious. 
In sterile soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex., Br. Col. and S. Cal. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Chrysothamnus Howardi (Parry) Greene. Howard's Rayless 
Goldenrod. (I. F. £ 3663.) Denseh^ white-tomentose when young, glabrous or 
nearly so when old, tufted, much branched, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves narrowly 
linear, entire, 2-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; heads narrow, 5-flowered, more 
or less glomerate, usually surpassed by the upper leaves; involucre slightly pubes- 
cent, or glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, thin, acuminate or subulate-tipped; achenes 
nearly linear, pubescent. In dry soil, western Neb., Colo, and Utah to N. Mex. 
July-Sept. 

17. OONOPSIS Greene. 

Perennial herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, 
the stems leafy to tlie top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at 
the end of the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, 
imbricated in several series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer 
spreading. Disk-flowers with a nearly cylindric 5 -toothed corolla. Stamens and 
style included or scarcely . exserted. Ray-flowers present or wanting, pistillate. 
Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 
Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring to the ovoid 
involucre.] Four known species, natives of central N. Am. 

I. Oonopsis Engelmnnni (A. Gray) Greene. Enc;elmann's C^onopsis. 
(I. F. f. 3664.) Pereiuiial by a deep woody root, glabrous throughout: stems stiff, 
about 2 dm. high, densely leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, iS-35 mm. long, 
less than 2 mm. wide, brittle when dry; heads clustered, or sometimes solitary at 
the ends of the branches, about I cm. wide, sessile among the upper leaves; in- 
volucre oblong-campanidate, its bracts in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short- 
acuminate or mucronate, appressed; ray-flowers none; achenes linear-oblong, nar- 
rowed at the base, many -striate. Western Kans. and Neb. Sept. -Oct. 



932 FLORA. 

i8. PRIONcSpSIS Nutt. 

A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose- 
dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre 
broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, 
the outer more or less spreading. Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their 
corollas 5 -toothed. Ray-flowers very numerous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, 
those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk; pappus of a few deciduous 
rigid unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling a saw, referring 
to the leaf-margins.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Prionopsis. (I. F. f. 3665.) Stem erect, stout, 
branched, very leafy, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, 
obtuse, conspicuously veined, 2-7 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, sharply serrate with 
bristle-pointed teeth; heads few, clustered, stalked or nearly sessile, 25-35 mm. 
broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous; achenes of the ray- 
flowers ellipsoid, those of the disk-flowers oblong, the central sterile; pappus-bristles 
rigid, the inner ones rough or ciliate. On hillsides and river-banks, Mo. and Kans. 
to Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

19. SIDERANTHUS Fraser. 

[Eriocarpum Nutt.] 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and many- 
flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads 
rarely without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated 
in several series, the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, "gtw ■ 
erally foveolate, naked. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. An- 
thers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages 
short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, obtuse, white -tomentose. or canes- 
cent, usually 8-iO-nerved, Pappus of 1-3 series of numerous capillary persistent 
more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, iron-flower.] About 15 species, of America. 
Besides the following, about ii others occur in the western U. S. 

Rays none; leaves dentate. • \. S. grindelioides, 
Rays present. 

Leaves dentate; annual. 2. S. rubtgi?tosus. 

Leaves pinnatifid ; perennial. 

Tomentose-canescent. 3. S. spinulostis. 

Glabrous or slightly puberulent. 4. S. glaberrimus. 

1. Sideranthus grindelioides (Nutt.) Britton. Rayless Sideranthus. (I. F. 
f. 3666.) Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent; stems tufted, simple, 
erect, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower 
petioled, 1-2.5 cm. long, firm, spinulose-dentate; heads terminating the stem or 
branches; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent, their tips 
somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than the inner; achenes densely silky tomen- 
tose. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Utah and Ariz. July-Aug. 
\Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. ] 

2. Sideranthus rubiginosus (T. & G.) Britton. Viscid Sideranthus. (I. 
F. f. 3667.) Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, annual, branched near the sum- 
mit, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short petioles, 
oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. conspicuously dentate with distant awn-pointed 
teeth, 3-6 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; heads several, cymose- paniculate, 16-30 mm. 
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spreading tips; pap- 
pus-bristles rigid, very unequal; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate, not com- 
pressed. Neb. and Colo, to Tex. Autumn. 

3. Sideranthus spinulosus (Nutt.) Sweet. Cut-leaved Sideranthus. 
(I. F. f. 3668.) Canescent, much branched at the base, perennial from thick 
woody roots, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, linear to ovate in out- 
line, 1-3.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, the lobes with bristle-pointed teeth; heads 
several or numerous (rarely solitary), 12-25 iriiri. broad; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts linear, acute, appressed; achenes pubescent,' narrowed below; pappus soft 
and capillary. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. and Tex., Mont., Ariz, and Mex. 
March-Sept. 



COMPOSITAE. 933 

4. Sideranthus glaberrimus Rydb. Northern Sideranthus. Very similar 
to the preceding species, but wholly glabrous, or a little puberulent, wholly desti- 
tute of tomentum. S. Dak. to Wyo,, Kans. and Oklahoma. 

20. STENOTUS Nutt. 

Low undershrubs, with coriaceous Jiarrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or 
leafy stems, and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. In- 
volucre mostly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate 
to lanceolate. Receptacle alveolate. Disk- flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 
usually somewhat enlarged upward, deeply 5 -toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. An- 
thers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the style-branches short, lanceolate. 
Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bristles. [Greek, narrow, 
referring to the leaves.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 

I. Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Narrow- leaved Stenotus. (I. F. f. 
3669.) Perennial, tufted from a branched woody caudex, glabrous throughout; 
flowering stems slender, naked above, or quite leafless, 1-2 dm. high. Basal leaves 
numerous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish, firm, 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 
mm. wide, entire, narrowed below; stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, some- 
times none; head commonly solitary, about 2.5 cm. broad; involucre campanulate, 
8-12 mm. high, its bracts broadly oval, green, appressed, obtuse or refuse, scari- 
ous-margined, rays 8-10. In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Neb. to Wyo., Utah 
and N. Mex. June-July. 

21. ISOPAPPUS T. &G. 

Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with 
alternate linear to lanceolate i-nerved entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small 
slender peduncled heads of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre cam- 
panulate-cylindric, its appressed lanceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Re- 
ceptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. 
Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute. Achenes terete, narrowed 
below, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of rough capillary bristles, nearly 
equal in length. [Greek, equal pappus.] Two known species, of the southern 
U. S. 

I. Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt.) T. & G. Isopappus. (I. F. f. 3670.) 
Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much branched, slender, rough-pubescent 
or glandular, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the lowest linear- 
spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, 2-7 
cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the uppermost much smaller, subulate or bract- 
like; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad; involucre campanulate. its bracts linear- 
lanceolate, subulate-tipped, pubescent. In dry soil, Kan. to Tex. east to Ga. and 
Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

22. SOLIDAGO L. 

Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, 
with alternate simple, toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and 
radiate yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or 
cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanu- 
late, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer successively shorter. Recep- 
tacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveolate. Ray-flowers in one 
series, pistillate. Disk- flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas tubular or narrowly 
campanulate, 5 -cleft or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Stvle- 
branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usuallv 
ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in i or 2 series. 
[Greek, to make whole.] About 100 species, mostly of N. Am., several in Europe, 
a few in Mex. and S. Am. 

A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading: or recurved. 
Leaves j^Iabroiis or i^lalirato, 1-2.5 dm. long. i. .S". squarrosa. 

Leaves rough-ciliate, 2-8 cm. long. 

Leaves green. 2. 5". pftiohitns. 

Leaves silvery. 3. S. Wardi. 



934 FLORA. 

B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed. 

* Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched 

thyrsus. 
I. Heads 4-6 mm. high, chiefly in axillary clusters; achenes pubescent. 
Stem and branches terete ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 4. S. caesia. 

Stem and branches grooved or angled. 

Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles. 5. S.fiexicauHs. 

Leaves lanceolate, sessile. 6. S. Curtisii. 

2. Heads 4-6 mm. high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus; achenes glabrous, or 

nearly so. 
Rays white; stem pubescent. 7. 5. bicolor. 

Rays yellow ; stem densely pubescent. 8. S. hispida. 

Rays yellow; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. 

Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire. 9. S. erecta. 
Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate. 10. S. monticola. 

3. Heads 10-12 mm. high; bracts elongated, acute; leaves ovate. 

11. S. macrophylla. 

* * Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, 

or scarcely so. 
I. Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. 
Plants not glutinous. 

High northern; leaves spaculate, glabrous. 44. S. multiradiata. 

Eastern; stem mmutely puberulent or glabrous; heads 5-6 mm. high. 

12. S. puberula. 
Western ; stem and leaves scabrous or rough-pubescent. 13. S. Lindheimeriana. 

Involucre and upper leaves glutinous. 14. S. Randii. 

2. Bracts of the involucre obtuse (or the inner acutish in No. 15.) 
a. Upper leaves abruptly smaller than the lower, appressed. 15. S. stricta. 

b. Leaves gradually smaller upward, spreading or ascending, 

\ Lower leaves large, oblong, or oval, acute or obtusish. 
X At least the lowest leaves dentate; plants 6-18 dm. high. 
Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate; branches of the thyrsus appressed. 

16. S. uliginosa. 
Lower leaves ovate or broadly oval; branches of the thyrsus ascending, 

17. S. speciosa. 

X X Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 2-12 cm. long. 18. S. rigidmscula, 
f t Basal leaves narrowly spatulate. 19. S. Purshit. 
t f t Basal leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or broadly spatulate. 
Plant 7-30 cm. high, on alpine summits; stem angular. 20. S. alpestrzs. 

Plant 3-9 dm. high, not alpine; heads 6-8 mm. high. 21. S. Virgaurea. 

* * * Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or re- 
curved branches. 
X Plant maritime; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 22. S. setnpervirens. 
X X Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy. 
I. Leaves pinnately veined, not triple-nerved. 
a. Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. 23. S. odora. 
(b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate, 
t Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, scabrous. 24. S. tortifolia, 
f t Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 5-25 cm. long. 
X Stem densely pubescent ; leaves more or less so. 
Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. 25. S. rugosa. 

Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. 26. S.fistulosa. 

X X Stem gialDrous, or puberulent, or pubescent only above. 
Leaves very scabrous on the upper surface, serrulate. 27. S. patula. 

Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface (pubescent m forms oi 

No. 33-). , ^ 

Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender. 

Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, 28, S. ulmifoha. 

Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate. 29. S. Boottii. 
Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending. 

Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 30. S. Elhottit. 

At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 

Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; heads about 4 mm. high; 

racemes short ; rays several. 31. S. neglect a. 

Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about 4 mm. high; racemes few, 

short; rays 1-3. 32. S. uniligidata. 

Leaves firrn, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads 3-4 mm. high; racemes 

numerous, slender. 33- S. juncea. 

Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 5-7 mm, high ; 
racemes numerous. 34- S- (^rguta^ 



COMPOSITAE. 935 

2. Leaves triple-nerved, i.e.y with a pair of lateral veins stronger than the others, these 
often obscure in No. 41. 
Stem glabrous ; bracts of the involucre obtuse. 
Leaves and bracts of the involucre thin. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate. 

35. S, rupestris. 
Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. 36. S. serotina. 

Leaves and bracts of the involucre thick, somewhat rigid. 
Leaves linear-Janceolate or lanceolate; achenes glabrous. 

37. S. Missouriensis, 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; achenes silky-pubescent. 

38. S. Shortii. 
Basal leaves oblanceolate; upper bract-like. 39. S. Gattmgeri. 

Stem pubescent or scabrous. 

Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. 

40. .S". Canadensis. 
Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong or ovate; the lower crenate. 

Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish; lower leaves oblanceolate;' heads 4 mm. 

high. 41. S. nemoralis. 

Canescent and pale ; leaves oblong, or ovate; heads 6 mm. high. 

42. S, mollis. 
Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. 43. S, radula. 
Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 

44. S. Drummondii. 
'^ * * * Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat- 
topped inflorescence. 
Leaves ovate, oblong or oval, very rough on both sides. 45, S. rigida. 

Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. 

Leaves, at least the lower, oblanceolate; high northern. 46. .S". multiradiaia. 

Leaves not oblanceolate nor spatulate. 

Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. 47. S. Ohioensis, 

Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire. 

Stout ; leaves lanceolate, the basal 2-3 dm. long. 48. S. Riddellii. 
Slender; leaves linear, the basal 10-12 cm. long. 49. S. Houghtoni. 

1. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Stout Ragged Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3671,) 
Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 6-^15 dm. 
high. Upper leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile; lower and basal 
leaves obovate, oval, or broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, sharply dentate, often 
narrowed into a margined petiole; heads 15-25 -flowered, 8-10 mm. high, numerous 
in a terminal narrow often leafy thyrsus sometimes 3 dm. in length; rays lO-ic 
showy, 4-6 mm. long; tips of the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse, all 
usually strongly recurved ; achenes glabrous. In rocky soil, N. B. and Ont. south 
to Va. and Ohio. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Downy Ragged Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3672.) 
Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent, 3-9 dm. high, simple or branched 
above. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or 
mucronate, entire or dentate, 1-7 cm. long, rough or cili.ate on the margins- heads 
6-8 mm. high, in a terminal narrow more or less compound thyrsus; involucral 
bracts with green acute to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner appressed- 
achenes glabrous or nearly so. In dry soil. 111. to Kans. and Tex., east to N. Car.' 
and P'la. Sept. -Oct. 

3. Solidago Wardii Britton, n. sp. Ward's Goldenrod. Stem puberulent. 
4-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or with a few teotli, rather 
firm, 5-9 cm. long, pale and silvery shining on both sides, or onlv above, the margins 
ciliate; thyrsus 1-2 dm. long, sometimes quite leafv; heads short-poduncled. about 
8 mm. high, the bracts linear- lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute, distinctly squarrose. 
canescent; rays large, bright yellow. Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and Ind. Terr. Sept -^ 
Oct. Type collected by L. F. Ward, in Clark Co.. Kans., Oct. 2, 1S07. 

4. Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed or Wreath Goldenrod. Wood- 
land Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3673.) Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous, usuallv 
bluish or purple, branched or simple, 3-0 dm. high. Leaves sessile, acuminate a't 
the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharplv serrate; 5-12 cm. lorn-. ^-\o 
mm. wide; heads 4-6 mm. high, in axillary clusters or racemes, ox occa«qonaflv 
with some in a short terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre obtuse- achenes 



936 FLORA. 

pubescent. In woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Ai-k. and Tex. 
Aug. -Oct. 

Solidago caesia axillaris (Pnrsh) A. Gray. Heads few, in dense short axillary clusters, 
much exceeded by the iong thin leaves; upper leaves often entire. JN'. S. to Ont. and N. J. 

5. Solidago fiexicaulis L. Zig-zag or Broad-leaved Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3674.) Stena glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
ovate, acuminate at the apex, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous beneath, sharply 
serrate, 5-17 cm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and 
entire or nearly so ; heads about 6 mm. hign ; bracts of the involucre obtuse to 
acutish; achenes hirsute-pubescent. In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., west to S. Dak. 
and Kans. July-Sept. 

6. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Curtis' Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3675.) 
Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched, slender, 4-9 dm. high, 
angled and grooved. Leaves thin, sometimes broader above the middle, long- 
actmiinate, narrowed below into an entire base, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
8-25 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of the invo- 
lucre few, obtuse. In mountain woods, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. Aug.-Sept. 

7. Solidago bicolor L. White Goldenrod. Silver-rod. (I. F. f. 3676.) 
Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubescent, or nearly glabrous, 1.5-12 dm. high, simple 
or branched. Basal and lower leaves obovate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse, 
5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, narrowed into long margined petioles, dentate or 
crenate-dentate, more or less pubescent; upper leaves smaller and narrower, oblong 
or sometimes lanceolate, subsessile, often entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of 
the involucre obtuse; rays white. In dry soil, N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn, 
and ]Mo. July-Sept. 

8. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3677.) Stout, 
stem densely pubescent or hirsute, simple, or sometimes branched, 4-9 dm. high. 
Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, petioled, pubescent on both sides, usually den- 
tate, 5-12 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; upper leaves oblong, sessile, acute, dentate 
or entire, smaller, sessile; heads about 6 mm. high, crowded; involucral bracts 
obtuse ; achenes with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous. In dry soil, N. S. to W. 
Ont. and Minn., south to Penn. and Wis. Aug. -Oct. 

9. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3678.) Stem 
slender, 6-9 dm. high, simple or rarely branched. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous 
on both sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower and basal ones broadly oblon? or 
oval, obtuse or obtusish, crenate-dentate. the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, usually quite entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre obtuse. 

•In dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ga. and N. Car. Reported from Minn, and 
S. Dak. Aug.-Sept. 

10. Solidago monticola T. & G. Mountain Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3679.) 
Slender, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Stem-leaves ovate-oblong, or oblong- 
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sharply and sparingly serrate, or the upper entire, 
2-15 cm. long. 8-35 mfn. wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; basal 
leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles; heads about 4 mm. high; 
bracts of the involucre acutish or obtuse. In mountain woods, Penn. and Md. to 
Ga. and Ala. July-Sept. 

11. Solidago macrophylla Pursh. Large-leaved Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 

3680.) Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, stout. 1.5-12 dm. high. Leaves 
thin, ovate, acuminate, or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, or spar- 
ingly pubescent beneath. 7-12 cm. long. 2-6 cm. wide, abruptly contracted into 
margined petioles, or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads in a terminal 
compact or loose thyrsus and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of the invo- 
lucre linear, acute; rays 8-10. linear-oblrmg. conspicuous; achenes glabrous or 
nearly so. In rocky woods, Catskill Mts., N. Y. to Lab. and Hudson Bay, west to 
Lake Superior. July-Sept. 

12. Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3681.) Mi- 
nutely puberulent, or glabrous, usually simple, rather slender, 4-9 dm. high, leafy. 
Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate or entire, 3-5 cm. long, ses- 
sile, or the lower petioled ; basal leaves and sometimes the lowest ones of the stem 
spatulate. obtuse, shai-ply serrate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; 



COMPOSITAE. 937 

;.acts of the involucre subulate; achenes glabrous; heads rarely a little secund. 
in sandy soli, N, B. to northern N. Y., Fla. and Miss. Aug.-Sept. 

13. CiOlidago Lindheimeriana Scheele. Lindheimer's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3682.) Scabrous, simple, 4-9 dm. high, leafy, rather stout and rigid. Leaves 
oblong, oblong -lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or 
rounded at the base, all entire, thickish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the low- 
est petioled; heads about 6 mm. high in a terminal, often short thyrsus; bracts of 
the involucre acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent; achenes nearly glabrous. 
Southern Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and northern Mex. Aug.-Nov. 

Solidago Bigelovii A. Gray, another southwestern species, which is rougher than this 
one, and with oval or oblong leaves obtuse or obtusish at both ends, is reported irom 
Kans. 

14. Solidago Randii (Porter) Britton. Rand's Goldenrod. Stem stout, 
often purple, glabrous, 3-7 dm. tall. Basal leaves spatulate, mostly obtuse, den- 
tate or crenate- dentate, narrowed into margined petioles; stem-leaves spatulate to 
lanceolate, the upper sessile, acute, entire; inflorescence and upper leaves dis- 
tinctly glutinous, adhering to paper when drying; heads about 8 mm. high; bracts 
of the involucre acute, or the outer obtuse. Me. to northern N. Y. [^; Virgatirea 
Kandii Porter; S. Virgaurea Redfieldii Porter.] 

15. Solidago stricta Ait. Wand-like or Willow-leaf Goldenrod. 
(I. F. f. 3683.) Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple, 6-25 dm. high. 
Basal and lowest stem-leaves oblong, or somewhat spatulate, with few lateral veins, 
obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate, 4-20 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, narrowed 
into long petioles; upper stem-leaves narrowly oblong, spatulate or linear, the 
uppermost very small and bract-like; heads about 6 mm. high in a dense simple, 
or sometimes branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong; achenes 
glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. In wet sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and 
La. Also in Cuba. Aug. -Oct. 

16. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3684.) Stem 
glabrous, rather stout, simple, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, firm, more or less 
cilioiate or scabrous on the margins, few-veined, acute or acuminate, the lower and 
basal ones 10-22 cm. long, 1-2,5 cm. wide, more or less serrate and narrowed into 
petioles, the upper smaller, mostly sessile and entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts 
of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. In swamps and bogs, 
Newf. to northern N. J. and Penn. west to W. Ont., Minn, and Wis. Aug.-Sept. 

17. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy or Noble Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3685.) 
Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough above, usually simple, 1-2 m. high. 
Leaves glabrous, firm, the basal 1-2.5 ^"^' ^^^^igj 2-10 cm. wide, dentate or crenate, 
pinnately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, long-petioled ; upper leaves smaller, 
oblong or oval, acute at each end, crenate- dentate, or entire, sessile or short-peti- 
oled, rough-margined; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a large terminal thyrsus, the 
branches of which are ascending and often leafy; bracts of the involucre oblong, 
very obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich soil, N. S. to N. Car. west 
to Minn., Ky., Kans. and Ark. Aug.-Oct. 

Solidago speci6sa pdllida Porter. Leaves ovate or oblong, coriaceous, prominently 
veined, pale green : stems stout, tufted, 3-6 dm. high, densely pubescent above. On the 
rocky summit of Mt. Mackay, W. Ont, 

18. Solidago rigidiiascula (T. & G.) Porter. Slender Showy Goldenrod. 
(I. F. f. 3686.) Stem rather slender, usually glabrous below, rough-pubescent 
above, simple, 6-12 dm. high. Basal leaves sometimes crenate. strongly cilio- 
iate on the margins, 2-7 cm. long. 6-25 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the lower 
sometimes narrowed into petioles; heads similar to those of the preceding species; 
thyrsus generally narrow, dense, simple or rarely branched. In dry soil, mostly 
on prairies, Ohio to Ala., S. Dak,, Neb., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

19. Solidago Purshii Porter. River-bank Goldenrc^d. (I. F. f. 36S7.) 
Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple, usually somewhat glutinous, 1. 5-4. 5 dm. high. 
Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish. dentate, or crenate. S-15 
cm. long, 1-2. 5 cm. wide, narrowed into slightly margined petioles; stem-leaves 
sessile, lanceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or entire, mostlv acute, 
smaller; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of 



938 FLORA. 

the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish; achenes striate, pubescent. 
On rocky river-banks, Newf. to northern N. Y., Vt. and Va. July-Sept. 

20. Solidago alpestns Wald. & Kit. Alpine Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3688.] 
Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, often tufted, 7-30 cm. high, 
ascending, or erect, angular. Basal leaves serrate, at least above the middle, ob- 
tuse, or acute, 5—10 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves oblanceolate, 
spatulate, or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly distant; inflorescence a 
short raceme or thyrsus, with clusters of heads in the axils of the leaves ; heads 6-8 
mm. high; bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes pubescent. Alpine 
summits of the mountains of Me., N. H. and northern N. Y., mostly above timber 
line. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 

31. Solidago Virgaurea L. European Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3689.) 
Somewhat pubescent, at least above; stem usually simple, rather stout, 3-6 dm. 
high. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, or less, obtuse or acute, mostly 
dentate, narrowed into margined petioles ; stem-leaves sessile, or the lower petioled, 
oblono--ianceolate to spatulate, acute; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a narrow, dense or 
interrupted, rarely branched thyrsus which is often 2 dm. long ; bracts of the invo- 
lucre obtuse or acute; achenes more or less pubescent. Me., N. H., Vt. and 
northern N. Y., mostly at middle altitudes. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 

Solidago Virgaurea Deanei Porter, Stem only 0.7-3 dm. high, often slender; thyrsus 
short, 5-10 cm. long; heads 3-6 mm. high. Mountains, Me., Vt. and N. H. 

Solidago Virgaurea Gillmani (A. Gray) Porter. Stout, 4-9 dm. high ; thyrsus pan- 
iculately branched; basal leaves very large, sometimes 25 cm. long, sharply serrate. Sand 
hills, southern shore of Lake Superior. Perhaps not referable to this species. 

22. Solidago sempervirens L. Sea-side Goldenrod. Salt-marsh Gold- 
enrod. (I. F. f. 3690.) Stem stout, leafy, usually simple, 6-25 dm. high, gla- 
brous, or slightly puberulent above. Leaves with 2-5 pairs of lateral veins, the 
lower and basal ones oblong, spatulate or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, sometimes 3 
dm. lono", narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblong - 
lanceolate, acute; heads, 6-10 mm. high; rays 8-10, showy; bracts of the invo- 
lucre lanceolate, acute. On salt marshes, sea beaches, along tidal rivers and in 
sandy soil near the sea, N. B. to Fla. and Mex. Also in Bermuda. Aug.-Dec. 

23. Solidago odora Ait. Sweet or Anise-scented Goldenrod. Blue 
Mountain Tea. (I. F. f. 3691.) Slender; stem simple, glabrous, or minutely 
pubescent above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves punctate, anise-scented when bruised, 
lanceolate, quite entire, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, ses- 
sile, or the lower ones petioled ; heads 4-5 mm. high, rays 3 or 4, 4-6 mm. long ; 
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute. In dry soil, N. S. (?), Mass. to 
Fla., west to N. Y., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 

Solidago odora inodbra A. Gray. Leaves not punctate, scentless when bruised. 
Probably a mere form. 

24. Solidago tortifolia Ell. Twisted-leaf Goldenrod. (L F. f. 3692.) 
Stem slender, rough-pubescent or puberulent, 6-9 dm. high, simple. Leaves often 
twisted, scabrous, sessile, acute, 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obscurely veined 
but with a distinct midrib, the lower serrate, the upper entire; heads about 4 mm. 
hio-h; rays 3-5, short; bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. In dry 
sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Autumn. 

25. Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-leaved, or Tall Hairy Goldenrod. 
Bitter- WEED. (I. F. f. 3693.) Stem hirsute, usually stout, 3-22 dm. high, sim- 
ple, or branched at the summit. Leaves rather thin, oval or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 
2-IO cm. long, 8-35 mm. wide, sessile, or the lowest sometimes tapering into peti- 
oles; heads 3-4 mm. high; panicle usually large and compound; bracts of the in- 
volucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. Usually in dry soil, in fields and along road- 
sides, Newf. to W. Ont., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Nov. 

26. Solidago fistulosa Mill. Pine-barren Goldenrod. (L F. f. 3694.) 
Stem rather stout, simple, or branched above, 1-2 m. high, hirsute. Leaves 
numerous, sessile, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes lanceolate, thick, 
rough or hirsute on the margins and midrib beneath, the upper small, obtuse or 
obtusish, entire, the lower sparingly serrate, obtuse or acute, 3-10 cm. long, with a 



COMPOSITAE. 939 

broad base; heads about 4 mm. high; rays 7-10, small; bracts of the involucre, at 
least the outer, acute. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 

27. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough-leaved or Spreading Goldenrod. 
(I. F. f. 3695.) Stem stout, rather rigid, usually simple, 6-20 dm. high, strongly 
angled, at least below. Leaves thick, glabrous beneath, rough above, the lower 
and basal ones very large, 7-40 cm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, oval or elliptic, narrowed 
into margined petioles, the upper smaller, oval or oblong, sessile, acute, finely 
serrate, or the uppermost entire; heads 6-8 mm. high; rays small; bracts of the 
involucre linear-oblong, obtuse. \\\ swamps, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., 
Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

28. Solidago ulmifdlia Muhl. Elm-leaved Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3696.) 
Stem slender, 6-12 dm. high, simple, or branched above, the arched branches 
puberulent or pubescent. Leaves thin, oblong, acute, or acuminate at the apex 
and base, pinnately veined, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the lower and basal 
ones 7-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper 
smaller, sessile; heads 4-6 mm. high; rays small, deep yellow; bracts of the in- 
volucre oblong-lanceolate, obtusish. In woods and copses, Me. to Ga., west to 
Minn., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

29 Solidago Boottii Hook. Boott's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3697.) Stem 
slender, usually branched near the summit, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves firm, pin- 
nately and finely reticulate-veined, the lower and basal ones ovate or oblong-lance- 
olate, narrowed into margined, sometimes ciliate petioles, acuminate at the apex, 
7-15 cm. long, the upper smaller, entire, or finely serrate, sessile; heads 4-6 mm. 
high; rays few, small; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes 
pubescent. In dry woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

30. Solidago Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3698.) 
Stem stout, 9-18 dm. high, simple, or branched at the inflorescence. Leaves 
firm, acute or acuminate, sessile by a broad base, or sometimes narrowed below, 
finely serrate, crenate-serrate, or the upper entire, rough on the margins, glabrous 
on both sides, or puberulent on the veins beneath, 3-12 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide; 
heads about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 6-12, 
short; achenes pubescent. In swamps, N. H. and Mass. to N. Car. and Ga., 
mainly near the coast. Sept. -Oct. 

31. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3699.) 
Stem simple, rather stout, 6-8 dm. high. Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones 
large, sometimes 3 dm. long, acute or obtusish, serrate or serrulate, tapering into 
margined petioles, rough on the margins; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, acute, 
sessiTe, serrate or nearly entire; heads 5-6 mm. high; rays 3-8, small; bracts of 
the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or nearly so. In swamps, 
N. B. to Wis., Md. and 111. Aug.-Sept. 

32. Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter. Few-rayed Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3700.) Stem simple, slender, 4-7 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the lower long-petioled, 
10-22 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the uppermost very small and 
erect; rays 1-4; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. 
In swamps, Me. to N. Y. and N. J. Aug.-Sept. 

33. Solidago juncea Ait. Early or Sharp-toothed Goldenrod. Yellow- 
top. Plume Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3701.) Stem rigid, rather stout, simple, or 
branched at the inflorescence, 4-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, glabrous, acute or acu- 
minate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, the lower large, sometimes 3 dm. long 
and 5 cm. wide, long-petioled; the upper smaller, sessile; rays 7-12, sniall; bracts 
of the involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; achenes glabrous or 
sparingly pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, N. V>. to Hudson Bay and Manitoba, 
N. Car. and Mo. June-Nov. 

Solidago jiincea scabrt^lla (T. & G.) A. Gray. Leaves rig;id, scabrous, ciliate. pubes- 
cent on the upper surface or also beneath. Ind. to^^'is., Kv. and Mo. 

Solidago jiincea rann6sa Porter and Britton. Much branched at the summit, the 
branches slender, erect, slis^litly curved, the heads in short small racemes. Me. to west- 
ern N. J., W. Va. and Ohio. 

34. Solidago arguta Ait. Ci t-leaved Goldenrod. "(I. F. f. 3702.) Stem 
simple, rather stout, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and basalones broadlv 



940 FLORA. 

ovate or oval, short-acuminate, 7-40 cm. long, 2-1 2 cm. wide, narrowed into 
margined petioles, sharply and coarsely serrate; upper leaves sessile, ovate to 
oblong, acute or acuminate, more or less serrate, smaller; rays 5-7, large; bracts 
of the involucre oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich woods, 
Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south to Va. July-Oct. 

35. Solidago rupestris Raf. Rock Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3703.) Stem 
slender, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate 
at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lowest petioled, glabrous; heads 
small, 3 mm., high, secund on the short spreading branches of the small panicle; 
rays 4-6, short; bracts of the involucre thin, linear; achenes small, nearly glabrous. 
Rocky banks of streams, Penn. to D. C, W. Va., Tenn. and Ind. Aug.-Sept. 

36. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3704.) Stem 
stout, 9-25 dm. high, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Leaves thin, sessile, or the 
lowest petioled, glabrous on both sides but more or less rough-margined, 7-15 cm. 
long, 4-25 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads 5-7 mm. 
high; bracts of the involucre oblong, thin, obtuse; rays 7-15, rather large; achenes 
finely pubescent. In moist soil, Newf. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Tex., IsTev. and 
Ore. Aug. -Oct. 

Solidago serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray. Leaves hispid or pubescent on the lower 
surface, at least on its prominent veins. With the type, at least in the East. 

37. Solidago Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3705.) 
Stem rather slender, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem ses- 
sile, acum.inate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, very rough- 
margined, entire, or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest 
ones larger, spatulate, petioled; heads 5-6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre 
oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse, or the inner acute, thick; rays 6-13, short. On 
dry prairies, Manitoba and Minn, to Tenn., Wash., Neb. and Tex. Autumn. 

38. Solidago Shortii T. & G. Short's Goldenrod. (L F. f. 3706.) Stem 
slender, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves sessile (the lowest petioled?). acute or acuminate at 
the apex, glabrous on both sides, the larger 5-10 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, 
sharply serrate with rath.er small and distant teeth, the upper gradually smaller, 
sparingly serrate, or entire ; heads about 6 mm. high ; involucre narrowly campanu- 
late, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-7, rather small. On rocks at the 
Falls of the Ohio River and in northwestern Ark. July-Aug. 

39. Solidago Gattingeri Chapm. Gattinger's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3707.) Stem slender, 6-9 dm. high, branched at the inflorescence. Leaves firm, 
glabrous beneath, rough above, ciliolate, the lower and basal ones acutish, 7-15 cm. 
long, 12-20 mm. wide, serrate with low distant teeth, narrowed into margined 
petioles, entire, sessile; heads 4-5 mm. high; bracts of the involucre oblong, very 
obtuse; rays 6-10; achenes puberulent, or glabrous below. In dry soil, Tenn. and 
Mo. July-Aug. 

40. Solidago Canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod. (L F. f. 3708.) Stem 
stout, puberulent-pubescent, or hirsute, 6-25 dm. high. Leaves acute at each end, 
the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled, 7-15 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, the 
upper smaller, entire, sessile; heads 3-4 mm. high, very numerous; bracts of the 
involucre linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9-15; achenes glabrous or somewhat 
pubescent. Usually in dry soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to 
Fla. and Ariz. Aug. -Nov. 

Solidago Canadensis procera (Ait.) T. & G. Leaves less serrate, sometimes all 
entire, cinereous-pubescent with short appressed hairs. With the type. 

Solidago Canadensis glabrkta Porter. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so 
below, puberulent above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, smooth above, pubescent on the 
veins beneath ; panicles and heads smaller than in the type. Me. to northern N. Y. and 
Penn. 

Solidago Canadensis scabriiiscula Porter. Leaves shorter, sparingly serrate or entire, 
rough above, rugose beneath; heads mostly larger than in the type. N. Y. and Penn. 
to Fla. and Tex. 

Solidago 'Canadensis gilvocanescens Rydberg. A foot high, or less, leafy, canes- 
cent, yellowish; leaves remotely serrate above the middle, or entire; inflorescence dense; 
heads smaller than in the type. Minn, to Mont, and Kans. 

41. Solidago ne'moralis Ait. Gray or Field Goldenrod. Dyer's 
Weed. (I. F. f. 3709.) Slender, 1-6 dm. high, finely and densely pubescent. 



COMPOSITAE, 941 

Leaves thick, roughish; basal and the lower stem-leaves petioled, obscurely 
triple-nerved, obtuse or acutish, crenate-dentate, 7-15 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide; 
upper leaves gradually smaller, oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, 
entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; panicle usually one-sided; bracts of the involucre 
linear-oblong; rays 5-9; achenes pubescent. In dry soil, Quebec to the N. W. 
Terr., Fla. and Tex. July-Nov. 

Solidago nemoralis arenicola Burgess. Depressed, or prostrate, about 15 cm. high; 
inflorescence dense, flattened, composing most of the plant. Sand hills, Cape Cod to L. I, 

Solidago pulcherrima A. Nelson, is the western representative of this species, ex- 
tending east' into Kans. and Neb. It differs in its pale color and narrower basal leaves, 
but I have not been able to separate it specifically. 

42. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3710.) Stem 
rigid, stout, low, canescent or slightly scabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves pale, 
canescent or rough, entire or dentate, strongly 3 -nerved, oblong, ovate or oblanceo- 
late, the lower petioled, 5-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, very obtuse, the upper ses- 
sile, smaller; heads 4-6 mm. high, somewhat or scarcely secund on the short 
branches of the erect, dense panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong; rays 5-9; 
achenes pubescent. Dry plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr. , south to Tex. and Mex. 
July-Sept. 

43. Solidago Radula Nutt. Western Rough Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 371 1.) 
Stem rough-pubescent, rather slender. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, green, rough 
on both sides, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, dentate-crenate, obtuse or acut- 
ish, petioled, 7-20 cm. long, 12-40 mm. wide, obscurely 3-nerved, the upper small- 
er, oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, sessile, distinctly 3-nerved; heads 4-6 mm. 
high; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 3-7, very short; 
achenes minutely pubescent. In dry soil. 111. to Mo., La. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 

44. Solidago Drummondii T. & G. Drummond's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3712.) Stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high, finely soft-pubescent. Leaves rather 
thin, glabrous or nearly so above, finely, but sometimes sparingly pubescent, or 
roughish beneath, sharply serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, 
or the upper sessile, the larger 7-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; heads 4-5 mm. high; 
bract-like upper leaves obtuse, or acute, entire; rays 4-6, conspicuous; bracts of the 
involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; achenes pubescent. In rocky soil. 111. to La. 
and Mo. Sept, -Oct. 

45. Solidago rigida L. Stiff or Hard-leaved Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3713.) Stem stout, simple, or branched above, densely and finely rough-pubescent, 
hoary, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thick, rigid, often obtuse, rough on both sides, the 
upper sessile, clasping, and rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. 
long, mostly entire; lower and basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes 3 dm. long 
and 7 cm. wide, entire or serrulate; heads 8-10 mm. high, many-flowered, in a 
terminal dense corymbose cyme; involucre broadly campanulate. its bracts oblong, 
obtuse, the outer pubescent; rays 6-10, large; achenes glabrous, io-15-nerved. In 
dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and 
Colo. Aug. -Oct. 

46. Solidago multiradiata Ait. Northern Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3714.) 
Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent above, rather slender. 1.5-4 dm. high. 
Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, entire, or sparingly 
serrate, obtuse, finely reticulate-veined, 7-12 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, the upper 
smaller, narrower, sessile, entire; heads about 8 mm. high, usually few in a ter- 
minal rather compact, corymbose cyme; bracts of the involucre tliin. linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, glabrous; rays 8-15, prominent, linear; achenes pubescent. Lab. to 
Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Julv Aug. 

47. Solidago Ohioensis Riddell. Ohio Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3715.) Verv 
smooth throughout; stem rather slender, simple, 6-q dm. high. Leaves firm, the 
basal and lower ones obtuse, long-petioled, serrulate toward the end, or some- 
times entire, often 3 dm. long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire, graduallv 
smaller; heads 5-6 mm. high, numerous in a terminal compound cyme. 15-21;- 
flowered; rays 6-9, small; bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre oblong, 
obtuse, glabrous; achenes glabrous, 5-nerved. In moist soil, western N. Y. to ill. 
Aug.-Sept. 



942 FLORA. 

48. Solidago Riddellii Frank. Riddell's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 3716.) 

Stem stout, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves numerous, 
thick, glabrous on both sides, entire, acute at each end, the lower and basal ones 
long-petioled, elongated, often 3 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, the upper smaller, simi- 
lar, sessile and clasping at the base, conduplicate, somewhat falcate ; heads 6-8 mm. 
high, 20-30-flowered, very numerous in a dense corymbose cyme, involucre oblong- 
campanulate, its bracts broadly oblong, obtuse; rays 7-9, narrow; achenes 5- 
nerved, glabrous. On moist prairies, Ohio to Minn, and Mo. Also at Fortress 
Monroe, Va. Aug-Sept. 

49. Solidago Houghtonii T. & G. Houghton's Goldenrod. (I. F. f. 
3717.) Stem glabrous below, sparingly pubescent above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
linear, the basal and lower ones petioled, 4-8 mm. wide, 3-ner.ved, entire, acute at 
each end, the upper sessile, slightly conduplicate, otherwise similar, the uppermost 
small and bract-like; heads about 6 mm. high, few, in a small corymbose cyme, 
20-30-flowered; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse; achenes 
glabrous, 4-5 -nerved. In swamps, north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, and 
in Genesee Co., N. Y. Autumn. 

23. EUTHAMIA Nutt. 

Erect, paniculately branched herbs, perennial by long rootstocks, with linear 
or linear-lanceolate entire sessile I-5 -nerved punctate leaves, and numerous small 
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, clustered in the large cymose, 
convex or nearly flat-topped inflorescence. Bracts of the involucre obtuse, ap- 
pressed, somewhat glutinous. Receptacle flatfish, fimbrillate, or pilose. Ray- 
flowers pistillate, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers, the rays small. 
Disk-flowers perfect. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches with lanceolate 
appendages. Achenes top-shaped or oblong, villous-pubescent. [Greek, referring 
to the clustered heads.] Four known species, the following, and one of western 
N. Am. 

Leaves distinctly 3-5-nerved ; ray-flowers 12-20. i. E. gramini/olia. 

Leaves i-nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves ; ray-flowers 5-10, 

Stem-leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; disk-flowers 3 or 4. 2. E. leptocephala. 

Leaves 1-4 mm. wide; disk-flowers 5 or 6. 3. E. Carolinia?ia. 

1. Euthamia graminifolia (L. ) Nutt. Bushy or Fragrant Goldenrod. 
(I. F. f. 3718.) Stem glabrous, sometimes slightly rough above, 6-12 dm. high. 
Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-12 cm. 
long, 4-8 mm. wide, minutely rough-pubescent on the margins and nerves of the 
lower surface; resinous dots few; heads 4-6 mm. high, sessile in capitate clusters 
arranged in a flat-topped corymbose cyme ; involucre ovoid-campanulate, its bracts 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly viscid; disk-flowers 8-12. In moist soil, fields 
and roadsides, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Neb. and Kans. July-Sept. 

2. Euthamia leptocephala (T. & G.) Greene. Western Bushy Golden- 
rod. (1. F. f. 3719.) Stem much branched, smooth. 4-7 dm, high. Leaves 
linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, rough-margined, those 
of the stem usually 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; heads 4-6 mm. high, rather nar- 
rower than those of the preceding species, sessile in the clusters of the flat-topped 
inflorescence: bracts of the involucre linear-oblong. In moist soil. Mo. to La. and 
Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

3. Euthamia Caroliniana (L.) Greene. Slender Fragrant Goldenrod. 
(I. F. f. 3720.) Resembles the preceding species but is smaller, glabrous, and 
somewhat resinous, seldom over 4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acu- 
minate, sessile, narrowed at the base, 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. widCj punctate, often 
with smaller ones clustered in the axils ; heads about 3 mm. high, very numerous 
and crowded in the dense corymbose cyme; involucre oblong- campanulate, its 
bracts oblong. In dry sandy soil, eastern Mass. to 111., Fla,, La. and Tex., mainly 
near the coast. Aug. -Oct. 

24. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. 
An erect, perennial herb, with the aspect of a Goldenrod. Leaves alternate, 
the lower and basal ones large, cordate, long-petioled, the upper ovate, short- 



COMFOSITAE, 943 

petioled or sessile. Heads composed of both tubular and radiate flowers, in a ter- 
minal narrow spike-like thyrsus. Involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts cori- 
aceous, imbricated in few series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle small, 
naked. Rays small, yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubu- 
lar, somewhat expanded above, 5 -cleft. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. 
Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes 8-io-ribbed. 
Pappus a single row of scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. [Greek, short- 
bristle, referring to the pappus.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Brachychaetasphacelata (Raf.) Britton. False Goldenrod. (I. F. 
f. 3721.) Stem pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves broadly ovate, 
cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
the slender petioles 7-22 cm. long; stem-leaves gradually smaller and shorter-peti- 
oled, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads about 5 mm. high, racemose- 
secund or densely clustered on the short branches of the narrow elongated terminal 
thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish; rays 
and disk-flowers each about 5. In dry woods, western Va. to Ind., south to N. Car. 
and Ga. Aug. -Sept. 

25. APHANO'STEPHUS DC. 

Erect or ascending canescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather 
large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. 
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear, scarious-margined, imbri- 
cated in a few series, the outer smaller. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray- 
flowers pistillate, white or purplish. Disk-flowers perfect, yellow, their corollas 
tubular, the limb expanded above, 5-dentate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the 
base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes many- 
ribbed. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Greek, faint-crown.] About 5 species, 
of the southwestern U. S. and Mex. 

I. Aphanostephus skirrobasis (DC.) Trelease. Aphanostephus. (I. F. 
f. 3722.) Erect, or diffusely branched, densely canescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Basal 
and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, 2-10 cm. long, somewhat dentate, laciniate or 
entire, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, oblong oroblance- 
olate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller; heads 16-25 mm. broad, 6-10 mm. 
high; rays numerous, narrow, entire. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. Also in Fla. 
May-Aug. 

26. BELLIS L. 

Tufted herbs, with branching or scapose stems, alternate or basal leaves, and 
rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the 
branches, or of the monocephalous scape% Involucre hemispheric or broadly cam- 
panulate, its bracts herbaceous, imbricated in I or 2 series, nearly equal. Recep- 
tacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers 
yellow, perfect, their coi-ollas tubular, the limb 4-5-to()thed. Anthers obtuse and 
entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, triangular. 
Achenes flattened, nerved near the margins. Pappus none, or a ring of minute 
bristles. [Latin, pretty.] About 9 species, of the northern hemisphere. Only the 
following are known to occur in N. Am., but 2 others are found in Mex. 

Stem branched, 15-40 cm. high; involucral bracts acute. i. -^. integrifolia. 

Scapes monocephalous, 3-17 cm. hie:h; involucral bracts obtuse. 2. B. ffrenjiis. 

1. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western Daisy. (I. F. f. 3723.) vSlender. 
diffusely branched, pubescent. Leaves thin, entire, obtuse, the lower and basal 
ones spatulate, 2-7 cm. long, narrowed into margined petic^les, the upper smaller, 
oblong, oblanceolate or linear; heads 12-30 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
acute or acuminate, scariotis-margined, glabi'ous or nearly so; ravs usually violet, 
oblong-linear. In moist soil. Ky.' and Tenn. to Ark. and Tex. May-July. 

2. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden Daisy. (I. F. f. 3724.) Per- 
ennial, tufted. Leaves all basal, obovate, obtuse, slightly dentate. 2-5 cm. long, 
narrowed into margined petioles, pubescent and ciliate; heads 12-25 ""*"''• broad; 
rays numerous, linear, while, pink, or purple; bracts of the invt>lucre oblong, ob- 
tuse, usually purple. In waste places, or occasionally spontaneous on lawns. 



944 FLORA. 

Southern N. Y. and eastern Penn. to N. S. and Ont. Fugitive from Europe. Native 
also of Asia. Nat. in Cal. and Br. Col. April-Nov. 

27. TOWNSENDIA Hook. 

Tufted scapose or branching herbs, with alternate entire linear or spatulate 
leaves and large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric 
or broadly campanulate; bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Re- 
ceptacle nearly flat. Ray-flowers pink or white, pistillate. Disk- flowers tubular, 
mostly perfect, their corollas regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the 
base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes of the disk- 
flowers com.pressed, those of the rays commonly 3-angled. Pappus a single series 
of rigid bristles or short scales. [Named for David Townsend, botanist of Phila- 
delphia.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 

Branching from the base ; heads terminal. i. T. gra7idiflo7'a. 

Acaulescent, or nearly so; heads sessile among the leaves. 

Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, green, 2.5-5 rnm. wide. 

2. T. intermedia. 
Leaves narrowly linear or nearly so, canescent, 1-2 mm. wide. 

3. T. ex sea pa. 

1. Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. LARGE-FLO^YERED Townsendia. (I. F. 
f. 3725.) Perennial from a long woody root, branching at the base and sometimes 
also above, pubescent, or at length glabrate, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves linear or 
linear-spatulate, 3-7 cm. long. 3-6 mm. wide, canescent; heads 3-4 cm. broad, soli- 
tary at the ends of the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined, 
lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate; rays violet or purple; pappus of the ray- 
flowers a crown of short scales, that of the disk-flowers of rigid bristles longer than 
the achene. In dry soil, Neb. to Wyo. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 

2. Townsendia intermedia Rydb. n.sp. Lxtermediate Townsendia. 
Acaulescent from a woody root but less branched than the next, 2-5 cm. high. 
Leaves oblanceolate or rarely spatulate, mostly acute, green, finely strigose, or in age 
glabrate; heads closely sessile, 1.5-3 cm. broad, surpassed by the leaves; involucre 
broadly campanulate, its bracts broadly lanceolate, often tinged with purple, the 
inner scarious-margined; rays rose-color or white; pappus as in the next. In dry 
soil, Neb., Kans. and Colo. May-July. Type from Trego Co., Kans. 

3. Townsendia exscapa (Richards) Porter. Silky or Low Townsendia. 
(I. F. f. 3726.) Acaulescent, or nearly so, from a deep woody root, tufted, 2-3 cm. 
high. Leaves all clustered at the base, narrowly linear or slightly broader up- 
ward, 2-5 cm. long, permanently strigose-canescent; heads closely sessile, 2-4 cm. 
broad, equalled or surpassed by the leaves; involucre broadly campanulate, its 
bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner scarious-margined; rays white or purplish ; pappus 
of both ray and disk-flowers a row of rigid bristles, that of the rays shorter and 
smaller. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., Ariz, and N. Mex. April-July. 

28. CHAETOPAPPA DC. 

Annual slender much-branched herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and 
small long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre nar- 
rowly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in few 
series, the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers in one 
row, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, or the central ones staminate, their corollas 
5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, 
their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes nearly terete, fusiform, or linear, 5-ribbed. 
Pappus usually of 5 rigid awn-like scabrous bristles, alternating with as many short 
scales or more. [Greek, bristle-pappus.] Two known species, natives of the central 
and southwestern U. S. 

I. Chaetopappa asteroides DC. Chaetopappa. (I. F. f. 3727.) Annual, 
pubescent, erect, 5-30 cm. high, the branches filiform. Lower and basal leaves spatu- 
late, obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long, petioled, the upper linear, much smaller and bract- 
like, sessile; heads about 6 mm. broad; involucre about 4 mm. high, its bracts 
scarious-margined, glabrous or nearly so; rays 5-12. raised on slender tubes; cen- 
tral sterile flowers usually awnless ; shorter scales of the pappus of the fertile flowers 
hyaline, sometimes lacerate. Dry soil, Mo. to Tex. and northern Mex. April-July. 



COMPOSITAE. 945 

29. BOLTONIA L'Her. 

Perennial glabrous herbs, with striate or angled stems, alternate entire sessile, 
or clasping leaves, and numerous rather large heads of both tubular and radiate 
flowers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric 
or broadly campanulate, its bracts scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, 
the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle convex or conic, foveolate. Ray-flowers 
pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas elongated, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse 
and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceo- 
late. Achenes flattened, obovate, their margins thickened or narrowly winged, 
glabrous or nearly so. Pappus a series of short scales, usually with 2-4 slender 
rigid bristles. [Named for, James Bolton, an English botanist of the i8th cen- 
tury.] As here limited, the genus consists of the 4 following species, with perhaps 
a fifth in Oregon. 

Disk about 4 mm. broad; leaves linear, 1. B, diffusa. 

Disk 6-12 mm. broad ; leaves lanceolate. 

Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile, not decurrent on the stem. 

Involucre-bracts lanceolate, acute. 2. B. asteroides. 

Involucre-bracts spatulate, obtuse, or mucronate. 3. B, latisquama. 

Stem-leaves, and sometimes those of the branches, decurrent, sagittate. 

4. B, decurrens, 

1. Boltonia diffusa Ell. Panicled Boltonia. (I. F. f. 3728.) Paniculately 
much branched, 6-20 cm. high, the branches very slender or filiform. Leaves 
acutish, the larger 3-5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, those of the branches very small and 
subulate; heads about 4 mm. high; rays usually white, 2-4 mm. long; involucre 
broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse; 
achenes obovate, narrowly winged; pappus of sevei-al short scales and 2 subulate 
bristles shorter than the achene. In dry soil, southern 111. to Tex., east to S. Car. 
and Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. Aster-like Boltonia. (I. F. f. 3729.) 
Rather stout, 6-24 dm. high, somewhat cymosely paniculate. Leaves lanceolate 
to oblanceolate, sessile, 5-12 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, the upper linear-lanceolate, 
smaller; rays white, pink or purple, 6- 12 mm. long; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pappus of setose scales, 
with or without 2-4 slender bristles nearly as long as the obovate or oval achene. 
In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and La. July-Sept. 

3. Boltonia latisquama A. Gray. Broad-scaled Boltonia. (I. F. f. 3730.) 
Similar to the preceding species and perhaps a variety or form of it. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acute, sessile; heads rather larger; rays blue- violet; bracts of the invo- 
lucre oblong-spatulate, obtuse or mucronate; pappus of numerous small short broad 
scales and 2 long bristles. Western Mo., eastern Kans. and Ark. Autumn. 

4. Boltonia decurrens (T. & G.) Wood. Clasping-leaved Boltonia. 
(I. F. f. 3731.) Stout, 9-18 dm. high, branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate 
or elongated lanceolate, mucronate at the apex, those of the stem decurrent and 
sagittate at the base, 7-^5 cm. long, 12-16 mm. wide, those of the branches 
smaller and merely sessile or some of them also decurrent; heads 5-6 mm. high; 
involucre hemispheric; rays about 6 mm. long, violet or purple; pappus of several 
or numerous short scales and 2 very slender bristles. In wet prairies. 111. and Mo. 
Aug.-Sept. 

30. SERICOCARPUS Nees. 

Erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both 
tubular and radiate flowers, in terminal cymose panicles. Involucre ovoid, oblong, 
or campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, willi herbaceous or squarroso tips, imbricated 
in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, foveolate. Ray-flowers 
white, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yel- 
lowish or purplish, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- 
branches with lanccolate-subvflate appendages. Achenes slightly compressed, 
linear-oblong, I -nerved on each side, pubescent. Pa]-»pus of numerous capillary 
scabrous bristles, the outer usually shorter. [Greek, silky fruit, referring to the 
achenes.] Four known species, natives of N. Am, 



94^ FLORA. 

Leaves entire, linear, spatulate, or obovate, rigid. 

Glabrous, or nearly so; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. i. S. linifolius. 

Puberulent or scabrous ; leaves obovate. 2, S. bifoliatus. 

Leaves dentate, oblong, or obovate, thin. 3. .5". asteroides. 

1. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Narrow-leaved White-topped 
Aster. (L F. f. 3732.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem rather slen- 
der, striate, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves spreading, faintly 3 -nerved, thick, obtuse at 
the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm, wide, sessile, or the lowest 
with short margined petioles, their margins scabrous; heads about 6-8 mm, high, 
clustered in 2's-6's at the ends of the cymose branches; involucre oblong-campan- 
ulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the outer with somewhat spreading or reflexed 
green tips, the inner scarious and often lacerate or ciliate at the apex; rays 4 or 5, 
8-10 mm. long ; pappus white. In dry, usually sandy soil, Canada, Vt. to Ohio, 
Ga. and La. June-Sept. 

2. Sericocarpus bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter. Rough White-topped Aster. 
Rattlesnake Master. (L F. f. 3733.) About 6 dm. high, the stem terete, or 
slightly angled. Leaves sessile, obscurely veined, thick, obtuse, ascending or erect 
by a twist at the base, 1-2,5 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, mucronulate, densely 
appressed-puberulent on both sides, the upper mostly oblong, much smaller; heads 
8-10 mm. high, cymose-paniculate; involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts 
oblong or the inner linear, pubescent, their tips somewhat spreading; rays short; 
pappus white. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and La., mainly near the coast. July- 
Sept. 

3. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P, Toothed White-topped Aster. 
(I. F, f, 3734-) Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightly angled, 3-6 dm, high. 
Leaves pubescent or glabrous, ciliate, the basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, 
dentate or rarely entire, 5-10 cm, long, 5-35 mm, wide, narrowed into margined 
petioles; upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire or dentate, acute or ob- 
tuse, smaller; heads 10-12 mm, high, densely clustered; involucre campanulate, 
its bracts oblong, ciliate or pubescent, the outer with green reflexed tips ; pappus 
brown or white. In dry woods, Me, to Fla, , Ohio, Ky, and Ala. July-Sept. 

31, ASTER L,* 

Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and 
corymbose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and 
radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts vari- 
ous, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. 
Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, 
blue, or violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed, 
usually yellow and changing to red, brown, or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire 
at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceolate or 
ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticulate, usually 
in I series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek, 
star,] A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in N, Am, where, 
in addition to the following, about 70 others occur beyond our limits. The species 
are very variable, as is expressed in the large number of subspecies here admitted, 

A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See Wo. 52*) 
1. None of the stem-leaves cordate-clasping. 
*Rays white, violet or rose. 
§ Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed ; plants not glandular. 
t Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded; basal 
leaves few and small, or commonly none (except in No. 6). 
(a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so. 
Heads 18 mm. broad or less, the disk turning crimson; leaves acute or short-acuminate, 
chiefly crenate-serrate. i. A. carmesinus. 

Heads 18 mm. broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown; leaves long- 
acuminate, sharply serrate. 

Heads 18-25 mm, broad ; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute, 

2. A. divaricatus. 



Prepared with the assistance of Prof, Edward S, BuRGESS, 



CO MPOSI TA E, 947 

Heads 25 mm. broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate. 

Involucral bracts mainly acute; teeth of leaves salient. 3. A. tenebrosus. 
Involucral bracts, all but the lowest, obtuse; leaves low-serrate, the teeth chiefly 
appressed. 4. A. leptocaulis. 

(b) Leaves thick, firm, rough, at least when dry. 
Heads 12-16 mm. high; inflorescence forking. 5. A.furcatus. 

Heads 8-10 mm. high ; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate. 

Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath ; inflorescence glomerate. 

6. A. glomeratus. 
Leaves long-acuminate, not pilose beneath ; inflorescence open-paniculate. 

7. A. Clay torn'. 

f t Involucre cylindric, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex ; basal leaves large, tufted. 
Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. 

8. A. curvescens. 
Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 9. A. Schrebert. 

§ § Ra>s violet, usually 3-toothed; plants glandular, 
t Predominant glands large, capitate; leaves thick, coarse, heavy. 
Sinus broad; glands chiefly on the inflorescence; plant usually harsh. 

10. A. macrophyllus. 
Sinus narrow; glands abundant on the leaves and stem; growing plant clammy. 

11. A. roscidus, 
t f Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin. 

(a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped ; plants usually less than 8 dm. tall. 
Sinus broad, shallow. 

Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicu- 
ous. 12. A. ianthinus. 
Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised; some inflorescence-leaves conspicuous. 

13. A. violaris. 
Sinus rather deep and narrow; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate. 

14. A. nitiltiforviis. 

(b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 1.2-1.6 m. high; 

broader leaves large, cordate, acute. 15. A. nobilis. 

* * Rays blue or purple; plants not glandular. 

t Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved ; rays 30-45. 

16. A. anomalus. 
t t Bracts of'the involucre appressed, or erect; rays 8-20. 
(a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm. 
Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above. 17. A. Shortii. 

Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like. t8. A. azureus. 

(b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin. 
Heads 4-6 mm. high, numerous; bracts obtuse or obtusish. 

Leaves rough; petioles not wing-margined; bracts appressed. 

19. A. cordifolius. 
Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined. 

20. A. Linvrieanus. 
Heads 8-10 mm. high, usually few ; bracts acute or acuminate. 21. A. Liiidleyaniis. 
Heads 6-10 mm. high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate. 

Stem densely and finely pubescent. 22. A. Drnmviondii. 
Stem glabrous or nearly so ; bract-tips spreading. 

Inflorescence racemose-paniculate. 23. A. sagittifolius. 

Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, 24. A. Sauiidersii. 

2. Stem-leaves^ or some of them, cordate-clasping ; plant rough zvhsfi dry. 

25. A. undulatus. 

B. Ho cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or solne of them, with more or 
less cordate or anricled clasping: bases. 

I. Stem rough, O)- hirsute-pubescent. 

* Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate. 

§ Heads 2.5-5 <^"''- t)i<^;id ; leaves sessile, strongly cordate- clasping. 
t Stem rough ; leaves oblong to lanceolate: involucre turbinate. 
Leaves tliick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 26. A. /^atens. 

Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 27. A. phlogi/olius. 

t t Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate ; involucre hemispheric. 

28. A. Ao-'ae-Angltae. 
% % Heads 1-2.5 ^^i"- broad ; leaves but slightly clasping. 
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular. 2q. A. obloftgif'olius. 

Involucre turbinate, its bracts hispid. 30. A. amethystinus. 



948 



FLORA, 



* * Leaves, at least the lower, serrate. 
Stems usually pilose; bracts very glandular. 31. A. major. 

Stems hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous, or ciliate. 32. A. puniceus. 

2. Stem glabrous, or only spari7igly pubescent above {villous informs of No. 33). 
* Leaves sharply serrate. 
§ Leaves tapering to the base. 
Outer bracts of the involucre foliaceous. 33. A. tardiflorus. 

Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. 

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 32. A. puniceus\ 

Leaves oval to ovate, the lower often petioled. 34. A. patulus. \ 

§ § Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base. 

35. A. prenanthoides. 
% % % Leaves strongly cordate-clasping; bracts green-tipped. 

36. .A. laevis, 
* * Leaves entire, or very nearly so. 

§ Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped, 
f Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips. 
Stem-leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate. 36. A. laevis. 

Stem-leaves elongated-lanceolate to linear. 37. A. concitinus. 

\ t Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate; stem-leaves linear or 

narrowly lanceolate. 38. A. purpuratus. 

% % Involucre hemispheric, 
t Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. 
(a) Bracts in several series, unequal. 
Bracts linear-subulate; leaves narrowly linear. 39. A. junceus. 

Bracts lanceolate, linear, or spatulate; leaves lanceolate to linear. 

Western dry-soil plant, 3-6 dm. tall; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long. 40. A. adscendens. 

Eastern swamp plant, 6-15 dm. tall ; leaves 5-15 cm. long. 41. A. Novi-Belgii. 

(b) Bracts in only i or 2 series j leaves linear to lanceolate. 

42. A. longif alius. 
t + Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous ; western. 

43. A.foliaceus. 
C. Leaves sessile, or petioled, not at all clasping:, or scarcely so. 

I. Leaves silky, silvery or ca?tescent on both sides, e?itire. 
Heads corymbose-paniculate ; bracts oblong ; achenes glabrous. 44. A. sericeus. 
Heads in a narrow raceme; bracts linear; achenes silky. > 45. A. concolor. 
3. Leaves neither silky, silvery nor canescejtt, often toothed. 
* Kays normally purple, blue, pink, or violet; not white. 
§ Leaves bristly ciliate, linear, rigid ; western species. 46. A. Pe?tdleri. 
§ § Leaves not bristly ciliate. 
t Tips of the involucral bracts strongly squarrose. 
Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire ; heads 2.5 cm. broad. 

47. A. grandiforus. 
Leaves lanceolate to oblong, at least the lower dentate. 

Involucre hemispheric, or nearly so ; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more. 

Bracts of the involucre glandular. 48. A. spectabilis. 

Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous. 49. A. surculosus. 

Involucre turbinate; heads 12-18 mm. broad. 50. A. gracilis. 

\ \ Tips of the involucral bracts appressed, or erect (except in forms of No. 52), 
(a) Bracts of the involucre coriaceous or herbaceous, oblong, linear, lanceolate, 01 
spatulate. 
Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, obtuse. 

Involucre hemispheric; leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; stem smooth. 

51. A. Radula. 
Involucre turbinate. • 

Leaves ovate-oblong, the lower dentate; stem rough. 52. A. Herveyi. 
Leaves linear-oblong, entire, ciliolate. 53. A. turbinellus. 

Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, acute. 

Involucral bracts foliaceous; leaves oblong, very rough. 54. A. Nebraskensis. 
Involucral bracts not foliaceous; leaves linear or the lower spatulate, not rough. 
Pubescent ; inner involucral bracts abruptly acuminate or obtusish. 

55. A. Priceae. 
Glabrous ; involucral bracts all narrowly linear, gradually acuminate. 

56. A. Kentuckiensis. 
Bracts of the involucre rigid, lanceolate, large, acute; leaves linear. 

57. A. paliidosus. 
(b) Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, membranous, acute. 

58. A. nevioralis. 



COMPOSITAE. 949 

* * Rays mostly white or nearly so (often pink or purple in Nos. 59, 61 , 63, 64, and 73). 
§ Heads corymbose, 20-40 mm. broad. 
Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; bracts linear-subulate. 

59. A. acutninatus. 
Leaves linear, entire or nearly so; bracts oblong, obtuse. 60. A. ptartntcoides. 

% % Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets. 
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 61. A. dumosus. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends. 62. A. Gravesii. 

%%% Heads paniculate, or racemose, 8-20 mm. broad 
f Bracts of the involucre acute to obtusish; plants glabrous or pubescent, 
(a) Heads paniculate, not in i-sided racemes. 
Stem leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire. 

Heads 16-20 mm. broad. 'v 

Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above. 

Leaves firm, roughish or rough; rays often bluish. 63. A. salicifolius. 
Leaves thin, smoothish; rays chiefly white. 64. A. paniculatus. 

Plant puberulent all over. 65. A. Mtssouriensis. 

Heads 12-16 mm. broad; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate. 66. A. Tradescanti. 
Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire. 

Heads scattered, 12-18 mm. broad ; upper leaves linear. 67. A. Faxoni. 

Heads numerous, 8-14 mm. broad; upper leaves subulate. 

Paniculately branched, bushy. 68. A. ^ricoides. 

Simple, or with ascending slender branches; northern. 69. A. Pringlei. 
(b) Heads racemose and i-sided on the branches. 
Stem-leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so. 

Stem pubescent or glabrate. 70. A. lateriflorus. 

Stem villous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 71. A. hirsuticaulis. 

Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire ; stem glabrate. 

72. A. vimineus. 
t t Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, obtuse; plants very rough. 
Heads 6-8 mm. broad, very numerous, densely clustered. 

Pubescence appressed; leaves nearly glabrous. 73. A. multifiorus. 

Pubescence spreading; leaves pubescent and ciliate. 74. A. exiguus. 

Heads 12-16 mm. broad, rather loosely clustered; western. 75. A. conunutatus. 

D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire ; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. 77 some- 
times in non-saline situations). 

Perennial ; heads 12-25 mni. broad ; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 

76. A. tenui/olius. 
Annuals ; heads 6-10 mm. broad ; involucral bracts linear-subulate. 

Involucre campanulate; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays; rays about 4 mm. 

long. 77. A.exilis. 

Involucre cylindraceous; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays, 

78. A. sub u la t us. 

1. Aster carmesinus Burgess. Crimson-disk Aster. (L F. £.3735.) Stems 
erect, delicate, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all peti- 
oled, glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and basal ones somewhat 
oval, rounded into a small deep sinus at the base, blimtly acute or short-acuminate 
at the apex, crenate-serrate, the upper ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper- 
most short-elliptic; petioles slender ; inflorescence 12.5 cm. broad, or less ; rays 
chiefly 6, white ; disk at first golden yellow, finally deep purplish crimson; florets 
broadly bell-shaped; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green tip. On shaded 
rocks in the lower Htidson valley. Sept. 

2. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. (T. F. f. 3737.) Stems 
tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle, terete, 4-6 dm. high, glabrate at n\aturity. 
Leaves thin, smoothish, slender-petioled, ovate, lanceolate, closely dentate with 
sharp teeth, or the small basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to acuminate, the basal 
sinus moderate; leaves of the inflorescence small, short, ovate and acute to orbicu- 
lar, subentire; corymb broad, flattish, repei^tedly forked, the slender branches 
long, divergent ; heads 18-25 "^"i- broad ; rays chiefly 6-0, white ; disk tm-ning 
reddish brown; bracts of the involucre broad, ciliate, the rounded tip with an in"- 
conspicuous green spot. In open wotnllands and thickets, in rather dry soil, 
Canada to Man., Ga. and Tenn. Variable; rays rarely rose-purple. Sept. -Oct! 

Aster divaric;\tus cymul6sus Burgess. Sm.aller, bearing a single dense corvnib about 
I dm. broad, or several smaller ones ; the branches short," suberect; rays short, broad 



950 FLORA. 

chiefly 6-8 mm. long. In grassy openings in woods, often in dense patches, N. Engf. 
and N. Y. to Va, 

Aster divaricatus curtifolius Burgess. Stem erect, reddish, smooth, sometimes glau- 
cous; leaves small, dull green, firm, ovate to orbicular, the sinus broad^ rounded, the apex 
obtuse or apiculate; inflorescence loose, flattish; disks turning purple; rays about i cm. 
long; green tips of the involucral bracts conspicuous. In moist woods, N. Y. to Va. 

Aster divaricatus deltoideus Burgess. Delicate, 4.5 dm. high or less; lower leaves 
triangular, cordate with a broad sinus or subtruncate, the apex incurved-acuminate ; the 
teeth large, sharp; petioles often all filiform; veins directed forward; heads nearly as in 
the preceding variety. In moist shaded places, N. Eng. to N. Y., Va. and Tenn. 

Aster divaricatus persaliens Burgess. Stems virgate, 7.5 dm. high, or less ; leaves 
extremely thin, firm, chiefly lanceolate-acuminate, long and narrow, the teeth very slen- 
der, salient or recurved, the lowest ovate with a small narrow sinus ; disk maroon. In 
deep shade, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. and Ky. 

Aster divaricatus fontinalis Burgess. Plants solitary; basal leaves often numerous, 
tufted, thin, smoothish, sharply serrate or dentate, 15 cm. long by 11 cm. broad, or 
smaller, broadly oval, acute, the base subcordate or rounded; involucre turbinate, its bracts 
with definite green tips. In springy places and grassy ditches in open sunny situations, 
N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. 

3. Aster tenebrdsus Burgess. Long-leaved Wood Aster. (I. F. f. 3736.) 
Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves very thin and 
smooth, slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed with remote acuminate 
teeth, abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad, rounded, shal- 
low, except in the lowest ones; leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire, 
sessile, sometimes I dm. long; inflorescence broadly corymbose, heads about 8 mm. 
high, often 3 cm. broad; rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming purplish 
brown, the florets funnelform with a long slender tube; outer bracts chiefly elon- 
gated-triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtusish, the green tips lance- 
linear. In moist dark woodlands, N. Y. to Va. Peculiar in its large dark leaves 
with coarser teeth than in the preceding species. Aug. -Sept. 

4. Aster leptocaulis Burgess, n.sp. Smooth-stemmed Aster. Stem 
slender, smooth, 4 dm. high or more, the branches puberulent, erect-ascending, 
leafy to the inflorescence. Stem-leaves lanceolate or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 
the larger 1.5 dm. long, thin, slightly rough above, finely and densely pubescent 
beneath, long-acuminate, sharply serrate nearly or quite to the base, the upper 
sessile, or very nearly so, the lower petioled and cordate or subcordate at the base; 
inflorescence corymbose, leafy; peduncles slender, 1-2.5 cm. long; involucre 
turbinate-campanulate, about 8 mm. high, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, ciliate; 
heads about 2.5 cm. broad. Milwaukee. Wis., collected by Dr. H. E. Hasse. 

5. Aster furcatus Burgess. Forking Aster. (L F. f. 3738.) Stem leafy, 
4.5 dm. high, or less, loosely forked above. Leaves hispid above, hispidulous 
beneath, firm, saliently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled, with a small 
or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, often 12.5 cm. long by 6 cm. wide, the upper- 
most elliptic-oblong, often 8.5 cm. long; heads few (5-20), slender-peduncled; 
involucre with a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk turning brown, 
the florets funnelform with rather broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes 
pubescent, subangular. not constricted at the summit. In woods, especially on 
shaded cliffs, III. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 

6. Aster glomeratus (Nees) Bernh. Bernhardi's Aster. (L F. f. 3739.) 
Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not large, mostly short-pilose beneath, 
thickish, rough above; basal leaves present, these and the lower stem-leaves cor- 
date with a deep narrow sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small; petioles 
slender, ciliate; upper leaves much smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly 
winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceolate, sessile, entire; inflorescence 
compact, of many glomerate clusters, round-topped; heads about 8 mm. high; 
bracts pubescent, obtuse, green, the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about 
6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk turning iDrown. In moist thickets, 
swamps, or ravines, N. Y. and Penn. Julv. 

7. Aster Claytoni Burgess. Claytotv^'s Aster. (I. F. f. 3740.) Similar 
to A. divaricatus ; stems red. tough. Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, 
rough, thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or dull, acuminate, the upper 
sessile by a broad base, lanceolate-triangular, serrulate; inflorescence high, with 
percurrent axis, the long suberect branches each bearing a small umbelliform clus- 



COMPOSITAE. 951 

ter of heads; peduncles filiform, as long as the heads, 6-8 mm. long; bracts pale; 
rays short, narrow, chiefly 6, snow-white; disks at first golden yellow, finally 
sienna brown; florets about 20; achenes densely short-hairy. In sunny or slightly 
shaded rocky places, N. Y. to the mountains of Va. Sept. 

Aster Claytoni crispicans Burgess. Basal leaves often not cordate, deeply incised : 
those of the stem long-acuminate or even caudate, sharply serrate with large acute close 
teeth, some of which are suberect ; chief bracts of the involucre acute. On rocky banks, 
solitary or in small clusters. Me. to N. Y. and N. J. 

8. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-topped Aster. (I. F. f. 3741.) 

Dark green, chiefly glabrous; stem pale green, striate, delicate, 4-6 dm. high. 
Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest stem-leaves with a broad 
shallow sinus, abruptly incurved-acuminate; middle leaves ovate, short-petioled, 
rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, often falcate; 
leaves firm, smoothish, the teeth broad, curved; inflorescence small, convex, 
7-12 cm. broad, its short filiform naked branches widely ascending; heads 
8-10 mm. high; lower bracts short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform, 
scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually glabrous; rays about 8, cream-white, 
about 10 mm. long; disk becoming purple-brown; pappus early reddening; 
achenes slender, glabrous. In loose moist shaded soil, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. 
Aug. -Sept. 

Aster curvdscens umbeliif6rmis Burgess. Stem very smooth, deep red, robust, 
straight, sometimes i m. tall; leaves apple-green, smooth when dry, sparingly toothed; 
inflorescence symmetrically umbelliform, decompound; sinus of the lower leaves rather 
deep and narrow. In grassy woods and thickets, Conn, to Va. July. 

Aster curvescens oviformis Burgess. Stem about 7 dm. high, leafy ; leaves dull 
green, not acuminate, very thin but rough, ovate, cordate with deep narrow sinus, 2 dm. 
long by 12 cm. wide, or smaller ; some of the bracts broader and green-tipped ; inflores- 
cence smaller and less branched. Range of the preceding. 

9. Aster Schreberi Nees. Schreber's Aster. (I. F. f. 3742.) Stem stout, 
6-9 dm. high, with long internodes. Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, 
dull green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender appressed bristles, pubescent 
beneath on the veins, reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 17 cm. long by 
12 cm. wide, the basal sinus, when well developed, rectangular, 5 cm. across and 
2.5 cm. deep; upper leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal 
wing, or sessile; lower petioles long, ciliate when young; inflorescence decom- 
pound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 15-30 cm. broad; heads about I cm. high; 

.bracts greenish, mostly obtuse, ciliate; rays usually 10. In borders of woods, 
and along fence rows in partial shade, N. Y. to Mich, and Va. July-Aug. 

10. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. (I. F. f. 3743.) 
Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish, angular, 6-9 dm, high. Basal leaves 
forming large colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with a large irregular 
sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved; upper stem-leaves 
oblong with short broadly-winged petioles, the tippermost sessile, acute; inflor- 
escence strigose and glandular, broadly corymbose, irregular; heads 10-12 mm. 
high; peduncles rigid, thickish; rays about 16, 10-14 i"'^""^- l^^'ig^ chiefly lavender, 
sometimes violet, rarely pale; bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, 
the inner oblong, obtuse; disk turning reddish brown; florets short-lobed. In 
moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada to Minn, and N. Car. Aug. 

Aster macrophyllus veliitinus Burgess. Smaller; leaves small, ovate-triangular, 
slender-petioled, often truncate at the base, about 6 cm. long by 5 cm. wide, sometimes 
none of them cordate ; glands fewer ; pubescence subpilose or velvety ; bracts broad, flat, 
green ; rays violet or blue. In grassy woods and thickets, especially in moimtainous 
region's, Me. to Minn, and W. Va. 

Aster macrophyllus sejiinctus Burgess. Strigose-pubescent ; glands numerous; leaves 
apple-green above, pale beneath, chiefly cordate-orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, 
thick, spongy, commonly minutely wrinkled : basal leaves few ; bracts narrow, obtuse ; 
peduncles slender; inflorescence dense, convex, 1-2 dm. broad, not leafy ; ray? !ilac. In 
open grassy places. Me. to Penn. and Wis. 

Aster macrophyllus aprict^nsis Burgess. Glabrate, deeply branched, the branches 
numerous, often 45 cm. high ; rays short, pinkish lavender : leaves broail. oval to ovate, 
the teeth and sinus little developed ; petioles often expanded into a long wiug, sometimes 



952 FLORA. 

7 cm. long and i cm. wide ; uppermost leaves short-oblong; with a narrowed sessile base. 
In clearings and open gravelly or sandy places, N. Y. and Penn. 

Aster macrophyllus biformis Burgess. Small, stocky, with 3 or 4 small oval closely 
crenate spongy-thickened lower leaves with long slender petioles, the sinus deep, narrow, 
the teeth triangular to semicircular ; stem-leaves crowded, much reduced, subentire, ovate- 
oblong, subsessile; inflorescence nearly naked, dense, convex, usually i dm. broad ; stri- 
gose pubescence little developed ; rays lilac. In open grassy sunny situations, forming 
small patches, Me. to Ont. and Lake Erie. 

Aster macrophyllus pinguifolius Burgess. Stems stout, leafy, glabrous, about 6 
dm. high ; basal and lower leaves large, forming extensive patches, deep green above, 
very pale beneath, many of them appearing greasy, some roughening in drying ; petioles 
fleshy, sometimes 23 cm. long; inflorescence broad, flat-topped; heads large ; rays laven- 
der to almost white ; only the upper leaves sessile. Borders of woods. Conn, and L. I. 
to Minn. 

Aster macrophyllus excelsior Burgess. Stem robust, glabrous, often 12 dm. tall, 
purple, or glaucous; leaves mostly very smooth, pale, numerous, narrower, cordate- 
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, chiefly sessile ; rays deep lilac to violet. Along paths and 
borders of rocky woods, Ont. and western N. Y. to Mich. 

11. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-leaf Aster. (I. F. f. 3744.) Clam- 
my-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular vi^hen young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 
9 dm. high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, coriaceous, cordate-quadrate, low- 
serrate, the sinus deep, narrow; stem-leaves chiefly orbicular and not cordate, with 
short broadly winged petioles, rarely slender-petioled ; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate tips; rays 14-16, broad, clear violet ; disks at 
first golden yellow, soon turnmg red. In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, 
Me. to Penn. and Mich., Aug.-Sept. 

12. Aster ianthinus Burgess. Violet Wood Aster. (I. F. f. 3745-) 
Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubescent. Stem erect, or decumbent, 6-9 
dm. tall ; leaves thinnish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to oblong, 12 cm. 
long, or less, abruptly acuminate, low-serrate or crenate, the sinus broad, open, 
shallow ; inflorescence open, nearly naked; peduncles slender, divergent ; heads 
large ; rays 10-13, long, very deep violet or sometimes pale, 8-12 mm. long, bracts 
green-tipped, little pubescent. On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Me. 
to Lake Erie and W. Va. July-Oct. 

13. Aster vioiaris Burgess. Violet-leaf Aster. (I. F. f. 3746.) Caudex 
thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green, minutely glandular. Stem slender, 
erect, or assurgent, 6 dm. high, or less; basal and lower leaves broadly reniform, 
abruptly acuminate or apiculate, often 7 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, their slender 
petioles 15-20 cm. long, the sinus very broad and shallow; middle stem-leaves 
similar, not cordate; the upper numerous, long-elliptic, chiefly with narrowed 
bases, all thin, firm; rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, nearly level- 
topped; heads 12 mm. high, or more; rays 12-15, pale violet, narrow. In shaded 
moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among rocks, N. Y. from the Hudson to 
Lake Erie. Sept. -Oct. 

14. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved Aster. (L F. f. 3747.) 
Deep green, minutely glandular. Stem erect, slender, 3-6 dm. high, angular- 
striate in drying. Basal leaves usually 2, large, cordate-oblong; stem-leaves very 
thin, sharply serrate, rough above, minutely puberulent beneath, the lower ovate, 
acuminate, usually with a narrow sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate, peti- 
oled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence 
small, its branches upwardly curved; heads about 14 mm. high, rays about 13, 
rounded and refuse at the apex; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden by the 
minutely strigose pubescence of the peduncles. In moist shaded places. Me. to 
western N. Y., Penn. and Md. July- Aug. 

15. Aster nobilis Burgess. Stately Aster. (I. F. f. 3748.) Tall, 
minutely glandular above; stem shining, bright green, 12-15 dm. high. Leaves 
thin, but firm, smooth in growth, roughened in drying, minutely puberulent 
beneath, dark green, basal and lower leaves large, the blade often 22 cm. long 
by 15 cm. wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply toothed, the sinus 
deep, broad, or the lobes overlapping; stem-leaves similar, the upper oblong- 
lanceolate, sessile; inflorescence irregularly cymose-paniculate ; bracts long, acute, 
green; heads 12 mm. high, or less; rays 13-15, violet-blue or pale violet. In leaf- 
mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug. 



COMPOSITAE. 953 

16. Aster anomalus Engelm. Many-rayed Aster. (I. P\ f. 3749.) Stem 
rough, rather stout, branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and 
basal ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly repand, 
irough-pubescent on both surfaces, acute or acuminate, 7-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. 
wide, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate, 
oblong, or linear, much smaller; heads few, 8-12 mm. high, 25-30 mm. broad; 
receptacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, hirsute, imbri- 
cated in several series, their foliaceous tips spreading or reflexed; rays 30-45, 
10-12 mm. long, bright violet blue; pappus whitish. On limestone cliffs. 111. to 
Mo. and Ark. Sept. 

17. Aster Shortii Hook. Short's Aster. (I. F. f. 3750.) Stem roughish 
or smooth, slender, paniculately branched above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves thick, 
glabrous or nearly so above, finely and sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and 
basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate, often 
entire, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper leaves 
lanceolate, entire, sessile or short-petioled, not cordate, those of the branches 
small and bract-like; heads numerous, 10-14 mm. high; involucre broadly cam- 
panulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent, imbricated, their green tips ap- 
pressed; rays 10-15, linear, violet blue, 10-12 mm. long; pappus tawny. On 
banks and along edges of woods, western Penn. to Va., Ga., III. and Tenn. 
Sept. -Oct. 

18. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. (I. F. f. 3751.) Stem slender, 
stiff, rough, branched above, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, 
scabrous on both sides, the lower and basal ones cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or 
lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 5-15 cm. long, with slender often pubes- 
cent petioles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or linear, those of 
the branches reduced to small appressed bracts; heads numerous, 8-10 mm. high; 
involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear-oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated, 
their green tips appressed; rays 10-20, bright blue, 6-8 mm. long; pappus tawny. 
On prairies and along borders of woods, western N. Y. to Ga., Minn., Kans. and 
Tex. Aug. -Oct. 

19. Aster cordifolius L. Common Blue Wood Aster. (I. F. f. 3752.) 
Stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, bushy, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
rough, more or less pubescent, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower and basal 
ones slender-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, 5-12 cm. long, the upper short- 
petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate; heads very numerous, small, 4-6 mm. high, 
12-18 mm. broad, handsome; involucre turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong- 
linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed; rays 10-20, 6-8 mm. long, 
violet or blue, sometimes pale (rarely white); pappus whitish. Woods and 
thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Sept. -Dec. 

Aster cordif61ius Furbishiae Fernald. Similar; stem and petioles densely villous, 
the leaves somewhat so beneath. Northern Me. 

Aster cordifolius polycephalus Porter. More robust and more branched than the 
type, leaves smaller, often rough only when dry, tlie upper ones sessile, ovate; panicle 
large; heads usually smaller, very numerous. Me. and Mass. to eastern Penn. and Va. 

Aster cordif(Mius alvei>riu3 Burgess. Leaves thin, usually smoothish, cordate, tri- 
angular-lanceokite. or broader; inflorescence dense, thyrsoid, not leafy, in form resemb- 
ling that of the lilac; bracts linear, acute; heads medium sized; rays blue. On shaded 
banks, Mass. to N. Car. and Tenn. 

Aster cordif61ius pedicell;\tus Burgess. Stem leafy, often 12 dm. high ; leaves thin, 
the lower ovale, cordate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, or those of the branches elliptic and 
subentire; inflorescence loosely pyramidal, often 6 dm. high and 4 dm. broad, its ultimate 
branchlets long and often naked; heads large, 18 mm. broad or more, often lo nmi. 
high; rays chiefly purple blue; bracts obtuse. In moist wood borders. Out. to \'a. 
and Ky. 

20. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrif.'s Aster. (I. F. f. 3753.) Glab- 
rous, or vcrv nearly so, throughout; stem branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
thickish. firm, a little succulent, the basal slendor-pctioled. ovate to ovato-lancoo- 
late, cordate, acute or obtusish. serrate, 5-15 cm. long, those of the stem ovate to 
oblong, often cordate, contractcil into winged ]->otiolos, the u]>pcrmost lanceolate; 
heads usually not very numerous. 5-6 mm. high, loosely panicled ; involucre tur- 
binate, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, appressed ; rays light blue, o-S mm. long, but 



954 FLORA. 

variable in length. In woods, Conn, and south^ern N. Y. to Penn., Iowa, N. Car. 
and Ky. Sept. -Oct. ^\-_^ 

Aster Lowrieknus lancifblius Porter. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrate, only the 
basal ones cordate. Southern N. Y. and Penn. to W. Va. and Ala. 

Aster Lowrieknus Bicknellii Porter. Leaves all lanceolate, all sharply serrate, or 
the lowest incised, usually none of them cordate. Southern N. Y. and Penn. 

21. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's Aster. (I. F. f. 3754.) Stem 
usually stout, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 3- 10 dm. high, branched above. 
Leaves rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, especially on the veins, the 
lower and basal ones cordate at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate. 5-10 cm. long, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves ovate, or lanceo- 
late, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with margined petioles, those of the branches 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually not numerous, 8-10 mm. 
high; involucre broadly turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, rather loosely imbricated, glabrous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 
10-20, blue or violet, 6-10 mm. long; pappus nearly white. In open places, Lab. 
to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Me. and Mich. Aug.-Oct. 

Aster Lindleyanus eximius Burgess. Tall, sometimes 2 m. high; leaves thick, 
usually rough and strigose-pubescent above, almost glabrous beneath ; inflorescence 
widely branched, loosely paniculate, often over 6 dm. long; rays bluish purple; heads 
nearly 2.5 cm. broad; bracts linear, abruptly acute. N. H. to Ohio and Va. 

22. Aster Drummondii Lindl. Drummond's Aster. (I. F. f. 3755.) Stem 
usually stout, finely and densely canescent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves mostly thin, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above, canescent beneath, the lower and 
basal ones cordate, with slender naked petioles, sharply toothed, 5-10 cm. long, the 
upper cordate or rounded at the base, usually on margined petioles, those of the 
branches sessile and entire or nearly so, much smaller; heads 6-8 mm. high, rather 
numerous on the racemose branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear, slightly 
pubescent, acute or acuminate, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, blue, 6-8 mm. 
long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio to 
Minn., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Sept.-Oct. 

23.- Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster. (I. F. f. 3756.) 
Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, 6-15 dm. 
hic-h, paniculately branched at the inflorescence, the branches ascending. Leaves 
th?n, slightly roughened, or glabrous above, usually glabrate beneath, the lower 
and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate- lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 
7-15 cm... long, with slender naked or narrowly margined petioles; upper leaves 
lanceolate, sessile, or on short and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire, 
those of the branches very small; heads 5-8 mm. high, 16-20 mm, broad, numer- 
ous, crowded, racemose; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-subulate, glabrous or 
nearly so, their tips green and slightly spreading; rays 10-15, light blue or purp- 
lish, 6-8 mm. long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, N. B. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and 
Kans. Aug.-Oct. 

Aster sagittifolius dissitiflorus Burgess. Differs from the typical form of the species 
in its broader looser pyramidal inflorescence, the somewhat larger and longer pedun- 
cled heads, the leaves less serrate, often none cordate. N.Y. to Fla., Miss, and Okla- 
homa. , 

Aster sagittifolius urophyllus (Lindl.) Burgess. Leaves pilose beneath during growth, 
persistently so on the veins rough, above, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower, or all of them, 
cordate; stem often 15 dm. tall, the narrow inflorescence sometimes 9 dm. long; heads 
about 6 mm. high; rays white. Grassy thickets and river-banks, N.Y. to xMinn. 

24. Aster Sauniersii Burgess, n. sp. Saunders' Aster. Puberulent on 
the branches of the inflorescence, otherwise glabrous, or the petioles sparingly 
ciliate; stem 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with narrowly margined or marginless 
petioles, longer than the blades, the latter ovate, rather deeply cordate, serrate, 6- 
10 cm. long; lower stem-leaves similar, but with margined petioles, often broadly 
so, the uppermost lanceolate, chiefly entire, much smaller, partly clasping; heads 
corymbose-paniculate 2.5 cm. broad or less; rays apparently purple; involucre 



COMPOSITAE. 955 

about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate with acuminate green bracts. S. 
Dak. and Iowa. Type from Roberts Co., S. Dak. (De Alton Saunders, No. 8067.) 

25. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-leaf Aster. Small Fleabane. Various- 
leaved Aster. (I. F. f. 3757.) Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divaricately 
branched above, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves usually thick, rough on both sides, 
pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or acuminate, the lowest and 
basal ones ovate, cordate, 5-12 cm. long, with naked or margined petioles; middle 
ones ovate, lanceolate or oblong, with margined petioles dilated and clasping at the 
base, the upper sessile or clasping, those of the branches small and subulate; heads 
numerous, racemose and often secund on the spreading branches, about 8 mm. 
high, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, 
pubescent, acute or acutish, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, pale blue to 
violet, 6-10 mm. long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, N. B. and Ont., south toFla., 
Ala. and Ark. Sept.-Oct. 

Aster undulatus abruptifblius Burgess. Tall, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves rougher, chiefly 
short -ovate, sessile, entire and about 5 cm. long, 4 cm. broad; inflorescence pyramidal; 
heads much darker, more crowded. N. Eng. to Va. 

Aster undulatus loriformis Burgess. Predominant leaves greatly elongated, linear- 
oblong to linear-lanceolate, often 15 cm. long, with the clasping base narrowed or broad- 
ened, only a few of the lower ones contracted into winged petioles; plant little pubescent 
at maturity. Eastern Mass. to Va. and Penn. 

Aster undulatus torquktus Burgess. Leafy, 2-3.5 dm. high, dark green, short- 
downy; leaves small, very short and broad, close together, entire, their bases clasping the 
stem as a succession of collars, often i cm. in diameter; lowest leaves petioled; inflores- 
cence much branched, paniculate. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Long Island. 

Aster undulatus triangularis Burgess. Tall, leafy, 1-2 m. high, pale; pubescence 
slight; leaves hispid above, ovate-triangular, acuminate, chiefly 5-7 cm. long, 18 mm. 
broad and sessile. N.Y. to S. Car. 

26. Aster patens Ait. Late Purple Aster. (I. F. f. 3758.) Stem slen- 
der, rough, 3-9 dm. high, divergently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong- 
lanceolate, rough, pubescent, somewhat rigid, strongly cordate or auriculate-clasp- 
ing at the broad base, entire, acute, or the lowest obtuse, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, those of 
the branches much smaller and bract-like, the margins rough-ciliate; heads 25 mm. 
broad or more, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, 
its bracts linear-oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and somewhat glandular, im- 
bricated, their green acute tips spreading; rays 20-30, purplish blue, or deep 
violet, 8-12 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In dry, open places, 
Mass. to northern N. Y., Minn., Kans., Fla., La. and Tex. Reported from Canada. 
Aug. -Oct. 

27. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. Thin-leaved Purple Aster. (I. F. f. 3759.) 
Similar to the preceding species, usually taller. Leaves larger, lanceolate to ob- 
long-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly auri- 
culate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pul^escent beneath, usually narrowed 
below the middle, sometimes 15 cm. long; heaiis usually numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, 
panicled, or somewliat racemose on the branches; bracts of the involucre lance- 
olate, glabra te, rather loose, with herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue. In 
woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ohio, N. Car. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 

28. Aster Novae- Angliae L. New England Aster. (I. F. f. 3760.) 
Stem stout, hispid, pubescent, corymbosely branched above, 6-25 dm. high, very 
leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute, pubescent, 5-12 cm. long. 12-25 
mm. wide, clasping the stem by an auriculate or broadly cordate base; heads 
numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, clustered at the ends of the branches; involucre hemi- 
spheric, its bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent 
and more or less glandular-viscid; rays 40-50, linear, lO-iO mm, long, violet- 
purple, rarely pink or red, or white; achenes pubescent; pappus reddish white. 
In fields, and along swamps, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., south to S. Car., Mo., 
Kans. and Colo. Aug. -Oct. 

29. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic Aster. (I. F. f. 3761.) Stem 
much branched, hirsute-pubescent, 3-7 dm. high, the branches divaricate or 
ascending. Leaves crowded, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a broad, 
partly clasping base, usually rigid, entire, acute or mucronulate at the apex, rough 



95^ J^i^^^^4i^ 

or hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those of the stem 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 
mm. wide, those of the branches gradually smaller; heads corymbose, nearly 25 
mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts much imbricated, glandular, aro- 
matic, linear or linear-oblong, the acute green tips spreading; rays 20-30, violet- 
purple, rarely rose-pink, 6-10 mm. long; pappus light brown; achenes canescent. 
On prairies and bluffs, central Penn. to Minn., Neb., Va., Term, and Tex. Aug -Oct. 

30. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst Aster. (I. F. f. 3762.) Re- 
sembles the preceding species, but is often taller, sometimes 15 dm. high. Leaves 
often crowded, linear-lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on both sides, partly 
clasping, sessile, acute, those of the stem 3-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; heads rather 
numerous, racemose or corymbose, 1-2.5 cm. broad; involucre broadly turbinate, 
its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid, not glandular, the acutish green tips 
spreading; rays 20-30, blue-purple, about 6 mm. long; pappus brown; achenes 
canescent. In moist soil, Mass. to southern N. Y., eastern Penn., 111. and Iowa. 
Sept. -Oct. 

31. Aster major (Hook.) Porter. Great Northern Aster. (I. F. f. 3763.) 
Stem stout, leafy to the summit, usually densely pilose-pubescent with many-celled 
hairs, rarely glabrate, branched above, 12-18 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate, sharply serrate with 
low distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubescent above, villous-pubescent on 
the veins beneath, 7-12 cm. long, 10-20 mm. wide; heads mostly solitary at the 
ends of short branches, 3.5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbri- 
cated, green, linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35-45, purple, 10-14 mm. 
long; achenes appressed-pubescent ; pappus tawny. In moist soil, western Ont. to 
Dak., Ore. and Br. Col. Sept. -Oct. 

32. Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk or Purple-stem Aster. (I. F. f. 
3764.) Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or racemosely branched above, 
hispid with rigid hairs, 9-25 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate, or 
some of them entire, usually very rough above, pubescent on the midrib beneath, 
7-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; heads generally numerous, 2-4 cm. broad; involu- 
cre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or oblong, attenuate, imbricated in about 
2 series, glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes 
broadened; rays 20-40, violet purple or pale, 10-14 mm. long, showy; pappus 
nearly white; achenes pubescent. In swamps, N. S. to western Ont. and Minn., 
south to N. Car., Ohio and Mich. July-N®v. 

Aster puniceus firmus (Nees) T. & G. Stem sparingly hispid, or glabrous, 6-15 dm. 
high ; leaves sharply serrate. With the type. 

Aster puniceus'oligocephalus Fernald. Stem seldom over 7 dm. high, glabrate 
below; branches of the inflorescence short; heads few or solitary, large, the outer invo- 
lucral bracts commonly large and fohaceous. Newf. and Lab. to Ont., N. H. and north- 
ern N. Y. 

Aster puniceus compactus Fernald. Stem very hispid ; leaves firm, large, the upper 
mostly longer than the short branches of the inflorescence; heads compactly clustered, 
large. Eastern Mass. to Penn. 

Aster puniceus lucidulus A. Gray. Stem nearly or quite glabrous; leaves crowded, 
entire, or nearly so, thin, glabrous or slightly rough-pubescent. Quebec to N. Eng., 
Ont. and Mich. 

Aster puniceus Crdwfordl Porter. Stems slender, in height 7.5-8 dm., somewhat 
hispid; lower and middle leaves linear and lance-linear, acuminiate, 5-10 cm. long and 
about 5 mm. broad, becoming revolute, scantily denticulate, very scabrous above, pub- 
escent on the midribs beneath : the upper ones on the panicle much smaller and ovate. 
Collected at Tullytown, Bucks County, Pa., by Mr. Joseph Crawford. 

33. Aster tardiflorus L. Northeastern Aster. (I. F. f. 3765.) Stem 
glabrous, slightly pubescent above, or sometimes villous, corymbosely branched 
near the summit, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, serrate 
with low teeth, or some of them entire, acuminate, narrowed into a clasping base, 
glabrous or nearly so on both sides, roughish margined, 7-15 cm. long, 8-20 mm. 
wide; heads about 25 mm. broad, not very numerous; involucre hemispheric, its 
outer bracts broad and foliaceous, often 12 mm. long, acute, somewhat unequal; 
rays 20-30, violet; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Along streams, 
Mass. to Lab. Aug. -Oct. 



COMPOSITAE, 957 

34. Aster patulus Lam. Spreading Aster. (I, F. f. 3766.) Pubescent, 
or nearly glabrous; stem 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply and irregularly serrate, rather thin, acute, acuminate, or blunt, the 
lower 7-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper 
sessile and somewhat clasping; heads numerous, panicled, about 25 mm. broad; 
involucre campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, its bracts linear to linear lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, not foliaceous, loosely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 
violet-purple or rarely white. N. B. to N. H. Sept. 

35. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster. (I. F. f. 3767.) 
Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, flexuous, much branched, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate, sca- 
brous above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 18-35 n^"^- wide, acumi- 
nate, abruptly narrowed below into a broad-margined entire petiole, the base 
auriculate- clasping; heads usually numerous, 25 mm. broad or more; involucre 
hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, green, spreading, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, 
the outer shorter; rays 20-30, violet, 8- 1 2 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes 
pubescent. In moist soil, Mass. to Wis., south to W. Va., Ky. a«d Iowa. Aug.- 
Oct. 

Aster prenanthoides porrectif61ius Porter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, much elon- 
gated, sometimes 2 dm. long, gradually contracted into an entire clasping base. Penn. 

36. Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster. (I. F. f. 3768.) Stem usually stout, 
glabrous often glaucous, 6-12 dm. high, branched or simple. Leaves thick, entire, 
or serrate, glabrous, slightly rough-margined, the upper all sessile and strongly 
cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, acute or obtusish, 2-10 
cm. long, 8-50 mm. wide, the basal and lower gradually narrowed into winged peti- 
oles, those of the branches often small and bract-like; heads usually numerous, 
about 25 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts rigid, acute, appressed, 
green-tipped, imbricated in several series ; rays 15-30, blue or violet ; pappus 
tawny; achenes glabrous or nearly so. Usually in dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Penn., 
La., the N. W. Terr, and Kans. Sept.-Oct. 

Aster laevis amplif61ius Porter. Stout, somewhat fleshy; leaves broadly ovate, nar- 
rowed toward the base, strongly clasping. Mass. to eastern Penn., Minn, and Mo. 

Aster laevis Potomacensis Burgess. Lower stem-leaves abruptly contracted into 
winged petioles, sharply serrate; heads few, usually racemose; green tips of the bracts 
broad, conspicuous. Md. and Va. 

37. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow-leaved Smooth Aster. (I. F. f. 
3769.) Similar to narrow-leaved forms of Aster laevis^ glabrous or sparingly 
pubescent above; stem paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, 
lanceolate to linear, entire, or sometimes serrulate, the upper sessile, somewhat 
clasping, 2-7 cm. long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong, narrowed 
into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely toothed; heads usually numerous, about 
25 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herbaceous tips; rays 
violet to purple. Conn, to Penn., Va., N. Car.(?) and Ark. 

38. Aster purpuratus Nees. Southern Smooth Aster. (I. F. f. 3770.) 
Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched above, 4- 12 dm. high, the branches some- 
times puberulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, entire, the upper sessile and 
clasping at the base, elongated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-12 cm. 
long, 4-8 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, 
those of the branches very small; heads rather few, loosely paniculate, 16-25 ^^'^' 
broad; involucre campauxilate to turbuiate, its bracts coriaceous, linear, aj-ipressed. 
green-tipped, acute, imbricated in several series; rays 5 10, bli-.e or viv)Iot. o -10 
mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

39. Aster junceus Ait. Rush Aster. (I. F. f. 3771.) Stem very slender, 
glabrous, or minutely pubescent above, simple or little branched, 3-0 dm. high. 
Leaves firm, glabrous, narrowly linear, entire, or sometimes with a few distant 
teeth, acute or acuminate, sessile by a broad clasping and often slightly cordate 
base, 7-15 cm. long, 3-8 nvm. wide; heatls paniculate, rather distant, alxmt 25 
mm. broad; involucre heniisplicric, about 6 mm. high, its bracts glabrous, linear- 
subulate, very acute, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays viv)let to 



95S FLORA, 

nearly white, 8-10 mm. long; pappus pale. In swamps and bogs, N. S. to the 
N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio, Wis. and in the Rocky Mts. July-Sept. 

40. Aster adscendens Lindl. Western Aster. (I. F. f. 3772.) Stem 
slender, rigid, glabrous, or sparingly hirsute-pubescent, branched or simple, 1.5-6 
dm. high. Leaves firm, entire, rough-margined, sometimes ciliolate, those of the 
stem linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, 2-7 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
wide, sessile by a more or less clasping base ; basal leaves spatulate. narrowed into 
short petioles ; heads not numerous, about 25 mm. broad ; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts imbricated in 3-5 series, oblong-linear or spatulate, their tips obtuse or 
obtusish, slightly spreading, the inner often mucronulate; pappus nearly white; 
achenes pubescent. On prairies and moist banks, western Neb. to Wyo., Mont, 
and the N. W\ Terr. , west to Colo. , N. Mex. and Nev. July-Sept. 

41. Aster Ndvi-Belgii L. New York Aster. (I. F. f. 3773.) Stem slen- 
der, usually much branched, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, firm, entire, or slightly 
serrate, glabrous, or very nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, sessile and 
more or less clasping at the base, 5-12 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, the lowest petioled; 
heads corymbose-paniculate, usually numerous, 2-3 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
spheric to campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, green, somewhat spreading, in 
3-5 series, the outer shorter; rays 15-25, violet, 8-10 mm. long; pappus whitish; 
achenes glabrous or nearly so. In swamps, Newf. to Me. and Ga., mainly near 
the coast. Aug. -Oct. 

Aster Novi-Belgii litoreus A. Gray. Low and spreading, more or less fleshy, much 
branched; leaves shorter, broader, thickish, acute, 3-6 cm. long; principal bracts of the 
involucre obtuse, loose, spatulate. Along salt-marshes, Pr. Edw. Isl. and t^uebec to Ga. 

Aster Novi-Belgii elodes (T. & G.) A. Gray. Leaves narrowly hnear-lanceolate, often 
elongated to 10-15 cm. ; bracts of the involucre acute. In moist ground, southern N. Y. 
to N. Car. 

Aster Novi-Belgii Atlanticus Burgess. Leaves lanceolate, tapering from the middle 
to an acuminate base and apex, sometimes 25 mm. wide; heads usually fewer; inflores- 
cence racemose-corymbose. In shaded swamps, Mass. to N. Car. 

Aster Novi-Belgii Brittonii Burgess. Leaves thick; heads short-peduncled, racemose- 
spicate toward the ends of the branches; green tips of the bracts short. Mass. to south- 
eastern N. Y. and Va., near the coast. 

42. Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved Aster. (I. F. f. 3774.) Stem gla- 
brous, or somewhat pubescent, leafy, paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acuminate, narrowed into a 
sessile clasping usually slightly cordate base, 7-20 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; 
heads rather numerous, about 25 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, 8-10 mm. 
high, its bracts glabrous, narrow, green, acute, imbricated in only i or 2 series, 
nearly equal; rays numerous, about 8 mm. long, violet or pale purple; pappus 
pale. In swamps and moist ground, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., south to northern 
N. Eng., Ont. and Mont. Summer. 

Aster longifblius villickulis A.Gray. Stem densely white-villous ; leaves narrowly 
linear-lanceolate, the midrib villous beneath; heads fewer, long-peduncled; rays dark 
violet. Northern Me. and N. B, 

43. Aster foliaceus Lindl. Leafy-bracted Aster. (I. F. f. 3775.) Stem 
usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines, 6-9 dm. high, branched above, the 
branches ascending. Leaves rather thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, or with 
a few small distant teeth, glabrous on both sides, very rough-margined, 5-10 cm. 
long, 1-2.5 <^"^- wide, the upper all strongly clasping at the base, the lowest peti- 
oled; heads corymbose-paniculate, numerous, 25 mm. broad or more; involucre 
hemispheric, its bracts green, foliaceous, oblong, mucronate, the inner mostly 
narrower and acute; rays about 30, violet, 8-10 mm. long; pappus nearly white; 
achenes pubescent. Neb. to Mont, and Gal. August. 

44. Aster sericeus Vent. Western Silvery or Silky Aster. (I. F. f. 
3776.) Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched, stiff, glabrous, leafy, 
3-6 dm. high. Stem-leaves sessile, with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, 
1-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, with a dense silvery- white silky 
pubescence on both sides; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into 
margined petioles; heads numerous, about 35 mm. broad; involucre turbinate, its 



COMPOSITAE. 959 

bracts oblong, or the inner lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their 
tips green, acute, spreading; rays 15-25, violet-blue, 12-16 mm. long; pappus 
tawny ; achenes glabrous. In dry open soil, 111. to Minn, and Man. , south to Tenn. , 
Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

45. Aster concolor L. Eastern Silvery Aster. Lilac-flowered Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3777.) Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above, 3-7 dm. high, leafy, 
single, or with few erect branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, finely and 
densely canescent on both sides, or the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mucronate, 
4-5 cm. long; heads in an elongated narrow raceme resembling that of Lacin- 
aria ; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, appressed, 
canescent, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute, the outer shorter; 
rays 10-15, lilac, 6-8 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes villous. In dry, sandy 
soil, eastern Mass. and R. I. to Fla. and La., near the coast. Aug. -Oct. 

46. Aster Fendleri A. Gray. Fendler's Aster. (I. F. f. 3778.) Stems 
several or solitary from thick woody roots, rigid, hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves 
linear, rigid, i-nerved, acute or acuminate, 16-30 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide,. glabrous 
on both sides, but the margins bristly-ciliate; heads usually few and racemose, 
1-2.5 cm. broad; involucre turbinate, its bracts glandular, linear-oblong, imbricated 
in about 4 series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and obtuse; rays 10-15, violet, 
6-10 mm. long. In dry soil on the plains, western Kans. to Colo, and N. Mex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

47. Aster grandiflorus L. Large-flowered Aster. (I. F. f. 3779.) 
Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branched, hispid with short hairs, 3-7 dm. 
high. Leaves' oblong, linear, or somewhat spatulate, rigid, sessile by a broad, 
sometimes slightly clasping base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, hispid, the larger 5 cm. 
long and 8 mm. wide, those of the branches very numerous, 4-10 mm. long; heads 
about 5 cm. broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts very 
squarrose and foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or linear-oblong, glan- 
dular, the outer obtusish, the inner acute; rays very numerous, deep violet, nearly 
25 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; pappus brownish; achenes ribbed, canescent. In dry 
soil, Va., east of the mountains, to Fla. Sept. 

48. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low Showy Aster. Seaside Purple Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3780.) Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely branched above, puberulent, or 
rough below, more or less glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, thickish, 
the basal and lower ones oval, acute or acutish, 7-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, 
sparingly dentate with low teeth, narrowed at the base into slender petioles; upper 
leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong; heads several or 
numerous, about 35 ram. broad, corymbose, very showy; involucre nearly hemi- 
spheric, its bracts linear-oblong or slightly spatulate, glandular, imbricated in 
about 5 series, the green obtusish tips spreading; rays 15-30, bright violet. 12-20 
mm. long; pappus whitish; achenes slightly pubescent. In dry sandy soil. Mass. 
to Del., mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 

49. Aster surculosus Michx. Creeping Aster. (I. F. f. 3781.) Stem slen- 
der, from elongated-filiform rootstocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, 25-45 cm. high, 
corymbosely branched above. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower potioled, 
5-7 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, rough-margined, slightly scabrous above, sparingly 
dentate, the upper narrower, sessile, entire; heads few. or sometimes solitary, aUmt 
3 cm. broad; involucre turbinate-hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imhricatetl in 
about 5 series, ciliate, but scarcely ghuulular, their green tips spreading; rays 15- 
30, violet; pappus whitish; achenes nearly glabrous. In sandy or gravelly soil, 
N. Car. and Ga. Reported from N. J. Sept. -Oct. 

50. Aster gracilis Nutt. Slender or Tuhe Aster. (L F. f. 37S2.) Stem 
slender, finely puberulent and scabrous, corymbosely branched alxwe. 3-4 dm. high. 
Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish. 5-7 cm. 
long, 8-16 mm. wide, ilentate, narrowed into slender petit^les; upper loaves linear, 
linear-oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, entire, sessile or a little clasping: 
heads usuall}' numerous, 12-20 mm. broad; involucre narrowly turbinate, its bracts 
coriaceous, glabrous or very nearly so. imbricated in alx)ut 5 series, their tips green 
and spreading, obtusish; rays 0-15. violet. 6-0 mm. long; pappus nearlv white; 
achenes minutely pubescent. In dry sandy soil. N. J. tt> Ky.. renn. and N. Car. 
Rootstock tuberous thickened. July-Sept, 



960 FLOHA. 

51. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. File-blade Aster. (I. F. f. 
3783.) Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, corymbosely branched near the sum- 
mit, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, strongly pinnately veined, 5-7 cm. long, 
6-25 mm. wide; heads several, or sometimes numerous, 25-35 mm. broad; involucre 
hemispheric, its bracts oblong or oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, appressed-pubes- 
cent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green obtuse tips appressed; rays 20-30, violet, 
8-12 mm. long; achenes glabrous, striate; pappus nearly w^hite. In swamps, Del. 
and southern Penn. to Newf. July- Sept. 

Aster Rddula biflorus (Michx.) Porter. Lower, very slender; heads 1-3; leaves nar- 
rower, less serrate or entire; involucral bracts, or some of them, acute. Mountains of 
N. Eng. to Labr. and Newf. Perhaps a distinct species. 

52. Aster Herveyi A. Gray. Hervey's Aster. (I. F. f. 3784.) Stem 
roughish, at least above, slender, simple or corymbosely branched, rarely panicu- 
late, 3-9 dm. high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves firm, rough above, 
pubescent on the veins beneath, the basal and lower ones on slender naked 
petioles, ovate, with low usually distant teeth, acute, narrowed, rounded or rarely 
cordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide; upper leaves sessile, or nar- 
rowed into winged petioles, smaller, entire or nearly so; heads 25-35 mm. broad; 
involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts appressed, or sometimes spreading, 
densely glandular, oblong or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate; rays 15-25, violet, 
10-14 mm. long; achenes minutely pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white. In 
dry soil, eastern Mass., Conn, and R. I. Aug.-Oct. 

53. Aster turbinellus Lindl. Prairie Aster. (I. F. f. 3785.) Stem 
slender, paniculately branched, glabrous below, puberulent above, 6-9 dm. high. 
Leaves firm, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or acuminate, 
5-7 cm. long, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper sessile, those of the 
branches much smaller; heads about 25 mm. broad, mostly solitary at the ends of 
the branches ; involucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous, obtuse, appressed, 
imbricated in 5 or 6 series, their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20, 6-10 mm. 
long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, especially on 
prairies, 111. to Mo., Kans., La. and Ark. Sept-Oct. 

54. Aster Nebraskensis Britton. Nebraska Aster. (L F. f. 3786.) 
Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the base, simple, or with a few short 
nearly erect branches, very leafy, 4-7 dm. tall. Leaves thick, rather rigid, ascend- 
ing, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate base, acute or acumi- 
nate at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; very rough on both sides, the mid- 
vein prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure; heads few, terminating short 
leafy branchlets, 25-30 mm. broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, 
about 6 mm. high, its bracts green, oblong, acute, imbricated in several series, the 
outer quite foliaceous; rays purple, about 12 mm. long. Lake shores, central Neb. 
Sept. 

515. Aster Priceae Britton, n. sp. Miss Price's Aster. Stem pubescent, 
widely branched, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 
entire, petioled, 3-7 cm. long, the petioles ciliate, broad; stem-leaves linear-lance- 
olate, sessile, ciliate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, those of the branches similar but 
smaller; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, the 
outer gradually acuminate, green, the inner a little broader, abruptly acuminate, 
acute or obtusish; heads about 2.5 cm. broad; rays bright purple or pink. Ky. 
and N. C. Type collected by Sadie F. Price near Bowling Green, Ky. Oct. 
Similar to A. ericoides pilosus but with pink or purple rays. 

56. Aster Kentuckiensis Britton, n. sp. Kentucky Aster. Glabrous, over 
3 dm. high, the numerous branches diverging. Upper leaves all linear-subulate, 
1.5 cm. long or less, ascending, sessile, re volute-margined; heads solitary at the 
ends of the branchlets, about 2.5 cm. broad; rays pink or purple; involucre about 
8 mm. high, its linear-subulate bracts all gradually acuminate, much resembling 
the upper leaves. Near Bowling Green, Ky., Sadie F. Price, Oct., 1898. 

57. Aster paludosus. Ait. Southern Swamp Aster. (I. F. f. 3787.) 
Stem roughish, or rough -pubescent, slender, simple, or somewhat branched above, 
3-7 dm. high. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous, the margins rough or ciliate, rather 



COMPOSITAE. 961 

rigid, 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, mostly i-nerved, acute, the lower part com- 
monly sheathing the stem; heads few or several, racemose or paniculate, 3.5-5 cm. 
broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 
5 series, foliaceous, ciliate, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong or spatu- 
late; rays 20-30, deep violet, 10-14 mm. long, pappus tawny; achenes 8-io-nerved, 
glabrous or nearly so. Swamps, Kans. and Mo. to Tex., N. C. and Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

58. Aster nemoralis Ait. Bog Aster. (I. F. t 3788.) Stem puberulent, 
slender, simple, or corymbose ly branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
membranous, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent or 
puberulent on both sides, dentate or entire, 2-5 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, margins 
often revolute ; heads several, or solitary, 25-35 mm. broad, the peduncles slender; 
involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, 
imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, light violet-purple to rose-pink; achenes 
glandular-pubescent; pappus white. In sandy bogs, N. J. to northern N. Y., Ont., 
Newf, and Hudson Bay. Aug. -Sept. 

Aster nemorilis Bl^kei Porter, Stems 3-7 dm. high, ascending, leafy from the 
base: leaves 5-10 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, remotely and sharply 
dentate, or nearly entire; heads rather few, sometimes sohtary. Me., N. H. and north- 
ern N. Y. Forms resemble the following species. 

59. Aster acumindtus Michx. Whorled or Mountain Aster. (I. F. f. 
3789.) Stem pubescent or puberulent, zigzag, corymbosely branched, often leafless 
below, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
rowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile base, sharply and coarsely dentate, pinnately 
veined, glabrous or pubescent above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 7-15 
cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, often approximate above, and appearing whorled; heads 
several or numerous, 25-37 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts 
subulate-linear, acuminate, the outer much shorter; rays 12-18, narrow, 12-16 mm. 
long, white or purplish; pappus soft, fine, nearly white; achenes pubescent. 
Moist woods. Lab. to Ont., western N. Y., and in the mountains to Ga. July-Oct. 

60. Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Upland White Aster. (L F. f. 
3790.) Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually rough above, corymbosely branched 
near the summit, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, entire, or 
with a few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-margined or ciliate, sometimes sca- 
brous, acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, the lowest and basal 
ones 7-15 cm, long, 4-8 mm. wide, the upper smaller, those of the branches linear- 
subulate; heads not numerous, 16-25 "^"^- broad, terminating the branches of the 
corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear-oblong, ob- 
tuse, appressed, nearly glabrous, green, imbricated in about 4 series; rays 10-20, 
snow-white, 6-8 mm. long; pappus white; achenes glabrous. In dry or rocky 
soil, Mass., Vt. and Ont., to the N. W. Terr., III., Mo. and Colo. July-Sept. 

Aster ptarmicoides lut^s-ens (Hook.) A. Gray. Rays pale yellow, short; involucre 
narrower. Northern 111, to the N. VV. Terr. 

61. Aster dumosus L. Bushy Aster. Rice button aster. (I. F. f. 
3791.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, paniculately much branched, 3-9 
dm. high. Leaves firm, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, 
or obtusish, 2-7 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, roughish margined, often reflexed, those 
of the branches very numerous, small and bract-like, the basal ones spatulate, 
dentate; heads 8-14 mm. broad, terminating the usually divergent slender branches 
and branchlets, usuall;^ numerous; involucre broadly campanuhUe. its bracts linoar- 
subulate, obtuse or acutish, appressed. imbricatcil in about 4 series, groon-tipped; 
rays 15-30, white to pale violet, 4 mm. long, pajipus white; achenes minutely 
pubescent. Sandy soil, Me, to western N, Y., Ont., Fla., La. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

Aster dum5sus coridif61ius (Michx.) T. & G. More rii^id and stouter; branchlets 
elongated; bracts of the invt)lucre coriaceous: leaves of tlie branches small and numer- 
ous, very close, divergent. Pine-barrens, Martha's Vineyard to Fla. 

Aster dum6sus strictior T. <S: G. Stem sparingly branched, the branches ascending, 
terminated by rather larger heeuls ; leaves sessile by a broad base, acuminate, mostly 
quite entire. Swamps, Mass. to N. J., Penn. and Md. 

62. Aster Gravesii Burgess, n.s.p. Graves' Aster. Glabrous; stem slender. 
6 dm. high or more. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, firm, sessile, or the 



962 FLORA. 



lower petioled, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, roughish-margined, 
the larger about 7.5 cm. long; branches very slender, recurved, bearing few or 
solitary heads, clothed with leaves 1-2 cm. long, the uppermost leaves very small 
and bract-like; involucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, greenish- 
tipped; heads nearly 2.5 cm. broad, the rays purple. In dry woods, Waterford, 
Conn., C. B. Graves. Sept. 

63. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster. (I. F. f. 3792.) Stem rather 
slender, paniculately much branched, usually very leafy, 6-15 dm. high, glabrous, 
or somewhat pubescent above. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rough- 
margined, acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile or slightly clasping at the 
base, entire or sparingly dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, 5- 10 cm. 
long, 4-12 mm. wide, the lowest sometimes petioled, those of the branches grad- 
ually smaller; heads numerous, 16-25 ^"^- broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its 
bracts linear-oblong, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their green tips acute 
or obtusish; rays numerous, violet, or violet-purple, or sometimes white, 6-8 mm. 
long; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist soil, Me. and 'Ont. to 
Mass. and Fla., west to Mont., Mo. and Tex. Intergrades with A. paniculatus. 
Aug. -Oct. 

Aster salicif61ius subdsper (Lindl.) A. Gray. Stem scabrous ; leaves more or less so. 
Ind. to Mo. and Tex. 

Aster salicif61ius stenoph^Ilus (Lindl.) Burgess. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, 
small, those of the branches numerous and minute; bracts of the involucre linear-subu- 
late. Southern N. Y. and eastern Penn. to Va. 

64. Aster paniculatus Lam. Tall White or Panicled Aster. (I. F. f. 
3793.) Stem glabrous or nearly so, paniculately much branched, 6-25 dm. high. 
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a ses- 
sile or slightly clasping base, glabrous, usually thin, roughish-margined, those of 
the stem sparingly serrate in the middle, or sometimes very nearly entire, 7-15 cm. 
long, 6-12 mm. wide, th.e upper and those of the branches gradually smaller; heads 
numerous, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high, its 
bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, green-tipped, 
imbricated in 4 or 5 series; rays numerous, white, or faintly tinged with violet, 
6-8 mm. long; pappus white or nearly so; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist 

>soil, N. B. to western Ont. and Mont., south to N. J., Va., Ky., La. and Kans. 
Aug. -Oct. 

Aster paniculatus bellidiflbrus (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate 
at both ends, entire, or remotely appressed-serrate, chiefly 10 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, or 
less; heads numerous, rather densely clustered on the ascending branches of the large 
panicle. In moist or wet soil, in open situations, N. B. to western Ont., N. Car., Mo. 
and Kans. 

Aster paniculatus simplex (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo- 
late, thin, long-acuminate at both ends, the larger often 2 dm. long and 25 mm. wide, 
sparingly serrate with low teeth ; inflorescence leafy, the heads less showy than in the pre- 
ceding. In shaded moist places, Mass. to Ohio, Va. and Ky. 

Aster paniculktus acutidens Burgess. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the larger often 
15 cm. long by 3 cm. wide, very sharply serrate, at least above the middle; branches 
often very short, sometimes elongated. Along streams and ditches, Conn, to Va., Ohio 
and Kans. 

Aster paniculatus cinerdscens Fernald. From Maine, is described as cinerous-hir- 
sute, a character otherwise unknown in this species. 

65. Aster Missouriensis Britton. Missouri Aster. (I. F. f. 3794.) Stem 
densely puberulent or pubescent, at least above, much branched, 6 dm. high or 
more. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply 
serrate above the middle, gradually tapering to an entire sessile or slightly clasping 
base, or the lower petioled, puberulent above, finely pubescent beneath, the larger 
7-10 cm. long, the upper much smaller, entire; heads 12-16 mm. -broad, panicled, 
short-peduncled, or terminating short leafy branchlets, sometimes somewhat 
secund; involucre 4-6 mm. high, its linear acute bracts well imbricated, ciliate or 
pubescent; rays white. In moist soil, Kans. and Mo. Sept. -Oct. 

66. Aster Tradescanti L. Tradescant's Aster. Michaelmas Daisy. 
(I. F. f. 3795.) Stem slender, paniculately branched, 6-15 dm. high, the branches 
usually ascending and often pubescent in lines. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or 



/ , . COMPOSITAE. 963 

lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, 7-15 cm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, 
glabrous or nearly so on both sides, commonly thin, sharply serrate in the middle 
with low teeth, or sometimes entire; heads very numerous, racemose but not 
secund on the branches, 10-16 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric to broadly tur- 
binate, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated 
in 4 or 5 series; rays white or nearly so, numerous, 4-6 mm. long; pappus white; 
achenes minutely pubescent. In fields and swamps, Ont. to Va., west to the N. W. 
Terr., 111. and Minn. Extends to Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

67. Aster Faxoni Porter. Faxon's Aster. (I. F. f. 3796.) Glabrous 
throughout; stem paniculately or corymbosely branched, rather stout, 6- 15 dm. 
high. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed 
to a sessile base, or the lower into margined petioles, entire or nearly so, firm, 
5-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, those of the branches gradually smaller; basal 
leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, dentate; heads not very numerous, 12-18 mm. 
broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 8 mm. high, its bracts linear- lanceolate, 
acute or subulate, green-tipped or green on the back, imbricated in about 3 series, 
the outer shorter; rays bright white, ()-Z mm. long, numerous; pappus white; 
achenes minutely pubescent. On moist cliffs, Vt. and Mass. to Penn., west to 
Wis.(?), south to N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 

68. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster. Frost-weed Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3797.) Stem glabrous or very nearly so, paniculately branched, usually 
bushy, 3-9 dm. high, the branches racemose, and the branchlets often somewhat 
secund. Leaves firm or rigid, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, dentate, narrowed 
into margined petioles, glabi^ous or ciliate; stem-leaves narrowly linear, acute, en- 
tire, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, those of the branches linear-subulate, numerous; 
heads usually vety numerous, 8-12 mm. broad; involucre campanulate to hemi- 
spheric, its bracts coriaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or 
acuminate, green-tipped, imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, white, or tinged 
with rose; pappus white; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to 
Fla., west to Wis. and Ky. Sept. -Dec. 

Aster ericoides pil6sus (Willd.) Porter. Stem, branches and often the leaves villous- 
hirsute or hispid ; leaves linear-lanceolate. W. Ont. to Penn. and Ga., west to Minn, and 
Mo. 

Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G. Densely villous-hirsute; stem-leaves lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide. Ind. to N. Car. and Ga. 

Aster ericoides depauper.\tus Porter. Glabrous, very slender, 15-30 cm. high; stem- 
leaves and those of the branches linear or subulate. S. Penn. and W. Va. 

Aster ericoides Rdndi Britton. Low, stout, glabrous, seldom over 3 dm. high, corym- 
bosely or somewhat racemosely branched above, often bushy; stem-leaves elongated, 
sometimes 6 mm. wide; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, entire; heads numerous, larger 
than in the type, sometimes over 25 mm. broad; rays white to violet; bracts of the in- 
volucre greener than in the type. Perliaps a distinct species. Mt. Desert Island, Me. 

Aster ericoides piirviceps Burgess. More or less pilose; stem strict, erect, about 3 
dm. high, usually busliy, branched above, the branclies mostly short; leaves narrowly 
linear, ascending, with short leafy branches in their axils ; heads numerous, crowded, 
6-8 mm. brocid, somewhat secund; involucre 1-4 mm. high; leaves of the branches reduced 
to small scales. Prairies, 111. and Mo. 

69. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray.) Pritton. Pringi.k's Asikr. (L 1\ f. 3708.) 
Stem very slender, glabrous, simple, or with few or numerous slender ascending 
branches, not bushy, 1.5-6 dm. high. Basal leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceo- 
late, 5 -15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, entire, or slightly toothed, ciliate and some- 
times a little pubescent, at least on the slender petioles, which are t>l"ten as long as 
the blades; stem-leaves narrowly linear, those of the branches small and subulate; 
hcatls as large as those of./, rricoidrs, or commonly smaller, usually fewer, solitary 
at the ends of the branches and branchlets; bracts of (he campanulate involucre 
with short green tips; rays white. 0\\ banks, especially in rocky places. Me. to 
Mass., Vt. and Wis. Aug.-Oct. 

70. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Pritton. SrvRVKn Asri-R. C.vi.ico Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3709.) Stem jniberulent or nearly glabrous, slender, divergently branched, 
3-15 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate, slender-juMioled; stem-leaves broadly lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate. 5 12 cm. long. 12-25 mm. 
wide, those of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-oblong; heads o-iomm. broad, 



964 



\ 
FLOBir 



racemosely unilateral on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually numerous 
and crowded; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, imbri- 
cated in about 4 series, their short green tips appressed or slightly spreading; rays 
numerous, short, white or pale purple; disk-flowers purple; pappus white; achenes 
minutely pubescent. In dry or moist soil, N. S. to western Ont., south to N. Car., 
La. and Tex. Called in Maryland Rosemary. Aug. -Oct. 

Aster laterifl5rus glomerellus (T. & G.) Burgess. Chiefly unbranched, with thehabi^ 
of Solidago caesia ; leaves hispidulous above, oblong-lanceolate, dull green, the teeth very 
sharp and straight ; heads glomerate in the axils, often somewhat spicate toward the sum- 
mit of the plant, sometimes also on short branches. In deep woods, N. Y. to Va. 

Aster lateriflorus thyrsoideus (A. Gray) Sheldon. Ashy-pubescent; leaves ovate to 
lanceolate; branches ascending, rather stiff, mostly short; heads usually densely thyrsoid- 
paniculate, less markedly secund than in the type. Me. to N. Y., Ont. and 111. 

Aster lateriflorus grandis Porter. Taller and larger-leaved than the type, the branches 
spreading; leaves lanceolate, sometimes 15 cm. long and nearly 25 mm. wide; heads mostly 
larger, rather loosely paniculate. In shaded places, southern N. Y. to Ky. and 111. 

Aster lateriflorus pendulus (Ait.) Burgess. Leaves linear-elliptic, conspicuously 
drooping, remotely appressed-serrulate, often with narrowly margined petioles, roughish 
when dry; branches long, slender, often pendulous; heads long-peduncled; rays and 
bracts often purple-tinged. In thickets, N. Y. to Va. 

Aster lateriflorus horizontalis (Desf.) Burgess. Branches long, slender, widely spread- 
ing; leaves firm, those of the branches very small, mostly entire; heads very numerous; 
rays rather large. Southern N. Y. to Va. 

71. Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Hairy-stemmed Aster. (I. F. f. 3800.) 

Stem slender, erect, 4-9 dm. high, pubescent, nearly or quite to the base, the usually 
short branches spreading or ascending. Leaves thin, glabrous above, usually pubes- 
cent on the midvein beneath, serrate with a few appressed teeth, or entire, linear- 
lanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes 15 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, sessile, or the basal 
ones spatulate and petioled; heads more or less secund on the branches, densely or 
loosely clustered, often also solitary or few in the lower axils ; bracts of the involucre 
in 3 or 4 series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute; rays white, about 4 mm. 
long. In woods and thickets, Me. to N. Y., Penn. and Ky. 

72. Aster vimineus Lam. Small White Aster. (I. F. f. 3801.) Gla- 
brous or nearly so; stem slender, divergently branched, 6-15 dm. high. Stem- 
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low teeth, 7-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. 
wide, acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, those of the branches much smaller; 
heads very numerous, 6-10 mm. broad, 4-6 mm. high, generally densely racemose- 
secund, short-peduncled; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear, acute" or 
acutish, green-tipped, appressed; rays numerous, about 4 mm. long, white; pappus 
white; achenes minutely pubescent. Li moist soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn., 
Kans. and Ark. Aug. -Sept. 

Aster vimineus foliolosus (Ait.) A. Gray. Branches ascending, very leafy; heads 
paniculate, scarcely secund, less densely clustered. Mass. to Va., 111. and Mo. 

Aster vimineus Columbianus Britton. Minutely pubescent, 6-12 dm. high, the slender 
branches ascending; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, those of the stem deflexed; heads 
about 25 mm. broad; rays red-purple. Perhaps a distinct species. D. C. to N. Y. 

Aster vimineus saxatilis Fernald. Low, 1.5-6 dm. high, the leafy-bracteate branches 
bearing few or solitary heads, 1-1.5 cm. broad; stem-leaves sometimes slightly clasping at 
the base. Shores and banks. Me., Vt. and Quebec. Perhaps not properly referred to 
this species. 

73. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dense-flowered Aster. White Wreath 
Aster. (I. F. f. 3802.) Stem strict, much branched and bushy, grayish-strigose, 
3-20 dm. high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves rigid, linear or 
linear-oblong, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, 
strigose or glabrate, those of the stem 1-2.5 cm. long, those of the branches very 
small and crowded; heads 6-8 mm. broad, densely crowded, nearly sessile; 
involucre turbinate, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts coriaceous, pubescent, in 3 or 4 
series, their short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading; rays 10-20, white, 
3-4 mm. long; pappus brownish white; achenes puberulent. In dry open places, 
Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga., Tex., Ariz, and Mex. Aug. -Nov. 

74. Aster exiguus (Fernald) Rydb. Ciliate-leaved Aster. Stem much 
branched and bushy, 3-10 dm. high, rough-pubescent with short divaricate hairs; 



COMPOSITAE. 965 

branches spreading, often secund ; leaves as in the preceding, but more pubescent, 
with spreading hairs, ciliate; heads as in the preceding, but usually on shorter 
branchlets; bracts broader with a thick, broad, oval or obovate green portion, 
hispid and ciliate. On prairies, plains and other open places, Vt. and Pa. to 
Wash., Tex. and Ariz. Rare in the East. Aug.-Nov. \^A. ciliatus Muhl., not 
Walt.; A. multiflorus var. exigmts Fernald.] 

75. Aster commutatus Torr. & Gray. White Prairie Aster. (I. F. f. 
3803.) Similar to the two preceding species, except in the inflorescence, the stem 
rough-pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous, 4-7 dm. high, with ascending or 
divergent branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile or slightly 
clasping at the base, those of the stem 2-7 cm. long; heads larger than those of ^. 
multijiorus, 12-16 mm. broad ; involucre 6-8 mm. high, its bracts squarrose-tipped 
and sometimes foliaceous; rays 20-30, about 6 mm. long. On prairies and along 
rivers, N. W. Terr, to western Neb., Tex., Ore., Utah and N. Mex. Aug. -Oct. 

76. Aster tenuifolius L. Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. (I. F. f. 3804.) 
Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous, striate, at least when dry, sparingly 
and loosely branched, 3-6 dm. high. Stem-leaves linear, entire, acute, sessile or 
partly clasping at the base, the lowest lanceolate-linear, 5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. 
wide, those of the branches minute, bract-like, appressed; heads rather few, 12- 
25 mm. broad, terminating the branches; involucre turbinate, about 8 mm. high, 
its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mucronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, 
appressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer shorter; rays numerous, longer 
than the pappus, pale purple or nearly white; pappus tawny; achenes hispid-pubes- 
cent, 5 -nerved. In salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Fla. Aug. -Oct. 

77. Aster exilis Ell. Slim Aster. (I. F. f. 3805.) Annual, glabrous, fleshy; 
stem slender, usually much branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves 
linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide' entire, sessile, acute or 
acuminate, or the lowest narrowly oblong, 6-8 mm. wide and petioled, those of the 
branches subulate; heads numerous, panicled, about I cm. broad; involucre cam- 
panulate, about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear-subulate, appressed, imbricated in 3 
or 4 series; rays purplish, about 4 mm. long, mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, 
longer than the pappus; achenes somewhat pubescent. In moist or wet soil, 
especially in saline situations, Kans. to Tex., S. Car. and Fla. Aug.-Oct. 

78. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-marsh Aster. (I. F. f. 3806.) 
Annual, glabrous and fleshy ; stem paniculately branched, flexuous above. 3-i8dm. 
high, slightly angled, sometimes 25 mm. in diameter at the base, but usuallv 
smaller. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile by a broad or slightly 
clasping base, 5-25 cm. long, 2-16 mm. wide, those of the branches very small 
and subulate; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad: involucre campanulate. or at 
length hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear-subulate, green, imbricated in 
3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly 
white pappus, more numerous than the disk-flowers; achenes compressed, minutely 
pubescent. In salt marshes, coast 01 N. H. to Fla. Aug.-Nov. 

32. LEUCELENE Greene. 

Low perennial herbs, with much -branched leafy stems, sessile, ratlier rigid, 
narrow entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, 
solitary at the ends of the numerous slender branchlets. Involucre turbinate, its 
bracts well imbricated. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnel- 
form, 5-t()othed. Ray-flowers numerous, white, or drying red to rose. jM'stillate. 
Style appendages acutish. Achenes elongated, flattened, hispidulous. P.ipjnis a 
single series of slender rough white bristles. [Greek, referring to the wliito disk.] 
One species, or more, native of the soutluvestern States and Mexico. 

I. Leucelene ericoides (Torr.) Crroene. Rose IIkath Astkk. (I. F. f. 
3807.) Stems tufted from deep woody roots. cov\ nibosely nuuh branched. 
7-30 cm. high, hispid or scabrous, the branches erect or difluse. Leaves hispid- 
ciliate, erect, or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronulato. the hnvor and basal 
ones spatulate, 6-12 mm. long, tapering into short petioles, the upper sessile, linear 
or linear-spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 10-16 nun. bro.id; br.icts lan- 
ceolate, appressed, scarious- margined, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, ravs 1.2-1 «;, 



966 FLORA. 

white to rose, 4-8 mm. long. In dry soil, western Neb. to Kans., Tex. and Mex., 
west to Cal. May-Aug. 

33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. 

Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire 
leaves, and small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate 
purplish flowers. Involucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few, perfect, 
their narrow corollas 4-5 -toothed; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or 
more, and more numerous than the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays 
very short, or none. Achenes 2-3-nerved, slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus 
a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek, short rays.] About 5 species, 
natives of western N. Am. and northern Asia. 

I. Brachyactis angfistus (Lindl.) Britton. Rayless Aster. (I. F. f. 
3808.) Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least above, 1.5-6 dm. high, striate, 
at least when dry. Leaves linear, fleshy, ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, ses- 
sile by a rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatulate; heads 8-12 mm. 
broad ; involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear 
or linear-oblong, somewhat foliaceous, green, acute or obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 
series, glabrous or slightly ciliate, nearly equal; rays none or rudimentary; pappus 
soft and copious. In wet saline soil, or sometimes in waste places, Minn, to the 
N. W. Terr., Utah and Colo. Found also about Chicago. July-Sept. 

34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees. 

Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leafy stems, alternate, 
mostly serrate or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and 
large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of 
imbricated canescent or glandular bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or 
appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli usually toorhed or lacerate. Ray- 
flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their 
corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown; anthers exserted, 
appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to lanceo- 
late. Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numerous stiff 
rough unequal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther.] About 15 species, natives of west- 
ern N. Am. 

Annual or biennial; leaves pinnatifid. i. j/^ tajiacetifoha. 

Perennial or biennial ; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessili flora. 

1. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H. B. K.) Nees. Tansy Aster. Dag- 
GER-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3809.) Annual or biennial; stem glandular-pubescent, 
often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ses- 
sile or short petioled, pubescent, the lowest 2-7 cm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid, their 
lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucronate, the upper pinnatifid, those of the 
branches sometimes entire ; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate. 3-5 cm. broad; 
involucre hemispheric, 8-12 mm. high, its bracts linear, glandular, imbricated in 
5-7 series; rays 15-25, 10-16 mm. long, achenes villous. In dry soil. Neb. to Tex. 
and Mex., west to Cal. June-Aug. 

2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora (Nutt.) Greene. Viscid Aster. (I. F. 
f. 3810.) Stem usually stout, finely rough -pubescent or canescent, branched, and 
viscid-glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest 
spatulate, sessile, sharply incised-dentate, the larger 2-7 cm. long, the teeth bristle- 
tipped; heads numerous, racemose, or corymbose above. 25-37 mm. broad, the 
lower often nearly sessile; involucre broadly turbinate or hemispheric, 8-12 mm. 
high, its bracts acute, imbricated in 6-10 series; rays 8-12 mm. long; achenes 
narrow, appressed-pubescent. In dry soil, central and western Neb. July-Oct. 

35. ERIGERON L. 

Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, 
paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubu- 
lar) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly 
equal, imbricated in but I or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly flat, usually 
naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple, pistillate. Disk- 



COMPOSITAE. 967 

flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and 
entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their appendages short, 
mostly rounded or obtuse, Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles 
fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in i series, or often an additional outer 
shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus. ] A genus of 
some 130 species, of wide distribution. In addition to the following, about 60 
others occur in southern and western N. Am. 

* Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk. 
t Stem 2-25 cm. high, simple, leafy ; head solitary; involucre woolly. 

I. B. uniflorus. 
1 1 Stem 1-9 dm, high, leafy, usually branched; involucre hirsute or glabrous. 
I. Roots perennial, thick and woody. 
Heads 25-50 mm. broad ; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate. 
Rays violet or purple; stem-leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong. 

Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper much smaller. 2. E. asper 
Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. 3. E. siibtrinervis, 

Rays mostly white; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. E. caespitosus. 

Heads \'2-'z^ mm, broad; leaves linear. 

Plants hirsute or canescent; pappus double; western species. 

Stem hirsute; achenes pubescent ; flowers white. 5. E. pumilus. 

Stem appressed-canescent; achenes glabrous; flowers purple or white. 

6. E. canus. 
Plant nearly glabrous; pappus simple; northern. 7. E. /tyssopt/olius. 

3. Perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons. 

8. E. flagellaris. 
3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous ; plants often perennial by offsets. 
Heads 25-37 mm. broad, few; stem simple ; eastern. .9. E. pulchellus. 

Heads 12-25 mm. broad, numerous; stem branched. 
Rays 100-150, narrow, mostly purple or violet. 

Pappus simple; plant erect, corymbosely branched. 10. E. Philadelphicus. 

Pappus double; plant diffusely branched, western. 11. E. diver gens. 

Rays much less numerous, purplish or white. 

Plants 1,5-3 dm, high, diffuse, western; pappus simple. 12. E. Bellidiastrum. 
Plants 3-10 dm. high, erect, corymbosely branched; pappus double. 

Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 13. E. aiinuus. 
Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire. 

14. E. ramosus. 
f f t Stem leafless or nearly so ; heads 12 mm. broad, corymbose. 

15, E. vernus, 

* * Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of 

rays. 16. E. acris. 

1, Erigeron uniflorus L. Arctic Erigeron. (I. F. f. 381 1.) Perennial 
by short branching rootstocks; stems slender, single or tufted, more or less pubes- 
cent, simple, erect. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long; 
stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire; head solitary, pedun- 
cled, 12-25 mm. broad; rays about 100, purple or purplish, 4-8 mm, long; bracts 
linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously woolly ; pappus simple. Lab. and arctic Am. 
to Alaska. Rocky Mts. specimens referred to this species belong to E. siniplcx. 
Also in Europe, Summer. 

2, Erigeron asper Nutt, Rough Erigeron. (I. F. f. 3812.) Stem sim- 
ple, or branched above, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute. 1. 5-6 dm. high. 
Leaves glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 
5-10 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, narrowetl into margined petioles; stem-leaves 
oblong-lanceol'ite or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads 
several or solitary, slender-peduncled, 2-5 cm. broad; bracts linear, acute, hirsute 
or pubescent; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet, purple, or nearly white. S-I4mm. 
long; pappus double, the outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner. In 
dry soil, Minn, to Neb., west to the N. W. Terr., Utah and N. Mex, June-Sept. 

3, Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg. Thrke-nkrved Flkah.vne, (L F, f. 
3813.) Similar to the precciling species, finely pubescent. Stems leafy to the 
inflorescence; leaves entire, thin, the basal and lower ones oblancci^late to oblong, 
obtuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or some- 
what clasping, acute, rather distinctly 3-nerveil; heads 25-37 mn\. broad, cinvm- 
bose, or rarely solitary; rays numerous, blue to pink; pappus double, the outer 
bristles very short. S. Dak. to Neb. and Utah. 



9^8 FLORA, 

4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Tufted Erigeron. (I. F. f. 3814.) Stems 
tufted, canescent, simple, or branched above, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves canescent 
or pubescent, entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate or 
spatulate, 2-7 .cm. long; heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, 25-37 mm. 
broad; bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, canescent; rays 40-60, 6- 1 2 mm. 
long, white or pinkish; pappus double, the outer series of bristles very short. In 
dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. June-Aug. 

5. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Lov^ Erigeron. (I. F. f. 3815.) Stems tufted, 
slender, simple, or branched, I-2.5 dm. high. Leaves entire, hirsute, the lower 
and basal ones narrowly spatulate or linear, petioled, 2-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
wide; stem-leaves linear; heads 12-20 mm. broad, short-peduncled; bracts linear, 
acute, hirsute; rays 50-80, white, 6-8 mm. long, at length deflexed; pappus 
double, the outer row of bristles short and more or less intermixed with the inner; 
achenes pubescent. Dry plains, S. Dak. to N. W. Terr., western Kans., Br. Col. 
and Utah. May-Sept. 

6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. Hoary Erigeron. (I. F. f. 3816.) Stems 
slender, erect, tufted, 15-25 cm. high, simple, or branched above. Leaves nar- 
row, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones narrowly spatulate, petioled, 5-10 
cm. long, the upper linear, sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2- 
4, 12-15 "^i""^- broad; bracts linear, acute, densely canescent; rays 40-50, purple 
or white, 4-6 mm. long; pappus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicu- 
ous. In dry soil, S. Dak. to western Neb., Wyo., Colo, and N. Mex. June-Aug. 

7. Erigeron hyssopifoliusMichx. Hyssop-leaved Erigeron. (L F. f. 3817.) 
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tufted or single, very slender, simple or 
branched, glabrous or very nearly so, 10-35 cm. high. Leaves narrow, thin, the 
basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, 2-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
wide, the upper linear or linear-oblong, acute, heads solitary or several, slender- 
peduncled, 10-15 mm. broad; bracts linear-lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; rays 
20-30, white or purplish, 4-6 mm. long; pappus simple. On moist cliffs, Newf. to 
Vt., the N. W. Terr, and Lake Superior. July- Aug. 

8. Erigeron iiagellaris A. Gray. Running Fleabane. (L F. f. 3818.) 
Appressed-pubescent, sometimes densely so. Stem slender, branched, the branches 
elongated; leaves entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, obtuse or 
acute, 2-5 cm. long, narrowf'd into long petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear- 
spatulate, much smaller; peduncles solitary, elongated; heads about 25 mm. broad 
and 6 mm. high; rays very numerous, white to pink; pappus double, the outer 
series of subulate bristles. In moist soil, S. Dak. to Colo., Utah, Tex. and N. Mex. 
May-July. 

9. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's or Poor Robin's Plantain. (I. 
F. f. 3819.) Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous-pubescent; stems simple, 
slender, 2.5-6 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obovate, somewhat 
cuneate at the base, narrowed into short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex, 2- 
7 cm long, 1-5 cm. wide, dentate or serrate; stem- leaves sessile, partly clasping, 
oblong, lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute, entire, or sparingly serrate; heads 1-6, 
slender-peduncled, bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays numerous, violet or 
purplish, 8-14 mm. long; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus simple. On hills and 
banks, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and La. April-June. 

10. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane. Skevish. 
(I. F. f. 3820.) Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubescent or sometimes 
nearly glabrous ; stems slender, mostly branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and 
lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 2-7 cm. long, narrowed into 
short petioles; upper stem-leaves clasping and often cordate at the base ; heads 
several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 10-25 ^'^^ broad, slender-peduncled; 
bracts linear, usually scarious-margined; achenes puberulent. In fields and woods, 
throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, but locally rare. April-Aug. 

11. Erigeron divergens T. & G. Spreading Fleabane. (I. F. f. 3821.) 
Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 15-37 cm. high, densely cinereous- 
pubescent or hirsute. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or 
obtuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, 2-5 cm, long, 4-10 mm. wide, 
the upper sessile, linear or narrowly spatulate, usually acute,, gradually smaller; 
heads 16-25 mm. broad; bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent; rays about 100, 



COMPOSlTAE, 969 

purplish, violet or nearly white, 4-8 mm. long; pappus double, the short outer 
row of bristles subulate. In moist soil, Mont, to Neb., Tex., Mex,, Wash, and 
Cal. April-Sept. 

12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Western Daisy Fleabane. (I. F. f. 
3822.) Annual, much branched, cinereous-pubescent throughout. Leaves entire, 
linear-spatulate, the lov/er and basal petioled, 2-4 cm. long, the upper sessile and 
smaller; heads several, or numerous, 10-16 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, 
about 4 mm. high, its bracts linear, hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, white or purplish, 
about 4 mm. long ; pappus a single series of capillary bristles. In moist soil. Neb. 
and Kans. to Tex. May-July. 

13. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sw^eet Scabious. Daisy Fleabane. (I. 
F. f. 3823.) Annual, sparingly pubescent, with spreading hairs; stem erect, 
corymbosely branched. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lance- 
olate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, 
the upper sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate; heads 
rather numerous, 10-14 mm. broad; bracts somewhat hispid; rays 40-70. linear, 
white, or commonly tinged with purple, 4-8 mm. long; pappus double, the inner a 
series of slender fragile deciduous bristles, often wanting in the ray-flowers, the 
outer a persistent series of short, partly united, slender scales.- In fields, N. S. to 
the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky., Kans. and Mo. Nat. in Europe. May-Nov. 

14. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. Daisy Fleabane. (I. F. f. 3824.) 
Resembles the preceding species, but is usually lower and the pubescence more 
appressed. Stem-leaves linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate, nearly all of them 
entire; basal and lowest spatulate or oblong, usually serrate; bracts of the invo- 
lucre glabrous or nearly so; pappus similar to that of the preceding; rays white, 
or sometimes purplish, occasionally minute or wanting. In fields, N. S, to the 
N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex. May-Nov. 

Erigeron ramosus Beyrfchii (F. & M.) Smith & Pound. Stem more slender; leaves 
narrower ; heads smaller ; pubescence minute. Ga. to Neb. and Tex. 

15. Erigeron vernus (L.) T. & G. Early Fleabane. (L F. f. 3825.) 
Perennial by stolons and offsets; stem slender, simple or branched above, glabrous, 
or the branches pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves mainly in a basal rosette, 
glabrous, obovate, oval or spatulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 5-10 cm. 
long, narrowed into margined petioles; stem-leaves mostly reduced to subulate- 
lanceolate scales; heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about I cm. broad; 
rays 20-30, white or pink, 4-6 mm. long; pappus simple; achenes usually 4- 
nerved. In marshes and moist soil, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 

16. Erigeron acris L. Blue or Bitter Fleabane. (I. F. f. 3826.) Bien- 
nial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent, slender, simple, or branched above, 1.5- 
4.5 dm. high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the basal and lower ones 
spatulate, mostly obtuse, 2-7 cm. long, 'p^-^tioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or 
oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile, shorter; heads several or numerous, race- 
mose or paniculate, peduncled, 10-12 mm. broad; bracts linear, hirsute; rays 
numerous, purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish pappus; tubular 
pistillate flowers numerous; pappus simple or nearly so, copious. Lab. to Br. Col., 
south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

Erigeron ^cris Droebachi:\nus (O- F. Mueller) Blytt. l^sually taller and less pubes- 
cent, or glabrate; involucre nearly glabrous. N, B. to western Out., Alaska, Br. t\>l. and 
Colo. Also in Europe, 

Erigeron i\cris d^bilis A. Gray. Slightly pilose-pubescent, very slender; heads few. 
Range of the last. 

36. LEPTILON Raf. 
Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or paniclcd heads of 
white flowers, the ravs small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk or none. 
Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle 
naked. Ray-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed 
or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, 
their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple fragile 
bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, 



9/0 FLORA, 

natives of America and Asia. Besides the follo^ving, 2 or 3 others occur in the 
southwestern U. S. and one is nat, from Asia on the southern Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts. 

Lower leaves spatulate, toothed; rays white. i. Z. Canadense. 

Leaves aU hnear or subulate, entire: rays purplish, 2. L. divaricatum. 

1. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-wzed. Canada Fleabane. 
(I. F. f. 3827.) Stem hispid-pubescent, or glabra te. 7—30 dm. high, the larger 
plants paniculately much branched. Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate. the basal 
and lower spatulate. petioled. incised, dentate or entire. 2-10 cm. long, obttise or 
acutish. those of the stem linear and mainly entire; heads usually very numerous: 
about 4. mm. broad; involucre. 2-3 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate; 
rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. 
In fields and waste places, a common weed throughout N. Am. , except the extreme 
north. Widely distributed as a weed in the Old ^Yorld and in S. Am. June-Nov. 

2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low Horse-weed. Purple 
HoRSE-^VEED. ( L F. f. 3S2S. ) Stem diffusely much branched. 7-30 cm. high, pubes- 
cent or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire. 8-25 mm. long, about I mm. 
wide, the uppermost minute; heads numerous, about 4mm. broad; involucre 2 mm. 
high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes. 
In sandy soil, especially along rivers, Ind. to Minn., S. Dak., Tenn., La., Neb. 
and Tex. Jur.e-Oct. 

37. DOELLINGERIA Xees. 

Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper 
large, mostly entire, acute or aciuninate in oiu- species. Basal leaves none. 
Heads corymbose; involucre campanula te to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 
several series, appressed. thin, sometimes scarious -margined, their tips not herba- 
ceous nor foliaceous. Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not ver\^ 
numerous. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanded 
into a campanulate 5-lobed limb, white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse 
at the base; st\de-appendages ovate to subulate (rarely obtuse). x\chenes obovoid. 
Pappus double, the outer series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner of 
long capillary bristles, some or aU of which have thickened tips. [In honor of 
Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer.] About 4 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 

Leaves lanceolate to ovate : heads mostly numerous. 

Leaves lanceolate to oblorig--lanceolate. acuminate. 1. D. umbellata. 

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilis. 

Leaves, at least the lower, obovate : heads commonly few. 3. D. tnfirma. 

1. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Xees. Tall Flat-top \yHiTE Aster. 
{\. F. f. 3S29.) Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corymbosely branched 
at the summit. 6—25 dm. high. Leaves glabrous above, usually pubescent on the 
veins beneath, membranous, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or the upper- 
most sessile, hispid-margined, those of the stem 12-15 ^^^^- long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; 
heads 12-25 mm. broad, in terminal compound corymbs ; involucre 3-4. mm. high, 
its bracts lanceolate, usually pubescent or ciliate. acutish or obtuse; rays 10-15, 
white: style-appendages ovate, acute; achenes nerved. sUghdy pubescent. In moist 
soil. Xewf. to Ga.. west to the X. W. Terr.. Mich, and Ark. July-Oct. 

Doellingeria umbellata pubens (A. Gray) Britton. L'nder leaf-surfaces pubescent, 
Mich, to the X. W. Terr. 

2. Doellingeria humilis AYiUd.) Britton. Broad-leayed Flat-top White 
Aster, d. F. f. 3S30.) Similar to the preceding species, usually lower, seldom 
over 12 dm. high. Stem striate, corymbosely branched above, glabrous, or some- 
what pubescent. Leaves rather firm, sessile, or the lower verv- short-petiole d. nar- 
rowed, or sometimes rounded at the base, rough -margined, those of the stem 2-7 
cm. Ion?. i2-!:;o mm. wide, inflorescence as in D. uTyibellata ; achenes somewhat 
pubescent. In moist soil, southern X. J. and Peim. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 

3. Doellingeria infirma I Michx.) Greene. Cornel-lea\-ed Aster. (I. F. 
f. 3831. Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above, sparingly branched at the 
summit, terete, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves entire, hispid-margined, glabrous above, 



COMPOSITAE. 971 

sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, the lower usually sessile, the upper larger, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide; heads few, about 25 mm. 
broad, in a divergently branched terminal corymbose cluster; involucre 4-6 mm. 
high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly pubescent; rays 8-15, white; 
style appendages subulate; achenes nerved, glabrous. In dry, usually rocky soil 
Mas?." to N. Y., Penn. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 

38. lONACTIS Greene. 

Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow entire i -nerved 
leaves, and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminat- 
ing the stem and branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, im- 
bricated in several series, appressed, their tip's not herbaceous. Ray -flowers nor- 
mally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a campanulate 
limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner series of long capillary bristles, 
the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays. ] Three known species, of N. Am. 

I. lonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster. 
(I. F. f. 3832.) Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy, corym- 
bosely branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or spatulate, spreading, 
i-nerved, rigid, entire, rough, usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, 18-35 
mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, sessile, those of the branches much smaller and some- 
what appressed; heads several, terminating the branchlets, about 25 mm. broad* 
involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on the back, 
the inner obtuse, the outer usually acute; rays 10-15, violet, rarely white, 8-10 
mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes silky. In dry or rocky soil, Newf. to Quebec 
and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Tex. July-Oct. 

39. BACCHARIS L. 
Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose 
heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbri- 
cated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly fove- 
olate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 
5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow or sub- 
ulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudi- 
mentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less com- 
pressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the sterile 
flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.] 
About 275 species, all American, most abundant in S. Am. Besides the following, 
some 18 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

Shrubs; pappus of fertile flowers in i or 2 series. 

Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong:, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 

T J ,^ . , , I. B. salt'cina. 

Leaves deltoid-obovate, cuneate, spatulate, or oblong, the lower coarselv dentate. 

Heads in numeTous terminal clusters. 2. 77. halimifolia. 

Heads clustered in the axils of the leaves. ^,. p. olomcruliJJora. 

Leaves Imear or hnear-lanceolate. mostly acute, sparingly dentate. " 

Herbaceous from a woody base ; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. ^^^ '^''^^' 

5. />\ IVric^itit. 

1. Baccharis salicina T. Sc G. Willow Bacciiakis. (T. F. f. ^8-,-?.) \ 
glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub. 1-2 m. hit^di. the branches ascending. 
Leaves firm, more or less cotispicuouslv 3 -nerved, narrcnveil into a cimeato subses- 
sile base, 2-4 cm. long, 4--12 mm. wide; heads in podunclod clusters of 1-7. the 
mvolucre of both sterile and feriile oties campanulate. q-6 mm. hich. its bracts 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute; pamnis usuallv but a simple series of 
neady white capillary bristles. Western Kans. and Colo, to Tex. Mav-Jvily. 

2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Gkoundsel-trkk or -push. Pfncil-trfk, 
(I. F. f. 3834.) A branching glabrous shrub. 1-3 dm. high, the branchlets angled. 
sometimes minutely scurfv. Leaves thick, those of the"stem and larger branches 
2-7 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide. th(^se of the branchlets oblanceolate. short-petioled or 
sessile, entire, or few toothed toward the a]H^x: heads in terminal peduucled clus- 
ters of 1-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose whcTi voun^-. the bracts of the 



972 FLORA - 

involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of the pistillate 
heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; fertile pappus bright white, 6-8 mm. long, of 
1-2 series of capillary bristles, much exceeding the involucre. Along salt marshes 
and tidal rivers, extending beyond saline influence, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. The 
white pappus is very conspicuous in autumn. Sept. -Nov. 

3. Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. Axillary-flowered Baccharis. 
Similar to the preceding species but brighter green, the leaves often spatulate; 
heads in small sessile or short-peduncled clusters in the upper axils; involucral 
bracts obtuse. In swamps, Va. to Fla., near the coast. Sept. -Dec. 

4. Baccharis neglecta Britton. Linear-leaved Baccharis. (I. F. f. 
3835.) A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutinous shrub, i m. high or 
more, the branches paniculate, slender, ascending. Leaves faintly 3 -nerved, grad- 
ually attenuate into a nearly sessile base, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; heads in 
short-peduncled clusters; involucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 4 mm. 
high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acu- 
minate; pappus of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary dull-white bristles. 
Neb. to Tex. and northern Mex. July-Sept. 

5. Baccharis Wnghtii A. Gray. Wright's Baccharis. (I. F. f. 3836.) 
Much branched, glabrous, not glutinous, 3-9 dm. high, the branches straight, 
nearly erect, slender, striate. Leaves linear, sessile, i-nerved, entire, 6-25 mm. 
long, 1-2 mm. wide; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 10-12 mm. broad; 
involucre of the sterile heads hemispheric, about 6 mm. high, that of the fertile 
ones somewhat campanulate and longer; bracts of both involucres lanceolate, acu- 
minate, with scarious margins and a green back; pappus tawny or purplish, 
copious. W. Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Ariz, and Chihuahuaf April-July. 

40. FILAGO L. 

White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clus- 
tered heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and 
scarious. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an 
achene. Outer flowers of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corol- 
las filiform, minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, mainly sterile, 
their corollas tubular, 4-5 -toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles 
acuminate. Achenes compressed or terete. Pappus none. [Latin, filuni, a 
thread.] About 12 species, natives of both the New World and the Old. In addi- 
tion to the following, 3 others occur in the western U. S. 

I. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. Filago. (I. F. f. 3837.) Stem simple, 
or branched at the base, very leafy, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, 
sessile, ascending or appressed, 8-16 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; heads in a sessile 
leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by I or several slender, nearly leafless 
branches, each terminated by a similar cluster, or these again proliferous; heads 
oblong or fusiform; receptacle convex; chaff of the central sterile flowers woolly- 
tipped, that of the fertile flowers scarious, mostly glabrous. In dry soil, Tex. to 
Kans. and S. Dak., west to Colo, and N. Mex. April-July. 

41. Gi'fOLA Cass. 

White-woolly herbs, closely resembling those of the preceding genus, with alter- 
nate entire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy 
bracts, the clusters proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, 
imbricated in several series, the outer usually tornentose. Receptacle subulate, 
cylindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy scale near its base enclosing an achene. 
Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform corollas and no pappus, or the 
pappus a few rudimentary bristles : inner flowers also pistillate and fertile, but 
with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central (uppermost) flowers few, per- 
fect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagit- 
tate' at the base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of i^/Za^t?. J 
About TO species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 

I Gifola Germanica (L. ) Dumort. Cudv^eed. Cotton Rose. Herba 
Impia. (L F. f. 3838.) Annual, erect, cottony, 1-4.5 d"^- high, simple, or 
branched at the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or slightly 



COMPOSITAE. 973 

spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 6-25 mm. long; stem terminated 
by a sessile dense cluster &i heads, usually subtended by several leafy branches 
terminated by similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 10-30 in 
each cluster, many-flowered; involucre ovoid, light yellow, its bracts mainly acute. 
In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Penn. and N. Car. May-Sept. 

42. PLUCHEA Cass. 

Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate 
dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. 
Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herba- 
ceous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the 
head pistillate, their corollas filiforpi, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flow- 
ers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5 -cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, 
the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 
4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the 
Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm and 
temperate regions. 

Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping- at the base. i. P.foetida. 

Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. 

Leaves short-petioled; heads about 6 mm. high; involucral bracts densely puber- 
ulent. 2. P. camphorata. 

Leaves long-petioled; heads 4-5 mm. high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate. 

3. P. petiolata. 

1. Pluchea foetida (L.) B.S.P. Viscid Marsh Fleabane. (I. F. f. 3839.) 
Stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid, 
4-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply denticulate, 
pubescent or puberulent, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, reticulate-veiny ; clusters 
of heads compact, leafy-bracted; involucre 5-6 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, 
acute, viscid-puberulent. In swamps, southern N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mainly near 
the coast. Also in the W. Ind. July-Sept. 

2. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleabane. (I F. f. 
3840.) Stem usually branched, finely viscid-puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 6-9 
dm. high, somewhat channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, puberulent or 
glabrous, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the upper sessile 
but not clasping, 7-20 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, serrate or denticulate, not conspicu- 
ously reticulate-veined; bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 
acute; flowers purplish; achenes pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla., 
Tex. and Mex. Also in the W. Ind. Aug.-Oct. 

3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. Inland Marsh Fleabane. (I. F. f, 3841.) 
Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, usually taller, 7-12 dm. high, the 
stem stout, rather strongly channeled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, thin, 10-25 
cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, mostly acuminate at the apex, cuneate- narrowed at the 
base, irregularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 15-25 mm. long; achenes 
short-pubescent. In moist soil, often in woods, Va. to Pla., 111., Mo. and the Ind. 
Terr. Aug.-Oct. 

43. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. 

Perennial woolly dicecious or polygamo-dicecious herbs, with alternate and 
basal leaves, and small discoivl niany-fli-wered heads, glomerate, racemose, solitary, 
or corymbose. Involucre oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricatet.1 
in several series, the outer shorter, usually wooll\-. Receptacle convex. i>r nearl\- 
flat, foveolate, not challA . Staniinali' flowers with .» truncate tn- niituitely dentate 
corolla, usually undivided style and scanty painnis of club-shaped si\uH->th m- 
minutely barbed bristles. Tislillate or perfect tlowers with tubular mostl\- 5-t^xHhevl 
corollas, 2-cleft style, anil ci>pious pappus of capillary naked bristles, slightly 
united at the base. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed. [I^\tin, in 
allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antenna\ | .\lx>ut 
50 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern S.Am. In addition 
to the following, about a dozen i)thers occur in the western parts of N. Am., and 
one or more in the Southern States. 



974 FLORA. 

Several species and subspecies additional to those here recognized have been 
recently described, but I am unable at present to characterize them so that they 
may be distinguished from the following. 

* Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips, 
t Plant not stoloniferous ; basal leaves oblanceolate. 

I. A. Carpathica. 
t + Plants stoloniferous ; growing in patches. 
X Involucral bracts white, greenish brown, or yellowish ; plants not arctic. 
Basal leaves small, 0.7-2 cm. long, i-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved. 

Basal leaves bright green and glabrous above from the first, or slightly woolly when 

unfolding. 2. A. Canadensis. 

Basal leaves dull and more or less persistently woolly on the upper surface. 
Basal leaves spatulate, usually abruptly mucronulate. 

Inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads obtuse or acutish; western. 

3. A. aprica. 
Inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads acuminate; eastern. 

4. A. neodioica. 
Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse. 

Stem of fertile plant slender, 2-3 dm. high ; basal leaves mostly oblanceolate. 

5. A, neglect a. 
Stems stout, 0.5-1.5 dm. high ; basal leaves obovate. 6. A. cantpestris. 

Basal leaves persistently appressed silvery-pubescent on both surfaces, very .small. 

7. A. Tnicrophylla. 
Basal leaves large, 2-12 cm. long, distinctly 3-nerved, sometimes 5-nerved, the lateral 
nerves also often prominent. 

Plants not glandular; leaves dull and woolly on the upper surface, at least when 
young. 

Involucre of the fertile plants 6-8 mm. high. 

Basal leaf-blades obovate to spatulate-obovate. 8. A. plajttaginifolia. 

Basal leaves with nearly orbicular or rhombic-obovate large blades. 

9. A. calophylla. 
Involucre 8-10.5 mm. high. 

Bracts of the fertile involucre hnear to linear-lanceolate, the inner long-acu- 
minate. 10. A. fall ax. 
Bracts of the fertile involucre oblong to lanceolate, the inner merely acute. 

11. A. Farwellii. 
Plants glandular, at least above. 

Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons glabrous and bright green on the 
upper surface from the first, or shghtly woolly when unfolding. 

12. A. Parlinii. 
Leaves all dull and more or less persistently woolly on the upper surface. 

13. A. a7nbigens. 
X X Involucral bracts dark greenish brown, acute. 

14. A. alpina. 

* * Pappus-bristles of sterile flow^ers not dilated, barbellate ; plant 2-3 cm. high, 
tufted ; head solitary. 15. A. dimorpha. 

1. Antennaria Carpathica (Wahl.) Hook. Carpathian Everlasting. 
(I. F. f. 3842.) Plant fioccose-woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem 5-25 cm. 
high, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 
narrowed at the base into short petioles, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stem-leaves 
linear, acute or acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller ; heads in a terminal 
subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 5-6 mm. broad; involucre 4-6 mm. high, 
woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple, the inner ones of the fertile heads 
mostly acutish, those of the sterile heads mainly obtuse. In dry soil, Lab. and 
Anticosti to Hudson Bay. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept. 

2. Antennaria Canadensis Greene. Canadian Cat's-foot. Scape 2-3.5 
dm. high, slender. Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons spatulate to ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, i cm. wide or less, gradually 
tapering from above the middle to a long narrow base, i-nerved or with two faint 
lateral nerves, bright green and glabrous above, lanate beneath; stolons short, 
leafy, assurgent; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, distant, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; inflo- 
rescence capitate to racemose-corymbose; fertile involucre about 9 mm. high, its 
outer bracts oblong, obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acute to attenuate. Quebec and 
N. B. to Vt. and Mass. May-June. 



COMPOSITAE. 975 

3. Antennaria aprica Greene. Rocky Mountain Cudweed. (I. F. f. 3844 
as A. dioica.) Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, forming broad patches. 
Flowering stems 6-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, rather abruptly 
narrowed from above the middle, white-canescent on both sides, or sometimes green 
above, 8-30 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stem-leaves linear to spatulate, sessile; 
heads 6-8 mm. broad in a terminal capitate or corymbose cluster; involucre 8-10 
mm. high, the bracts of the fertile heads oblong, white or pink, all obtuse, or the 
inner ones acute; those of the sterile heads oval or elliptical, obtuse; achenes gla- 
brous, or minutely glandular. Manitoba to Br. Col., Neb. and Ariz. May-Aug. 
Plants previously referred to the European A. dioica are now divided among several 
species. 

4. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller Cat's-foot. (I. F. f. 3845.) 
Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which are leafy throughout. Stem of fertile 
plants slender, about 3 dm. high; stolons mostly short; basal leaves about 2.5 cm. 
long, 6-10 mm. wide, narrowly to broadly spatulate, i-nerved, or indistinctly 
3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath, dull and often glabrate above, abruptly nar- 
rowed from above the middle, distinctly apiculate; stem-leaves linear, acute; heads 
loosely corymbose, 6-8 mm. broad; outermost bracts of the involucre obtuse, the 
rest lanceolate, acute or acuminate, greenish yellow or brownish below, with white 
tips; achenes obtusely 4-angled, granular-papillose; staminate plant lower, 7-20 cm. 
high; heads more densely clustered; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse. In 
dry shaded places, Quebec to Vt., Va. and S. Dak. April-July. 

5. Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field Cat's-foot. (I. F. f. 3846,) Sto- 
loniferous, the stolons mostly long and slender. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obo- 
vate oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, gradually tapering to a sessile base, white- 
tomentose beneath, dull and glabrate above, i-nerved, or with two faint additional 
lateral nerves; stem-leaves linear; fertile plant 2-4 dm. high; heads 6-8 mm. 
broad, capitate, corymbose, or racemose; bracts brownish, with white tips, lance- 
olate, acute, acuminate, or the outer blunt; sterile plant 1-2 dm. high, the heads 
densely clustered, the bracts oblong, obtuse. In fields and pastures. Me. to N. Y., 
Va. and Wis. April-June. 

6. Antennaria campestris Rydb. Prairie Cat's-foot. (I. F. f. 3847.) 
Stolons short, leafy; flowering stems of both fertile and sterile plants 5-15 cm. 
high; basal leaves obovate-cuneate, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 
I-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved; stem-leaves small, linear; heads 6-8 mm. broad, 
in subcapitate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lanceolate, greenish below, 
brownish at the middle, the apex white, acute or acuminate; bracts of sterile heads 
elliptic, obtuse. On dry prairies, Neb., Kans. and S. Dak. to Saskatchewan. 
May-June. 

7. Antennaria microphylla Rydb. Small-leaved Cat's foot. Stem 
slender, 2-3 dm. high. Stolons short, not over 5 cm. long; basal leaves and those 
of the ends of the stolons spatulate. obtuse, or apiculate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long. 2 4 mm. 
wide, narrowed from above the middle; slcni-loavcs linear-oblong, or the leaves 
linear-spatulate, often longer than the basal ones; heads corymlx)se, rather numer- 
ous; involucre 5-7 mm. high; bracts of the fertile heads linear-oblong, acute or 
acutish, those of the sterile obtuse. In dry soil. Alberta and Saskatchewan to 
Mont., Neb. and Colo. July-Aug. 

8. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain-leaf Everlast- 
ing. Mousi'.-EAR EvEKLAsriNC. (1. F. f. 3848.) Floccose-woolly. stoloniferous. 
forming broad patches. Flowering stems of fertile plant I-5-3-5 dm. high; basal 
leaves obovate to broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes apiculate. ilistinctly 3ribbed. 
petioled, becoming glabrate and dull green above, silvery beneath, 4 7 cm. long, 
1-3 cm. wide; stem-leaves sessile, oblong or lanceol.Ue; heads in corvmlx^se or 
subcapitate clusters, 8-10 mm. broad; involucre 6 8 nmi. high, its bracts greenish 
white, lanceolate, acute or acutish; achenes minutely glanclular; sterile plant 
smaller, 7-20 cm. high; basal leaves somewhat smaller; stem-leaves mostly linear; 
heads smaller, 6-8 mm. broad; bracts tiblong, obtuse. In dry soil, esjuxnally in 
open woods, Lab, (?), Ont. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. Ajtril-june. 

9. Antennaria calophylla Greene. r>KOAivLKAVKn CAr's-Foor. Stolons 
stout, sometimes I dm. long, their leaves mostly in a tuft at the end. bnwdly ovate 
to obovate, 8-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, obtuse, apiculate. narrowed abruptly into 



9/6 FLORA. 

the long, very narrow base which is about as long as the expanded portion, 

strongly 3-nervecl, and usually with an additional pair of lateral nerves, densely 
tomentose beneath, dull green and loosely floccose above ; pistillate heads rather 
numerous, corymbose; involucre about 7 mm. high, its bracts linear to linear- 
lanceolate, brown below, the inner acuminate; stem of staminate plant 1-1.5 dm. 
high, the heads small, glomerate. 111. and Mo. to La. The basal leaves of a plant 
evidently closely related to this were collected by Mr. Bicknell at New York and 
by Mr. Pollard at Washington. 

10. Antennaria fallax Greene. Tall Cat's-foot. Stolons rather stout, 
often I dm. long, leafy. Scape of fertile plant 3.5-4.5 dm. tall, stoutish; basal 
leaves oval to obovate, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, contracted 
gradually into a narrow base about as long as the expanded portion, dull green and 
loosely floccose, or at length glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath; 
stem-leaves lanceolate, rather distant, acuminate, 2.5-5 cm. long; heads capitate 
to corymbose; involucre 8-10 mm. high, its inner bracts attenuate-acuminate, the 
outer oblong, obtuse; staminate plant very much smaller. In dry soil, Me. to D. C, 
Wis. and Kans. April-May. 

11. Antennaria Farwellii Greene. Farwell's Cat's-foot. Closely resem- 
bling the preceding species, sometimes lower. Stolons rather stout, leafy; basal 
leaves spatulate to obovate-spatulate, obtuse, the expanded portion usually larger 
than the gradually narrowed base, dull green and floccose or becoming glabrous 
above, strongly 3-nerved, 4-8 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide or less; heads capitate to 
subcorymbose ; involucre 8-10.5 "^"^- high, its inner bracts acute, obtusish, or a 
few of them acuminate. Me. to Mich. May-June. 

12. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald. Parlin's Cat's-foot. More or less 
glandular-pubescent; stems of fertile plant 3-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves bright green 
and devoid of tomentum on the upper surface from the time of unfolding, or very 
slightly floccose when very yoimg, the basal ones obovate or spatulate to elliptic, 
obtuse or acutish, gradually contracted into a narrow base about as long as the ex- 
panded part, 5-8.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide; stem-leaves lanceolate or .;the lower 
narrowly oblong; heads corymbose; involucre about 8 mm. high, its bracts all 
lanceolate- acuminate or the outer ones linear- oblong and obtusish. Me. and Vt. to 
N. J. and D. C. May-June. 

13. Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald. Intermediate Cat's-foot. 
Similar to A. fallax, and perhaps only a glandular form of that plant. Stem not 
so tall, its leaves rather closer together, usually glandular only above; basal leaves 
sometimes not over 2.5 cm. long; inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads acumi- 
nate. Me. to D. C. 

14. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Alpine Everlasting. (I. F. f. 3843.) 
Surculose by short stolons; stems floccose- woolly, 3- 10 cm. high. Basal leaves usu- 
ally numerous, spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on both sides, or 
glabrate and green above, 8-25 mm. long; stem-leaves linear and small, few; 
heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat corymbose cluster, rarely soli- 
tary, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre about 5 mm. high, the bracts of the fertile heads 
dark brownish green, the inner ones acute or acuminate; those of the sterile heads 
lighter, brownish, broader and obtuse; achenes glandular. Lab. and arctic Am. to 
Alaska. The Rocky Mountain plant referred to this species is A. media Greene. 

15. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G. Low Everlasting. (I. F. f. 
3849.) Tufted from a thick woody often branched caudex, 3-4 cm. high. Leaves 
all in a basal cluster, spatulate, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides, obtuse 
■or acutish, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, narrowed into short petioles; heads of 
staminate flowers about 6 mm. broad and high, solitary and sessile among the 
leaves, or raised on a very short sparingly leafy stem, with obtuse or obtusish 
brownish involucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers longer, their inner bracts lin- 
ear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the staminate flowers slender, scarcely thick- 
ened, but barbellate at the tips, that of the pistillate flowers of fine and smooth bris- 
tles. Dry soil, Neb. to Utah and Cal., north to Mont, and Br. Col. April-June. 

44. ANAPHALIS DC. 
Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our spe- 
cies, alternate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flovv'- 



COMPOSITAE, 977 

ers. Involucre oblong to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several 
series, mostly white, the outer shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. 
Staminate flowers with a slender or filiform corolla, an undivided style, and a pap- 
pus of slender bristles, not thickened at the summit, or scarcely so; anthers tailed 
at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5 -toothed corolla, 2-cleft style, and 
a copious pappus of capillary separate bristles. Achenes oblong. [Greek name 
of some similar plant.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
Only the following and one other in N. Am. 

I. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Pearly or Large- 
FLOW^ERED EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3850.) Stem floccosc-wooUy, corymbosely 
branched at the summit, leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed 
to a sessile base, revolute, green, but more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath 
7-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually obtuse; cor- 
ymb compound, 5-20 cm. broad; heads very numerous, short-peduncled or sessile, 
about 6 mm. high, 8 mm. broad when expanded; involucre campanulate, its bracts 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly white, mostly glabrous; pappus- 
bristles of the fertile flowers distinct and falling away separately. Dry soil, Newf. 
to Alaska, N. Car., Kans. and Cal. Also in northern Asia. 

45. GNAPHALIUM L. 

Woolly branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pistillate and 
perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or heads. Receptacle flat, 
convex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Pistillate flowers in several series, 
their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, 
tubular, few, their corollas 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the 
auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed, not 
ribbed. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles, sometimes thickened above, 
cohering at the base, or separately deciduous. [Greek, referring to the wool.] 
About 120 species, widely distributed. 
Tall, erect ; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate; pappus-bristles distinct. 

Leaves sessile; plant not viscid. i. G. obtusifolium. 

Leaves sessile; plant glandular-viscid. 2. G. Helleri. 

Leaves decurrent ; plant glandular-viscid. 3. G. decurrens. 

Low, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate; pappus-bristles distinct. 

Floccose-wooUy; involucral bracts yellowish, or white. 4. G.palustre. 

Appressed-wooUy ; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G. uh'gtuosum. 

Tufted low mountain herbs; heads few; bracts brown; pappus-bristles distinct. 

6. G. supitmm. 
Slender, simple ; heads spicate; pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring. 

Leaves linear or lanceolate-spatulate, acute ; heads about 6 mm. high; northeastern. 
Bracts dark brown ; stem-leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G. Aorvegtcum^ 

Bracts brownish tipped; stem-leaves linear. 8. G. sylvaiicum. 

Leaves spatulate, obtuse or obtusish ; heads 4-5 mm. high; eastern and southern. 

9. G. pttrpureuvi. 

1. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Sweet or White Balsam. Sweet or 
Fragrant Life Everlasting. (L F. f. 3851.) Annual or winter-annual, fra- 
grant; stem erect, simple, or branched above, tomentose. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the 
apex, narrowed at the base, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate and commonly 
dark green above, 2-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the margins undulate; heads 
numerous, about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre white, or tinged with brown, 
oblong, thin and scarious, obtuse, the outer woolly at the base; achenes glabrous. 
In dry, mostly open places, N. S. to Fla., Manitoba, Kans. and Tex, Leaves of 
winter rosettes oblong. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Gnaphalium Helleri Hritton. Heller's Everlasting;. (T. F. f. 3S52.) 
Similar to the preceding species, 4-O dm. high, the stem and branches densely 
glandular- pubescent, not tomentose. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, sessile, acuminate 
at both ends, green and hispidulous above, white-tomentose beneath, the larger 
about 5 cm. long and I cm. wide, the uppermost much smaller and narrower: heads 
very numerous, about 5 mm. broad ; involucre oblong, or becoming campanulate, 
6 mm. high, its bracts bright white, tomenti^se. the outer oblong, the inner linear- 
pblong, all obtuse ; achenes glabrous. In fields, Va. to Ky. and Ga. Sept.-Oct 



V 

9/8 FLORA. 

3. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting. Winged Cud- 
weed. (I. F. f. 3853.) Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, 
fragrant; stem very leafy, glandular- viscid, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
broadly linear, acutish at the apex, densely white- woolly beneath, glabrate or 
loosely woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 
4-6 mm. wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatulate; heads about 6 mm. 
high; bracts of the involucre white or brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lance- 
olate and acute, the outer woolly at the base ; achenes glabrous. In open, moist or 
dry places, N. S. to Penn., west to western Ont, Mich, and Br. Col., south in 
the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. July-Sept. 

4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Western Marsh Cudweed. (1. F. f. 3854. ) 
Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely but loosely floccose-woolly all 
over, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate, 
obtuse or acutish, 12-25 ^'^- l^^g? 3~^ n\vcv. wide; heads about 4 mm. high, sev- 
eral together in leafy-bracted glomerules; involucre more or less woolly, its bracts 
linear or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow. In moist wet soil, N. W. Terr. 
to western Neb. and N. Mex., west to Br. Col. and Cal. May-Aug. 

5. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low or Marsh Cudweed. Wartwort. 
Mouse-ear. (L F. f. 3855.) Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or the 
stems sometimes erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves sessile, spatulate- 
linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all 
obtuse or obtusish, generally mucronulate, 2-4 cm. long; heads about 4 mm. high, 
numerous in dense leafy-bracted terminal glomerules; bracts of the involucre ob- 
long or oblong-lanceolate, the outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly, 
the inner acute. In damp soil, Newf. to Va. west to western Ont., Minn, and 
Ind. Apparently nat. from Europe, where it is common. Occurs, also in the far 
Northwest, where it is probably indigenous. July-Sept. 

6. Gnaphalium supinum L. Dwarf Cudweed. (I. F. f. 3856.) Peren- 
nial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems simple, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves mainly 
basal, linear, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile, 12-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
heads few or several, capitate or short- spicate, about 6 mm. high; flowers yellow- 
ish ; bracts of the involucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute. 
Alpine summits of the mountains of Me. and N. H. ; Lab. and Greenland, and in 
Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 

7. Gnaphalium Norvegicum Gunner. Norwegian Cudweed. (I. F. f. 
3857.) Perennial; stem simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate, 
elongated, acute, narrowed at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and glabrate 
above, 7-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones petioled; heads 
about 6 mm. high, the lowest often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper 
axils; bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong, dark brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous 
or slightly woolly, obtuse; achenes hispidulous. Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec, north 
to Greenland and arctic Am. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 

8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Wood Cudweed. Chafeweed. Owl's 
Crown. Golden Motherwort. (I. F. f. 3858.) Perennial; stem slender, 
simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, acute, 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 
or the lowest linear-spatulate, woolly beneath, glabrous or glabrate above; heads 
about 6 mm. high ; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, 
yellowish or greenish with a brown spot at or just below the apex; achenes hispid- 
ulous. N. H., N. B. and Cape Breton Island, perhaps introduced from Europe. 
Widely distributed in Europe and northern Asia. June-Aug. 

9. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Purplish Cudweed. (I. F. f. 3859.) An- 
nual or biennial, simple and erect, or branched from the base and the branches 
ascending, 5-6 dm. high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear, mostly ob- 
tuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usually green and glabrous or nearly so above 
when old, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles, 3-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; 
heads 4-5 mm. high; bracts of the involucre yellowish brown or purplish, lance- 
olate-oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly at the base; achenes roughish. In 
dry sandy soil, eastern Me. to Fla., west to Penn., W. Va., Ky., Kans., Tex. and 
Mex. Also on the Pacific Coast and in S. Am. May-Sept, 



COMPOSITAE. 979 

46. ADENOCAULON Hook. 

Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, 
and panicled small heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, composed of 
a few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 
4-5-lobed. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, 
the style undivided; anthers slightly sagittate at the base. Pappus none. Achenes 
obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly nerved, glandular above, longer than the 
bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem.] About 3 species, natives of N. 
Am., Japan, the Himalayas and Chile. Only the following in N. Am. 

I. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Adenocaulon. (I. F. f. 3860.) Stem 
floccose- woolly, or at length glabrous, 3-9 dm. high, leafless and mostly panicu- 
lately branched above. Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or 
acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely repand-toothed or iobed, 
thin, green and. glabrous above, densely and persistently white- woolly beneath, 5- 
15 cm. long and broad, with slender narrowly margined petioles; heads numerous, 
very slender-peduncled, small; bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, 
reflexed in fruit, at length deciduous; achenes 6-8 mm. long, i mm. thick, the 
upper part beset with nail-shaped glands. In moist woods, northern Mich, and 
Lake Superior to Br. Col. and Cal. May -July. 

47. INULA L. 

Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, 
and large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemis- 
pheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foli- 
aceous. Receptacle flat or convex, areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers 
pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 
5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style-branches of 
the disk-flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed; pappus of capillary rough 
bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 90 species, natives of 
Europe, Asia and Africa. 

I. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane. Horseheal. (I. F. f. 3861.) Stems 
tufted from large thick roots, simple or rarely somewhat branched, 6-18 dm. high, 
densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely 
pubescent beneath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each end, long-petioled, 
2.5-5 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide; stem-leaves sessile, or cordate-clasping at the base, 
acute at the apex, smaller; heads solitary, or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 5-10 
cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 25 mm. high, its outer bracts ovate, 
foliaceous, pubescent; rays numerous, linear; achenes glabrous, 4-sidetl. Along 
roadsides and in fields, N. S. to Out. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Nat. 
from Europe. 

48. POLYMNIA L. 

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous Iobed 
or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corvmbose-panioulate 
heads of both tubular and ratliate yellow or whitish flowers, or ravs sometimes 
obsolete. Involucre hemispheric or broader, of about 5 large outer bracts, and 
more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chatTy. Ray-flowers pistillate, 
fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules elongated, minute or 
none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the receptacle, perfect, ster- 
ile, their corollas tubular, 5 -toothed. Anthers 2-toothed at the base. Pappus 
none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhvmnia.] 
About 10 species, natives of America. Only the following and one other species 
are known in N. Am. 

Rays commonly 12-25 mm. long;, yellow; achenes stronjjly striate. i. P. Uvfdalia. 
Rays connnouly minute and whitish, or none ; achenes ^-ribbed. 2. P. Canayifnsis. 

I. Polymnia UvedaliaL. Yellow or Laroe-floweredLeaf-cup. (I. F. f. 
3862.) Rough-pubescent, sti)ut. branclied, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadlv ovate 
or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted above the base, minutely oiliate. more or 
less pubescent on both sides, angulate-lobed, the lower often 3 dm, long and broad, 



980 FLORA. 

petioled, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping; heads few, 4-7 cm. broad; rays 
10-15, linear-oblong, bright yellow; exterior bracts of the cup-like involucre ovate- 
oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 8-20 mm. long; achenes slightly oblique and laterally com- 
pressed, nearly 6 mm. long. In rich woods, N. Y. to Ind. and Mich., Fla., Mo. 
and Tex. July-Aug. 

2. Polymnia Canadensis L. Small-flowered Leaf-cup. (I. F. f. 3863.) 
Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves deltoid- 
ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled, deeply angulate-lobed and the 
lobes dentate, or the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 1-2.5 dm. long, the upper ones some- 
times ovate and entire or merely denticulate; heads few, 8-12 mm. broad; outer 
bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 4-6 mm. long; 
achenes 3-angled, obovoid, obcompressed, 3 -ribbed. Li damp, rich shaded places, 
western Ont. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Ark. June-Sept. 

Polymnia Canadensis radiata A. Gray. Ligules larger, sometimes 12 mm. long, 
3-lobed, nearly white. Occasional in the range of the type. 

49. MELAMPODIUM L. 

Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and ter- 
minal peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our 
species. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5 outer ones broad, 
often connate at the base, the inner hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding 
the pistillate fertile ray-flowers. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers 
in I series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, 
their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5 -toothed limb, the anthers entire at 
the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid, more or less incurved. Pappus 
none. [Greek, black-foot, without significance.] About 25 species, natives of 
the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
southwestern U. S. 

I. Melampodium leucanthum T. & G. Pale Melampodium. (I. F. f. 
3864 as M. cinereum.) Perennial, canescent, 1-3 cm. high, the branches slender. 
Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile, entire, undulate or sinu- 
ate, 3-5 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads 16-28 mm. 
broad; peduncles slender, 2-7 cm. long ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or 
oval, obtuse, united below; rays 5-9, cuneate-oblong, white; inner bracts turbinate 
or terete, hooded, muricate, the hood wider than the body. In dry soil, Kans. to 
Colo., Ariz., Tex. and Mex. June-Oct. 

50. siLPHIUM L. 

Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, and large corymbose or paniculate 
(rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. In- 
volucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle 
flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 
or 3 series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect 
but sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers min- 
utely 2-toothed or entire at the base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened, 2-winged, 
notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of 2 awns confluent with the wings of the 
achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice.] About 25 species, of N. Am. 

Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate. 

Leaves, or their petiole-bases, connate-perfoliate ; stem square. 

1. S. per/oliatum. 
Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled. 

Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate; cauline sessile. 

2. .5". i?itegrifolium 
Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3's or 4's, petioled. 

3. S. trifoliatum. 
Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate. 

Involucral bracts ovate to orbicular, mostly obtuse, glabrous or puberulent. 

4. S. Asteriscus. 
Involucral bracts triangular to lanceolate, acute, hirsute or pubescent. 

5. S. Gatesii. 
Leaves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large. 6. S. laciniatum. 

Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above; leaves basal, large. 7. S. (erebinthinacfinn. 



COMPOSITAE. 981 

1. Silphlum perfolisitum L. Cup-plant. Indian-cup. (I. F. f. 3865.) 
Stem square, glabrous, or rarely somewhat hispid, branched above, or some- 
times simple, 1-2.4 ^^- tiigh. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, opposite, the lower 
abruptly contracted into margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous on both sides, 
or pubescent beneath, coarsely angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the larger 12- 
25 mm. long, 8-16 mm. wide ; heads commonly numerous, 5-7 cm. broad; rays 
20-30, about 25 mm. long and 4 mm. wide; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its 
outer bracts broad, ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect; achenes obovate, emargin- 
ate, sometimes 2-toothed. In moist soil, southern Ont. to S. Dak., south to Ga., 
Neb. and La. Naturalized near N. Y. City. July-Sept. 

2. Silphlum integrifolium Michx. Entire-leaved Rosin-weed. (I. F. 
f. 3866.) Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, corymbosely branched above, 
0.6-1.5 "^- ^ig"^- Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, den- 
ticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent or glabrous beneath, 7-12 cm. 
long, 3-5 cm. wide ; heads usually numerous, 2-5 cm. broad; involucre nearly 
hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading, ciliolate 
or pubescent; rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 8-10 mm. long, deeply emar- 
ginate. On prairies, Ohio to Minn., La., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

3. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled Rosin-weed. (I. F. f. 3867.) Stem 
glabrous, sometimes glaucous, corymbosely branched at the summit, 1-2 m. high. 
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, rough or roughish above, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, entire or den- 
ticulate, 7-17 cm. long, I-4 cm. wide; heads several or numerous, 4-5 cm. broad; 
involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous, or 
slightly pubescent, ciliolate; rays 15-20; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 
emarginate. sharply 2-toothed. In woods, Penn. to Ohio, Va. and Ala. July- 
Get. 

4. Silphium Asteriscus L. Starry Rosin-weed. (I. F. f. 3868.) Stem 
O.6-I.2 m. high, usually purple. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute 
or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the lower narrowed into short petioles, 
dentate, or the upper entire, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2.5 ^^^- wide; heads commonly few, 
3-5 cm. broad; rays 12-15; involucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, orbic- 
ular, ovate or oblong, obtuse; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 2-toothed. 
In dry soil, Md. to Tenn. and Mo., south to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 

5. Silphium Gatesii Mohr. Gates' Rosin-we£d. Stems 0.6-1.5 "'^- tall, 
hispid, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves alternate, broadly linear to 
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-14 cm. long, acute, remotely serrate, rough- 
pubescent, the lower ones short-petioled; heads showy; involucre campanulate, 
barely i cm. high, the bracts mainly triangular to lanceolate, hirsute or pubescent, 
the outer acute or short-acuminate; ray-flowers several, the ligulcs yellow, 12-20 
mm. long; achenes suborbicular or broader than high, the teeth when present 
separated by a broad sinus. In dry soil. Mo. to Tenn. and Ala. May-Aug. 

6. Silphium laciniatum I- Compass-plant. Pilot-wkkd. (1. F. f. 3S60.) 
Rough or hispid, very resinous; stem 2-5 m. high; basal leaves pinnatifid or 
bipinnatifid, long-petioled, 3 dm. long or more, the lobes oblong or lanceolate ; stem- 
leaves alternate, vertical, their edges tending to point north and south, sessile, or the 
lower short-petioled, the upper cordate-clasping at the base; heads 5-i2cm. broad, 
the peduncles bractcd at the base ; rays 20-30, 25-35 ninu long ; involucre nearlv 
hemispheric, its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, very squarrose ; achenes 
oval, about 12 mm. long, tlie wing broader above than below, notched at the apex, 
awnless. On prairies, Ohio to S. Dak., Ala., La., Ivans, and Tex. July-Sept. 

7. Silphium terebinthinaceumjacq. Prairie Dock. (I. F. f. 3870.) Stem 
glabrous or nearly so, branched and scaly above, I-3 ni. high. Leaves coriaceous, 
ovate, mostly long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, rouglx on Ix^ith 
sides, often 3 dm. long and 15 cm. wide, sluirply dentate ; heads nmnerous, 
4-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts obovate-oblong, erect, glabrous 
or minutely pubescent; rays 12-20 ; achenes olxn'ate, narrowly wiuged, slightlv 
2-toothed and emarginate at the apex. On prairies and in dr}' woods, southern 
Ont. and Ohio to Minn., Iowa and La. July Sept. 

Silphium tereliinthin-iceum pinnat(fidum (I'll.) A. (iray. Leaves laoiniate or pin- 
natifid. Ohio to Teun. and Ga. 



982 



FLORA. 



51. CHRYSOGONUM L. 

Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and slender- 
peduncled axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate 
yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, 
obovate or spatulate, foliaceous, the inner oval,- firm, each subtending a pistillate 
ray-flower. Receptacle chafty, each scale subtending and partly enclosing a per- 
fect but sterile tubular flower with a 5 -toothed corolla. Anthers nearly entire at 
the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, their margins acute, not winged, i-nerved 
on the back, 1-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half-cup-shaped crown. 
[Greek, golden-knee.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Chrysogonum Virginianum L. Chrysogonu.m. (I. F. f. 3871.) Peren- 
nial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent or hirsute throughout, branched from the 
base, or at first acaulescent, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or 
acutish at the apex, the upper sometimes subcordate at the base, crenate-dentate, 
rather thin, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 ^^- "^^ide, peduncles 3-10 cm. long ; heads 2.5-4 
cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre obtuse ; rays about 5, 8-14 mm. long. 
In dry soil, southern Penn. to Fla. April-July. 

Chrysogonum Virginiknum dentatum A. Gray. Leaves dentate, the teeth and acutish 
apex mucronulate ; outer bracts of the involucre acuce. High Island, Potomac River, 
near Washington. 

52. BERLANDIERA DC. 

Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, 
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre depressed- 
hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly 
oblong, the second series broader, oval or obovate. the inner membranous, similar, 
reticulated when mature, subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. 
Receptacle nearly flat, chaify, the chaff" subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 
5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular, sterile, their corollas 5- 
toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of the tubular 
flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, i-ribbed 
on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. 
[Named after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico.] 
About 5 species, natives of the southern U. S. and Mex. 

Stem leafy ; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate. i. B. Texana. 

Plant acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. lyrata. 

1. Berlandiera Texana DC. Texan Berlandiera. (I. F, f. 3872.) 
Hirsute-pubescent throughout ; stem erect, branched above, o.r simple, 6-9 dm. 
high, leafy. Leaves acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 
5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled ; heads few or 
several, 3-4 cm. broad, in a terminal corymbose-cymose cluster ; inner bracts of the 
involucre twice as large as the outer. In dry soil. Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and 
La. July-Aug. 

2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyre-leaved Berlandiera. (I. F. f. 3873.) 
Finely whitish-canescent; scapes or peduncles slender. 7-20 cm. long, bearing a 
solitary head, or rarely 2. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled. the terminal 
segment usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones very small, all obtuse, 
mostly crenate, sometimes becoming green and glabrate above; head about 25 mm. 
broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader than the outer, orbicular, or 
wider than long. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 

53. ENGELM ANNIA T. & G. 

Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender- 
peduncled rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo- 
lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, 
hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or obovate, concave, appressed. subtending the ray- 
flowers. Receptacle flat, chaff}', the chaff subtending and partly enclosing the disk- 
flowers. Rays 8-10. pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers about as many, tubular, per- 
fect, sterile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate at the base. Style 



COMPOSITAE. 983 

of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, 
i-ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for 
Dr. Geo. Engelmann, botanist, of St. Louis.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Engelmanniapinnatifida T. &G. Engelmannia. (I. F. f. 3874.) Stem 
usually branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves slender-petioled, . 1-2 dm. 
long, their lobes lanceolate or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish; upper 
leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the uppermost sometimes entire, or with a pair 
of basal lobes; heads usually numerous, about 25 mm. broad; outer bracts of the 
involucre somewhat in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at the base. 
In dry soil, Kans. to La., Ariz, and N. Mex. May-Aug. 

54. PARTHENIUML. 

Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, 
and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or 
yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbri- 
cated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or 
conic, chaffy, the chaff" membranous, surrounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 
about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-tootlied or obcordate. Disk- 
flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5 -toothed, the style undivided. Anthers 
entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined, 
bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, 
virgin.] About 10 species, natives of N. Am., Mex., the W. Ind. and northern S. 
Am. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern 
U. S, 

Leaf -bases not auricled. 

Stem minutely pubescent, or glabrous below ; rootstocks thickened. 

1. P. integrifolium. 
Stem pilose or hispid ; rootstocks slender, creeping, forming runners. 

2, P. repefis. 
Upper leaves with sessile auricled bases. 3. P. auriculatum. 

1. Parthenium integrifolium L. American Fever-few. Prairie Dock. 
(I. F. f. 3875.) Stem stout, striate, corymbosely branched above, 3-12 dm. high. 
Rootstocks tuberous-thickened; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acu- 
minate, crenate-dentate or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous and roughish on 
both sides, the lower and basal ones petioled, often 3 dm. long and 12 cm. wide, the 
upper smaller, sessile and partly clasping; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 
6 mm. high, its bracts firm, the outer oblong, densely appressed-pubescent, the 
inner broader, glabrous, or ciliate on the margins; rays white or whitish. In dry 
soil, Md. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Tex. May-Sept. 

2. Parthenium repens Eggert. Creeping or Hairy Parthenium. (I. F. 
f. 3876.) Similar to /'. integrifolium, but lower, seldom over 6 dm. high. Root- 
stocks slender, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid with spreading hairs; leaves 
hispid on both sides, irregularly cronate, sometimes lyrate at the base, the teeth 
rounded and obtuse ; heads fewer, slightly larger, in a smaller looser corymb; 
outer bracts of the involucre proportionately broader. Mo. and Kans. April-Julv. 

3. Parthenium auriculatumBritton. Auricled Parthenium. (T.F.f. :^S75.7.) 
Rootstock an oval erect tuber twice as long as thick; stem vilhnis-pubescent, 4-7 
dm. high. Leaves rough above, villous, especially on the veins beneath, oval, 
ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnat- 
ifid at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled with petiole as U>ni; as the 
blade, or longer, the upper with a sessile clasping aurieleil base, or with nurgined 
clasping petioles; inflorescence densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomentose; 
bracts of the involucre densely canescent. Near Clarksville, Va. ; Alleghany Mts! 

55. CRASSINA Scepin. 

Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or 
sparingly serrate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle sized heads 
of both tubular and radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, vellow or variegated, 
persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; cou-)ila cylindracec>us. its 
lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, 



984 FLORA, 

firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer gradually shorter. Re- 
ceptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff" subtending and enwrapping the disk- 
flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendaged. Achenes of the ray-flowers 
somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth. 
[In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the l6th century.] About 12 spe- 
cies, natives of the U. S. and Mex. 

I. Crassina grandiflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Prairie Zinnia. (I. F. f. 3877.) 
Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much branched, rough, I-I.5 dm. high. 
Leaves rather rigid, linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 1-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide 
or less, connate at the base, acute or acutish, crowded ; heads numerous, pedun- 
cled, terminating the branches, 20-35 mm. broad ; rays 4 or 5, broad, yellow 
roiuided or emarginate, their achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns ; involucre 
campanulate-cylindric, 6-8 mm. high ; style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate. 
In dry soil, Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and Ariz. June-Sept. 

56. HELIOPSIS Pers. 

Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3 -ribbed 
leaves, and large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate 
yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong 
or lanceolate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the 
chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spread- 
ing, the tube very short, commonly persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, 
the tube short, the limb elongated, 5 -toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothe(i 
at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute appendages. Achenes 
thick, obtusely 3-4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4 teeth, or 
a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like.] About 6 species, natives of America. 
Besides the following, two others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 

Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth. i. H. helianthoides. 
Leaves rough ; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scabra. 

1. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.)B.S.P. Ox-eye. False Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3878.) Stem glabrous, branched above, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves opposite, or 
rarely in 3's, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the apex, usually 
abruptly narrowed at the base, sharply and nearly equally dentate, 7-15 cm. 
long, 2.5-6 cm. wide ; heads long-peduncled, somewhat corymbose, 3.5-6 cm. 
broad ; rays 18-25 mm. long; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, 
obtuse or acutish; achenes glabrous, the summit truncate. In open places, Ont. 
to Fla., west to 111. and Ky. July-Sept. 

2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. (I. F. f. 3879.) Similar to 
the preceding species, but stem rough, at least above, simple or branched, 6-12 dm. 
high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply dentate, 
firm, 5-12 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed at the base, short-petioled; 
heads few, or solitary, long-peduncled, 5-6 cm. broad ; rays usually 25 mm. long, 
or more ; bracts of the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong ; achenes pubes- 
cent on the margins when young. Usually in dry soil. Me. to N. Y., N. J., 111., 
Br. Col., Kans. and Ark. June-Sept. 

57. ECLIPTA L. 

Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. 
Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 
series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the 
chaff" awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk- 
flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-toothed or rarely 5 -toothed. 
Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk- 
flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, 
those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. [Greek, 
wanting, referring to the absence of pappus.] About 4 species, mostly of tropical 
distribution. 

I. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Eclipta. (L F. f. 3880.) Annual, rough 
with appressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 



COMPOSlTAE. 985 

oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate or entire, 
narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, 2-12 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide ; 
heads commonly numerous, 6-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled ; 
rays short, nearly white ; anthers brown ; achenes 4-toothed, or at length truncate. 
Along streams, and in waste places, southern N. Y. to 111. and Neb., south to Fla., 
Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from tropical Am. and widely distributed in warm 
regions as a weed. July-Oct. 

58. TETRAGONOTHECA L. 

Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite sessile or connate-per- 
foliate, broad dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate 
yellow flowers. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and 
foliaceous, inserted in I series ; inner bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate 
ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff" concave, enwrapping the perfect 
fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of which are slender and 5 -toothed. Anthers 
entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid, 
tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the sum- 
mit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled case, referring to 
the involucre.] Three known species, of the southern U. S. and northern Mex. 

I. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Tetragonotheca. (I. F. f. 3881.) 
Viscidly pubescent; stem branched or simple, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate- 
oblong, or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely and unequally dentate, acute at the 
apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or connate-perfoliate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. 
wide; heads usually few, 3-7.5 cm. broad; principal bracts broadly ovate, acute; 
rays 6-10, strongly nerved, 2-3-toothed; achenes 4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus 
none. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala. May-June. Sometimes flowering again 
in the autumn. 

59. SPILANTHES Jacq. 

Annual branching herbs, or some species perennial, with opposite, usually 
toothed leaves and rather small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, termi- 
nal, or in the upper axils, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre campanu- 
late, its bracts in about 2 series, herbaceous, loosely appressed. Receptacle con- 
vex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff" embracing the disk-achenes and at length falling 
away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, 
perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4-5 -cleft limb. Anthers truncate 
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes penicillate at the 
summit. Ray-achenes 3-sided, or compressed, those of the disk-flowers compressed, 
margined. Pappus of 1-3 awns, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not signifi- 
cant.] About 30 species, of warm and tropical regions. 

I. Spilanthes repens (Walt.) Michx. Spilanthes. (I. F. f. 3882.) Peren- 
nial, usually rooting at the lower nodes; stem slender, spreading or ascending, 2-6 
dm. long. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute, acuminate, or the lower ob- 
tuse, coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, 3-7 cm. long; heads solitary at the eiuls of 
the stem and branches, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong to ohU:ng- 
lanceolate; rays 8-12, yellow; receptacle narrowly conic; achenes oblong, mi^st of 
them roughened when mature and hispidulous. In moist or wet soil. Mo. to Tex., 
east to S. Car. and Fla. June-Sept. 

60. RUDBECKIA L. 
Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid 
herbs, with alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-podunclod 
heads of tubular (mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. ' Invi^lucre hemi- 
spheric, its bracts imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic or convex, with chaflV 
concave scales subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-tloweis neutral, 
the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers pertect. fertile, their ct>rollas 5-lolvd. 
Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base, v'^tyle-branches tipped with 
hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex. Pappus 
coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Glaus Rudbeck, 
1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist.] About 27 species, of N. Am. and 



986 FLORA. 



Mex. In addition to the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and west- 
ern U. S. 

* Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping ; achenes 4-angled. 

Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit; lower leaves entire or lobed. 
Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided. 

Plant more or less hirsute ; leaves thin; chaff awned, i. R. triloba. 

Plant scabrous ; leaves thick ; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex. 

2. R. subtomentosa. 
Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3-divided. 

Plants hispid ; chaff acute or acutish, hirsute at summit; style-tips subulate. 
Stem-leaves lanceolate, ovate to oblong; involucre shorter than the rays. 
Upper stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 

3. R. hirta. 
Upper stem-leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly toothed. 

4. R. monticola. 
Stem-leaves oval to obovate ; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as 

the rays. 5. R. Brittonii. 

Plants pubescent, hirsute or glabrate; style-tips obtuse. 
Leaves denticulate or entire; rays 1.8-2.5 cm. long. 

Stem-leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate ; disk 10-16 mm. broad, 
subglobose. 

Basal leaves oval, acute or acutish, sparingly pubescent. 

6. R.fulgida. 
Basal leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse, hirsute. 

7. R. Missouriensis. 
Basal leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, cordate, obtuse, slightly 

pubescent. " 8. R. palustris. 

Stem-leaves obovate or spatulate ; disk 8-10 mm. broad, depressed. 

9. R. spathulata. 
Leaves dentate or laciniate ; rays about 3.5 cm. long. 

Stem-leaves elongated-lanceolate. 10. R. speciosa. 

Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate. 11. R. Sullivantii. 

Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinnately divided or 

pinnatifid. 12. R. laciniata. 

* * Stem-leaves cordate-clasping; achenes nearly terete, striate. 13. R. amplexicaulis. 

1. Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. (I. F. f. 3883.) 
Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely glabrate, branched, 6-15 dm. high. 
Leaves rough on both sides, bright green, the basal and lower ones petioled, the 
lobes lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; upper leaves ovate, ovate- 
lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate or acute, narrowed to a sessile base or into 
short margined petioles, serrate or entire, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; heads 
nearly 5 cm. broad, corymbed; bracts of the involucre linear, acute, pubescent, 
soon reflexed; rays 8-12, yellow, or the base orange or brownish purple; disk dark 
purple, ovoid, about 12 mm. broad; pappus a minute crown. In moist soil, N. J. 
to Ga., west to Mich., Kans. and La. June-Oct. 

2. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet Cone-flower. (I.F. f. 3884.) 
Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scabrous; stem branched above, 6-18 
dm. high. Leaves thick, the lower ones petioled, 7-12 cm. long, the lobes oblong 
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate ; upper leaves, or some of them, lanceo- 
late or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so; heads numerous, 5-7 cm. broad; rays 
15-20, yellow, or with a darker base; disk subglobose, rounded, purple, 12-16 mm. 
broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet- 
scented; pappus a short crenate crown. On prairies and along rivers, 111. to La., 
Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 

3. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Yellow Daisy. (I. F. f. 
3885.) Biennial or sometimes annual; stems simple or sparingly branched, often 
tufted, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth, or entire, the 
lower and basal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3-5-nerved, 5-17 cm. long, 1-5 cm. 
wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish ; heads commonly few or solitary, 
5-10 cm. broad; rays 10-20, orange, rarely darker at the base; bracts of the 
involucre very hirsute, spreading or reflexed; disk globose-ovoid, purple-brown; 
pappus none. In fields, Quebec to western Ont. and the N. W. Terr., south to 
Fla., Colo, and Tex. Widely distributed in the east as a weed. May-Sept. 



COMPOSITAE, 987 

4. Rudbeckia monticola Small. Mountain Cone-flower. Perennial by 
a woody root; stem hirsute, simple or with long, slender branches, 4-7 dm. high. 
Leaves thin, rough-pubescent on both sides, the basal and lower ones with oval to 
oblong, obtuse or obtusish blades tapering into margined petioles, the upper ovate 
to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute to acuminate, 6-12 cm. long, sessile and partly 
clasping, or narrowed into broad clasping petioles; heads very long-peduncled, 
8-10 cm. broad; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, half as long as the 
rays, or less. Mountainous regions, W. Va. to Tenn., N. Car., Ala. and Ga. 
Jvme-Aug. 

5. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Britton's Cone-flower. (I. F. f. 3886.) 
Stem stout, erect, 4-7 dm. high, simple, grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves 
serrate or crenate-serrate, strigose- pubescent, the basal ones ovate to ovate-lanceo- 
late, 7-10 cm. long, obtuse, long-petioled; stem- leaves often with a lateral lobe, 
the petioles wing-margined; uppermost leaves often ovate-lanceolate, sessile, cor- 
date; bracts of the involucre often 25 mm. long or more; head 5-7 cm. broad; 
rays about 12, 2-lobed; style-tips slender, acute. In woods, mountains of Penn. to 
Va. and Tenn. May-July. 

6. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange Cone-flower. (I. F. f. 3887.) Per- 
ennial; stem hirsute or strigose-pubescent, slender, sparingly branched or simple, 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves firm, more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the 
basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 5-10 cm. long, 3-nerved, nar- 
rowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile, or slightly clasping at the base; 
heads few, 2-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, 6-16 mm. 
long; rays 10-15, linear, bright yellow, or with an orange base; disk brown- 
purple ; chaff of the receptacle linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, or nearly so at the 
summit; pappus a minute crown. In dry soil, N. J. and Penn, to Ga., west to 
Mo. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

7. Rudbeckia Missouriensis Engelm. Missouri Cone-flower. Stem 
more or less hirsute, 4-7 dm. high, simple or branched. Leaves firm, entire, 
or with an occasional minute callous tooth, the basal ones narrowly oblong, acutish 
or obtuse, 6-20 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 3-nerved, hirsute, narrowed into peti- 
oles, those of the stem sessile or the lower petioled, linear-lanceolate to linear, 
acute or obtusish; heads 7-9 cm. broad; rays mostly 12-14, 2-3-toothed; involu- 
cral bracts oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, much shorter than the rays ; disk 
liemispheric, purple-brown; chaff pointed; style-tips obtuse; pappus a very short 
crown. Missouri and Arkansas. 

8. Rudbeckia palustris Eggert. Swamp Cone-flower. Perennial; stem 
grooved, smooth and glabrous, or nearly so, branched, 4-9 dm. high, the branches 
slender, erect. Leaves rather thin, the basal ones with broadly ovate to orbicular 
blades 5-8 cm. long, palmately veined, remotely denticulate, cordate or obtuse at 
the base, their slender pubescent petioles 10-15 cm. long; stem-leaves ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
the base, 3-5-nerved, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; peduncles long, slender, 
pubescent; heads 3 cm. wide or more; involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, appressed- 
pubescent, half the length of the rays or less. In wet soil, Ky. to Tenn. and Mo. 

9. Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Spatulate-leaved ok Flat-hf.aded 
Cone-flower. (I. F. f. 3888.) Perennial; stem slender, simple, or little branched, 
finely strigose-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Loaves appressed-pubesccnt on K^th 
sides, the lower 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, the basal ones sometimes nearly 
orbicular, obtuse or obtusish, denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles; heads 
few, or solitary, 2.5-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre short, at length retlexed; 
disk depressed-globose or ovoid, about i cm, broad; rays 8-12, oblong, yellow, 
mostly orange at the base; chafifof the receptacle obtuse; pappus a short-toothed 
crown. In dry woods, Va. to Tenn. and Fla. Aug. -Sept. 

10. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Siiowv Cone-flower. (I. F. f. 
3889.) Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem branched alxn-e. 3-12 dm. 
high. Leaves firm, slender-petioled, 5 -12 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, dentate with 
low teeth, acute or sometimes acuminate, 3-5 -nerved; stem-leaves sessile or partly 
clasping, or narrowed into broad margined potiojes, laciniate or sharply serrate, 
lanceolate, acuminate, often 15 cm. long, the \ip]~iermt>st smaller and sometimes 
entire; heads several, 5-7 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 



9^8 FLORA. 

acute; rays 12-20, bright yellow, usually orange at the base; disk depressed- 
globose, 10-16 mm. broad, brown-purple; chaff of the receptacle acute, ciliate or 
naked; florets 5.5-6.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 n^^a- high; pappus a short crown. 
In moist soil, N. J. to Mich., south to Ala. and Ark. Aug.-Oct. 

11. Rudbeckia Sullivantii Boynton & Beadle. Sullivant's Cone-flower. 
Perennial, 5-12 dm. high. Stem-leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the lower 15-20 
cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, their petioles 3-7 cm. long, the blade coarsely and irreg- 
ularly serrate, more or less pubescent; heads several, 5-9 cm. broad; rays 10-15; 
chaff acute, smooth or nearly so; florets 6.5-7.5 mm. long; achenes 3-4 mm. high. 
Ohio and Michigan. 

12. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall or Green-headed Cone-flower. 
(I. F. f. 3890.) Perennial; much branched, glabrous, or nearly so, 1-3.5 "^'^• 
high. Leaves rather thin, minutely pubescent on the margins and upper surface, 
broad, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, often 3 dm. wide, the segments 
variously toothed and lobed; stem-leaves shorter-petioled, 3-5-parted or divided, 
the upper ones much smaller, 3-lobed, dentate or entire; heads several or numer- 
ous, 6-10 cm. broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of the involucre 
unequal; chaff of the receptacle truncate and canescent at the apex; pappus a 
short crown. In moist thickets, Quebec to Manitoba and Mont., south to Fla., 
Kans. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 

Rudbeckia laciniata humilis A. Gray. Simple or branched, glabrous or nearly so, 
3-6 dm. high, some or all of the basal leaves orbicular and undivided ; heads 4-6 cm. broad; 
disk globose or ovoid. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga., mostly in the mountains. 

13. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl. Clasping- leaved Cone-flower. 
(I. F. f. 3891.) Annual; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous ; stem branched, 
grooved, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves entire, or sparingly 
toothed, I -ribbed, reticulate- veined, the lower oblong to spatulate, sessile, the 
upper ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute ; heads solitary at the ends of the 
branches, long-peduncled, about 5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre few, lance- 
olate, acuminate; rays yellow, or sometimes brown at the base; disk ovoid-oblong, 
often becoming 25 mm. high ; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled, obliquely 
attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff at length deciduous; pappus none. In 
wet soil, Kans. and Mo. to La. and Tex. June-Aug. 

61. RATIBIDA Raf. 

Mostly perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and 
long-peduncled terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray 
or yellow, becoming brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or 
spreading. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong, or cylindric. 
Receptacle columnar to subulate, the concave chaff subtending or enveloping the 
disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent. Ray-flowers neutral. Disk- 
flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube. Achenes short, flat- 
tened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff. Pappus 
with I or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained.] About 4 species, of N. Am. 

Style-tips lanceolate-subulate ; leaf-segments lanceolate ; rays 25-75 rn™- long. 

1. R. pinnata. 
Style-tips short, blunt ; leaf-segments linear ; rays 6-30 mm. long. 

Disk cylindric, at length 2.5 cm. long or more; rays mostly equalling it, or longer. 

2. R. columnaris. 
Disk globose to short-oval, about i cm. high; rays mostly short. 3. R. Tagetes. 

I. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Gray-headed Cone-flower. 
(I.F.f.3892.) Perennial; rough and strigose-pubescent throughout; stem branched 
or simple, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 3-7-divided, the basal ones sometimes 
2.5 dm. long, petioled, the segments cleft or entire, acute or acuminate; upper leaves 
sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly small and entire; bracts of the in- 
volucre linear or linear-oblong, short, reflexed; rays 4-10, bright yellow, drooping; 
disk oblong, gray or becoming brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick; 
the inner margin of achenes produced into a short tooth. On dry prairies, western 
N. Y. to Fla., west to S. Dak., Neb. and La. June-Sept. 



■ COMFOSITAE, 989 

2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Long-headed or Prairie Cone- 
flower. (I. F. f. 3893.) Perennial, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem slen- 
der, usually branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided into acute or 
obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline short- petio led or sessile, 5-10 
cm. long, the basal ones sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender-petioled ; 
bracts of the involucre short, linear-lanceolate or subulate, reflexed, rays 4-10, yel- 
low, brown at the base, or brown all over, drooping ; pappus of I or 2 subulate 
teeth usually with several short intermediate scales. On dry prairies, N. W. Terr, 
to Minn., Tenn., Neb., Tex. and Ariz. May- Aug. 

3. Ratibida Tagetes (James) Barnhart. Short-rayed Cone-flower. 
(I. F. f. 3894.) Perennial, rough-canescent; stem 3-4 cm. high, usually much 
branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately divided into 3-7 mostly entire segments; 
peduncles terminal, 1-5 cm. long; heads 25 mm. broad, or less; bracts of the re- 
ceptacle narrow, deflexed; rays few, mostly shorter than the globose to short-oval 
disk; pappus of I or 2 subulate deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth. 
On dry plains and rocky hills, Kans. to Tex., Chihuahua, N. Mex. and Ariz. 
July-Sept. 

62. BRAUNERIA Neck. 

Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, with thick black roots, thick rough 
alternate or opposite 3-5 -nerved entire or dentate undivided leaves, and large long- 
peduncled heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish red or 
white, the disk green or purple, at length ovoid^or conic. Involucre depressed-hem- 
ispheric, its bracts lanceolate, spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. 
Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate and cuspidate. Ray-flowers neutral, or 
with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. 
Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named 
for Jacob Brauner, a German botanist of the i8th century.] Five known species, 
natives of N. Am. 

Rays purple to white. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dentate. i. B. purpurea. 
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, entire. 

Rays purplish to white, 2-3 cm. long-, spreading. 2. B. angustifolia. 

Rays rose-purple, 3-7 cm. long, narrow, drooping. 3. B. pallida. 

Rays yellow to red. 4. B. atrorubens. 

1. Brauneria purpurea (L.)Britton. Purple Cone-flower. Black Samp- 
son. Red Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3895.) Stem glabrous or sparingly hispid, 
usually stout, 6-15 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, ovate 
mostly 5 -nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rarely 
cordate at the base, commonly sharply dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide ; 
petioles mostly winged at the summit ; uppermost leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so, often entire ; rays 12-20, purple, crimson, 
or rarely pale, 4-7 cm. long, spreading or drooping. In moist, rich soil, Va. to 
Ala., west to III., Ky. and La. July-Oct. 

2. Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. Narrow-leaved Purple Cone- 
flower. (I. F. f. 3896 as B. pallida.) Stem hispid, slender, often simple, 3-6 
dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute and 
about equally narrowed at each end, strongly 3-nerved and sometimes with an 
additional pair of marginal less distinct nerves, entire, 7-20 cm. long, 8-25 mm. 
wide, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, the upper shorf-petioled or 
sessile; rays short, 2-3 cm., spreading, or rarely deflexed, often pale. In dry soil, 
especially on prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and Tex, June-Oct. 

3. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Pale Purple Cone-flower. Simi- 
lar to the preceding species, but usually taller, sometimes I m. high. Stem-leaves 
elongated-lanceolate, entire; rays narrow and elongated, drooping, 4-7 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, rose-purple or sometimes nearly white. In dry soil, III. to Mich., 
Ark., Ala., La. and Tex. May-July. 

4. Brauneria atrorubens (Nutt.) Boynton & Beadle. Red Conk-flower. 
Glabrous, or with a few scattered stiff hairs; stem stout, simple, 6-7.5 *-^^^^- t-^^^- 
Leaves elongated-lancet)late, entire, strongly 3-nerved, the Unvor i.5-2\im. long, 
the petioles often as long as the blades, 1.2-2 cm. wide, the upper sessile, all 



990 FLORA, 

rough-ciliate on the margins and with some appressed hairs on both surfaces; 
peduncle long, stout; rays 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, narrowed below, droop- 
ing, "very dark red" according to Nuttall, apparently yellow in Missouri speci- 
mens. Ark. and Mo. 

63. BORRl'cHIA Adans. 

Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the seacoast, with* opposite 
entire or denticulate, cuneate, oblong, spatulate or obovate, 1-3 -nerved leaves, and 
terminal large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow ilowers. 
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the 
inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, 
subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk- 
flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches elongated, hispid. 
Anthers dark colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the 
ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate 
crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species, natives 
of America. In addition to the following, another occurs in South Fla. 

I. Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea Ox-eye. (I. F. f. 3897.) Finely 
canescent, even when old; stems terete, sparingly branched, 3-12 dm. high. 
Leaves mostly erect or ascending, spatulate or obovate, fleshy, tapering to the 
sessile base, somewhat connate, 3-7 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide ; heads solitary or 
few, about 25 mm. broad ; rays 15-25, rather short ; exterior bracts of the in- 
volucre ovate and somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of the recep- 
tacle cuspidate. Seacoast, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Also on the coasts of Mex. and 
W. Ind. April-Oct. 

64. HELIANTHUS L. 

Erect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate 
simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular 
and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown or purple. Involucre 
hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, 
convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral 
(in our species), the rays spreading, mostly entire. Disk flowers perfect, fertile, 
the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 
2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 
thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4- angled. Pappus of 2 scales 
or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun- 
flower.] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, 
about 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 

* Disk purple, purplish or brown ; receptacle flat or convex. 

1. Leaves mostly alternate, the lower opposite. 
Leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate ; perennials. 

Stem rough; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; eastern. i. H . angustif alius. 

Stem glabrous; leaves elongated-linear; western. 2. H. orgyalis. 

Leaves broad, ovate ; annuals. 

Leaves dentate ; bracts ovate, acuminate, ciliate, hispid.. 3. H. annuus. 
Leaves entire or nearly so ; bracts lanceolate, canescent. 4. //. petiolaris, 

2. Leaves mostly opposite, the upper alternate. 

Leaves hispid, abruptly contracted into winged petioles. 5. H. atrorubens. 

Leaves gradually narrowed into petioles. 

Stem-leaves lanceolate ; involucral bracts acuminate. 6. H, scaberrimus. 

Stem-leaves rhombic-ovate to lanceolate ; involucral bracts acute. 

7. H. suhrhomboideus. 
* * Disk yellow or yellowish; receptacle convex or conic. 

t Leaves nearly all basal or near the base of the stem; upper bract-like. 

8. H. occidentalis. 

t t Stems leafy ; leaves alternate or opposite, 
I. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide. 
a. Leaves glabrous on both sides ; heads 2.5-4 cm. broad. 

9. H. laevigatus. 
b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface. 

Heads 1-3.5 ^m. broad \ leaves thin , stem glabrous, JO, H. microcephalus. 



COMFOSITAE, 99 1 

Heads 3.5-8 cm. broad ; leaves firm, many of them often alternate. 

Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid, at least above ; leaves sessile or nearly so. 
Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. 

Leaves mostly alternate, narrowed at the base. 11. H. giganteus. 
Leaves all but the uppermost opposite, obtuse at base. 

12. H. anibiguus. 
Leaves very scabrous on both sides. 

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, conduplicate, pinnately veined. 

Plant 1-4 m. high ; heads numerous ; leaves mostly alternate. 

13. H. Maximiliani, 
Plant 4-7 dm. high; heads i or 2; leaves all but the upper opposite. 

14. //. Dalyi. 
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved. 

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base. 

15. H. subtuberosus. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at the base. 

16. H. Rydbergi, 
Stem glabrous ; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 19. H. divaricatus. 
Stem glabrous; leaves petioled. 

Stem glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, firm, 17. H. grosseserratus. 

Stem not glaucous ; leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, thin. 

18. //. Kellermani, 
2. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong. 
a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so. 
Stem glabrous ; leaves divaricate. 19. //. divaricatus. 

Stem hirsute or hispid ; leaves ascending. 

Leaves cordate-clasping at the base. 20. H. mollis. 

Leaves narrowed from below the middle. 21. H , doronicoides. 

b. Leaves manifestly petioled. 
Stem puberulent or glabrous. 

Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. 

Leaves regularly serrate. 22. H. decapetalus. 

Leaves irregularly serrate-laciniate. 23. H. scrophulariif alius. 

Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire. 

Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. 24. H. tracheliifolius. 
Bracts of the involucre about equaUing the disk. 25. -H. strumosus-. 

Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. 

Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. 26. H. hirsutus. 
Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base. 

Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed. 27. H. laetifiorus 
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading. 

Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. 28. H. to^nentosus. 

Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath. . 29. H. tuberosus. 

1. Helianthus angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved or Swamp Sunflower, 
(I. F. f. 3898.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem branched above, or simple, 
slender, often hirsute below, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile, slightly 
scabrous, rarely somewhat canescent beneath, 5-17 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the 
margins revolute when dry; heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; 
involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely 
squarrose, pubescent; receptacle slightly convex; chaff entire or 3-to()thed; rays 
12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually of 2 short awns. In swamps, 
Long Island, N. Y., to Fla., Ky. and Tex., mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 

2. Helianthus orgyalis DC. Linear-leaved Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3899.) 
Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem branched near the summit, very leafy to 
the top, 2-3 m. high. Leaves sessile, entire, remotely dentate and short-petioled, 
rough with mucronate-tipped papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate, 
I-4 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; heads usually numerous, about 5 cm. broad, termi- 
nating slender branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate 
to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate; receptacle convex, its chaff entire, or 
toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, 2-4-awned. 
On dry plains. Neb. and Colo, to Tex. Sept. -Oct. 

3. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. (I.F. f. 3900.) Stem his- 
pid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 1-2 m. high, or in cultivated forms some- 
times 4.5 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, 3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, 
acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath, the lower 
cordate at the base, 7-30 cm. long; heads in the wild plant 7-15 cm. broad; invo- 



992 FLORA. 

lucre depressed, its bracts ovate or oblong, usually long-acuminate or aristate; 
chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft; achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent, or 
nearly glabrous. On prairies, etc., Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Mo. and Tex. 
Much larger in cultivation ; an occasional escape in the east. July-Sept. 

4. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3901.) 
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller and with smaller heads; stem 
strigose-hispid or hirsute, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate- 
lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually paler beneath than above, 3-7 cm. long, 
entire, or denticulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; 
heads 4-7 cm. broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts not hispid-ciliate, 
acute, or short-acuminate; achenes villous-pubescent, at least when young. On 
dry prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr, and Ore., south to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. 
Found rarely in waste places farther east. June-Sept. 

Helianthus petiolkris c^nus Britton. Leaves ovate, white-canescent beneath. Neb. 
to Tex. and N. Alex. 

Helianthus petiolaris pktens (Lehm.) Rydb. Heads larger, long-peduncled, the 
peduncles fleshy toward the top ; leaves large, long-petioled. Neb. and Mo. 

5. Helianthus atrorubens L. Hairy Wood Sunflower. Purple-disk 
Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3902.) Perennial; stems hirsute below, often minutely 
pubescent above, branched at the summit, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves hirsute on both 
sides, or canescent beneath, mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, dentate 
or crenate-dentate, 10-25 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide; heads not numerous, slender- 
peduncled, about 5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong to obovate, 
obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; receptacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or 3 -toothed; 
rays 10-20 ; achenes obovate, truncate, finely pubescent, about 4 mm. long; pap- 
pus usually of 2 lanceolate awns. In dry woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ohio, Minn., 
Mo., Ark. and La. Aug. -Oct. 

6. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. Stiff Sunflower. (L F. f. 3903.) Per- 
ennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid or scabrate, 5-25 dm. high. Leaves 
thick, coriaceous, serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides, 1-5 cm. long, 
5-17 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate- 
oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled ; 
heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, 
acute, ciliate; receptacle-convex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow; achenes 
more or less pubescent, oblong -obovate; pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout 
awns. Prairies, Minn, to 111., Ga. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

7. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. Rhombic-leaved Sunflower. 
Stem simple, sparingly hirsute, usually tinged with red. Leaves opposite, firm, 
very scabrous, 3 -nerved, slightly serrate, the basal ones broadly ovate to obovate- 
spatulate, those of the stem rhomboid-ovate to rhomboid-lanceolate, short-petioled, 
5-10 cm. long, the uppermost very small; heads 1-3, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter; bracts 
of the involucre oblong, acutish, densely white-ciliate. Plains, S. Dak. to Sas- 
katch.. Neb. and Mont. July-Sept. 

8. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Few-leaved Sunflower. (I. F. f. 
3904.) Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous, slen- 
der, mostly simple, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves mainly basal, firm, ovate or oblong- 
lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5 -nerved, ser- 
rulate or entire, mostly scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with slender petioles ; 
heads several or solitary, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lance- 
olate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, generally ciliate, appressed; recep- 
tacle convex, its chaff acute; rays 12-15; achenes truncate and pubescent at the 
summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate- subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., south 
to Fla. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 

Helianthus occidentalis Dowelliknus (Curtis) T. & G. Leaves broader and more 
numerous, smooth or nearly so on both sides. D. C. to N. Car. and Ga. 

9. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Smooth Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3905.) 

Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or little branched, glabrous, or some- 
what glaucous, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, glabrous, lance- 
olate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acumi- 
nate, narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm, wide, the margins sometime^ 



COMPOSITAE. 993 

roughish; heads few or solitary; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5-10 ; 
chaff linear; achenes slightly pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate or 
ovate awns, with or without 2 intermediate scales. In dry soil, mountains of Va. 
and N. Car. Aug. -Oct. 

10. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Small Wood Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3906.) Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or rarely simple, 1-2 m. high. 
Leaves thin or thinnish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceolate, or the lower 
ovate-lanceolate, rough above, canescent or puberulent beneath, long-acuminate at 
the apex, narrowed at the base, serrulate, or the lower serrate, 7-17 cm. long, 1-4 
cm. wide; heads commonly several or numerous, borne on slender, sometimes 
roughish peduncles; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute or 
acuminate, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the receptacle 
oblong, entire, or 3-toothed; rays 5-10; disk yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; 
pappus usually of 2 subulate awns. In moist woods and along streams, Penn. to 
Ga., west to Ohio, Mo. and La. July-Sept. 

11. Helianthus giganteus L. Tall or Giant Sunflower. (I. F. f. 
3907.) Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks ; stems hispid or scabrous, 
at least above, 1-3.5 m. high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, firm, serrate or 
denticulate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. 
wide; heads usually several, mostly long-peduncled, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
spheric, its bracts squarrose, lanceolate-subulate, hirsute or ciliate, commonly as 
long as the diameter of the disk; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear, acute; 
achenes oblong, glabrous ; rays 10-20; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In swamps 
and wet meadows. Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. 
Stem commonly purple. Aug. -Oct. 

12. Helianthus ambiguus (T. & G.) Britton. Ambiguous Sunflower. 
Stem slender, rough-hispid above, 5-8 dm. high, simple or little branched. Leaves 
thin, lanceolate, sharply serrate, long-acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, finely rough- 
pubescent on both sides, broadest just above the obtuse or subacute base, the upper 
sessile, the lower short-petioled; heads few, 7-8 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
lanceolate, acuminate, densely ciliate. In moist soil, L. I. and Ga. July-Sept. 
\H. giganteus ambignus T. &' G. ] 

13. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian's Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3908.) Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened rootstocks; stems stout, scabrous 
or hispid below, 1-4 m. high. Leaves folding in drying, rigid, acuminate or 
acute at both ends, denticulate or entire, 7-17 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; heads few 
or numerous, 5-7 cm. broad, on stovit densely rough-pubescent peduncles; involucre 
hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, densely strigose-pubescent, 
often 18 mm. long; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent above; achenes 
linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so; pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns. On 
.dry prairies, Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Neb. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 

14. Helianthus Dalyi Britton. Judge Daly's Sunflower. Perennial by a 
fusiform tuber, 3-4 cm. long. Stem slender, simple, roughish, appressed-pubes- 
cent, about 6 dm. high ; leaves firm, conduplicate, drooping, finely rough-pubes- 
cent on both sides, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, distantly serrate 
with low teeth, the larger about i dm. long and 1.4 cm. wide, all opposite or the 
uppermost alternate; heads usually solitary and long-peduncled, rarely 2, about 
8 cm. broad; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate with long subulate tips; rays 
acute; pappus 2 subulate awns; chaff of the receptacle pubescent at the acute apex. 
Sag Harbor, N. Y. 

15. Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau. Indian Potato. Fleshy roots thick 
and edible. Leaves thick, more or less serrate, all or all but the upper distinctly 
petioled, sometimes all opposite, 6-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, mostly 
narrowed at the base, the petioles ciliate; heatls not very numerous; bracts of the 
involucre lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent antl white-ciliate, about 1.5 cm. 
long; rays 3-4 cm. long. Mich, and Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and Mont. 
Aug. -Sept. [//. giganteus subtlilh•roslls'^x\\.io^\.^^ 

16. Helianthus Rydbergi Britton, n. sp. Rydherg's Sun'flc>vver. Peren- 
nial by a narrowly fusiform tul^erous root with several stout branches. Stem 0.7- 
1.5 m. high, somewhat branched near the summit; leaves ovate- lanceolate or the 



994 FLORA. 

upper ones lanceolate, thick, pale green, scabrous on both sides, 3-nerved, sparingly- 
serrate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into short petioles, 
the larger about I dm. long and 3 cm. wide; heads several, stout-peduncled, 8-9 
cm. broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, long-ciliate. Sand hill 
region of central Neb.; type, Rydberg No. 1767, from Middle Loup River, 
Hooker Co. 

17. Helianthus grosseserratus Martens. Saw-Tooth Sunflower. (I. F. 
t. 3909.) Perennial by fleshy roots and slender rootstocks; stems glabrous, 
glaucous, branched above, 2-3 m. high, the branches usually strigose-pubescent; 
leaves long-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, 
sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the uppermost entire, rough above, densely 
puberulent or canescent beneath, I-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; heads several or 
numerous, 4-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squarrose, narrowly 
lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at the summit, acute, 
often 3-toothed; disk yellowish; rays 10-20, deep yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; 
pappus of 2 lanceolate awns. In open places, eastern L. I. to Penn., S. Dak., Mo. 
and Tex. May contain more than one species as here characterized. 

18. Helianthus Kellermani Britton, n. sp. Kellerman's Sunflower. Stem 
2-3 m. high, very smooth, much branched above, the branches slender. Leaves 
narrowly elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, drooping, rather thin, distantly 
serrate with very small teeth, long -acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base 
into short petioles or the upper sessile, scabrate and sparingly pubescent on both 
surfaces, pinnately veined, the lower about 2 dm. long and 1.5 cm. wide; branches 
of the inflorescence pubescent; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, about 1.5 
cm. long, and 1.5 mm. wide at the base, ciliate, long-acuminate; rays golden- 
yellow, 3-4 cm. long; chafif of the receptacle linear. Columbus, Ohio. W. A. 
Kellerman, Sept. 5, 1898. 

19. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower. 
(I. F. f. 3910.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous throughout, or pu- 
bescent at the summit, slender, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves usually all opposite, di- 
varicate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or denticulate, 3-nerved, 
rough above, pubescent beneath, gradually long-acuminate, 7-20 cm. long, 6-36 mm. 
wide; heads few or solitary, about 25 mm. broad,- borne on strigose-pubescent 
peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, stri- 
gose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading; rays 8-15; chafif of the receptacle apicu- 
late; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short subulate awns. In dry woodlands, Me. 
and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. July-Sept. 

20. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower. (L F. f. 3911.) Perennial, 
stem stout, simple, or sparingly branched above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 
veined, 3-nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper alternate, acute or 
acuminate, scabrous or cinereous -pubescent above, densely and finely pubescent 
beneath, serrulate, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. 
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous - 
canescent, somewhat spreading; rays 15-25; chafif canescent at the summit; ma- 
ture achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales. In dry barren soil, 
Ohio to Ga., west to Iowa, Kans., and Tex.; also on L. I. Aug.-Sept. 

21. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Oblong-leaved Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3912.) Perennial by slender rootstocks ; stems stout, rough, or finely rough- 
pubescent, branched above, 1-2 m. high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, 
thick, ascending, serrate or serrulate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rough on 
both sides, or finely pubescent beneath, somewhat 3-nerved, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 
cm. wide; heads commonly numerous, 6-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its 
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or hirsute, somewhat spreading; rays 
12-20, 8-12 mm. wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, 
Ohio to Mich., Mo. and Ark. Aug.-Sept. 

22. Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaved or Wild Sunflower. 
(I. F. f. 3913.) Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened rootstocks; stem 
slender, glabrous or nearly so, branched above, 3-15 dm. high; branches puberu- 
lent. Leaves 7-20 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the upper 
commonly alternate, roughish above, finely but often sparingly pubescent beneath, 
acuminate, the rounded or truncate base decurrent on the petiole; heads numer- 



COMFOSITAE, 995 

ous, 5-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric; its bracts linear- lanceolate, acuminate, 
hirsute, ciliate, spreading, often longer than the'disk; rays 8-15, light yellow; chaff 
entire or 3-toothed, pubescent at the apex; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate 
awns. In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Ky. Aug.- 
Sept. 

23. Helianthus scrophulariifolius Britton, n. sp. Figwort Sunflower. 
Root 3 dm. long, or more, slender. Stem simple, glabrous, and smooth, striate, 
about I m. high. Leaves rather thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 
roughish on both sides, 3-nerved, sharply, deeply, and very irregularly toothed, 
the apex long-acuminate, the base rather gradually narrowed into a ciliate margined 
petiole 2-4 cm. long, or the uppermost leaves nearly sessile; heads few, on slen- 
der scabrous peduncles, 6-8 cm. broad; involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 
acute, about equalling the disk, not conspicuously ciliate. Hillside thicket north- 
west of Woodlawn, N. Y. City, E. P. Bicknell. 

24. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3914.) Similar to the following species, but the stem usually roughish-pubescent. 
Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved near the base, green both sides, 
but darker above, generally rougher on the upper surface, the lower ones sharply 
serrate; branches and peduncles scabrous; heads several, 6-8 cm. broad; bracts 
of the hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, ciliate and puberu- 
lent, sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times the length of the disk. In dry soil, Penn. 
and Ohio to Wis. Aug.-Sept, 

25. Helianthus strumosus L. Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3915.) Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous-thickened rootstocks ; stem 
glaibous below, sometimes glaucous, 1-2 m. high, branched above, the branches 
usually pubescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not membranous, rough 
above, pale and somewhat puberulent or canescent beneath, acuminate, contracted 
much below the middle and decurrent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base, 7-20 
cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, mostly opposite, the upper often alternate; heads com- 
monly several, 6-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; rays 5-15; chaff pubescent; achenes nearly 
glabrous. In dry woods and on banks, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. 
July-Sept. 

Helianthus strumbsus macrophyllus (Willd.) Britton. Leaves finely and densely 
canescent beneath. Mass. to Penn., Iowa and Miss. 

26. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-haired Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3916.) 
Perennial; stem usually branched, stout, rigid, 6- 12 cm. high. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, thick, very rough above, 
r<jugli-pubescent beneath, 3-nerved, serrate or serrulate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. 
wide, nearly all opposite; heads usually several, 5-7 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
spheric, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly puber- 
ulent, erect or but slightly spreading, equalling or shorter than the disk ; rays 12-15 '■> 
chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit; achenes oval, rounded at the summit, 
glabrous; pappus of I or 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Penn. and Ohio to Wis., 
south to W. Va., Ga., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 

Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G. Leaves thick, very roug:h on both sides ; 
heads larger; involucral bracts more spreading. Neb. to Ark. 

27. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Showy Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3917.) 

Perennial; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, I-2.8 m. high. Leaves oval-lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, 3-nerved, rough on both sides, long-acuminate at 
the apex, serrate or serrulate, 10-25 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, the upper often alter- 
nate; heads usually several, 5-10 cm. broad, mostly short-peduncled; bracts of 
the hemispheric involucre ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, imbricated in only 
2 or 3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or but little spreading, 
shorter than or equalling the disk; rays 15-25. showy; chaft'of the receptacle en- 
tire, or sometimes 3-toothed. On prairies and barrens, Penxi. and Ohio t(> Minn. 
Aug. -Sept. 

28. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Woolly Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3018.) 
Perennial ; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especially above, branched. I-3 m. 
high. Leaves rather thin, ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly altornato. 3-ribbed 



99^ FLORA, 

above the base, gradually or abruptly contracted into margined petioles, rough 
above, sparingly serrate, the lower often 3 dm. long and i dm. wide; heads com- 
monly several or numerous, 7-10 cm, broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts 
imbricated in many series, densely hirsute and ciliate, usually longer than the 
disk; chaft of the receptacle and lobes of the disk-corollas pubescent; pappus of 2 
subulate awns. In dry soil, Va. to Ga. and Ala. Reported from 111. Aug.-Oct. 

29. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Earth Apple. 
(I. F. f. 3919.) Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks bearing tubers ; stems 
branched above, 2-3.5 ^^- ^^g^- Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 3-nerved 
near the base, narrowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 
acuminate at the apex, rather long-petioled, serrate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, 
the upper alternate, the lower opposite ; heads several or numerous, 5-8 cm. broad ; 
involucre hemispheric; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle acute and pubescent at 
the summit; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Ga., Kans. and Ark. Often occurs along roadsides in the east, a relic of 
cultivation by the aborigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers. Sept.- 
Oct. 

Helianthus tuberbsus subcanescens A. Gray. Lower; leaves densely white canes- 
cent beneath. Prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Mo. 

65. VERBESINA L. 

Pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with leaves often 
decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or solitary heads of both tubu- 
lar and radiave yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucre 
campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle chaff"y, 
the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Disk- 
flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb, usually 
longer than the tube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose 
appendages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3-sided, their margins 
winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 (I-3) subulate awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 
intermediate scales. [Name altered from Verbena.'\ A large genus, variously 
restricted by authors, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, 
about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 

Involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. broad ; heads small, numerous. 

Leaves alternate; rays white. 1. V. Virginica. 

Leaves opposite; rays yellow, 2. V. occidentalis. 
Involucre hemispheric, 12-20 mm. broad ; heads few, large. 

Leaves ovate, sessile, serrate. 3. V. helianthoides . 

Leaves deltoid, petioled, coarsely dentate. 4. V. enceliotdes. 

Involucre of a few, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose. 5. V. alternifolia. 

1. Verbesina Virginica L. Small White or Virginia Crownbeard. 

(I. F. f. 3920.) Perennial; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged, I-2 m. 
high. Leaves usually thin, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canescent or gla- 
brate beneath, acute or acuminate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, contracted at the 
base into winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, smaller, often entire; 
heads corymbose-paniculate, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate, erect, 
obtuse, pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate; achenes minutely pubes- 
cent, winged or wingless. In dry soil, Penn. to Va., Ill, and Kans., south to Fla. 
and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 

2. Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Small Yellow Crownbeard. (I. F. 
f. 3921.) Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above, usually much branched, 
narrowly 4-winged, 1-2 dm. high, the branches also winged and pubescent. Leaves 
thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, minutely rough-pubescent on both sides, or gla- 
brate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or contracted below into slender petioles, 
serrate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide; heads 12-25 "^n^- broad, corymbose; bracts 
lanceolate, obtuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubescent; rays 1-5, usu- 
ally pistillate, rarely none; achenes wingless. In dry thickets and on hillsides, 
Md. and southern Penn. to 111., Fla. and Ga. Aug.-Oct. 

3. Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Sunflower Crownbeard. (I. F. 
f. 3922.) Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usually simple, 6-12 dm. 



COMPOSITAE. 997 

higli. Leaves acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, rough 
or\ppressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or canescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 
2-4 cm. wide, all alternate, or the lower opposite ; heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. 
broad; bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed; rays 8-15, pistillate or 
neutral, linear- oblong, yellow; achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged. 
On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Ga., Iowa, Kans. and Tex. June-July, 

4. Verbesina encelioides ^Cav.) A. Gray. Golden Crownbeard. (I. F. 
f. 3923.) Annual; stem densely puberident, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
thin, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate; acute or blunt at the apex, green and minutely 
pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath, ail alternate, or the lowest 
opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which are often 
provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads 3-5 cm. broad; involucre 
hemispheric, about 12 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, 
bright golden yellow, 3-toothed; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged, 
pubescent; those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless. In moist soil, 
Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. Also in Fla., and widely distributed in warm 
regions as a weed. Summer. 

5. Verbesina alternifoiia (L.) Britton. Actinomeris. (L F. f. 3924.) 
Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, narrowly winged, or wingless, simple or 
branched near the summit, leafy, 1.2-3 ™- high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire, rough or roughish on both sides, 
gradually narrowed to the sessile base, or the lower short-petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 
1-7 cm. wide, sessile, short-petioled, alternate, or the lower opposite and slender- 
petioled; heads numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, corymbose-paniculate; rays 2-10, yellow; 
achenes broadly winged or nearly wingless, sparingly pubescent. In rich soil, N. J. 
to western N. Y., Iowa, Fla., Kans. and La. Aug. -Sept. 

65. COREOPSIS L. 

Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and large long-peduncled 
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown at the base, or 
brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct 
series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and 
shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff" flat or 
concave. Ray-flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with 
slender tube and broader 5 -toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. 
Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong. Pappus of 2 short teeth ; or a mere coroniform 
border, or none. [Greek, bug-like, referring to the achenes.] About 50 species, 
natives of America, S. Africa and Australasia. In addition to the following, some 
10 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 

* Rays pink, or occasionally white; leaves linear, entire. 

I. C. rosea. 

* * Rays yellow with a brown base, or brown; lower leaves pinnately divided. 

Lobes of the lower leaves oblong- or oval ; achenes winged. 2. C. cardamine/olt'a. 

Leaf-lobes all linear-lanceolate ; achenes wingless. 3. C.tinctoria. 

* * * Rays yellow throughout. 

I. Leaves sessile, rigid, palmately 3-lobed below the middle. 

4. C. palmata. 
2. Leaves sessile, some or all 3-divided to the base, appearing verticillate. 
Leaf-segments oblong or lanceolate, entire. 5. C". major. 

Leaf-segments 1-2-pinnately parted. 

Divisions of the segments linear-lanceolate. 6. C, delfhinifolia. 

Divisions of the segments very narrowly linear. 7. C. veriicillata. 

3. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, entire, or the lower 3-5-lobed ; achenes often with a 
caUus at each end on the inner side. 
Glabrous or nearly so ; stem-leaves lanceolate ; achenes winged. 

8. C. lanceolata. 
Plants hirsute, hispid or pubescent, at least below. 

Plant leafy, 6-12 dm. high ; stem-leaves oblong to ovate, acutish. 

Q. C^ pubescens. 
Leaves few ; plants 3-6 dm. high ; stem-leaves mostly obtuse. 

Achenes broadly winged; basal leaves oblong. 10. C. crassifolia. 

Achenes narrowly winged ; basal leaves nearly orbicular. 

II. C. auriculata. 



99^ PLORA, 

4. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-parted into linear segments; rays lobed. 

12. C. grajidiflora. 
5. Leaves petioled, all but the upper pinnately 3-5-divided; rays entire. 

13. C. tripteris. 

1. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed. (L F. f. 3925.) 

Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems at length much branched, slender, strict, 
glabrous, 1. 5-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite, glabrous, obscurely i -nerved, 3-6 cm. 
long, 1-3 cm. wide, sessile, or the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled, several 
or numerous, 12-25 i^"^- broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, oblong to obovate, slightly 
3-toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate- 
oblong, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones; style-tips truncate; 
achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged, slightly ribbed on the inner face; 
pappus a very short truncate crown. In open swamps, eastern Mass. to Ga., near 
the coast. July-Aug. 

2. Coreopsis cardaminefolia (DC) T. & G. Cress-leaved Tickseed. 
(I. F. f. 3926.) Annual; stem glabrous, branched, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves 
petioled, 5-10 cm. long; stem-leaves distant, sessile or nearly so, pinnately parted 
into linear segments, or the uppermost entire; heads 16-25 mm. broad, slender- 
peduncled; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the lanceolate obtus- 
ish outer ones; rays 4-8, 3-toothed; achenes oval, 2-3 mm. long, winged, smooth, 
or slightly papillose; pappus of 2 minute awns, or none. In moist soil, Kans. to 
N. Mex., La. and northern Mex. May-Oct. 

3. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Garden Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3927.) Annual; 
stem glabrous, branched, 3-10 dm. high; heads slender-peduncled, 20-25 "^"^■ 
broad, or in cultivation much broader; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts 
brown, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious-margined, 3-5 times as long as 
the obtuse outer ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, yellow with a brown base or brown all 
over; style-tips .truncate; achenes linear or linear-oblong, about 2 m. long; pappus 
a mere border, or none. In moist soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb., 
La. and Ariz. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places eastward. 
May-Sept. 

4. Coreopsis'palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed. (L F. f. 3928.) Perennial, 
stems rigid, glabrous, simple or little branched, very leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
sessile, 5-7 cm. long, the uppermost entire, thick, rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, 
obtusish, entire, or with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough ; heads few or soli- 
tary, short-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts somewhat 
united at the base, those of the outer series narrower and nearly as long as the 
inner ones; rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, mostly 3-toothed; achenes 
oblong, narrowly winged, slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none. On 
dry prairies and in thickets. 111. to La., west to Minn., Manitoba, Neb. and Tex. 
June-July. 

5. Coreopsis major Walt. Wood, or Greater Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3929.) 
Perennial; stem pubescent, branched above, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves more or less 
pubescent, or glabrous, divided into 3, segments 5-10 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, 
which appear as if in verticils of 6; the upper and lower leaves (rarely all of them) 
undivided and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-5 cm. 
broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre all united at the base, the outer ones 
linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the broader inner ones, all pubes- 
cent; rays 6-10, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes oblong to elliptic, winged, 
1-4 cm. long ; pappus of 2 short deciduous teeth. In dry sandy woods, Va. and 
N. Car. to Fla. and Miss. July-Aug. 

Coreopsis mijor Oemleri (Ell.) Britton. Plant glabrous throughout; leaf-segments 
often narrower. Va. and W. Va. to Ga. 

6. Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Larkspur Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3930.) 
Perennial, stem glabrous, branched above, rather slender, 3-9 dm, high. Segments 
3-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; heads several or numerous, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre 
hemispheric, its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than or 
equalling the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, entire; disk brown; achenes 



COMPOSITAE. 999 

oblong to oval, narrowed at the base, narrowly winged; pappus of 2 short teeth. 
In dry woods, Va., N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Aug. -Sept. 

7. Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled Tickseed. (L F. f. 3931-) Peren- 
nial; stem stiff, much branched, slender, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Heads numerous, 
3-4 'cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, or short-cylindric in fruit, glabrous, its 
outer bracts linear, obtuse, commonly somewhat shorter and much narrower than 
the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, spatulate-oblong, obtuse; disk dull yellow; 
achenes oblong, narrowly winged, 4 mm. long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry 
soil, western Ont. to northern Mich., Md., N. Car., Ky., Neb. and Ark. June- 
Sept. 

8. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3932.) 
Perennial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, the lower and basal 
ones slender-petioled, spatulate or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 5-15 cm. long, 
entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse entire lobes ; heads few or solitary on elongated 
slender peduncles, 4-6 cm. broad, showy; peduncles often 3 dm. long; involucre 
depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous or ciliate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as long; rays 6-10, cuneate, 3-7- 
lobed; achenes oblong, about 2 mm. long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry or 
moist soil, western Ont, to Va., Fla., La. and Mo. May-Aug. 

9. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Star Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3933.) Perennial; 
stem leafy, little branched, or simple, erect. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, 
entire, or some of them 3-5-lobed or divided, the basal and lower ones slender- 
petioled, obovate-oval, obtuse, the upper short-petioled or sessile, 5-7 cm. long; 
heads few, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, long-peduncled; involucre depressed-hemispheric, 
glabrous, star-like, its lanceolate obtuse or acute outer bracts nearly as long as but 
much narrower than the ovate inner ones; rays 8-10, cuneate, lobed at the apex; 
achenes similar to those of the preceding species or broader. In dry woods, Va. 
to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and La. June -Aug. 

10. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Thick-leaved or Hairy Tickseed. 
(I. F. f. 3934.) Perennial; stem ascending, little branched, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, 4-7 
cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide; stem-leaves few, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse or 
acutish, narrower; heads few, 3-5 cm. broad, borne on slender, puberulent 
peduncles of ten 3 dm. long, similar to those of C. lanceolata, as are the rays, 
involucral bracts and achenes. Dry soil. 111. to La., east to S. Car. and Fla. 
May-Aug. 

11. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running or Lobed Tickseed. (I. F. f. 
3935.) Perennial; stoloniferous ; stems weak, very slender, decumbent or ascend- 
ing, 1.5-4 dm. long, little branched, or simple. Leaves thin, entire or pinnately 
3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided, the terminal segment entire and much larger than the 
lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pubescent, with slender pubescent 
petioles; stem-leaves few, petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads 2-4 cm. broad, 
slender-peduncled ; outer bracts of the involucre oblong, narrower than the mostly 
ovate and acute inner ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, about 4-toothed, yellow; achenes 
oval, the wings involute and thick. In woods, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. and La. 
May-Aug. 

12. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. Large-flowered Tickseed. (T. F. 
f. 3936.) Perennial (or sometimes annual ?); stem glabrous, usually branched above, 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire 
and slender-petioled; segments of the lower stem-leaves oblong, obtuse, the termi- 
nal one larger than the lateral; segments of most of the stem-leaves linear or even 
filiform; petioles ciliate; heads commonly several, 3-5 cm. broad, long-peduncled; 
outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, narrower and mostly shorter than the oval 
or ovate-lanceolate inner ones; rays 6-10, achenes oblong, broadly winged when 
mature, the projections on the inner face usually large; pappus of 2 short scales. 
In moist soil, Kans. and Mo. to Tex., east to Ga. May-Aug. 

13. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed. (I. F. f. 3037.) Perennial; 
stem glabrous, much branched above, 12-25 ^^^^^- ^^^S^^- Leaves petioled. glabrous, 
or very nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceolate entire acute rough-mar- 
gined segments, which are 5-12 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide and pinnately veined; 
uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-4 gm. 



lOOO FLORA. 

broad; outer bracts of the invomcre linear, obtusish, much narrower than the ovate- 
oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, obtuse, achenes oblong 
to obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate; pappus none. In moist woods and 
thickets, Penn. to Wis., Kans., Va., Fla. and La. July-Oct. 

67. BIDENS L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite, serrate, lobed, divided or dissected 
leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and 
radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre campanulate or 
hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the base; the outer 
often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, 
chafly, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral, mostly 
entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 
5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style -branches with 
short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, ob- 
long, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly 
barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 spe- 
cies of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur 
in the southern and western U. S. 

Plants terrestrial, erect.; leaves simple, or divided. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely lobed (pinnately divided in B. connata 
pinnata. 

Rays present, large and conspicuous, twice as long as the disk or longer. 
Heads usually erect ; rays oval ; leaves lanceolate, many-toothed. 

1. B. laevts. 
Heads nodding ; rays linear-oblong; leaves narrowly lanceolate, fine toothed. 

2. B. elegans. 
Rays'small, not more than twice as long as the disk, sometimes very short or 

wanting. 

Heads nodding after flowering. 3. B. cernua. 

Heads persistently erect. 

Pappus-awns downwardly barbed. 

Involucral bracts not foliaceous; stem purple ; 

flowers orange. 4. B. connata, 

Involucral bracts foliaceous ; stem straw-color ; flowers greenish 
yellow. 

Outer involucral bracts erect or nearly so ; lower leaves petioled. 

5. B. comosa. 
Outer involucral bracts spreading; leaves sessile. 

6. B. acuta. 
Pappus-awns upwardly barbed. 7. B. bidentoides. 

Leaves, some or all of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or dissected. 
Rays rudimentary, none, or very short. 

Achenes flat ; leaves, some or all of them, 1-3-divided. 
Outer involucral bracts, 4- 8 ; achenes nearly black. 

Achenes 4-4.5 mm. long ; awns very short ; outer bracts 4. 

8. B. discoidea. 
Achenes 6 mm. long ; awns half as long as the achene ; outer 
bracts 6-8. 9. B. /j-ondosa. 

Outer involucral bracts 10-16; achenes brown. to. B. vulgata. 

■ Achenes linear ; leaves dissected. 11. B. bipinnata. 

Rays large and conspicuous. 

Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate ; pappus of 2 short teeth. 

12. B. coronata. 
Achenes ciliate ; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns. 

Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate. 13. B, trichospermao 

Achenes obovate, very flat. 

Bracts of the involucre glabrous or ciliate, short. 

14. B. aristosa. 
Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner. 

15. B. involucrata. 
Plant aquatic ; submersed leaves filiformly dissected. 16. B. Beckii. 

I. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Larger or Smooth Bur-Marigold. Brook 
Sunflower. (I. F. f. 3938.) Annual; glabrous throughout; stems branched, 
erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
to the sometimes connate-perfoliate base, 7-20 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads 



COMPOSITAE, 1001 

numerous, short-peduncled, erect, 4-6 cm. broad; rays very showy, golden yellow; 
involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or spatulate, equalling or 
exceeding the broader, ovate-or oblong, membranous inner ones; rays 8-10, oval to 
oblong, obtuse; achenes cuneate, truncate, 2 mm. long, retrorsely hispid on the 
margins; pappus of 2-5 (usually 2), rigid downwardly barbed awns. In swamps 
and wet meadows, Mass. to N. Car. and western N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 

2. Bidens elegans Greene. Narrow-rayed Bur-Marigold. Glabrous; 
stem slender, sparingly branched, terete, red-purple. Leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late, 6-8 cm. long, with few short salient teeth ; heads nodding, on long slender 
peduncles; outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; rays 6-8, about 3 
times as long as the involucre; outer achenes 4-awned, the inner 3-awned; awns 
and margins of the achenes retrorsely barbed. Southeastern Va. 

3. Bidens cernua L. Smaller or Nodding Bur-Marigold. (I. F. 
f. 3939.) Annual; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect, branched, 5-9 dm. high. 
Leaves sessile and commonly somewhat connate-perfoliate at the base, glabrous, 
acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads numerous, globose, short-pedun- 
cled, 1-2. 5 cm. broad, nodding after or during flowering; rays 6-10, short (6-12 
mm.), or none; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate, 
often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the broad, yellowish-margined mem- 
branous inner ones; achenes cuneate, about 4 mm. long, retrorsely hispid on the 
margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4) downwardly barbed awns. In wet soil, N. S. 
to Hudson Bay and Br. Col., south to N. Car., Mo. and Cal. Also in Europe and 
Asia. July-Oct. It has recently been proposed by Professor E. L. Greene to 
separate this into several species, and Mr. Wiegand has suggested two subspecies. 

4. Bidens connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. (I. F. 
f. 3940.) Annual; glabrous throughout; stem erect, usually much branched, 1.5- 
25 dm. high. Leaves petioled, thin, apex acuminate, base tapering, blade 5-12 cm. 
long, 6-25 mm. wide, decurrent on the petiole, the lower sometimes with a pair of 
lateral basal lobes; heads several or numerous, peduncled, 1-4 cm. broad; involu- 
cre campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts ciliate or naked, somewhat exceed- 
ing the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays none, or 1-5 and inconspicuous; stamens 
often exserted ; achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled, or nearly glabrous, 
often keeled, the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs, or both ; pappus-awns 
3 or 4; corolla 5 -toothed. In swamps or moist soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south 
to Del., Ga., Ky. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

Bidens connata pinn^ta S. Wats. Leaves pinnately divided into 4-6 pairs of acute, 
entire to incised segments. Minn. 

5. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bracted Tickseed. (I. F. 
f. 3941.) Annual, glabrous ; stem erect, branched, 1.5-10 dm. high. Leaves short- 
petioled, with mostly smaller teeth than in B. connata, tapering to each end, the 
petioles broadly margined; heads several or numerous, I cm. broad or more; outer 
bracts of the involucre spatulate or lanceolate, foliaceous, often tootlied, 2-4 times 
as long as the head; corollas mostly 4dobed, stamens and style included ; achenes 
larger, 7-11 mm. long, evenly cuneate, very flat, retrorsely hairy; pappus- awns 
commonly 3, downwardly barbed. In wet soil, southern N. Y. and Mass. to III. 
Aug. -Oct. 

6. Bidens acuta (Wiegand) Britton. Prairie Beggar-ticks. Similar to 
B. comosa. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a narrowed base, 
4-8 cm. long, sharply serrate, the margins sparingly ciliate ; involucre broader 
than high, 1.5-3 c"'^- broad; outer bracts foliaceous, ciliate, acutish, longer than 
the achenes, spreading; inner bracts narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acute; achenes 
cuneate, sparingly retrorsely hairy; awns 3, retrorsely barbed, the longer more 
than half as long as the achcne. In wet soil, Kans. and Mo. Aug.-Sopt. [B. 
comosa acuta Wiegand; B. riparia Greene.] 

7. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. Swamp Beggar - ticks. (I. F. 
f. 3942.) Closely resembles B. connata, glabrous throughout; stem branched. 3-12 
dm. high. Leaves petioled, or the upper sessile and entire, acuminate at the apex, 
narrowed at the base; involucre narrowly or becoming somewhat broadly campan- 
ulate, its outer bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much exceeding the 
oblong inner ones; rays none, or rarely present and very' short; achenes linear- 



1002 FLORA, 

cuiieate, 8-10 mm. long, their sides and the 2 slender pappus-awns (rarely with 
a short intiermediate awns) upwardly barbed or hispid. Mud'dy shores, Perm., 
N. J., Dei. and Md. Aug.-Oct. 

8. Bidens discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Small Beggar-ticks. (I. F. f. 3943.) 
Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect. 5-18 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
very slender-petioled, all the lower ones divided into 3 lanceolate or oblong-lance- 
olate, dentate, acuminate segments which are 2-7 cm. long ; uppermost leaves 
commonly rhombic-lanceolate and undivided; heads usually numerous, slender- 
peduncled, 5-10 mm. broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its outer 
bracts mostly foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing the inner ones; rays 
apparently always wanting ; achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose, about 
4 mm. long; pappus of 2 short, upwardly hispid, rarely downwardly barbed awns. 
In swamps and wet places, Conn, to Va., Ohio, Mich., La. and Tex. July- Sept. 

9. Bidens frondosa L. Black Beggar-ticks. Annual ; stem erect, 
branched, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 5-10 dm. high. Leaves slender- 
petioled, pinnately 3-5 -divided or the uppermost undivided, the segments lanceo- 
late Or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
base, usually slightly pubescent beneath, stalked, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; 
heads usually numerous, slender-peduncled, 9-15 mm. broad; involucre campan- 
ulate, becoming hemispheric, its outer bracts foliaceous, often exceeding the oblong 
inner ones; achenes flat, cuneate, nearly black, the margins upwardly hairy; the 
two slender awns downwardly barbed, or sometimes upwardly hispid. In moist 
soil, often a weed in fields, N. B. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. July-Oct. 

10. Bidens vulgata Greene. Tall Beggar-ticks. (I. F. f. 3944, as ^. /rt?^- 
dosa.) Taller, sometimes 3 m. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves pinnately 3-5.. 
divided, the veins straight and prominent; heads larger, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, stout- 
peduncled; outer involucral bracts linear to linear-spatulate, ciliate, the inner mostly 
ovate or narrowly triangular, pubescent at the apex; ray-flowers usually present, 
pale yellow; achenes very flat, 7-9 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, brown or greenish 
brown; the margins downwardly barbed above, upwardly hairy below; awns 2, half 
as long as the achene or more, downwardly barbed. In moist soil, Ont. to N. Car., 
Br. Col., Mo. and Cal. 

Bidens vulgata puberula (Wiegand) Greene. Crisp-pubescent above, especially on 
the involucre; inner bracts pubescent on the back. Wis. to Saskatch., Iowa, Neb. and 
Mo. 

11. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. (I. F. f. 3945.) Annual; stem 
quadrangular, erect, freely branched, rather slender, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
acuminate, petioled, 1-3-pinnately dissected into ovate or oblong, toothed or lobed 
segments; lower leaves often 2 cm. long; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled, 
4-8 mm. broad; involucre narrow, its outer bracts linear, ascending, nearly as 
long as the broader erect inner ones; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none; 
achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent, narrowed upward into a beak, 10-18 
mm. long, the outer ones commonly shorter and thicker than the inner; pappus of 
2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed, slightly spreading awns, much shorter than 
the achene. In various situations, often a weed in cultivated fields, R. I. to Fla., 
west to Ohio, Neb. and Ariz. Also in Mex. and tropical Am., and introduced as a 
weed into southern Europe and Asia. July-Oct. 

12. Bidens coronata (L.) Fisch. Southern Tickseed-Sunflower. (I. F. 
f. 3946.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
Lower leaves petioled, 7 -1 2 cm. long, 3 -divided, the terminal segment lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, serrate, much larger than the serrate or entire lateral ones; 
upper leaves much smaller, 3-parted, 3 -lobed or undivided, sessile or short-petioled, 
entire or serrate; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; involucre 
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or slightly exceeding 
the broader inner ones; rays 6-10, obtuse; achenes broadly cuneate, 2-4 mm. long; 
pappus of 2 chaffy, divergent, somewhat laciniate teeth, rarely with 2 shorter inter- 
mediate ones. In wet places, Va. to Fla. and Ala. July-Sept. 

13. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. Tall Tickseed-Sunflower. 
(I. F. f. 3947.) Annual or biennial, glabrous; stem tall, obscurely quadrangular, 
much branched, 6-15 dm. high. Lower leaves petioled, 1-2 cm. long, pinnately 



COMPOSITAE. 1003 

divided into 5-7 lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, incised or nearly entire, 
sessile or short-stalked segments; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-lobed, 3- 
divided, or entire and linear-lanceolate; heads numerous, 4-6 cm. broad, long- 
peduncled; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear or spatulate, sometimes 
ciliate, about the length of the broader inner ones ; rays 6-19, obtuse, golden yellow, 
14-25 mm. long; achenes 6-8 mm. long; pappus of 2 upwardly hispid teeth or short 
awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Mass. to Ga.,, 111. and Ky. Aug. -Oct. 

Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britton. Segments of the leaves Hnear- 
lanceolate, serrate or entire; achenes sometimes smaller. In bogs, 111., Ind., Minn., Iowa 
and southern Ont. A similar form occurs in southern N. J. 

14. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Western Tickseed-Sunflower* 
(I. F. f. 3948.) Annual or biennial; stem much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
thin, slender-petioled, pubescent beneath, the lower ones pinnately 5-7-divided, 
7-15 cm. long, the segments lanceolate, serrate, incised or pinnatifid, acuminate, 
narrowed at the base; upper leaves less divided, lanceolate, or merely lobed, sessile 
or short-petioled ; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 2-5 cm. broad; outer bracts 
of the hemispheric involucre linear or spatulate; rays 6-g, obtuse; achenes upwardly 
ciliate and strigose-pubescent ; pappus of 2 slender upwardly or downwardly barbed 
awns, nearly as long as the achene, rarely wanting. In swamps and wet prairies, 
Del. to Mich., La. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 

15. Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britton. Long-bracted Tickseed-Sun- 
FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3949.) Similar to the two preceding species, minutely pubes- 
cent, 3-9 dm. high, much branched. Segments of the leaves narrower, linear- 
lanceolate, incised or pinnatifid, long-acuminate; heads numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, 
on slender, usually hispid peduncles ; outer bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate; rays orange at the base; achenes flat, ciliate and strigose; 
pappus of 2 short teeth. In swamps. 111. to Kans., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 

16. Bidens Beckii Torn Water Marigold. (I. F. f. 3950.) Perennial, 
aquatic; stems simple, or little branched, 6-25 dm. long. Submersed leaves sessile, 
3-5 cm. long; emersed leaves few, sessile, opposite, or sometimes in 3's, lanceolate 
or oblong, acute, serrate or laciniate, 1-4 cm. long ; heads solitary or few, short- 
peduncled, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oval or oblong, ob- 
tusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner; rays 6-10, obovate, 
or oblong, obtuse, golden yellow ; achenes nearly terete, each end truncate ; pappus 
of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly barbed above, smooth below, divergent, 12-25 
mm. long. In ponds and streams, Quebec to N. J., west to Manitoba and Mo. 
Aug-Sept. Emersed leaves sometimes wanting. This and a northwestern species 
constitute the recently-described genus Megalodonta Greene. 

68. THELESPERMA Less. 

Glabrous herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or finely dissected leaves, 
and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays wanting. 
Involucre of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer short, narrow and somewhat 
spreading, the inner united into a cup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle 
flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious chaff subtending the disk-flowers and 
achenes. Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays yellow, entire or toothed. 
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and 5 -toothed limb. 
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tips acute. Achenes, some or all of 
them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wing- 
less. Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, 
nipple-seed.] About 7 species, natives of the south central U. S., Mex. and south- 
ern S. Am. 

Rays large ; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene. 

Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear ; annual or biennial. 

I. T. trifidum. 
Leaves rigid, their segments linear ; perennial. c. T. intervieditim. 

Rays inconspicuous, or none ; awns longer than the width of the achene. 

3. T. gracile. 

I. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Britton. Finr-t.kavf.d TuEi.F.srERMA. 
(I. F. f . 3951.) Stem branched, 3-9 dm. high. Loaves numerous. 4-5 cm. long. 



1004 FLORA. 

bipinnately divided; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre about 
8, subulate-linear, equalling or more than half as long as the inner, which are 
united not higher than the middle ; rays 6-10, somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed; disk 
purple or brown; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or slightly curved, the outer 
ones strongly papillose. In dry soil, Neb. to Tex. June-Aug. 

2. Theles.perma intermedium Rydb. Intermediate Thelesperma. 
(I. F. f. 3952.) Perennial from a deep woody root; stem rigid, usually much 
branched, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves usually numerous, 4-5 dm. long, less compound 
than those of the preceding species; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate-subu- 
late, usually much shorter than the inner ones, which are united to about the 
middle; rays and achenes similar to those of the preceding. In dry soil, Wyo., 
Colo, and Neb. June-Aug. It has been confused with the southwestern T. ambi- 
guiim, which is less leafy and has a slender rootstock. 

3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray. Rayless Thelesperma. (I. F. 
f. 3953.) Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, 3-9 dm. high, the branches nearly 
erect. Leaves rigid, erect or ascending, 5-7 cm. long, pinnately or bipinnately 
divided into linear segments, or the upper linear and entire ; heads 1.2-2 cm. 
broad; rays usually none, sometimes present and 4-6 mm. long; outer bracts of 
the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, very much shorter than the 
inner ones which are united to the middle or beyond; disk yellow, or brownish; 
outer achenes slightly papillose. On dry plains, Neb. and Wyo. to Tex., northern 
Mex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 

69. GALINSOGA R. & P. 

Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled leaves, and small 
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper 
axils. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, 
obtuse, membranous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or 
elongated, its thin chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistil- 
late, fertile, the rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 
5 -toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with 
acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones fiat. Pappus of the disk- 
flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray- flowers of 
several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galin- 
soga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.] About 5 species, natives 
of tropical and warm temperate America. 

I. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga. (I. F. f. 3954.) Slightly 
appressed-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, 
2-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate, the lower 
siender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite 
entire; heads usually numerous, 4-6 mm. broad, slender-peduncled ; bracts of the 
involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 
4-16, oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish scales, shorter than the finely pubes- 
cent obpyramidal achene. In door-yards and waste places, eastern Mass. to Ore., 
N. Car., Kans. and Mex. Nat. from tropical Am. June-Nov. 

Galinsoga parviflbra hlspida DC. Pubescence more abundant, especially above, 
spreading ; pappus of the disk-flowers attenuate, bristle-tipped. In waste places, R. I. 
to Penn., N. Car. and Wis. 

70. ACTINOSPERMUM Ell. 

Erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate leaves, and large terminal 
heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, or those of the disk purplish. 
Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or 
with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, 
chaffy, the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending 
the disk-flowers. Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the 
corolla 5 -toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches with truncate 
subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky- villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly- 
equal scales. [Greek ray-seed.] Two known species, natives of the south- 
eastern U. S. 



COMPOSITAE. 1005 

I. Actinospermum uniflorum (Nutt.) Barnhart. One-headed Actino- 
SPERMUM. (I. F. f. 3955.) Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect 
branches, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, spatulate-linear or the upper linear, ses- 
sile,* erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. long, the lower 4-6 mm. wide; heads long- 
peduncled, solitary, 5-6 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, 
thick, their tips at length spreading; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4-toothed at the 
truncate apex; disk 16-25 "^"^- broad; chaff of the receptacle cuneate, truncate, 
very cartilaginous, more or less united laterally, the summit eroded; achenes 
obconic; pappus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene. In wet pine- 
barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 

71. MARSHALLIA Schreb. 

Perennial, often tufted, nearly glabrous herbs, with basal or alternate, entire 
leaves, and large long-peduncled discoid heads of purple, pink or white, glandular- 
pubescent flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in I 
or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length 
conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct. Rays none. Flowers all perfect 
and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or 5 -parted campanulate limb and 
a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches long, 
truncate. Achenes turbinate, 5 -ribbed and 5 -angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or 
acuminate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humph- 
rey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, botanical author.] About 8 species, of the 
southern and central U. S. 

Leaves ovate or oval, or oval-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved ; corolla-tube swollen at the throat. 
Stem-leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. i. M. trinervia. 

Stem-leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 2. M. grandijiora. 

Leaves linear, or the basal spatulate, thick ; corolla-tube not swollen at the throat. 

3. M. caespitosa. 

1. Marshallia trifiervia (Walt.) Porter. Broad- leaved Marshallia. 
(I. F. f. 3956.) Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the middle, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 
5-7 cin. long, 18-35 "^"^- wide; heads 1-2 cm. broad; corolla purplish; bracts 
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of the receptacle subulate- 
filiform; pappus-scales lanceolate-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes 
glabrous when mature. In dry soil, Va. to Ala. and Misls. May-June. 

2. Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & Boynton. Large-flowered Mar- 
shallia. Similar to the preceding species, leafy to above the middle. Lower 
and basal leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into petioles often as long as 
the blade, obtuse or obtusish ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile ; florets slightly 
larger than those of 71/. trinervia, 1.5-2 cm. long; achenes larger, 4-5 mm. long, 
pubescent. In moist soil, Penn. to W. Va. and N. Car. July- Aug. 

3. Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. Narrow-leaved Marshallia. (I. F. f. 
3957.) Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes sparingly branched, leafy 
either only near the base or to beyond the middle, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves near the 
base usually much longer and linear, sometimes I dm. long and 6 mm. wide, the 
upper ones linear, acutish, shorter; head about 25 mm. broad, borne on a pedun- 
cle often 2.5 dm. long; corollas pale rose or white; bracts of the involucre linear- 
lanceolate, acute or acutish; chaff of the receptacle linear, or slightly dilated 
above; achenes villous on the angles; scales of the pappus ovate, acutish, equalling 
or longer than the achene. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. May-June. 

72. PSILOSTROPHE DC. 

Branched woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old. with alternate leaves, 
and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corvmbose. or 
clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous. its 4-10 bracts in 
I series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivant, 
commonly with I-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. 
Rays broad, becoming papery and whitish, jx^rsistent, 5--7-nerved, 2-3-totMhed, 
pistillate. Receptacle small, naked. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. theiV corollas 
with a short proper tube and elongated cylindraceous limb, 5-toothed, the teeth 



I006 FLORA. 

glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the 
disk-tlowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nerveless acute 
scales, glabrous or villous. Four species, natives of the southwestern U. S. and 
northern Mex. 

I. Psilostrbphe villosa Rydb. n. sp. Northern Psilostrophe. (I. F. 
f. 3958. ) Perennial, branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, loosely white-woolly. Basal and 
lower leaves oblanceolate, entire, dentate or rarely pinnatifid, mostly obtuse, 5-10 
cm. long; upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, oblanceolate or spatulate, 
entire; heads several together in the clusters, 8-10 mm. broad, short-peduncled, or 
subsessile; rays few, lemon yellow, 4 mm. long, commonly wider, with 2 or 3 
broad teeth or lobes at the summit; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; pap- 
pus-scales linear-lanceolate, glabrous, shorter than the disk-corollas. In dry sandy 
soil, Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. June-Sept. It has been confused with P, Tagetinae 
with orange persistent rays 5-10 mm. long. 

73. FLAVERIA Juss. 

Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light green, mostly annual herbs, with oppo- 
site sessile leaves, and small, i-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely 
cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate, yellow or yellowish 
flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 
I or 2 additional small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flower 
commonly one, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, 
fertile, their corollas 5 -toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the 
disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or linear-oblong, 8-io-ribbed. Pappus none. 
[Latin, Jlavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.] About 7 species, natives of 
America. In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the southern U. S. 

I. Flaveria angustifolia (Cav.) Pers. Narrovv-leaved Flaveria. (I. F. 
f.°3959.) Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, erect, ;^-6 dm. high, little branched. 
Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved, acuminate or acute at 
the apex, sessile by a broad and somewhat clasping base, '3-6 cm. long, 4-8 mm. 
wide; heads about 6 mm. high, closely sessile in terminal glomerules or these 
pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre usually of 3 oblong-lanceolate bracts, 
2-5-flowered; ray equalling or longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, 
glabrous, about 3 mm. long. In alkaline soil, Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and 
N. Mex. Aug. -Oct. 

74. HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. 

Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostly 
pinnatifid or dissected leaves, and small or rather large discoid heads of white or 
yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12, 
in I or 2 series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins 
and apices scarious. Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers all 
perfect and fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and reflexed or spreading cam- 
panulate 5-lobed limbs, the lobes ovate. Anthers entire at the base. Style- 
branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, 4-5- 
angled, the faces usually prominently 1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse 
scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus.] About 8 
species, natives of N. Am. and Mex. 

Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. i. H. CaroHnensis. 

Bracts of the involucre obovate or oblong-, green with whitish or yellow tips. 
Achenes puberulent or sparingly pubescent on the angles. 

Colored portion of the bracts broad, whitish to sulphur-yellow; corolla whitish. 
Segments of the leaves, at least of the lower, oblong or broadly linear. 

2. H. sulphureus. 
Segments of all the leaves narrowly linear. 3. H. corymbosus. 

Colored portion of the bracts narrow, yellow ; corolla yellow. 

4. H. flavescens. 
Achenes densely villous or hirsute. 

Pappus over i mm. long, equalling the corolla-tube or nearly so, not hidden by 

the hairs of the achenes; heads numerous. 5. H. tenuifolius. 

Pappus less then i mm. long, shorter than the corolla-tube and hidden by the 
hairs of the achenes ; heads few, 6. H. filifolius. 



COMPOSITAE. 1007 

1. Hymenopappus Carolinensis (Lam.) Porter. White-bracted Hymeno- 
PAPPUS. (I. F. f. 3960.) Biennial ; stem leafy below, corymbosdy branched and 
nearly naked above, 6-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 1-1.5 dm. long, 
l-2-pinnately parted or deeply pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or obtusish 
lobes, more or less white-tomentose beneath ; heads commonly numerous, corym- 
bose, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of involucre broadly ovate or oval, thin, bright white; 
corolla lobes about as long as the throat, white; achenes puberulent or pubescent; 
pappus of very small nerveless scales, shorter than the width of the top of the 
achene. In dry sandy soil, 111. to Tex., S. Car. and Fla. March-June, 

2. Hymenopappus sulphureus Rydb. Sulphur-bracted Hymenopappus. 
Biennial; stem more or less permanently white-tomentose, branched above, 3-6 
dm. high. Lower leaves pinnately divided into oblong or linear toothed often ob- 
tuse lobes, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above; upper leaves twice pinnate 
with narrower lobes; heads corymbose, about I cm. broad; bracts obovate, their 
tips light sulphur or almost white; corolla whitish; its lobes as long as the throat; 
achenes puberulent, short-hairy on the angles; pappus- scales obovate, shorter than 
the width of the achene. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Apr.-July. [Type from Riley 
Co., Kans., J. B. Norton, No. 285.] 

3. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Corymbed, or Smooth White 
Hymenopappus, (I. F. f. 3961.) Biennial; stem glabrous or nearly so, corym- 
bosely branched and nearly naked above, 3-6 dm, high. Lower and basal leaves 
petioled, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or nearly filiform, acute or acutish glabrous 
lobes, or somewhat tomentose beneath ; upper leaves few, much smaller and less 
divided; heads corymbose, numerous, 8-12 dm, broad; bracts of the involucre 
obovate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white; corolla white, its lobes 
about as long as the throat; achenes puberulent; pappus-scales small, nerveless, 
shorter than the width of the achene. On dry prairies, Neb. to Tex. Summer, 

4. Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray. Woolly Yellow Hymenopap- 
pus, (I. F, f, 3963.) Biennial; stem densely white- woolly, at least when young, 
3-7 dm. high, leafy, branched above. Leaves 1-3 -pinnately parted or divided into 
linear segments; heads numerous, usually larger than those of the following spe- 
cies; involucral bracts obovate to ovate with greenish-white margins; corolla yel- 
low or yellowish, the lobes about equalling the throat; achenes sparingly short- 
villous; pappus-scales spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube. In sandy 
soil, Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and northern Mex. 

5. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. Woolly White Hymenopappus. 
(I. F. f. 3962.) Biennial; stem lightly tomentose, or at length glabrate, 3-6 dm. 
high, slender, leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower 
and basal leaves petioled, 1-3 -pinnately parted into linear or filiform lobes, woolly- 
pubescent beneath, at least when young; heads numerous, corymbose, 8-12 mm. 
broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose; corolla 
white, its lobes slightly shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous-pubescent; 
pappus of several oblong to ovate ribbed or nerved scales, which are about as long 
as the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. June-Sept. 

6. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low Tufted Hymenopappus. (I. F. 
f. 3964.) Perennial from a deep woody root; stems usually tufted, woolly when 
young, sometimes glabrate when old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked 
or nearly so above, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves tomentose when young, the lower 
and basal ones petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted or pinnatifid into narrowly linear, 
somewhat rigid lobes; heads commonly few, 12-25 mm. broad; bracts of the 
involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips whitish; corolla yellow 
or yellowish, its lobes much shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous; pap- 
pus-scales costate. short. On prairies and in dry rocky soil, N. W. Terr, to S.Dak., 
Neb, and Ariz. June-Sept. 

75- POLYPTERIS Nutt. 
Erect rough, glandular or cinereous herbs, with alternate, mostly entire leaves, 
or the lower opposite, and corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate 
pink or purple (lowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, it? bracts in i or 2 
series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, 
appresssd, usually colored. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when 



I008 FLORA. 

present, pistillate, fertile, the rays 3-cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, theii 
corollas with slender tubes and deeply 5 -parted campanulate limbs. Style-branches 
filiform, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or obpyramidal, 
quadrangular. Pappus of 8-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer 
achenes often much shorter than that of the inner. [Greek, many-winged.] About 
6 species, natives of the southern and south-central U. S. and Mex. 

Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed ; leaves lanceolate. i. P. Hookeriajia. 

Rays none ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 2. P- callosa. 

1. Polypteris Hookeriana (T. & G.) A. Gray. Hooker's Polypteris. 
(I. F. f. 3965.) Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and viscid above, 
3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, 
rough on both sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slender-petioled, 
5-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; bracts of the involucre 10-16, linear-lanceolate or 
spatulate. glandular-hispid, the inner with purplish tips; ray-flowers 8-10; achenes 
about 8 mm. long and i mm. thick; pappus-scales of the disk-flowers 6-8, lanceo- 
late, awned, those of the ray-flowers as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter. In dry 
soil. Neb. to Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 

2. Polypteris callosa (Nutt.) A. Gray. Rayless Polypteris. (I. F. 
f. 3966.) Annual; glandular, at least above; stem slender, paniculately branched, 
3-6 dm. high. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, entire, short-petioled, mostly 
alternate; bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or narrowly oblong, her- 
baceous, pubescent, about 6 mm. long; corollas purple, deeply 5 -parted; achenes 
narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or glabrous, nearly as long as the involucre; 
pappus-scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded or retuse, or sometimes minute, 
or none. In dry soil, Mo. to Tex. and N. Mex. June- Oct. 

76. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb. 

[Bahia Nutt., not Lag.] 

Herbs or shrubs, more or less woolly, with opposite or alternate leaves, and 
small or rather large corymbose or solitary heads, of both tubular and radiate 
yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in i or 2 series 
herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked, 
foveolate. Ray-flowers in I series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, 
their corollas with campanulate or cylindric 5 -cleft limb. Anthers entire or emar- 
ginate at the base. Style-tips mostly truncate and obtuse. Achenes quadrangu- 
lar; linear or oblong. Pappus of several nerveless or costate scales, rarely none. 
[Name referring to resemblance of this genus to Picradenia.^ 

I. Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. False Bahla. (I. F. f. 3967.) 
Perennial, herbaceous; stem densely cinereous, much branched, 1-3 dm. high, very 
leafy. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 1-4 cm. long, palmately 2-5- 
parted into linear, obtuse or obtusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both 
sides; heads short-peduncled, 12-18 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, or becom- 
ing hemispheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose; rays 5-7, short; 
achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate 
scales with thickened bases. On plains, S. Dak., Neb. and Mont, to Kans. and 
N. Mex. June-Sept. \_Bahia oppositifolia Nutt.] 

77. TETRANEURIS Greene. 

Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic herbs, 
with alternate or basal, often punctate entire leaves, and small or rather large, 
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, or rays rarely want- 
ing. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 
2-3 series, appressed. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate 
and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 
with 4-5-toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Style- 
branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-10-ribbed 
or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate acuminate or trun- 
cate scales. [Greek, four-nerved.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 
and Mex. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the western U. S.. 



COMFOSITAE. IOO9 

Annual, or perhaps biennial, with a branching stem. i. T. linearifolia, 

Cespitose scapigerous perennials with all the leaves basal. 

Branches of the caudex comparatively slender and elongated; leaves narrowly linear, 
the blade much narrower than the dilated base. 

Bases of the leaves and involucre sparingly silky-villous. 2. T. stenophylla. 

Bases of the leaves conspicuously arachnoid hairy; involucre densely villous, 

3. T.fastigiata. 
Branches of the caudex very short and thick ; leaves from linear to spatulate, but 
the blade not much narrower than the base if at all. 

Bracts of the involucre acutish, densely silky;' leaves decidedly silky. 

Leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 4-7 cm. long. 4. T. simplex. 

Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 2-4 cm. long. 5. T. acaulis. 

Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse, sparingly silky; leaves nearly glabrous. 

6. T. herbacea. 

1. Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hook.) Greene. Fine-leaved Tetraneuris* 
(I. F. f. 3968.) Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually diffusely branched' 
finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at the base, slender, 15-35 cm. high. Stern- 
leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; basal leaves spatulate 
often villous, much broader, obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; heads 
numerous, slender-peduncled, 12-16 mm. broad; involucre broadly campanulate, 
its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent, imbricated in about 2 series; receptacle conic; 
rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubescent; pappus of 5 or 6 ovate awned scales. In 
dry soil, Kans. to La., Tex. and N. Mex. May-Sept. \Picradenia linearifolia 
(Hook.) Britton. 

2. Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. Narrow-leaved Tetraneuris. Per- 
ennial with a branched caudex; branches often 5-8 cm. long, upper portion covered 
with the scarious bases of old leaves; bases of the leaves dilated, sparingly silky- 
villous; blades narrowly linear, 3-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous, conspicu- 
ously punctate; scape 6-10 cm. high, minutely strigose; involucre 10-13 ^n^- 
wide; bracts oval or oblong-acutish; rays about 10 mm. long and 4 mm, wide. In 
dry soil, Kans. to Colo, and Mex. [A dine II a glabra T. & G., not Nutt.; Picra- 
denia scaposa Britton, 111., Fl., in part.] 

3. Tetraneuris fastigiata Greene. Fastigiate Tetraneuris. Like the 
preceding, but leaves still narrower, about I mm. wide, the bases conspicuously 
arachnoid villous ; involucre about 8 mm. wide ; bracts ovate, densely villous. Only 
known from the imperfect type material from dry hills near Coolidge, Kans. 

4. Tetraneuris simplex A. Nelson. Simple Tetraneuris. Cespitose per- 
ennial; caudex with very short thick erect branches; scapes few, 1-2 dm. high, silky- 
strigose; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, silky but less so than in the next, 4-7 
cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; involucre 15-18 mm. wide, its bracts oblong- lanceolate, 
acute, densely silky-villous; rays about i cm. long. On dry hills. Black Hills of 
S. Dak., western Neb., Wyo. and Mont. June-July. 

5. Tetraneuris acaulis (Nutt.) Greene. Stemless Tetraneuris. (I. F. f. 
3970.) Similar to the preceding species, perennial by thick roots and a stout 
branched caudex; scapes tufted, densely silky or tomentose, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves 
all borne on the ei\ds of the branches of the caudex, spatulate, entire, obtuse or 
obtusish, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, densely silky or villous; heads 18-35 "T'^^'^- 
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely villous; rays 10-15; pappus of 5 
or 6 ovate or oblong awned scales. In dry or rocky soil, N. W. Terr, to Mont., 
Neb., Ariz, and N. Mex. May-Aug. [Picradenia acaulis (Nutt.) Britton.] 

6. Tetraneuris herbacea Greene. Green Tetraneuris. Perennial, with a 
rather simple caudex; scape stout, 10-15 cm. high, strigose-silky ; leaves narrowly 
oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, at first sparingly long-silky, soon gla- 
brous and green; involucre about 16 mm. wide, its bracts oblong, roundotl. obtuse, 
sparingly silky; rays 15 mm. or more long, 20-25 in number. Hills, Ohio and lU. 
May -June. 

78. PICRADENIA Hook. 

Branched, more or less pubescent plants with alternate, pinnatcly divided leaves 

with linear segments and peduncled radiate heads with yellow flowers. Involucre 

hemispheric, its bracts in 2 scries, the outer ones united at the base. Receptacle 

convex or conic^ naked. Ray-llowers pistillate and fertile, usually 3-tcK)thed. 



lOIO FLORA. 

Disk-fiowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. 
Achenes turbinate, pubescent. Pappus scales acuminate or awned. [Greek, bitter 
glands.] 

I. Ficradeniaodorata(DC.) Britton. Fragrant Picradenia. Limonillo. 
(I. F. f. 3971- ) Amiual; stem much branched, puberulent, sparingly hirsute or 
glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, 1-3 -parted into filiform 
entire somewhat pubescent segments about i mm. wide; heads commonly numer- 
ous, 12-20 mm. broad. Involucre campanulate, puberulent, its outer bracts 6-9, 
lanceolate, keeled, acute, united at the base; rays 7-10, cuneate; pappus-scales 
lanceolate, acuminate. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., Mex. and Cal. April- July. 

79. HELENIUM L. 
Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter 
entire or dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, 
yellow or brownish-yellow flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad 
and short, its bracts in i or 2 series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. 
Receptacle convex, sub-globose or oblong, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fer- 
tile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their 
corollas 4.-5 -toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anlhers-2.toothed or sagittate 
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at the apex. 
Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acuminate or 
aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenusor Helena.] About 
24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, 
some 18 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 

Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate rays fertile, disk yellow. 

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. i. H. autuimiale. 

Leaves grayish, scabrous, puberulent. 2. H. montafium. 

Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral; disk purple. 

3. H. nudijiorinn. 
Leaves all linear-filiform, entire; rays fertile. 4. H. tenuifolium. 

1. Helenium autumnale L. False or Swamp Sunflower. Sneezeweed- 
Yellow-star. Ox-eye. (I. F. f. 3972.) Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous? 
rather stout, narrowly winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves, corymbosely 
branched above, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves firm, acuminate or acute at apex, nar- 
rowed to the sessile base, pinnately few- veined, 5-12 cm. long, .5-5 cm. wide, bright 
green; heads numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles; bracts 
of the flatfish involucre densely canescent, linear-lanceolate; rays 10-18, drooping, 
bright yellow, 3-cleft; achenes pubescent on the angles; pappus-scales ovate, acu- 
minate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. In swamps and wet meadows. Que. to 
Conn., Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and Ala. Aug.-Oct. 

2. Helenium montanum Nutt. Western Sneezeweed. Like the last but 
lower, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves narrower with smaller and closer teeth, grayish, 
scabrous on both sides, especially beneath; stem also very scabrous; rays short, 
about 8 mm. long, reflexed; bracts lanceolate. Meadows, Manitoba to Br. Col., 
south to Miss, and Ariz. July-Sept. yh. autiminale pubescens Britton.] 

3. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. Purple-head Sneezeweed. (I. F. f. 3973.) 
Perennial ; stem mostly slender, puberulent at least above, corymbosely branched, 
3-9 dm. high, narrowly winged by the decurrent leaf-bases. Stem-leaves 4-7 cm. 
long, 4-12 mm. wide, sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, dentate, 
tapering into margined petioles; heads 3-4 cm. broad, on slender or short-puberulent 
peduncles; rays 10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow, yellow with a brown 
base, or brown throughout, 3-toothed; pappus-scales ovate, aristate. In moist soil, 
Kans. to 111., Tex., east to N. Car. and Fla. Also near Philadelphia. June-Oct. 

4. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Fine-leaved Sneezeweed. (I. F. f. 3974.) 
Annual; glabrous or minutely pubescent above; stem slender, very leafy and 
usually much branched, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, often fascicled, 1-4 cm. long, 
I mm. or less wide; heads several or numerous, corymbose, 18-30 mm. broad, borne 
on slender or filiform peduncles; bracts of the involucre few, linear or subulate, 
sometimes pubescent, soon reflexed; rays 4-8, at length drooping; achenes villous; 
pappus-scales ovate, tipped with slender awns. In moist soil, S. E. Va. to Fla., 
Mo., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 



COMPOSITA E. 10 1 1 

80. GAILLARDIA Foug- 

Branching or scapose, pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and large 
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre 
depressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips 
spreading or reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly 
naked. Rays cuneate, yellow, purple, or parti-colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 
3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes 
and 5 -toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with jointed hairs. Anthers minutely 
sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped with filiform or short 
appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at the base. 
Pappus of 6-12 I -nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M. 
Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist.] About 12 species, natives of the 
U. S. and Mex., i in southern S. Am. 

Stem leafy; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages. 

Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short ; southern. i. G. lanceolata. 

Fimbrill^e subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes. 

Rays yellow; fimbrillas exceeding the achenes. 2. G. aristata. 

Rays purple, or red at base; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 

3. G. pulchella. 
Leaves basal; style-tips with short naked appendages; rays none, or few. 

4. G, suavis. 

1. Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Sweet Gaillardia. (I. F. f. 3975.) 
Annual, or perhaps perennial; stem puberulent with jointed hairs, or cinereous, 
usually branched, 4-9 dm. high, the branches straight, nearly erect. Stem-leaves 
sessile, spatulate or linear, entire or sparingly serrate, puberulent, ciliolate, acute 
or obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed to the base, 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 
mm. wide; basal leaves broader, very obtuse, sometimes short-petioled ; heads 3-5 
cm. broad, long-peduncled; flowers sweet-scented; bracts of the involucre about 
equalling the violet disk; rays 8-12, yellow or reddish with darker veins, rarely 
none; achenes villous at the base, or to beyond the middle; awns of the pappus 
slender. In dry woods, Kans. to Tex., east to S. Car. and Fla. May-Sept. 

2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great-flowered Gaillardia. (I. F. 
f. 3976.) Perennial; stem simple, or little branched, hirsute, or densely pubescent 
with jointed hairs, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves firm, densely and finely pubescent, the 
lower and basal ones petioled, oblong or spatulate, laciniate, pinnatifid or entire, 
mostly obtuse, 5-12 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, or slightly 
spatulate, smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid; heads 4-10 cm. broad, 
long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; achenes 
villous, at least at the base. On plains and prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Br. 
Col., Kans., Colo, and N. Mex. Leaves sometimes all basal. May-Sept. 

3. Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Showy Gaillardia. (I. F. f. 3977.) An- 
nual; diffusely branched at the base, the branches ascending, 15-35 cm. high, or 
larger in cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent with jointed hairs. Leaves 
lanceolate, oblong, or the lower spatulate, 3-7 cm. long, entire, dentate or sinuate- 
pinnatifid, all but the lowest sessile; heads 3-7 cm. broad, long-peduncled, bracts 
of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or pubescent; achenes more or less 
villous, or glabrous. In dry soil. Neb. and Kans. to La., Mex. and Ariz. May- 
Sept. 

4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. & Rusby. Rayless Gaillardia. 
(I. F. f. 3978.) Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a few near the 
base of the slender pubescent scape, spatulate or obovate in outline, 5-15 cm. long, 
pinnatifid, dentate, or some of them entire; scape 3-6 dm. high, monocephalous; 
head about 25 mm. broad, with the odor of heliotrope, gU^btise in fruit; ravs none, 
or short and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral; bracts of the involucre 
oblong or lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; fimbrilhie of the receptacle obsolete; 
achenes densely villous; pappus-scales broad, their awns very slender. lu dry 
rocky soil, Kans. to Tex. April-June. 



IOI2 FLORA. 

8l. BOEBERA Willd. 
[Dysodia Lag., not Cav.] 

Erect or diffuse, branching, mostly annual, strong-scented more or less glandu- 
lar herbs, with opposite or alternate, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small 
peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, 
campanulate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in i series, united into a cup, usually 
with a few small additional outer ones. Receptacle flat, pubescent, or covered 
with short bristles. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk-flowers perfect, 
their corollas 5 -toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2 -toothed at the base. Style- 
branches of the disk-flowers elongated, hirsute, sometimes apiculate. Achenes 
narrowly obpyramidal, 3-5 -angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, parted to 
beyond the middle into numerous capillary, rather stifl", bristle-like segments. 
[Named for J. von Boeber, a Russian botanist.] 

I. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Fetid Marigold. False Dog- 
fennel. (I. F. f. 3979.) Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent, gland- 
dotted, much branched, 15-45 cm, high, the branches diffuse or erect. Leaves 
opposite, sessile, or short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long, pinnately parted into linear or 
slightly spatulate, sharply serrate or incised segments; heads numerous, short- 
peduncled, 6-10 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, of 8-10 appressed, oblong, 
obtuse, green or purplish, glabrous or ciliate bracts, with several narrow shorter 
outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the disk; receptacle and achenes 
pubescent. Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minn, and Neb., south to La., 
Mex. and Ariz. Occasionally found as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and 
Middle States, and in Ont. July-Oct. \_Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchc. 

82. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. 

Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted 
foliage and involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular 
and radiate, mostly yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts 
united into a cup, sometimes with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fim- 
brillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. 
Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes striate. Pappus of several or numer- 
ous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the following species.] 
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur 
in the western parts of the U. S. 

I. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) Greene. Thyme-leaf. (I. F. f. 3980.) 
Annual, glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, much branched; the leaves and involucre with 
large oval oil-glands. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite sessile or nearly 
so, very deeply parted into 5-9 linear-filiform, mostly entire, blunt segments; 
heads numerous, corymbose, 12-20 mm. broad, terminating the branches; invo- 
lucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts acute; rays about 12, 5-6 mm. long; pappus of 
6-8 erose truncate scales, somewhat longer than the thickness of the achene. 
Kans. and Colo, to Tex. June-Sept. 

83. PECTIS L. 

Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland- 
dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and 
small usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre 
cylindric, oblong or campanulate, its bracts in i series, narrow, keeled, distinct. 
Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. 
Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with expanded, somewhat irregularly 5 -cleft 
limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, 
obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or numerous 
scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional ones. 
\\jA.\.\\\.^ pecten. comb, referring to the pappus.] About 50 species, natives of the 
warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the 
southern and western U. S. 

I. Pectis angustifolia Torr. Lemon-scented Pectis. (I. F. f. 3981.) 
iVnnual, much branched, 1-3 dm. high, the branches diffuse or ascending. Leaves 



COMPOSITAE. 10 1 3 

narrowly linear, sessile, obtusish, 1-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, often ciliate 
with a few bristles near the base; heads several or numerous, short-peduncled, 
about 6 mm. broad; involucre short-cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts 
about 8, linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes; rays few, 3-toothed, or 
entire; pappus a crown of 4-6 somewhat united short scales, with or without 2 
slender short awns. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, to Mex. and Ariz. Plant with the 
odor of lemons. May-Oct. 

84. ACHILLEA L. 

Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect, leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid or 
serrate alternate leaves, and small head^ of both tubular and radiate flowers, corym- 
bose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate, its 
bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly 
flat, or convex, chaffy, the membranous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray- 
flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, 
their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- 
branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly com- 
pressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles. ] About 75 species, natives of the 
northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the following, several 
others occur in northwestern N. Am. 

Leaves serrate. i. A. Ptarmica. 

Leaves finely dissected. 

Involucre broadly campanulate ; bracts fuscous-margined ; rays 10-20. 1 

2. A. borealis. 
Involucre oblong; bracts scarcely fuscous-margined; rays 5-10. 

Rays 3-6 mm. broad ; plant villous ; achenes broadly margined. 

3. A. lanulosa. 
Rays 2-3 mm. broad ; plant sparsely villous or glabrate ; achenes scarcely mar- 
gined. 4. A. Millefolium. 

1. Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezewort. White Tansy. (I. F. f. 3982.) 
Perennial by horizontal or creeping rootstocks ; stem glabrous, or slightly pubes- 
cent, nearly or quite simple, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, ses- 
sile and slightly clasping at the base, acute at the apex, regularly and closely serrate, 
sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads not 
very numerous, 10-18 mm. broad; peduncles puberulent; bracts ovate-oblong, 
obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose; rays 5- 15, white, rather large. In moist 
soil, Newf. to Quebec, Mass. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

2. Achillea borealis Bong. Northern Yarrow. Perennial, 2-4 dm. 
high; stem more or less lanate. Leaves bipinnate, with numerous crowded 
segments, sparingly lanate; corymb dense; heads 4-8 mm. high; involucral bracts 
sontewhat scariouswith broad fuscous margins; rays large, white or pink, 3-5 mm. 
broad; achenes prominently winged. Lab. to Alaska, south in the mountains of 
the Pacific Coast to Mex. June-Sept. 

3. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Western Yarrow. Perennial, 3-5 dm. high; 
stem lanate. Leaves finely bipinnatifid, with approximate segments; cyme rather 
dense in age, becoming flat-topped; involucral bracts stramineous, with greenish 
keel and brown margins ; achenes elliptical, broadly margined. Plains and 
mountains, S. Dak. to Br. Col., south to Mex. and Kans. Also introduced further 
east. June-Sept. 

4. Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. (I. F. f. 3083.) Peren- 
nial from horizontal rootstocks; flowering stems sparsely pubescent, or nearly gla- 
brous, simple, or corymbosely branched above, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves and 
those of the numerous short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes 25 cm. 
long and i cm. wide, those of the stem sessile, all somewhat pubescent or nearly 
glabrous; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad, in terminal compound dense, some- 
what convex corymbs; involucre ovoid, its bracts oblong, stramineous with greenish 
keel, obtusish, pubescent; rays 4-6, white, or often pink or purple. In various 
situations in the east occurring as a naturalized weed. Native of Europe and 
Asia. June-Nov. 

Achillea ligustica AH., a native of Europe, has been collected in N. V. and Mass. 
It differs from A. Millefolium in the open loose panicle and broad and short leaf-seg- 
ments. 



1014 FLORA. 

85. ANTHEMIS L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and 
usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the 
branches. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious- 
margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, 
chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray- 
flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white 
or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow, their corol- 
las with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of 
the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate. Pappus 
none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile.] About 60 
species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Rays white. 

Rays neutral ; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid. i. A. Cotula. 
Rays pistillate ; plants pubescent. 

Annual ; chaff of the receptacle acute. 2. A. arvensis. 

Perennial: chaff of the receptacle obtuse. 3. A. iiobilis. 

Rays yellow ; plant pubescent, or tomentose. 4. A, tinctoria. 

1. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. Dog's, or Fetid Camomile. Dill- 
weed. (I. F. f. 3984. ) Annual, glandular and with a fetid odor and acrid taste, 
much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves mostly sessile, 3-5 cm. long, finely 1-3- 
pinnately dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute lobes; heads commonly 
numerous, about 25 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse or obtusish, 
usually somewhat tomentose; rays 10-18, mostly 3 -tooth ed ; receptacle convex, 
becoming oblong, its chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers; achenes lO- 
ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate; pappus none. In fields, waste places and 
along roadsides, all over N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. 
June-Nov. 

2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. (I. F. f. 3985.) 
Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem finely pubescent, usually much 
branched, about 3 dm. high, the branches decumbent or ascending. Leaves sessile, 
3 -9 cm. long, 1-2 pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided 
than those of the preceding species and with broader segments; heads commonly 
numerous, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, usually some- 
what pubescent, with broad scarious margins; rays 10-18, mostly 2-toothed; chaff 
of the obtuse receptacle lanceolate; achenes oblong, obtusely 4 angled; pappus a 
mere border. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Va., west to Mich., Mo., and on 
the Pacific coast. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 

3. Anthemis nobilis L. Garden, Scotch, White or Low Camomile. 
(LF. f. 3986.) Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, 
the branches procumbent. Leaves numerous, 3-5 cm. long, finely and compactly 
dissected into nearly filiform lobes and segments; heads about 25 mm. broad; bracts 
of the involucre obtuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad; rays 12-18, 
2-3-toothed; chaff of the conic receptacle broad, membranous; achenes oblong, 
obtusely 3-angled; pappus none. Sparingly escaped from gardens, R. I. to Del. 
and Mich. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 

4. Anthemis tinctoria L. Yellow or Ox-eye Camomile. (I. F. f. 3987.) 
Perennial; stem erect, branched, 3-9 dm. high, with nearly erect branches. Leaves 
sessile, 3-7 cm. long, pinnately divided, the oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow 
acute lobes; heads few or several, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, 
obtuse, densely tomentose; rays 20-30, pistillate, usually 2.toothed; chaff of the 
nearly hemispheric receptacle lanceolate, acuminate, rather rigid ; achenes 4-angled, 
somewhat compressed; pappus a crown-like border. In fields and waste places. 
Me. to N. J., and locally escaped from gardens. Adventive from Europe. June- 
Sept. 

86. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. 

Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate dentate 
incised or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of both tubular 
and radiate flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, 



COMPOSITAE. IOI5 

its bracts appressed, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle 
flat, convex or hemisplieric, naked . Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white, 
yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corol- 
las with terete or 2- winged tubes and 4-5 -cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire 
at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 
angled or terete, 5-10 ribbed, those of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled. Pappus 
none or a scaly cup. [Greek, golden-flower.] About 100 species, of wide distribu- 
tion in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 2 others occur in north- 
western arctic America. -Our species have white ray-flowers. 

Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. 

Stem-leaves linear-spatulate, pinnately incised; weed. i. C. Leucanthemum. 

Stem-leaves cuneate-spatulate, toothed or lobed above ; arctic. 2. C. arcticum. 
Heads numerous, small, corymbose; plants escaped from gardens. 

Leaves pinnatifid, segments incised. 3. C. Parthenium. 

Leaves oblong, serrate. 4. C. Balsamita. 

1. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. White-weed. White or Ox-eye 
Daisy. (I. F. f. 3988.) Perennial; stem glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, sim- 
ple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high, often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Basal 
leaves obovate, oblong, or spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised, narrowed into 
long slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly sessile and partly clasping, 3-7 cm. long, ' 
the uppermost very small and nearly entire; heads 3-5 cm. broad, on long naked 
peduncles; rays 20-30, white, spreading, slightly 2-3-toothed; bracts of the invo- 
lucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly glabrous, with scarious margins and a brown 
line within the margins; pappus none. In pastures, meadows and waste places, 
common as a weed. Nat. from Europe. Rays rarely short and tubular. Disk 
bright yellow. May- Nov. 

2. Chrysanthemum arcticum L. Arctic Daisy. (I. F. f. 3989.) Similar 
to the preceding species, but somewhat fleshy, lower, seldom over 3 dm. high. 
Leaves cuneate-spatulate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, crenate or cleft at the apex, narrowed 
into a long tapering entire base, or the lower into slender petioles, slightly clasping 
at the base, the uppermost few, small, linear and nearly entire; heads solitary or 
few, long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; rays 20-30, white; bracts of the involucre 
oblong, obtuse, brown or with broad brown scarious margins, usually pubescent; 
pappus none. Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. 
Summer. 

3. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Pers. Common Feverfew. Feath- 
erfew. (I. F. f. 3990.) Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrate, much branched, 
3-7 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower often 15 cm. long, petioled, or the upper 
sessile, pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments; heads 
numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of the depressed 
involucre lanceolate, rather rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute or acutish; rays 10-20, 
white, oval or obovate, spreading, mostly toothed, long-persistent; pappus a short 
toothed crown. In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to N. J., and locally in the inte- 
rior, mostly escaped from gardens. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. 

4. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L. Costmary. Cost. Alecost. Alecoast. 
(I. F. f. 3991.) Perennial, puberulent or canescent; stem much branched, 6-12 
dm. high. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, those of the stem mostly sessile, and often with a 
pair of lateral lobes at the base ; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 
10-15 '^"^- broad, or when rayless only 6 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre nar- 
row, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15, white, spreading; pappus a short crown. 
Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to Ont. and N. S. Native of the Old World. 
Summer. 

87. MATRICARIA L. 

Mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus, with alter- 
nate leaves, dissected into filiform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and pe- 
duncled lieads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. 
Involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer 
shorter. Receptacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, 
white, pistillate and fertile. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, tortile, their corollas 
4-5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Stylo-branches of the disk- 



I0l6 , FLORA. 

flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3-5 -ribbed. Pappus none, or a coroniform 
border. [Latin, matrix, from its medicinal virtues.] About 20 species, natives 
of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. 

Rays present, white. 

Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbed. 

Plant tall, much branched; bracts of the involucre green, i. M. inodora. 
Plant low, nearly simple, arctic; bracts dark brown or black. 

2. M. grandifiora. 
Achenes nearly terete, oblong-, faintly 3-5-ribbed. 3. M. Chamomilla. 

Rays none; achenes oblong, faintly nerved. 4. M. matricartotdes. 

1. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camomile. Corn Mayweed. (I. F. f. 
3992.) Annual; stem glabrous, or very nearly so throughout, 3-6 dm. high. 
Leaves numerous, sessile, 2-3-pinnately dissected into filiform lobes, the rachis 
somevi^hat dilated at the base. Heads several or numerous, terminating the 
branches, 1.5-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green 
with brown scarious margins; receptacle hemispheric or ovoid; pappus a short 
entire or 4- toothed crown. In fields and waste places, Newf. to N. J., and locally 
in the interior. Nat. or adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 

2. Matricaria grandifiora (Hook.) Britton. Arctic Camomile. (I. F. f. 
3993.) Perennial; stem usually simple and monocephalous, glabrous, 1-3 dm. 
high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, l-2-pinnately dissected, 3-7 cm. 
long. Head not very long-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre ovate 
or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, 
scarious margins ; receptacle hemispheric when mature. Coast of Hudson Bay to 
Alaska. Reported from Lake Huron. Summer. 

3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or German Camomile. (I. F. f. 
3994.) Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves aromatic, finely 
2-3-pinnately dissected into numerous linear lobes; heads numerous, 16-25 i^"^- 
broad, slender-peduncled at the ends of the branches; bracts of the involucre 
oblong, obtuse, green, or with brownish margins; receptacle ovoid, becoming conic 
and hollow; pappus none. In waste places and on ballast, southern N. Y. to Penn. 
Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Summer. 

4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Rayless Camomile. (I. F. 
£ 3995.) Annual, glabrous; stem very leafy, at length much branched, 15-45 
cm. high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes; heads numer- 
ous, 6-8 mm. broad, peduncled; bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, green with 
broad white scarious margins, much shorter than the ovoid yellow disk; receptacle 
conic; pappus an obscure crown, sometimes produced into 2 coriaceous oblique 
auricles. In waste places, in ballast and along railroads, Mont, to Mo., Me. and 
Mass. Adventive from the Pacific coast. May -Aug. 

88. TANACETUM L. 

Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, 1-3-pin- 
nately dissected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular 
flowers, or with rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre 
hemispheric, depressed, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several 
series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, 
their corollas 2-5 -toothed or lobed, sometimes produced into short rays. Disk-flowers 
perfect, fertile, the corollas 5 -toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, their 
tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes 
5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From 
tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality.] About 35 species, 
natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 6 others occur in western 
and northwestern N. Am. 

Glabrous, or nearly so; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad. 1. 7". vulgare. 

Villous-pubescent; heads few, 12-16 mm. broad. 2. T. Huronense. 

I. Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. (I. F. f. 3996.) Stem stout, asually 
simple up to the inflorescence, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided into linear- 
oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the lobes acute, usually serrate; lower seg- 
ments of the leaves oftens mailer than the others ; basal leaves often 3 dm. long; heads 



COMPOSITAE. IOI7 

rather short-peduncled ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubescent or ciliate; receptacle flat; flowers 
yellow; marginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed limbs; pappus a short 
crown. Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gardens, N. S. and Ont. to S. Dak., 
south to N. Car., Mo. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

Tanacetum vulgire crispum DC. Leaf-segments more incised and crisped. Occa- 
sional, in similar situations; in some places more plentiful than the type. 

2. Tanacetum Huronense Nutt. Lake Huron Tansy. (I. F. f. 3997.) 
Villous-pubescent throughout, at least when young, less so when mature, 3-6 dm. 
high. Leaves 2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised, acute, the lower 
segments commonly smaller than the others; heads 1-8, on very stout pubescent 
peduncles; involucre depressed-hemispheric ; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed 
limbs, often expanded into short rays; pappus a short crown. In moist soil, N. B. 
to Hudson Bay, Me., Lake Superior, Alaska and Ore. July-Sept. 

89. ARTEMISIA L. 

Odorous herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small discoid, racemose, 
spicate, glomerate or paniculate heads of greenish or yellowish flowers. Involucre 
ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series, the outer 
gradually shorter. Receptacle naked or pubescent, not chaffy. Central flowers 
perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undivided styles, sometimes 
perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches; marginal flowers usually pistillate 
and fertile, their corollas 2-3 -toothed; or flowers all perfect and fertile in some 
species. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appen- 
dages. Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, 
usually bearing a large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, 
wife of Mausolus. ] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and 
southern S. Am. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in western N. Am- 

* Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile. 
a. Biennial or perennial herbs. 
Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes. 

Heads very numerous, 2 mm. broad; leaves mostly glabrous. 

I. A. caudata. 
Heads 4 mm, broad, in narrow panicles; leaves silky-pubescent. 

Heads few; involucre brown, mostly pubescent. 2. A. borealis. 

Heads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous. 3. A. Canadensis, 

Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3- cleft or pinnately divided. 

Leaves glabrous. 4. A. dracimculoides. 

Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5. A. glauca. 

b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; heads small and numerous. 

6. A.filifolia. 
** Marginarflow^ers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile. 
a. Receptacle villous-pubescent. 
Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short. 7. A.frigtda. 

Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong; introduced. 8. A. Absinthium. 

b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. 
Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tonientose. 

Heads about 4 mm. broad, numerous in panicled racemes ; perennial. 

9. A. Abrotanum. 
Heads about 2 mm. broad, paniculate or spicate; annuals. 

Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided; heads paniculate. 10. A. annua. 
Leaves pinnately divided; segments pinnatifid; heads in leafy spikes. 

IT. A. biennis. 
Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath. 
Leaves pinnatifid or dissected. 

Heads 6-8 mm. broad; racemose-glomerate; sea-beach plant. 

\2. A. StelUriana. 
Heads 2-4 mm. broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose. 

Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised. 

13. A. vulgaris. 
Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. 14. A. Pontica. 

Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments. 

15. A. Kansana. 



101 8 FLORA. 

Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, serrate, somewhat lobed, or entire, not 
pinnatifid. 

Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above. i6. A. serrata. 

Leaves linear, oblong or lanceolate, entire or lobed. 

Leaves elongated, at length glabrous above. 17. A. longif£>lia. 

Leaves shorter, oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, tomentose both sides. 
Heads 4 mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. broad; leaves entire or some of the lower 

toothed, w^hite-tomeniose on both sides. 18. A. gnaphalodes. 

Heads 3 mm. high, 2-2.5 "^n^- broad; leaves, except the upper ones, 
deeply 3-7 lobed, greener above. 19. A. Ludoviciana. 

Leaves cuneate, i cm. long, 3-toothed at the apex. 20. A. Bigelovii, 

* * * Flowers all perfect and fertile; far western species. 
Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-Iobed. 21. A. tridentata. 

Leaves linear, entire. 22. A. cana, 

1. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall or Wild Wormwood. (I. F. f. 3998.) 
Root biennial (sometimes perennial?); stems slender, glabrous, tufted, strict, Very 
leafy, 0.6-2 m. high, at length paniculately branched; branches glabrous, or rarely 
slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves and those of sterile shoots 
slender-petioled, sometimes a little pubescent, 7-15 cm. long, 2-3-pinnately 
divided into lobes about I mm. wide; the uppermost entire and short; heads short- 
peduncled, mostly nodding; bracts of the ovoid-campanulate involucre ovate, or 
the inner elliptic, glabrous; receptacle hemispheric, naked; central flowers sterile. 
In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, Quebec to Fla., Manitoba, Neb. and 
Tex. July-Sept. 

2. Artemisia borealis Pall. Northern Wormwood. (I. F f. 3999.) 
Perennial, 12-35 cm. high, densely silky-pubescent all over. Leaves less divided, 
the basal and lower ones petioled, 2-6 cm. long, the upper sessile, linear and entire 
or 3-parted; heads about 4 mm. wide in a dense, terminal, rarely branched thyrsus; 
involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish, pilose-pubescent or 
nearly glabrous; receptacle convex, naked; disk-flowers sterile. Me. (according 
to Fernald) ; Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic Am. to Alaska, south to 
Colo. Also in northern Asia. July-Aug. 

3. Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood. (I. F. f. 4000.) 
Root perennial (or sometimes biennial); stem pubescent or glabrous, strict, 3-6 
dm. high, the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubescent, but some- 
times sparingly so, the basal and lower ones petioled, 5-8 cm. long, 2-pinnately 
divided into lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Artemisia caudata; 
upper leaves sessile, less divided; heads short-peduncled, mostly spreading or 
erect, in small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite simple terminal 
raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or oval; receptacle hemispheric; central 
flowers sterile. In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Me. and Vt., west to Minn., 
Manitoba, the Canadian Pacific Coast, south to Ariz, and Neb. July-Aug. 

4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-leaved Wormwood. (I. F. 
f. 4001.) Perennial, glabrous; stem somewhat woody, usually much branched, 6-12 
dm. high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves 3-9 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acute, 
entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-cleft or even more divided; heads 
very numerous, 2-3 mm. broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-panicu- 
late; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green, scarious- 
margined; receptacle hemispheric, naked. Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to 
the N. W. Terr., Br. Col, Neb., Tex. and Cal. July-Nov. 

5. Artemisia glauca Pall. Silky Wormwood. (I. F. f. 4002.) Perennial, 
similar to the preceding species; stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little 
branched, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent, or glabrous below. 
Leaves linear, 1-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, entire, obtuse or obtusish, or the 
lower or sometimes nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes 2-4 cm. long; pan- 
icle narrow, branched, its branches nearly erect; heads drooping, sessile, very 
numerous, scarcely more than 3 mm. long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scari- 
ous-margined, obtuse; receptacle naked. Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr. 

6. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Silvery Wormwood. (I. F. f. 4003,) Stem 
branched, 3-6 dm. high, the rigid branches nearly erect. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 
nearly all 3-parted into filiform entire segments less than i mm. wide, or the upper- 
most undivided; heads exceedingly numerous, about i mm. broad, racemose, 



compositae. 1019 

paniculate, very short-peduncled, 3-5-flowered; involucre oblong, its bracts densely 
canescent; receptacle small, naked or slightly fimbrillate; central 1-3 flowers 
sterile. On dry plains, S. Dak. to Utah, south to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. July- 
Oct. 

7. Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Sage-Brush. Wormwood Sage. 
(I. F. f. 4004.) Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky-canescent all over; stem 
2.5-5 ^^^- l^^g^- Leaves 1-4 cm. long, ternately or 5-nately divided into numerous 
short, acutish, mostly entire lobes less than I mm. wide, the lower and basal ones 
petioled, and often with a pair of entire or 3-cleft divisions near the base of the 
petiole, the upper sessile and less divided; heads rather numerous, racemose or 
racemose-paniculate, short-peduncled, nodding, about 4 mm. broad; involucre hemi- 
spheric, its bracts oblong, canescent or tomentose. On dry plains and in rocky soil, 
Minn, to the Yukon, Idaho, Neb., Tex. and N. Mex. July-Oct. 

8. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common Wormwood. Absinth. (I. F. f. 
4005.) Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves 
5-12 cm. long, 1-3-pinnately divided, the lower long-petioled, the upper short- 
petioled or sessile, the uppermost commonly linear and entire; heads numerous, 
yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping, short-peduncled, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre 
hemispheric, its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scarious-margined; 
receptacle pilose-pubescent; central flowers fertile, the marginal ones fertile or 
sterile. In waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Mass., western Ont., Mont. 
and N. C. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Oct. 

9. Artemisia Abrotanum L. Southernwood. (I. F. f. 4006.) Perennial, 
somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or glabrous, much branched, 6-12 dm. high, 
the branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 
1-7 cm. long, 1-3-pinnately parted into linear, obtuse, entire lobes about I mm. 
wide, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest petioled; heads several- 
flowered, yellow, very numerous, nodding, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemis- 
pheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner ones obovate. In waste 
places, Mass. to N. C, Ont., and Neb. Adventive from Europe. 

Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with glabrous involucre, is stated by 
Dr. Gray to have escaped from gardens at Buffalo, N. Y. 

10. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood. (I. F. f. 4007.) Annual, 
glabrous throughout, much branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves 5-15 cm. long; lobes 
very narrow, short, obtuse; lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, the upper 
sessile and less divided, but none of them entire ; heads very numerous, drooping, 
borne on very slender peduncles of about their own length or less; involucre hemis- 
pheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate to oblong. In waste places Ont. to D. C, 
Tenn., Ark. and Kans. ; a bad weed in some places. Adventive or nat. from Asia. 
Summer. 

11. Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. (I. F. f. 4008.) 
Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very leafy, usually branched, 3-12 
dm. high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves 2-8 cm. long; lobes linear or linear- 
oblong, acutish, serrate or incised ; lowest leaves petioled, the uppermost less divided 
or rarely quite entire; heads not drooping, sessile and exceedingly numerous ii axil- 
lary crowded glomerules; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts green, scarious- 
margined. Native in the N. W. Terr, and the northwestern U. S., now widely 
distributed as a weed from Manitoba to N. S., south to Kans., Ky. and Penn. 
Aug. -Oct. 

12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Beach Wormwood. (I. F. f. 400Q.) 
Perennial, densely white-tomentose; stem branched, 3-5 dm. high, bushy, the 
branches ascending. Leaves obovate to spatulate, 3-10 cm. long, pinnatifld into 
oblong obtuse entire or few-toothed lobes, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all 
densely tomentose beneath, but becoming green and glabrous above when old; 
heads not drooping; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts tomentose, lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate. Sandy sea-beaches, Me. and Mass. to N. J. Cultivated in 
gardens along the coast. Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the coast 
of Sweden. July-Aug. 

13. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. (I. F. f. 4010.) Perennial; 
stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves 3-12 cm. 



1020 FLORA. 

long, deeply pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid, 
toothed or entire lobes, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous 
above, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the uppermost sometimes linear and 
entire; heads numerous, erect, about 4 mm. broad, in panicled simple or compound 
spikes; involucre oblong- campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined; 
tomentose or glabrous. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mich., N. C. and Penn. 
Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Oct. 

14. Artemisia Pontica L. Roman or Hungarian Wormwood. {I. F. f. 
4011.) Perennial; stem branched, glabrous or canescent, 3- 10 dm. high. Leaves 
3-6 cm. long, 2-3 pinnately dissected into short narrow lobes less than 2 mm. wide, 
canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the lower petioled and the petioles 
somewhat clasping or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and entire; 
heads numerous, 2-4 mm. broad, drooping, slender-peduncled; invohicre hemi- 
spheric, canescent, its bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, the outer short, lanceolate. 
Railway embankment near Tumble Station, Hunterdon Co., N. J,; mountain-side 
near Lily Lake, Luzerne Co., Pa. Fugitive or adventive from central Europe. 
July-Aug. 

15. Artemisia Kans^na Britton. Kansas Mugwort. (I. F. f. 4012.) 
Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much branched, the branches strict, 
bearing very numerous small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves nu- 
merous, crowded, the lower pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear revolute- 
margined segments i mm. wide or less, greenish above; upper leaves mostly 
narrowly linear and entire; heads oblong-oval, sessile, or very short-peduncled, 
erect, or somewhat spreading, 3 mm. long; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate- 
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute. Plains, western Kans. 

16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf Mugwort. (I. F. f. 4013.) 
Perennial; stem stout, tomentose or becoming glabrous, much branched, 1.5-3 ^• 
high. Leaves lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose 
beneath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest petioled; 
heads very numerous, greenish, erect, about 3 mm. broad, sessile or short-peduncled 
in panicled spikes or racemes; involucre canescent. its bracts oblong, obtuse, or 
the outer ones lanceolate. Prairies, 111. to Minn, and S. Dak. Introduced on the 
Mohawk River, near Schenectady, N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 

17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved Mugwort. (I. F. f. 4014.) 
Perennial; stem densely white-tomentose, branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves linear 
or linear-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, acuminate, tapering to a 
sessile base, or the lower petioled, densely white-tomentose on both sides, or 
i)ecoming green and glabrate above; h^ads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, 
about 4 mm. broad; involucre tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse. In dry rockji 
soil, western Neb. to Minn., Mont, and the N. W. Terr. Aug.-Sept. 

18. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Prairie, Western or Cud-weed 
Mugwort. (I. F. f. 4015.) Perennial, similar to the preceding species; stem 
white-tomentose, usually much branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, 3-7 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, 
white-tomentose on both sides, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed 
into short petioles; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, above 3 mm, broad, 
involucre oblong, tomentose. On prairies and dry banks, western Ont. and 111. to 
Br. Col., south to Mo., Tex., Ariz., Mex. and Cal. Aug.-Oct. 

19. Artemisia Ludo.viciana Nutt. Lobed Cud-weed. Perennial, ascending 
or erect, lower than the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, branched; stem somewhat 
tomentose. Leaves oblanceolate or somewhat cuneate in outline, 2-5 cm. long, 
densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose but greener above, deeply 3-7-lobed 
with lanceolate lobes, or the upper entire; heads very small and numerous, somewhat 
noddirig; involucre oblong-campanulate, tomentose, but less so than in the pre- 
ceding. Prairies and mountain-sides, Mo. to Col. Aug.-Oct. 

20. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. Bigelow's Sage-bush. (I.F. f. 4016.) 
Perennial, shrubby, silvery-canescent throughout, 2-4 dm. high, much branched, 
the branches erect. Leaves narrowly cuneate, or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or 3-5- 
toothed at the apex, 10-18 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; heads very numerous, 
about 2 mm. broad, densely glomerate-spicate in a narrow virgate panicle, 2-5- 
flowered, i or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others perfect and fertile; invo- 



COMPOSITAE. 1021 

lucre short-oblong, canescent or tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse. Kans. (ac- 
cording to Smyth), and Colo, to Ariz. Aug.-Oct. 

21. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Common Sage-bush. Sage-brush. 
Sage-wood. Mountain Sage. (I. F. f. 4017.) Shrubby, silvery-canescent; 
stem much branched, 3-35 dm. high. Leaves narrowly cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, 
2-6 mm. wide, sessile, 3-7-toothed at the truncate apex; heads very numerous, 
5-8-flowered, about 3 mm. broad, sessile, or very nearly so, in large dense panicles; 
involucre oblong, tomentose, its inner bracts oblong, the outer short, ovate, all ob- 
tuse or obtusish. On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Neb. to Colo., Utah and 
Cal., north to Mont, and Br. Col. July-Sept. 

22. Artemisia cana Pursh. Hoary Sage-bush. (I. F. f. 4018.) Shrubby, 
densely white-canescent; stem much branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves linear, 
linear-oblong or narrqwly lanceolate, sessile, acute at both ends, 3-5 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, usually quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes ; heads 
numerous, about 3 mm. broad, glomerate or sometimes solitary in the axils of the 
leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus at the summit, 5-9 flowered; involucre 
oblong, canescent, its inner bracts oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, usually with 1-3 
shorter outer ones. Plains, Neb. and- Colo, to N. Dak. and the N. W. Terr. July- 
Sept. 

89. TUSSILAGO L. 

An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial root- 
stocks, broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large soli- 
tary, monoecious heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit 
of a scaly scape, appearing before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanu- 
late to cylindric, its principal bracts in a single series, equal, with or without a 
few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray-flowers in several series, 
pistillate, fertile. Disk- flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla 5 -cleft, the style undi- 
vided and obtuse. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-10-ribbed. Pappus 
copious, of numerous slender roughish bristles, that of the sterile flowers shorter 
than that of the fertile. [Latin, ttissis, cough, for which the plant was a reputed 
remedy.] A monotypic genus. 

I. Tussilago FarfaraL. Coltsfoot. Coughwort. (I. F. f. 4019.) Scape 
slender, 7-45 cm. high, bearing a solitary large head at the summit. Leaves 
nearly orbicular, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed and dentate, 7-16 
cm. broad, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose beneath; head 
about 25 mm. broad; involucre campanulate; rays bright yellow, numerous, linear, 
pistillate, fertile. In moist soil, along roadsides, etc., N. S. and N. B. to Mass., 
N. Y. and Minn. Nat. from Europe. April-June. 

90. PETASITES Gaertn. 

Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad basal petioled leaves, 
and scaly scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular 
and radiate, white or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre 
campanulate to cylindric, its bracts in I series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly 
so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate flowers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or 
sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing most of the head; perfect but sterile 
flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undivided. Anthers entire or 
minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus of numerous 
capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat. referring to 
the broad leaves of these plants.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate 
and subarctic zones. 

Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate ; natives ; northern. 

Leaves orbicular, 7-11-cleft nearly to the base. i. P. paltnata. 

Leaves hastate-reniform, sinuate-lobed or toothed. 2. P./rig^iJii. 

Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate. 3. P. sai^tttata. 

Flowers all rayless, purple ; introduced. 4. P. Pt'f.jsites. 

I. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. Palmate-leaf Swekt Coltsfoot. 
(I. F. f. 4020.) Scape very scaly, stout, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 7-30 cm. broad, 
jgreen and glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least when young, 



1022 flora: 

sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat 
cuneate, sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious, corymbose or racemose- 
corymbose, numerous, 7-12 mm. broad; flowers nearly white, fragrant. In 
swamps and along streams, Newf. to Alaska and Br. Col., south to Mass., N. Y., 
Wis. and Cal. April-June. 

2. Petasites frigida (L.) Fries. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot. (I. F. f. 4021.) 
Scape very scaly, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, irregularly and angulately 
lobed and incised, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose be- 
neath, the lobes entire or few-toothed ; heads usually fewer and larger than those 
of the preceding species; involucre short-campanula te; flowers nearly white, fra- 
grant. Lake Winnipeg to the Arctic Sea, west to Alaska and the mountains of Br. 
Col. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Jime-Aug. 

3. Petasites sagittata (Pursh) A. Gray. Arrow-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. 
(I. F. f. 4022.) Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence similar to those of the 
two preceding species. Leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white- 
tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, I-3 dm. long, their margins sinuate- 
denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed; involucre campanulate; flowers nearly white. 
In wet ground, Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minn., Br. Col., S. Dak. and Colo. 
May-June. 

4. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst. Butter-bur. Butterfly-dock. (I. 
F. f. 4023.). Scape very scaly, 15-45 cm. high. Leaves orbicular or hastate-reni- 
form, often 3 dm. broad when mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand- 
denticulate all around, persistently white-tomentose beneath, green and mostly 
glabrous above; heads 8-12 mm. broad, mostly dioecious, in a dense raceme, the 
staminate ones smaller than the pistillate. In cultivated and waste ground, Pa. 
Nat. from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. April. 

92. Arnica l. 

Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely 
alternate, and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow 
flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its 
bracts in i or 2 series, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle flat, naked, flmbrillate 
or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, entire, or 2-3- 
toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5 -lobed, the style with slender 
branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2-auriculate at the base. Achenes linear, 
5-iO-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or barbellate 
rigid slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica.] About 30 
species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 20 others 
occur in the western parts of North America. 

Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. i. A. acaulis. 
Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate-ovate, petioled. 

Basal leaves cordate-ovate. 2. A. cordifolia. 
Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole. 

Stem-leaves 3-5 pairs, the upper somewhat smaller. 3. A. lanceolata. 

Stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, the upper much smaller. 4. A. alpina. 

1. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. Leopard's-bane. (I. F. f. 4024.) Gland- 
ular-hirsute; stem 3-9 dm. high, bearing several slender-peduncled heads at the 
summit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, obtuse, narrowed to a sessile base, 
denticulate or entire, 5-12 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide; stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, and 
some alternate, very small ones above; heads 25-35 mm. broad; bracts of the invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays 12-15, commonly 3 toothed at the 
truncate apex ; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature. 
In low woods, Del. and southern Penn. to Fla. April-May. 

2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-leaf Arnica. (I. F. f. 4025.) Hirsute, 
or pubescent; stem simple, or sparingly branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and 
lower leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate at the base, 
dentate, 3-7 cm. long, with slender sometimes margined petioles; stem- leaves 1-3 
pairs, ovate to oblong, sessile or short- petioled, much smaller; heads 1-8, 5-7 cm, 
broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, 12-20 mm. long; rays 12- 16, 



COMPOSITAE. 1023 

toothed at the apex; achenes hirsute-pubescent, or glabrous at the base. Western 
Neb. to S. Dak., the N. W. Terr., Nev. and Br. Col. May-July. 

3. Arnica lanceol^ta Nutt. Northern Arnica. (I. F. f. 4026.) Sparingly 
villous-pubescent; stem simple, or little branched, 3-7 dm. high, bearing 1-6 
heads at the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, dentate or entire, acute 
or obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones narrowed into 
petioles, the upper sessile, and usually somewhat connate by a broad or narrowed 
base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usually with some alternate small ones on the 
branches; heads 2-5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre acute; rays 10-15, 3-toothed; 
achenes hirsute-pubescent. Mountains of northern N. Y., N. H. and Me. to N. B., 
west to Lake Superior. June-Aug. It has been confused with the grayish 
pubescent A. Chaniisso7iis of the west. 

4. Arnica alpina (L. ) Olin. Mountain Tobacco. Arctic Arnica. (I. F. 
f. 4027.) Similar to the preceding species, but smaller and more slender, 15-35 
cm. high, villous or pubescent. Stem simple, usually bearing but a single head; 
leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish, entire or dentic 
ulate, 3 -nerved, the basal ones petioled, those of the stem 1-3 pairs, sessile or 
short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper pair usually much smaller than the 
lower ones; heads about 5 cm. broad; rays 10-15, toothed; achenes hirsute or 
glabrate. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea. Also in northern Europe. 
May-Sept. 

93. ERECHTITES Raf. 

Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) 
rather large discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate 
at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its 
principal bracts in I series, linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. 
Receptacle concave, naked. Marginal flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, 
their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed. Central flowers perfect, fertile; corolla 
narrovidy tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed, the style-branches elongated, truncate or 
obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes linear- 
oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious caspillary soft smooth white bristles. 
[Ancient name of some groundsel.] About 12 species, natives of America and 
Australasia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America. 

I. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fire- weed. Pilewort. (I. F. f. 
4028.) Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hirsute; stem striate, succulent, usually 
branched, 3-25 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate 
and often deeply incised, 5-20 cm. long, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping, 
mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles; heads 12-20 mm. long, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the base before 
flowering, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious margins; pap- 
pus bright white. In woodlands, thickets and v/aste places, Newf. to Fla.. west to 
the N. W. Terr., Neb., Kans. and La. Also in Mex. and S. Am. July-Sept. 

94. MESADENIA Raf. 

Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and nu- 
merous, rather small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish 
flowers, all tubular and perfect.. Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre 
cylindric or nearly so, its principal bracts 5, in i series, equal, usually with a few 
short outer ones. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, with a fleshy projection in the center. 
Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes usually with a mid-nerve. 
Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong, glabrous. Pappus of 
copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the central projection of the 
receptacle.] About 12 species,* natives <jf North and Central America. Besides 
the following, 4 others occiu- in the southern and southwestern U. S. 

Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate. 

Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. i. M. reniformis. 

Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. 2, M. attif^Iic (folia. 

Leaves thick, ^reen both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. 3. M. tuberosa. 



I024 FLORA. 

1. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. Great Indian Plantain. Wild 
COLLARD. (I. F. f. 4029.) Glabrous ; stem angled and grooved, 1-3 m. high. 
Leaves green both sides, the basal and lower reniform, long-petioled, sometimes 
6 dm. wide, the upper ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the base, the upper- 
most small and oblong; heads numerous, mostly 5 -flowered, about 5 mm. broad, in 
large compound corymbs ; involucre 6-8 mm. high. In woods, N. J, and Penn. to 
Minn., south to N. C. and Term. July-Sept. 

2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain. (I. F. f. 
4030.) Stem terete, glabrous, glaucous, g-iSdm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and 
basal ones slender-petioled, sometimes 15 cm. wide, the upper reniform, fan- shaped, 
or triangular with a nearly truncate base, the uppermost commonly small, lanceo- 
late or oblong and entire; heads very numerous, about 3 mm. broad, in large loose 
compound corymbs; involucre 6-8 mm. high. In woods, W. Ont. to Minn., south 
to Fla.. JNIo. and Kans. July-Sept. 

3. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. Tuberous Indian Plantain. 
(I. F. f. 4031.) Glabrous and green throughout; stem angled, stout, 6-18 dm. 
high. Leaves strongly 5-9-nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate, or ovate- 
lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire, but sometimes rapand, long-peti- 
oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate, I-2 dm. long, 2-7 cm. wide; up- 
per leaves ovate to oblong or cuneate-obovate, sessile or short-petioled, much smaller; 
heads very numerous in a compound corymb, mostly 5 -flowered, about 4 mm. broad; 
involucre 6-8 mm. high. On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and W. Ont. to 
Minn., south to Ala., La., Ark. and Kans. June-Aug. 

95. SYNOSMA Raf. 

A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so, with triangular or hastate, 
alternate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, 
corymbose or corymbose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. 
Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with 
some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Flowers perfect; corolla 5- 
lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very numerous white soft 
capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite.] A mono- 
typic genus of eastern North America. 

I. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. 
(I. F. f. 4032.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem striate, 1-1.5 m. 
high, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves triangular-lanceolate or hastate, sharply 
and irregularly serrate, acuminate, 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-15 cm. wide at the base, 
the auricles sometimes with I or 2 lobes on the lower side; petioles margined, or 
those of the basal leaves naked and slender; uppermost leaves sometimes merely 
lanceolate and sessile; heads 4-6 mm. broad in a usually large and compound 
corymb; involucre 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear, acute; heads 20-30- 
flowered. In woods. Conn, and N. J. to 111. and Minn., south to Fla., W. Va. 
and Ky. Aug. -Oct. 

96. SENECIO L. 

Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), 
with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered 
heads, of both tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. 
Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its principal bracts in i series, distinct, or 
united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly 
convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed. Rays, when present, pistillate, fer- 
tile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5 -toothed or 5- 
lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagittate. Style- 
branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete, or 
those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose, or 
canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. 
Pappus of numerous slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. 
[Latin, senex^ an old man, referring to the hoary character of some species^ or to 
the white pappus.] An immense genus of probably at least 1000 species, of very 
wide geographic distribution, In addition to the following, some 70 others occur 



COMPOSITAE. 1025 

in the southern and western parts of North America. Our species known as 
Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. 

* Heads conspicuously radiate (except in forms of Nos. 9, 10 and 16). 

(a) Heads solitary or few, 12-25 mm. high ; northern species. 
Stout; leaves 1-2 dm. long; heads 4-5 cm. broad. i. S. Pseudo- Arnica. 

Low; leaves 3-5 cm. long; heads 2-3 cm. broad. 2. S.frigtdus, 

(b) Heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly smaller, 
f At least the lowest leaves entire or dentate, not pinnatifid (or sometimes pinnatifid 

in Nos. 7 and 14). 
X None of the leaves cordate. 
Heads 10-14 mm. high; plants 3-15 dm. tall; northwestern species. 

Involucral bracts acuminate; leaves mostly entire. 3. .5". iniegerrimus. 

Bracts acute or obtuse, mostly black-tipped; leaves denticulate. 

4. S. atriapiculatus. 
Heads 6-10 mm. high; plants 1.5-7 dm. tall. 

Leaves and stems persistently more or less tomentose or woolly. 

Achenes glabrous. 5. S. Ptashtanus. 

Achenes hispidulous or glandular. 

Basal leaves long-petioled, crenate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid; plants 
tall. 

Basal leaves crenate-dentate; eastern. 6. .5". tomentosus. 

Stem-leaves, and often also the basal, pinnatifid; western. 

7. S. Plattensis. 
Basal leaves' short-petioled, much tufted, oval, few-toothed or entire; plant 
low. 8. S. antennariifolius. 

Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stem often woolly, especially below. 
Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or oval; achenes glabrous. 

Basal leaves obovate or suborbicular, crenate or dentate; involucral bracts 

4-5 mm. long. 9. S. obovatus. 

Basal leaves ovate to oval; involucral bracts 6-10 mm. long. 

Rays usually wanting, northern species. 10. 6". discoideus. 

Rays large and conspicuous. 11. ^. Crawfordi. 

Basal leaves oblong; achenes glabrous or hispidulous. 

Heads few or several, 6-8 mm. high; basal leaves 2-7 cm. long. 

12. S. Balsamitae, 
Heads numerous, 4-5 mm. high; basal leaves 7-15 cm. long. 

13. S. Smallii. 
Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3-toothed at apex. 

14. S. compactus. 
X X Basal leaves cordate or subcordate; plants mostly glabrous. 

Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 15. S. Pobbinsit. 

Basal leaves orbicular or ovate-oval. 16. S. aureus. 

ft Leaves narrowly linear, entire. 17. S. spartioides, 

ttt Leaves all pinnatifid or coarsely sinuate-dentate; plants glabrous, or somewhat 

woolly when young. 
Leaves sinuate-dentate, lanceolate; heads 8-10 mm. high. 19. S. palustris. 

Leaves pinnatifid. 

Segments narrowly linear, entire. 18. S. Pre?no7t(ii. 

Segments not linear. 

Leaves pinnately divided; segments dentate; heads 4-6 mm. high. 

20. S.lobatus. 
Leaves 2-pinnatifid; heads 6 mm. high; introduced species. 

21. S. Jacob.iea. 
* * Heads discoid, the rays none, or minute; introduced species 

Leaves pinnatifid; plants glabrous or puberulent; achenes canescent. 
Heads 6-8 mm. high; involucre naked, or nearly so at the base. 

22. S. sylvaticus. 
Heads 8-12 mm. high; involucre with several sliort outer bracts. 

23. S. vulgaris. 
Leaves pinnatifid ; plant viscid-pubescent; achenes glabrous. 24. S. visccsus. 
Basal leaves obovate, orbicular, or spatulate, merely dentate. 

Nos. 9, 10 and t6. 

I. Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less. Sea-beach Senecio. (T. F. f. 4033.) 
Perennial, somewhat fleshy: stem stout, mostly simple, very leafy, 1.5-Q dm. h[i^h_ 
Leaves oblong-obovate, or the lower spatulate, acute or obtuse at the apex, deiisVlv 
tomentose beneath, at least when young, repaml-dentate or denticulate, narrowed 
to a sessile and partly clasping base, or the lowest into margined petioles; lu\uls 
stout-pedunclcd, nearly 25 mm. high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts 



I026 FLORA. 

lanceolate, acuminate, mostly tomentose, commonly with several subulate spread- 
ing ones at the base; rays 12-15, linear, conspicuous; disk- corollas 5lobed; 
achenes glabrous; pappus dull. On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Me., 
N. B. and the lower St. Lawrence to Lab. and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska 
and northern Asia. July- Aug. 

2. Senecio frigidus Less. Arctic Senecio. (I. F. f. 4034.) Perennial, 
more or less tomentose, or becoming glabrous when old; stem slender, 1.5-3 dm. 
high, bearing a solitary head (rarely 2 or 3). Basal and lower leaves spatula te or 
obovate, petioled, obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; stem-leaves oblong to linear- 
lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile, mostly entire, smaller; involucre broadly cam- 
panulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 
12-20 mm. long, 3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base; achenes gla- 
brous or sparingly pubescent. Lab. and arctic Am. to Alaska. Also in north- 
eastern Asia. Summer. 

3. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Entire-leaved Groundsel. (LF. f. 4035.) 
Perennial, more or less woolly when young, glabrous or nearly so when old. 
Leaves entire, or sparingly denticulate, somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones 
oval or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, peti- 
oled, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small ; heads nu- 
merous, corymbose, long-peduncled, 12-20 mm. broad; involucre nearly cylindric, 
its principal bracts linear, green, usually with a few subulate outer ones ; rays8-i2, 
linear-oblong; achenes nearly glabrous. Minn, and Manitoba to Wyo. and Br. 
Col. June-July. 

4. Senecio atriapiculatus Rydb. Black-tipped Groundsel. (L F. f. 4036 
as S, lugens.) Similar to the preceding species, more or less woolly when young, 
soon glabrous; stem stout, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves oblong, oval, 
or slightly spatulate, obtuse or acute, denticulate or dentate, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 
cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and 
bract-like; heads several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, 12-20 
mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; rays 
10-12, oblong-linear; achenes glabrous. In moist soil, the N. W. Terr, to Minn., 
Iowa and Neb., west to Br. Col. and Cal. June-Aug. This has been confused with 
the smaller arctic S. higens Richardson. 

5. Senecio Purshianus Nutt. Pursh's Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4037 as 
^S". canus.) Perennial, densely and persistently white-tomentose to the inflores- 
cence; stems slender, usually tufted, 1-2 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves spatu- 
late or oval, entire, very obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves 
oblong or spatUlate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller, entire; heads several 
or numerous, 10-15 mm. broad, usually slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate, 
or at first short-cylindric, about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute 
sparingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no exterior smaller ones; rays 8-12; 
achenes glabrous, at least below. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minn, and Neb., west 
to Br. Col. and Utah. May-Aug. It has been confused with the larger S. canus 
of the Rockies. 

6. Senecio tomentosus Michx. Woolly Ragv^eed. Ashwort. (I. F. 
f. 4038.) Perennial, more or less densely and persistently tomentose or woolly-canes- 
cent; stems rather stout, solitary, or sometimes tufted, 3-7 dm. high. Basal and 
lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely spatulate, erect, very obtuse, 5- 15 
cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, narrowed or truncate at the base; stem -leaves few and dis- 
tant, small, linear-lanceolate or spatulate. crenate or rarely laciniate; heads mostly 
long-peduncled, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, 
its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, at length glabrate; rays 10-15; 
achenes hispidulous, at least on the angles. In moist soil, southern N. J. to Fla., 
west to La. April-June. 

7. Senecio Plattensis Nutt. Prairie Ragwort. (I. F. f. 4039.) Peren- 
nial; similar to the preceding species, usually smaller-leaved, lower and less tomen- 
tose, or becoming glabrate in age, seldom over 4 dm. high. Basal leaves oval, 
ovate or oblong, some or all of them more or less pinnatifid, with the terminal 
segment much larger than the lateral ones, crenulate or dentate, long-petioled; 
heads several or numerous, compactly or loosely corymbose, conspicuously radiate. 
III. to S. Dak., Wye, Colo, and Ind. Terr. April-June. 



COMPOSITAE. 1027 

8. Senecio antennariifolius Britton. Cat's-paw Ragwort. (I. F. f. 4040.) 
Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems slender, 2-4.5 d"^- high, loosely 
white-woolly. Leaves nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatulate, 
angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a petiole as long as 
the blade or longer, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally glabrous 
above, 2-4 cm. long; stem-leaves small, spatulate, laciniate, or the upper nar- 
rowly linear and entire; heads slender-peduncled, rather less than 25 mm. broad; 
rays golden yellow, showy; involucre 6 mm. high, white- woolly; achenes glandu- 
lar-pubescent. White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., on a loose slate hillside; Blue 
Ridge, Va. 

9. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf Squaw-weed. (I. F. f. 4041.) 
Perennial; stems commonly several from the same root, glabrous, or a little woolly 
at the base, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves rather thick, the basal ones very obtuse and 
rounded at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 ^'^^ wide, often purplish, usually with 
short, margined petioles, or the earliest sessile; stem-leaves commonly few and ses- 
sile, spatulate to oblong, often incised or pinnatifid; heads several, corymbose, 
12-16 mm. broad, about 6 mm. high, slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylin- 
dric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acute; rays 8-12, usually 
conspicuous. In moist soil and on banks, N. S. to Fla., west to Ont., Mich., Ky. 
and Mo. April-June. 

Senecio obovitus elong^tus (Pursh) Britton. Stem slender, weak ; leaves, or some of 
them, with tufts of wool in their axils ; heads few, rayless or short-rayed, often long- 
peduncled. On moist shaded banks, eastern Penn. 

Senecio obovatus rotundas Britton. Basal leaves orbicular, broadly oval, or ovate- 
orbicular, rather abruptly narrowed into the petiole, the larger 6-7 cm. broad. On wet 
banks, or rocks, Ky. to Mo. and the Ind. Terr, 

10. Senecio discoideus (Hook) Britton. Northern Squaw- weed. (I. F. 
f. 4042.) Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool in the axils of the 
lower leaves; stem rather stout, 3-6 dm. tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, 
thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the blade; stem- 
leaves few, small, more or less laciniate; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 
corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 6-10 mm, long; rays usually 
very short, or none. In moist places, Mich, to the N. W. Terr, and Alaska. 
June-Aug. 

11. Senecio Crawfordii Britton. Crawford's Squaw- weed. Perennial, 
with slender thread-like roots, glabrous, or with sparse woolly pubescence below. 
Stem slender, about 4 dm. high; leaves thick, firm, the basal ones erect, the larger 
2-2.5 d"^- long, the blades oval, oblong, or some of them narrowly obovate, mostly 
not more than one-half as long as the slender petioles, sharply and nearly equally 
serrate from the apex to the entire cuneate base, or the lower teeth somewhat 
larger than the upper; stem-leaves lanceolate or narrower, mostly acuminate, 
incised-serrate, clasping, the upper sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost very 
small; heads 3-7; peduncles 1.5-10 cm. long, slender, bracted, rarely forked; 
involucre 7-9 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 mm. wide, 
shorter than the white barbellate pappus; rays 8-10 mm. long; achenes 
linear, striate, 2.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick. Tullytown, Pa. 

12. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. Balsam Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4043.) 
Perennial, often tufted; stems slender, 2.5-5 <i"i- high, woolly at the base and in 
the axils of the lower leaves. Basal leaves slender-petioled, very obtuse, nar- 
rowed at the base, mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. 
wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfeces persistently tomentose or 
woolly, or glabrous throughout; lower stem-leaves petioled, laciniate or pinnatifid, 
the upper sessile, very small; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 12-20 mm. 
broad; rays 8-12. In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to N. Car., west to Wash., Br. 
Col., Tex. and Neb. May-July. 

Senecio Balsamitae pauperculus (Michx.) Fernald. Lower; heads few, sometimes 
only one. Me. to Lab. Apparently merely a reduced form of the type. 

Senecio Balsamitae prael6ngus "Greenman. Tall ; lower leaves long-petioled, i.s-6 
cm. long, 10-12 mm. broad; stem-leaves large, sometimes 2 cm. wide, deeplv pinnatifid 
with usually rounded lobes ; achenes hispidulous. Vt. and Mont, to N. Y. and Penn. 



1028 FLORA. 

13. Senecio Smallii Britton. SxMall's Squaw-weed. (L F. £ 4044.) 
Similar to the preceding species but taller, growing in large clumps. Stem 
4-7 dm. high, slender, densely and persistently floccose -woolly at the base and in 
the lower axils, or finally glabrate; basal leaves elongated-oblong or linear-oblong, 
obtuse or acute, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, at first tomentose, at length nearly 
glabrous; stem-leaves several, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower lyrate; heads very 
numerous, 8-10 mm. broad, slender-peduncled, forming large corymbs; rays 8-10. 
In meadows and thickets, Va. andN. Car. to Ga. and Ala. May-June. 

14. Senecio compactus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Squaw- weed. 
(I. F. f, 4045.) Perennial; stem usually tufted, low, rather stout, 15-30 cm. 
high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or glabrous. Basal leaves linear- 
cuneate, entire, or 3-toothed at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, thick, 
slender-petioled, the petioles commonly woolly-margined; lower stem-leaves often 
much larger and broader, usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to 
the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads several, 16-20 mm. broad, 
short-peduncled in a compact corymb; rays 10-15; a-chenes hispidulous. On dry 
plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. May-June. 

15. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Squaw- weed. (I. F. f. 4046.) 
Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stems slender, 3-7 dm. high. 
Basal leaves long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, cordate, sub- 
cordate or truncate at the base, usually thin, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, sharply 
dentate; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled in an open corymb, 
16-20 mm. broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous. In swamps and mountain mead- 
ows, northern N. H., Me., Vt. and N. Y., and on the summit of Roan Mountain, 
N. Car. June-Sept. 

16. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Life-root. Swamp Squaw- 
weed. (I. F. f. 4047,) Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stems 
rather slender, solitary or tufted, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves cordate-ovate, 
cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate, very obtuse and rounded, often 
purplish, 2-15 cm. long, with long slender petioles; lower stem-leaves lanceolate 
or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate, somewhat auriculate and clasp- 
ing; heads several, 16-20 mm. broad, 8-10 mm. high, slender-peduncled in an 
open corymb; rays 8-12, golden yellow ; achenes glabrous. In swamps and wet, 
meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Ont., Mo. and Tex. May- July. 

Senecio aureus pauciflorus (Pursh) Britton. Glabrous or with a little wool in the 
axils of the lower leaves ; stem rather stout, 15-30 cm. high; basal leaves ovate to orbicu- 
lar, about I cm. broad, cordate or subcordate at the base, crenate; stem-leaves few, pin- 
natifid; heads i-io, short-peduncled, rather large, apparently always rayless; bracts very 
narrow, acuminate, tinged with purple. Newf. to the Canadian Rocky Mts. and Wyo. 

Senecio aureus gracilis (Pursh) Britton. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, the lowest axils 
sometimes woolly. Basal leaves smaller than those of the type, cordate or subcordate; 
heads numerous, rather small; rays conspicuous. In wet soil, R. I. to Mich., S. Dak., 
Va. and Mo. 

17. Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray. Linear-leaved Senecio. Like 
the next in habit, but slender from a woody base, glabrous; leaves entire, narrowly 
linear, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; heads numerous; involucre about i cm. 
high, 6-8 mm. broad, almost cylindraceous; rays about 7, golden yellow. Dry 
plains, Neb. to Wj^o., south to Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. [5. Douglasii A. Gray 
in part.] 

18. Senecio Fremontii (T. & G.) Rydb. Narrow-lobed Senecio. (I. F. 
f. 4048 as S. Douglasii.) Woody at the base, usually branched, sometimes shrubby, 
glabrous or nearly so, leafy, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, 
thick, 3-7 cm. long, pinnate ly parted into 3-9 linear or filiform entire segments, 
or the upper entire; heads corymbose at the ends of the branches, 1-2 cm. broad, 
slender-peduncled; involucre cylindric or becoming campanulate, 10-15 i^nn- high, 
its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some subulate exterior ones; 
rays 8-15 , achenes canescent. Plains, in dry soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex. June- 
Sept, \S. filifolius var. Fremontii^ T. & G. ; -5". Riddellii T. & G. ; S. Douglasii 
A. Gray, in part.] 

19. Senecio paKistris (L.) Hook. Marsh Fleawort. Pale Ragwort. 
Marsh Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4049.) Annual of^ biennial, pubescent or glabrate; 



J 



COMFOSl TA E. I O29 

stem hollow, 15-60 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, entire, den- 
tate, or laciniate, acute or obtuse, 5-18 cm. long, 6-30 mm. wide, or the upper 
linear-lanceolate and small, those of the stem sessile and somewhat auriculate- 
clasping, the basal petioled; heads numerous, 12-25 "^"^' broad, mostly short- 
peduncled in a large, rather dense, terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becom- 
ing campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, more or less pubescent, 
with no shorter outer ones; rays 15-20, pale yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus 
white, elongated, at length twice the length of the involucre. In swamps, Iowa 
and Wis. to Manitoba and aJctic Am., west to Alaska. Reported from Lab. Also 
in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 

20. Senecio lobatus Pers. Butterv^eed. Cress-leaved Groundsel. (I. F. 
f. 4050.) Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly when young, fleshy and 
tender; stem hollow, simple or branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 5-25 cm. long, 
the segments orbicular, oblong, obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire 
or lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the others; lower and basal 
leaves slender-petioled; heads numerous, 14-20 mm. broad, slender-peduncled in 
terminal corymbs; involucre nearly cylindric, 5 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, 
usually with no smaller outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely hispidulous on 
some of the angles. In swamps. Mo. and southern 111. to N, Car., N. Mex., Mex. 
and Fla. April-Sept. 

21. Senecio Jacobaea L. Tansy Ragwort. Staggerwort. (I. F. 
f. 4051.) Perennial by short thick rootstocks, somewhat woolly, or glabrous; 
stems stout, simple, or branched above, 6-12 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves 5-20 
cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate, dentate or 
incised; heads very numerous, 12-16 mm. broad, short-peduncled in large com- 
pact corymbs; involucre narrowly campanulate, about 5 mm. high, its bracts linear- 
lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with black; rays 12-15 ; achenes of the disk- 
flowers pubescent, those of the rays glabrous. In waste places, N. S., N. B. and 
Ont., and in ballast about N. Y. and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. 
July-Sept. 

22. Senecio sylvaticus L, Wood Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4052.) Annual; 
stem usually much branched, 3-7 dm. high, leafy. Leaves oblong or lanceolate in 
outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, lobed or entire, or the 
uppermost leaves linear and merely dentate ; heads several or numerous in the 
corymbs, slender-peduncled, about 4 mm. broad; involucre usually swollen at the 
base; rays none, or very short and recurved; achenes canescent. In waste places, 
N. S. and Pr. Edw. Isl. to Me. Also on the coasts of Cal. and Br. Col. Nat. or 
adventive from Europe. April-Sept. 

23. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4053.) Annual; 
stem hollow, usually much branched, 1. 5-3. 5 dm. high. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
the lower spatulate in outline, petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at the 
base, more deeply lobed or incised, their segments oblong, dentate; heads several 
or numerous in the corymbs, nearly 6 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre linear, 
often blackish-tipped; rays none; achenes slightly canescent. In cultivated ground 
and waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Va., west to Mich, and S. Dak. Also 
on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. April-Oct. 

24. Senecio viscosus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel. (I. F. f. 4054.) 
Annual, strong-scented; stem usually much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 1-2- 
pinnatifid, 4-7 cm. long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the segments 
oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised; lower leaves petioled; heads few in the cor- 
ymbs, 6-8 mm. broad, mostly slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, 8-10 
mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with 1-3 shorter outer ones; rays com- 
monly about 20, very short, reciu'ved and inconspicuous; pappus about one-third 
longer than the involucre. In waste places and t)n ballast near the coast, N. B. to 
N. Car. July-Sept. 

97. ARCTIUM L. 

Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad 

alternate petioled leaves, and rather large heatls of purple or white perfect tubular 

flowers, racemose, corymbose or paniculate at the eniis of the branches. Involucre 

subglobose, its bracts rigid, lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, 



1030 FLORA. 

imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 
5-cleft limbs. Filaments glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes ob- 
long, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate. Pappus of numerous 
short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre.] About 6 species, 
natives of Europe and Asia. 

Bracts densely cottony ; heads corymbose. i. A. tomentosum. 

Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly. 

Involucre 25 mm. broad or more; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers. 

2. A. Lappa. 
Involucre 12-20 mm. broad; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 

3. A. minus. 

1. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk. Woolly or Cottony Burdock. 
(I. F. f. 4055.) Similar to the following species. Heads 16-20 mm. broad, corym- 
bose at the ends of the branches, mostly long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre 
densely cottony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter than the flowers. In 
waste places, N. B. to Mass. and southern N. Y. Adventive from Europe. July- 
Aug. 

2. Arctium Lappa L. Great Bur, Burdock, or Clotbur. (L F. f. 4056.) 
Stem much branched, 12-27 dm. high. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and 
tomentose-canescent beneath, obtuse, entire, repand or dentate, mostly cordate, 
the lower often 4.5 dm. long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed; heads clustered or 
subcorymbose, sometimes long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
glabrous or nearly so, their spines all spreading; corolla-tube longer than the limb. 
In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to southern N. Y., and locally in the interior. 
Nat. from Europe. July-Get. 

3. Arctium minus Schk. Common Burdock. (I. F. f. 4057.) Smaller 
than the preceding species, seldom over 15 dm. high. Leaves similar, the lower 
deeply cordate; petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed; heads numerous, racemose 
on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile; bracts of the involucre glabrous or 
slightly cottony, the spines of the outer ones spreading, those of the inner erect and 
shorter than the flowers ; corolla-tube about as long as the limb. In waste places, 
common throughout our area. Nat. from Europe. July-Nov. 

98. CARDUUS L. 

Erect, branched or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, wit"h alter- 
nate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, some- 
times decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of 
purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. 
Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-tipped or unarmed, imbricated in 
many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb 
deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the 
base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong, 
compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several 
series ol slender, plumose, minutely serrulate, or simple bristles, connate at the 
base. [The ancient Latin nam© of these plants.] About 250 species, widely dis- 
tributed in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 35 others occur 
in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
♦ Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose. (Plumed Thistles.) 
+ Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed. 

I. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath (tomentose on 
both sides in No. 3). 
All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles ; naturalized weed. 

I. C. lanceolatus. 
Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate; native species. 
Branches leafy up to the heads ; involucral bracts firm or rigid. 

Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. 2. C. altissimus. 

Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments. 

Leaves tomentose on both sides, strongly spiny ; stem white-tomentose. 

3. C. Flodmanii. 
Leaves glabrate above, weakly spiny; stem green, glabrous. 

4. C. discolor. 
Heads naked-peduncled, 25 mm. high; involucral bracts thin. 5. C. Virginianus. 



COMPOSITAE. 103 1 

2. Leaves tomentose on oth sides, or becoming glabrous above; western. 
Leaves pinnately parted; segments linear, entire or lobed. 6. C. Pitcher t. 

Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments. 
Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length. 

Leaf-lobes triangular; flowers pink or purple. 7. C. undulatus. 

Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong ; flowers cream-color. 

8. C. Plattensis. 
Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length. 9. C. ochrocentrus. 

Leaves entire or undulate ; outer pappus-bristles barbellate. 10. C. Nebraskensis. 

3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. 
Leaf-lobes acute; bracts of the involucre faintly nerved. 11. C. odoratus. 

Leaf-lobes blunt ; bracts with a prominent glutinous midnerve. 12. C. Hillii. 

f f Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so. 
Heads large, few, 3-10 cm. broad ; flowers all perfect and fertile. 

Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves ; flowers usually yellow. 

12,. C. spinosissimus. 
Heads peduncled, naked, or with i or 2 bracts at the base; flowers purple. 

14. C. muticus. 
Heads small, numerous, 2.5 cm. broad or less; flowers imperfect, dioecious. 

15. C. arvensis. 
* * Pappus-bristles simple, or minutely serrulate. (Plumeless Thistles.) 

Head solitary, nodding; bracts of the involucre lanceolate. 16. C. nutans. 

Heads clustered, erect or ascending; bracts linear 17. C. crisptis. 

1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common Bur or Spear Thistle. (I. F. 
£ 4058.) Biennial; stem stout, branched, more or less tomentose, 1-1.5 m. high, 
leafy to the heads. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 
7-15 cm. long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and branches, the 
lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with stout prickles, the margins and decurrent 
bases bristly, the lower surface brown-tomentose and midnerve pilose especially 
when young; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, 4-5 cm. broad, 
4-5 cm. high; bracts of the involucre cottony, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; 
flowers dark purple. In fields and waste places, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., 
Neb. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. 

2. Carduus altissimus L. Tall or Roadside Thistle. (L F. f. 4059.) 
Biennial or perennial; roots often thickened; stem pubescent, or tomentose, stout, 
branched, leafy to the heads, 1-3 m. high. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late, sessile, or slightly clasping, sparingly pubescent above, densely white-tomen- 
tose beneath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinulose-margined, entire, 
dentate with bristle-pointed teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid, the lowest some- 
times 2 dm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the uppermost linear or lanceo- 
late, much smaller; heads about 5 cm. broad, 4-5 cm. high, mostly solitary at the 
ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
firm, with a dark, slightly glandular spot at the apex, tipped with short prickles; 
flowers light purple. In fields and thickets, Mass. to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

3. Carduus Flodmanii Rydb. Flodman's Thistle. Stem rather slender, 
.5-1 m. high, more or less white cottony. Leaves deeply divided into linear-oblong 
or lanceolate, acute segments, floccose but green above, white-tomentose beneath ; 
head campanulate, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts like those of the preceding but nar- 
rower; flowers rose or reddish purple. In river-bottoms and meadows, Neb. to 
Mont, and Wyo. July-Sept. 

4. Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. Field Thistle. (I. F. f. 4060.) Simi- 
lar to Carduus altissimus. but lower and more leafy, seldom over 2 m. high. 
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear, linear-lanceolate, or falcate, prickly-toothed 
segments, white-tomentose beneath, sessile, the basal ones sometimes 3 dm. long; 
heads 4-5 cm. broad, about 4 cm. high, usually involucrate by the upper leaves, 
mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involuci-e coriaceous, 
ovate, slightly woolly, tipped with slender bristles, which are longer than those of 
C. altissimus ; flowers ligjit purple or pink, rarely white. In fields and along 
roadsides, Quebec and Ont. to Ga., S. Dak., Neb. and Mo. July-Nov. 

5. Carduus Virginianus L. Virginia Thistle. (I. F. f. 4061.) Biennial; 
stem slender, naked or scaly above, pubescent or souiewhat tomentose, simple or 
branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest slightly 



1032 FLORA. 

spatulate, sessile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, spinulose-margined, entire, 
lobed or pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the lower sometimes 2 dm. 
long and 5 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, all pubescent or gla- 
brate above, and densely white-tomentose beneath; heads long-peduncled; outer 
bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lance61ate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with 
weak short bristles; flowers purple. In dry woods and thickets, Va. to Ky., Ohio, 
Fla. and Tex. April-Sept. 

6. Carduus Pitched (Torr.) Porter. Pitcher's Thistle. (I. F. f. 4062.) 
Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout; stem stout, leafy up to the 
heads, usually branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, or slightly 
decurrent, with sparingly prickly segments 4-6 mm. wide, with revolute margins; 
basal leaves often 3 dm. long; heads solitary or several and racemose-spicate at 
the ends of the branches, about 4 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre ovate- 
lanceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate, glutinous on the back, tipped 
with short spreading bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or some- 
times tipped with weak prickles ; flowers cream color. Shores of Lakes Michigan, 
Huron and Superior. June-Aug. 

7. Carduus undulatus Nutt. Wavy-leaved Thistle. (L F. f. 4063.) 
Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomentose throughout, or the upper sur- 
faces of the leaves at length green and glabrous; stem stout, leafy, usually 
branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
acute, sessile or decurrent, or the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid; 
heads about 5 cm. broad, and nearly as high, solitary at the ends of the branches; 
outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, glutinous on the back, 
tipped with short spreading prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate. On 
plains and prairies, Lake Huron to the N. W. Terr, and Br. CoL, south to Kans., 
N. Max. and Ore. June-Sept. 

Carduus unduRtus megac^phalus (A. Gray) Porter. Heads larger than in the 
type, 5-7 dm. broad. Minn, to Idaho and Ariz. 

8. Carduus Plattensis Rydb. Prairie Thistle. (I. F. f. 4064.) 
Perennial or biennial, the root thick and deep. Stem stout, simple, or little 
branched, 4-7 dm. tall, densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, white- 
tomentose beneath, green, loosely tomentose, or glabrate above, the lower 12-17 
cm. long, the lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped and margined ; 
heads few, about 5 cm. high and broad; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate to 
ovate-lanceolate, firm, dark, tipped with short weak spreading prickles, the inner 
linear-lanceolate, unarmed, tipped with scarious reflexed erose appendages; pap- 
pus of outer flowers merely barbellate. Sand hills. Neb. and S. Dak. May-July, 

9. Carduus ochrocentrus (A. Gray) Greene. Yellow-spined Thistle. 
(I. F. f. 4065.) Similar to Carduus undulatus^ but commonly taller and more 
leafy, often 2 m. high, equally white-tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate in out- 
line, usually very deeply pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate, serrate or entire 
segments, armed with numerous long yellow prickles; lower leaves often 15-20 
cm. long; heads about 5 cm. broad, 4-5 cm. high, solitary at the ends of the 
branches; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tipped with stout yellow prickles 
of nearly or quite their own length, the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acumi- 
nate; flowers purple (rarely white ?). On plains, Neb. to Tex., Nev, and Ariz. 
May-Sept. 

10. Carduus Nebraskensis Britton. Nebraska Thistle. (I. F. f. 4066.) 
Stem densely white-woolly, apparently over 3 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong to 
lanceolate, white-woolly beneath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, irregu- 
larly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 7-15 cm. long, 5-25 mm. wide, the 
margins prickly; heads solitary, or few, short-peduncled, about 4 cm. high; outer 
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner narrower, with reflexed 
acute scarious appendages; pappus-bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer 
barbellate. Scott's Bluff", western Neb. and Wyo. July-Aug. 

11. Carduus odoratus (Muhl.) Porter. Pasture 1'histle. Fragrant 
Thistle. (I. F. f. 4067.) Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent; stem stout, 
simple or branched, leafy, 3-10 dm. high. Roots thick, branched, solid; stem- 
leaves sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, 7-17 cm. 



COMPOSITAE. 1033 

long, 3-5 cm. wide, pinnatifid into triangular acute dentate prickly lobes; basal 
leaves petioled; heads solitary, terminal, 5-7 cm. broad, about 5 cm. high, often 
involucrate by the upper leaves; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with a 
slight glutinous strip on the back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose, tipped with 
slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acuminate; flowers purple, rarely white, 
fragrant. In fields, Me. to Penn. and Del. July-Sept. 

12. Carduus Hillii (Canby) Porter. Hill's Thistle. (I. F. f. 4068.) Bien- 
nial (?), low, villous-pubescent or somewhat woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched, 
3-6 dm. high. Root perpendicular, fusiform, slender and hollow above, enlarged 
below, 2.3 dm. long; leaf-lobes dentate, spinulose or with some rather stout prickles, 
upper leaves oblong, sessile and clasping, the lower spatulate-oblong, narrowed at 
the base or the lower petioled and 5 cm. long; heads 1.5-2 dm. broad, 5-7 cm. 
high ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped with short bristles, 
the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers purple. In fields, western 
Ont. to Minn., south to Penn., 111. and Iowa. June-July. 

13. Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Yellow Thistle. (I. B. f. 4069.) Bien- 
nial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young, but becoming glabrate; stem 
branched, leafy, 6-10 dm. high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in 
outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short-petioled and somewhat spatu- 
late, pinnatifid into triangular or broader spinulose-margined and prickle-tipped, 
entire or dentate lobes; heads 5- 10 cm. broad, 4-6 cm. high; bracts of the invo- 
lucre narrowly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate. long-acuminate; flowers yellowish, 
or occasionally purple. In moist or dry sandy soil, Me. to Penn., Fla. and Tex. 
May-Aug., or earlier in the South. 

14. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Swamp Thistle. (I. F. f. 4070.) 
Biennial; stem woolly or villous when young, becoming glabrate, slender, striate, 
leafy, paniculately branched above, 1-2.5 m. ^ig^. Leaves densely white-tomen- 
tose beneath when young, sometimes becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply pin- 
natifid into lanceolate or oblong, entire, lobed or dentate, spiny segments usually 
tipped with slender prickles; basal leaves petioled, 1-2 dm. long, those of the stem 
sessile and smaller; heads about 4 cm. broad arid high; outer bracts viscid, ap- 
pressed, more or less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate, 
acute, all unarmed. In swamps and moist soil, Newf. to Fla., N. W. Terr, and 
Tex. July-Oct. 

Carduus muticus subpinnatifidus Britton. Leaves lobed, not deeply pinnatifid, 
green, and nearly glabrous on both sides. N. J. to W. Va. 

15. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. Canada Thistle. Creeping Thistle. 
(I. F. f. 4071.) Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches, nearly gla- 
brous; stems striate, 3-10 dm. high, branched above. Leaves sessile and slightly 
clasping, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into very prickly, lobed 
or dentate segments; basal leaves sometimes petioled, 12-20 cm. long; heads nu- 
merous, corymbose, purple or white; staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; 
pistillate heads oblong-campanulate, corollas shorter, the long pappus conspicuous; 
outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points; 
inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated. In fields and waste places, 
Newf. to Va., S. Dak., Mont, and Kans. In many places a pernicious weed. 
Nat. from Europe. June-Sep. 

16. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle. (I. F. 
f. 4072.) Biennial, branched, sparingly tomentose, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceo- 
late in outline, deeply pinnatifid, acuminate, 7-15 dm. long, the lobes triangular, 
very prickly; heads long-peduncled, 4-6 cm. broad, purple, rarely white, fragrant; 
bracts of the involucre in many series, long-acuminate, the prominent midnerve 
prolonged into a prickle, or the inner nerveless and awned; pappus-bristles 2t^25 
mm. long. In waste places, Penn. and N. J. to N. B., and in ballast about the 
seaports. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Oct. 

17. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. Welted Thistle. (I. F. 
f. 4073.) Biennial, somewhat tomentose; stem much branched, densely prickly. 
6-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, with undulate and ciliate-spinv mar- 
gins, all sinuatc-pinnatifid into broad, 3 lobed, toothed segments, the teeth prickle- 
pointed; heads several, usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches. 25 mm. 



1034 FLORA. 

broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-peduncled, or some of them rarely 
solitary and slender-peduncled; bracts of the involucre very numerous, linear, the 
outer prickle-tipped and rigid, the inner thinner and merely acuminate. In vv^aste 
places, N. B. and N. S., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from 
Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 

99. MARIANA Hill. 

Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large al- 
ternate clasping, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, white-blotched leaves, and large dis- 
coid heads of purple tubular flowers, solitary zA the end of the stem or branches. 
Involucre broad, subglobose, its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, ^e lower 
ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad triangular suKim.it, the middle ones similar 
but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines, the inner lanceolate, acuminate. 
Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and 
deeply 5 -cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sagittate at 
the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, 
surmounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, barbel- 
late or scabrous. A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region. 

I. Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Milk Thistle. (I. F. f. 4074.) Stem 
striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, prickly, strongly clasping, the lower often 3 dm. long and 15 cm. wide, 
the upper much smaller, scarcely lobed, acute; heads about 6 cm. broad; spines 
of the middle involucral bracts often 4 cm. long; pappus-bristles white, barbellate. 
Escaped from gardens near Kingston, Ontario; in ballast about the eastern seaports, 
and on the Pacific Coast from Br. Col. to southern Cal., where it is naturalized. 
June-Aug. 

100. ONOPORDON L. 

Coarse, branching, or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems 
winged by the decurrent bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, 
and large discoid heads of purple, violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends 
of the branches. Involucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, 
all tipped with long spines in our species, the inner narrower than the outer. Re- 
ceptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb 
expanded and deeply 5 -cleft. Filaments pilose. Anthers sagittate at the base. 
Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angledor compressed, smooth or corrugated. Pappus- 
bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. 
[Greek, Asses' Thistle, the ancient name.] About 12 species, natives of the Old 
World. 

I. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle. (I. 
F. f. 4075.) Biennial, white -tomentose all over; stem usually much' branched, 
leafy, 1-3 m. high. Leaves oblong, lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, the 
lower often 3 dm. long; heads 4-5 cm. broad, about 4 cm. high, solitary at the 
ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serru- 
late, tipped with long, stout, spreading spines; flowers pale purple; achenes slightly 
corrugated; pappus-bristles brownish, longer than the achene. In waste places, 
N. S. and Ont. toN. J. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- 
Sept. 

loi. CENTAUREA L. 

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire, dentate, incised or pinnatifid 
leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of tubular purple-violet, white or rarely 
yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, 
appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal 
flowers usually neutral and larger than the central ones, which are perfect and fer- 
tile, or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Corolla-tube slender, the 
limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing like 
rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, ob- 
tuse. Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth 
and shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk 
with an elevated margin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely 



COMPOSITAE. 1035 

none. [Greek, of the Centaurs, who were said to use it in healing.] About 350 
species, mostly natives of the Old World. Besides the following, 2 others, intro- 
duced species, occur on the Pacific Coast, and are rarely found in ballast about the 
eastern seaports. 

Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny. 

Heads 4 cm. broad or less; achenes laterally attached; introduced species. 

Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. i. C, Cyanus, 

Perennials ; pappus obsolete, or short. 

Flowers all perfect; marginal ones scarcely enlarged. 2. C. nigra. 

Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. 3. C.Jacea. 
Heads 5-10 cm. broad ; achenes obliquely attached ; native western species. 

4. C. Americana. 
Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout, nearly simple spines. 5. C. Calcitrapa, 

1. Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue-bottle. Corn Blue-bottle. Corn- 
flower. (•!. F. f. 4076.) Annual, woolly or tomentose, at least when young; stem 
leafy, slender, branched, 3-7 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear or 
linear-lanceokte, mucronate, 7-15 cm. long, the basal and lower ones mostly den- 
tate or pinnatifid, the upper or sometimes all of them, entire; heads on long naked 
peduncles; involucre campanulate, its bracts greenish-yellow or with darker tips 
and margins, appressed; flowers blue or purplish, varying to white, the marginal 
ones neutral "with large radiant corolla-limbs; achenes slightly compressed, or 4- 
angled; pappus-bristles unequal, nearly as long as the achene. In waste places, 
escaped from gardens, and in ballast, Quebec to N. Y., Va., S. Dak. and Kans. 
July-Sept. 

2. Centaurea nigra L. Black Knapweed. Horse-knops. Hardheads. 
Centaury. (I. F. f. 4077.) Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff, branched, 
3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblong, acutish, entire den- 
ticulate, dentate or lobed, not pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into long peti- 
oles; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or nearly 
so; heads rarely 2.5 cm. broad, bracted by the small, uppermost leaves; involucre 
globose, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, closely imbricated, tipped with 
brown fimbriate appendages, or the uppermost merely lacerate; flowers rose-purple; 
achenes slightly 4-sided; pappus none, or a ring of minute scales. In waste places 
and fields, Newf. to Ont. and N. J. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 

3. Centaurea Jacea L. Brown or Rayed Knapweed. (I. F. f. 4078.) 
Perennial, similar to the preceding species. Leaves entire or denticulate, rarely 
lobed; heads 2.5-4 cm. broad; involucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely im- 
bricated, brown or with brown bracts, the outer ones with fimbriate appendages, 
the middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly so; achenes obscurely 4-sided; 
pappus none, or a minute crown. In waste places, N. Y. to Conn, and Vt. and in 
ballast about eastern seaports. Also in Br. Col. Fugitive from Europe. June- 
Sept. 

4. Centaurea Americana Nutt. American Star Thistle. (I. F. f. 4079.) 
Annual, roughish; stem stout, simple, or little branched, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves 
entire or denticulate, the lower and basal ones spatulate or oblong, 5-12 cm. long, 
narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate; heads 
solitary at the ends of the leafy stem or branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its 
bracts ovate or lanceolate with conspicuously pectinate appendages; flowers pink or 
purple, the marginal ones with enlarged and radiant corolla-limbs; achenes some- 
what compressed; pappus of copious unequal bristles longer than the achene. Dry 
plains. Mo. and Ark. to La., Mex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 

5. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. (I. F. f. 4080.) Annual, 
pubescent or glabrous, green; stem much branched, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves 1-2- 
pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate to linear, serrulate-pinulose, dentate or entire 
mostly acute lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the lower and basal 
short-petioled, 1-2 dm. long, the uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of 
the sessile heads, which are about 25 mm. broad; involucre ovoid, its outer bracts 
ovate-oblong, spiny; flowers purple, none of them radiant; achenes compressed or 
obscurely 4sided; pappus none. In waste jilaces and ballast, Mass. to N. Y., N. J. 
and Va. Also in Br. Cul. Atlventive or nat. Irmu Kuroue. TiM-.e-Oct. 



1036 FLORA, 



102. CNICUS L. 

An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate -dentate leaves, the lobes 
or teeth spiny, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the 
ends of the branches, subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre im- 
bricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pin- 
nately branched spines. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally 
attached, the horny margin lO-toothed at the summit; pappus of 2 series of awns, 
the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther- appendages elongated, united 
to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles.] A monotypic 
genus of the Old World. 

I. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady's Thistle. (L 
F. f. 4081.) Hirsute or pubescent, much branched, seldom over 7 dm. high. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, rather thin, reticulate-veined. 7-15 cm. long, 
the upper clasping, the basal and lower ones narrowed at the base and petioled; 
heads about 25 mm. broad, subtended by several large lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 
leaves: bristles of the receptacle soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alternating 
with the inner. In waste places, N. S. to Md. , Penn. and Ala. and on the Pacific 
Coast. Adventive from southern Europe. May-Aug. 



APPENDIX. 



The following appendix contains descriptions of additional species 
found within the area covered by this Manual, and of species made known 
from investigation, during the two years that the book has been in press. 
Several species proposed by various students have not been admitted, as 
they appear to require further investigation before their status can be 
satisfactorily established. A few corrections are also noted. 

P. 3, for "Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br." read "Botrychium neg- 
lectum A. Wood ", and strike cut " also in Europe." Our plant proves to 
be distinct from the Old World B. matricariaefolium. 

P. 24, add: 

la. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. Rock Club-moss. Pros- 
trate portion of stems short, abundantly rooting, curving upward, then 
dichotomously branching 1-3 times to form a rather dense tuft (4-10 cm. 
high) of vertical stems, densely clothed with spreading or reflexed leaves; 
leaves (7-9 mm. X i mm.) very slightly broadened above the middle and 
similarly contracted toward the base, those between the strobilar regions 
shorter (6-7 mm.), broadest at the base but very gradually tapering, entire 
or very minutely denticulate; sporangia compressed-reniform; sporophylls 
minutely denticulate above the middle or entire, acuminate (4-5 mm. X 
I mm. wide at base) ; plant often gemmiparous. Differs from L. lucidulum 
in its nearly linear entire leaves and smaller size, and from L. Selago in 
the bases of its leaves, which are flattened. On sandstone rocks, Wis., 
Ind. and Ala. 

P. 25, add: 

3a. Lycopodium Chapmanii Underw. Chapman's Club-moss. Stems 
prostrate and frequently rooting or slightly arching and rooting toward 
the end, 18-40 cm. long, simple or occasionally pinnately branching, thick 
(about 3 mm. in diameter) ; leaves 6-7 mm. long by 2 mm. broad, thick, 
rigid, lanceolate-acuminate, upwardly curving, the margin irregularly 
toothed, the teeth often compound below the middle of the leaf; peduncles 
10-25 cm. long, slender, leafy with more or less appressed subulate- 
toothed leaves below and similar entire leaves above; strobiles about 3 
mm. in diameter and 1.8-7 cm. long; sporophylls i mm. X 5-6 mm. with 
a broad base, suddenly contracted above into a narrow subulate apex, 
usually more or less toothed near the base; sporangia subglobose. Dif- 
fers from L. imindatum by its much thicker stems, toothed leaves, tall 
peduncles, and long narrow strobiles. Mass. to Fla. and La., mostly near 
the coast. 

P. 26, at end of description of Lycopodium complanatum, strike out the 
last sentence commencing with " Forms with ". and add: 

12. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Creeping Christmas-green. 
Rhizomes extensively creeping 2-4 cm. below the surface of the ground, 
white, terete, their whorlcd or loosely spirally arranged loaves lanceolate 

1037 



1038 APPENDIX. 

or ovate to broadly ovate; the terminal branchlets regularly producing 
innovations the second and sometimes the third season, the older foliage 
branches ultimately spreading and becoming lax; leaves of the primary 
axis in 6-8 rows, from ovate through lanceolate-acute to acuminate, those 
of the subterminal and terminal branchlets in four rows, glaucous, bluish 
green, acuminate, appressed, those of the under row differing scarcely at 
all from those of the other three rows, the leaves of the lateral rows some- 
what incurved underneath; peduncles terete, glaucous, 50-60 mm. long to 
the first forking, usually twice forked, the second 8-18 mm. distant from 
the first, spreading and curving upward; strobiles two, three or usually 
four, 20-28 mm. long, the sporophylls broadly depressed-ovate, truncate 
at the base, the lateral margins variously toothed, suddenly contracted 
into a subulate scarious tip; sporangium reniform, opening by a transverse 
slit along the top; spores ripening early in August. (L. Chamaecyparissus 
A. Br.) Differs from L. complanatum, with which it has been confused, 
in its subterranean habit, its uniform leaves, its method of branching, and 
in its distant clusters of strobiles. Me. to Ga. and Minn, 

P. 29. Additional species and subspecies of Isoetes have been described 
by A. A. Eaton in " Fern-studies " and in " Proceedings of the Biological 
Society of Washington." 

P. 40, before description of Sparganium simplex, insert: 
2a. Sparganium Americanum Nutt. Simple-stemmed Bur-reed. Sim- 
ilar to vS. androcladum, but the stem simple, the lower heads of the inflores- 
cence merely peduncled. Leaves drying green, the upper with more or 
less sac-like bases and broad hyaline-scarious margins; nutlets slightly 
angled, each gradually narrowed into a stout conspicuous style. In low 
grounds or ponds, Ont. to Br. Col, Penn. and the Ind. Terr. Summer. 

P. 40, after Sparganium minimum, add : 

5. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. Northern Bur-reed. Stem 2-3 
dm. high; leaves shorter and narrower than those of 5. minimum, 1-3 
mm. wide; inflorescence 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate heads i or 2, sessile, 
or the lower one short-peduncled; ripe fruiting heads 5-10 mm. in diam- 
eter; nutlets oblong, obscurely triangular at the summit; stipe very short, 
stigma oval, oblique, minute, sessile, or nearly so. Lab. and Hudson 
Bay. Also in northern Europe. Summer. 

P. 49. Additional species and subspecies of Potamogeton have been de- 
scribed by Arthur Bennett in recent papers published in the '' Journal of 
Botany." 

P. 68, after Erianthus brevibarbis Michx., insert: 

4a. Erianthus contortus Ell. Twisted-awned Plume-grass. Culms 
1-2 m. tall, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous, or nearly so; leaves 
1.5-8 dm. long, 5-20 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; 
spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and about one-half again as 
long as the internodes, the outer scales 7-7.5 mm. long, the fourth scale 
2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, the included portion often 
a little spiral at the base, the remainder loosely spiral. In pine woods, 
Del. to Fla. and Miss. Sept. and Oct. Differs from E. brevibarbis in hav- 
ing the spikelets smaller and the exserted portion of the awn loosely spiral. 

P. 70, after Andropogon Virginicus L., insert: 

4a. Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell. Four-spiked Beard-grass. Culms 
tufted, 8-15 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely villous, with 
dark hairs; leaves 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower ones villous 
on both surfaces toward the base; spathes usually 3-4 cm. long, extending 
beyond the racemes; racemes usually in fours, 3-4 cm. long; sessile spike- 



APPENDIX, 1039 

let 3-4 mm. long, the awn straight, 1.5-2 cm. long. In dry or moist soil, 
Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla. and Ala. Sept. and Oct. 
Differs from A. Virginicus in having the sh'eaths, at least the lower ones, 
densely villous all over, and the racemes usually in fours. 

P. 73, after Paspalum laeve Michx., insert: 

5a. Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte. Narrow-leaved Paspalum. 
Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall; sheaths compressed, glabrous; leaves long, 
the larger 2-4 dm. long, less than i cm. wide, glabrous, or the upper sur- 
face sometimes sparingly hairy near the base; racemes 3-5, spreading, 
usually 6-10 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 3-3.5 mm. long and about 
2.5 mm. wide, glabrous. In fields, D. C. to Fla., La., Kans. and Mo. 
June-Sept. Differs from P. laeve in having the leaves elongated and in 
the more numerous racemes. 

5b. Paspalum australe Nash, n. sp. Southern Paspalum. Culms 
tufted, 4-7 dm. tall; sheaths usually hirsute only on the margins; leaves 
erect, short, commonly 1.5 dm. long or less, 5-10 mm. wide, strongly 
ribbed, rather thick, firm, glabrous beneath or nearly so, hirsute above; 
racemes 2-5, finally spreading, usually 5 cm. long or less; spikelets singly 
disposed, oval, 2.7-3 mn^- long and about 2 mm. wide, glabrous. On 
grassy flats and banks, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. and Sept. Differs from 
P. laeve and P. angustifolium by its hairy sheaths, and from the latter also 
by its short leaves. Type collected by Dr. J. K. Small, at Stone Mt., Ga., 
Aug. 1-6, 1895. 

After Paspalum circulare Nash, insert: 

6a. Paspalum Boscianum Fluegge. Bosc's Paspalum. Culms 5-12 
dm. long, compressed, finally branched, often decumbent at the base and 
rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths compressed, glabrous, or the basal 
ones papillose-hirsute; leaves 4-30 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, hairy above 
near the base; racemes 2-13, spreading or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, the 
rachis broadly winged; spikelets in pairs, and often so crowded as to ap- 
pear in 4 rows, frequently reddish brown, broadly obovate, 2-2.3 n^m- 
long, 1. 5-1. 8 mm. broad, the flowering scale deep brown at maturity. In 
meadows and moist places, Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla. 
and Miss. Aug.-Oct. Differs from P. laeve and its relatives in having 
the spikelets in pairs and the flowering scale a deep seal-brown at ma- 
turity. 

P. 74, after Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte, insert: 
iia. Paspalum Kentuckiense Nash, n. sp. Kentucky Paspalum. Culms 
tufted, 2-s dm. tall, slender; sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, 
otherwise glabrous; leaves erect, lanceolate, 6 cm. long or less. 4-10 mm. 
wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margin with hairs less than 
I mm. long; racemes single or in pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets about 1.6 
mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, glabrous. In dry soil, Ky. and Tenn. 
June-Aug. The upper surfaces of the leaves in this species are glabrous, 
while in P. longipedunculatum they are pubescent; the marginal leaf-hairs 
in this are but i mm. long, about one-half the length of those in P. loiigi- 
pedunculatum. Type collected near Poor Fork P. O., Ky., by T. H. 
Kearney, Jr., Aug. 1893. 

P. 82, No. 4, read " Philadelphicum Bernh." instead of "minus (Muhl.) 
Nash ", and refer the latter to synonymy, there being an earlier Panicum 
puhcsccns minus Poir. 

P. 83. No. 16, read " linearifdlium Scribn." instead of *' Enslini Trin", 
and omit synonym at the end. 



1040 APPEXDIX. 

P. 84, before Xo. 17, insert: 

i6a. Panicmn periongum Xash. Elongated Paxic-geass. A tufted 
pubescent perennial. Culms' 2-4 dm. tall, simple: sheaths hirsute with 
long ascending hairs; leaves elongated, linear, erect, papillose-hispid be- 
neath, 2-2, mm. wide, the upper one commonly 8-14 cm. long: panicle 
much exserted. generalh" extending beyond the apex of the upper leaf, 
4-6 cm. long, its branches erect or nearly so; spikelets about 3.25 mm. 
long and i. 5-1. 75 mm. wide, pubescent with a few scattered long hairs. 
On prairies and in dry soil. 111. to S. Dak. and the Ind. Terr. May-Aug. 
Differs from P . VxncarifoVmm Scribn. in having larger spikelets which are 
nearh- glabrous. 

After Panicum Bicknellii X'ash, insert: 

i8a. Panicum ciliatum Ell. Ciliate Paxic-grass. Culms tufted. 1-2.5 
dm. tall, simple, glabrous, the axis of the panicle and its branches hirsute; 
sheaths glabrous: leaves spreading or ascending, glabrous on both sur- 
faces, conspicuously ciliate on the m.argin. usually 2-6 cm. long and 5-10 
mm. wide: panicle z-l cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 1.8-2 
mm. long and about i mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with short spreading 
hairs. In sandy soil. Va. (according to T. H. Kearney. Jr.) to Fla. and 
Miss. May-JulV. The short and broad strongly ciliate leaves distinguish 
this from P . BkkneWn Xash. and the glabrous sheaths separate it readily 
from P. \axxi\orum Lam. 

P. 85. before X'o. 24, insert: 

23a. Panicum Yadkinense Ashe. Yadkix Paxic-grass. A glabrous 
perennial. Culms single. 8-10 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched; 
sheaths white-spotted: leaves ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, the pri- 
marj- ones 8-12 cm. long. 8-12 mm. wide; panicle 8-12 cm. long, its 
branches long, ascending: spikelets about 2.^ mm. long and i mm. wide, 
elliptic, acute, glabrous. In dry or sandy soil, Md. to Ga. June-Sept. 
Differs from Panicum dichotovium L. in its taller culms, and larger leaves 
and spikelets. 

Xo. 24, read " lucidum Ashe'" instead of " sphagnicola X'ash"; length 
of spikelets should be 1.5-2 mm.; omit in line 7 the words "or sparsely 
pubescent ". 

After Panicum Eatoni X'ash, insert: ^ 

27a. Panicum octonodum J. G. Smith. Eight-toixted Paxic-grass. 
Glabrous. Culm-S erect. 7-1 1 dm. tall, finally branched: leaves erect, firm, 
4-1 1 cm. long. 4-8 mm. wide, lanceolate; panicle 9-13 cm. long, oblong, 
dense. 2-4 cm. wide, its branches erect or nearly so: spikelets 1.3 mmi. 
long and about 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous, oval or^ nearly globular. In wet 
places, X. J. to Ala. and Tex. ^laj'-Aug. Ditters from Panicum Eatoni 
in its smaller, nearh- globular glabrous spikelets. 

P. 86. Xo. 35, read " imciphf^llum Trin." instead of " pubescens Lam.", 
and as a synonym add "P. pubescois A. Gra}*. not Lam." 

After Xo. 35, insert: 

35a. Panicum Tennesseense Ashe. Texxessee Paxic-gr^\ss. Culms 
tufted. 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and ascending, papillose-hirsute with 
long spreading hairs: leaves ascending, lanceolate, the lower surface softly 
and densely pubescent with short hairs, the upper surface with scattered 
long hairs, the primary leaves 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the 
branches much shorter and spreading and with the upper surface nearly 
glabrous: panicle 7-10 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 1.7-2 
mm. long, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or obovoid, strongly pubescent with 
long spreading hairs. In woods. X. Y. and 111. to Tenn. and Fla. Juh*- 
Sept. Ditters from P. unciphylhim irin. in its lighter color, usually weak 
culms, and the glabrous upper surface of the leaves. 



APPENDIX. 1041 

P. 87, No. 38, read " scoparium Lam." instead of " viscidum Ell.'\ and 
refer the latter to synonymy, to which add also " F. pubescens Lam." 

After No. 38, insert: 

38a. Panicum scabriusculum Ell. Roughish Panic-grass. Culms gla- 
brous or pubescent, 8-14 dm. long, erect, finally branched; sheaths gla- 
brous or pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 
1-2 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches spreading 
or ascending; spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm. long and i mm. . 
broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, the nerves of the flowering scale 
very prominent. In swampy places and ponds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 
May-Aug. Differs from P. scoparium Lam. in its longer and narrower 
glabrous leaves and glabrous spikelets. 

After Panicum Scribnerianum Nash, insert: 

43a. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Culms tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, 
villous, finally fasciculately branched; sheaths, at least the lower ones and 
those of the bran-ehes, papillose-hispid, ciliate on the margin; leaves erect 
or ascending, 5-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, softly and densely 
pubescent on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or nearly so; 
primary panicle 6-8 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets about 3.5 
mm. long and 1.7 mm. wide, oval, pubescent. In dry soil, Va. to Ga. and 
Miss. June-Sept. Differs from P. Scribnerianum Nash by its usually 
fewer spikelets and the softly pubescent lower surface of the leaves. 

43b. Panicum Ravenelii Scribn. & Mer. Ravenel's Panic-grass. Culms 
tufted, erect, 4-6 dm. tall, finally branched, papillose-hirsute below with 
ascending hairs, the pubescence above softer; sheaths densely papillose- 
hirsute with ascending hairs; leaves erect or ascending, glabrous above, 
densely and softly pubescent beneath, broadly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 
cm. wide, cordate at the clasping base; panicle 8-10 cm. long, its branches 
ascending; spikelets about 4 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, obovoid, pubes- 
cent with rather weak hairs. In woods, D. C. to Fla. and La. July-Sept, 
(P. scoparium Ell., not Lam.) Differs from P. Scribnerianum in its broader 
leaves with the lower surface softly pubescent, and from P. oligosanthes in 
its larger leaves and more numerous spikelets. 

P. 88, after Panicum Porterianum Nash, insert: 

51a. Panicum pubifolium Nash. Hairy-leaved Panic-grass. A tufted 
softly pubescent perennial. Culms 3-7 dm. tall, the nodes densely barbed; 
sheaths densely pubescent and ciliate on the margins; leaves spreading or 
ascending, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, cordate at the rounded clasping base, 
pubescent on both surfaces with short spreading hairs, the upper primary 
leaves 7-1 1 cm. long and 2-3 cm. broad, the lower smaller; primary pan- 
icle usually but little exserted, 7-1 1 cm. long, its axis, as well as the 
branches, densely pubescent with short soft spreading hairs; spikelets 
4-5 mm. long and about 1.6 mm. broad, narrowly obovoid, the scales dis- 
tant, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. In rocky woods. 
N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and Miss. June-Sept. Differs from Panicum 
Porterianum Nash in having the whole plant softly pubescent, especially 
the lower surface of the leaves and the panicle. 

P. 90, before Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash, insert: 

2a. Chaetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. Perennial Foxtail-grass. 
Perennial. Culms tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, from rootstocks, slender, com- 
pressed, rough below the raceme; sheaths glabrous, compressed; leaves 
It-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the upper surface often with a few long hairs 
at the base; racemes dense, spikelike. 2-5 cm. long, nearly i cm. in" diam- 
eter, exclusive of the bristles, the rachis pubescent; bristles 5-10 mm. long; 
spikelets ovoid, acute, 2-2.5 m"i- long, the flowering scale acute, striate, 
finely transverse-rugose. In moist soil, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; and in Kans. 
and Mo. Also in Tropical America. June-Aug. Differs from C. ^/auai in 
having the bristles green or purplish instead of tawny yellow, and In bei"^ 



1 042 A PPEND IX. 

perennial instead of annual. From C. versicolor Bicknell it is distinguished 
by the 5-7-nerved second scale of the spikelet. 

After Cenchrus tribuloides L., insert: 

la. Cenchrus macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn. Large Bur-grass. Culms 
at first erect or ascending, finally falling prostrate, becorning branched 
and forming mats, 3-6 dm. long; sheaths very loose, glabrous, com- 
pressed; leaves flat or complanate, smooth and glabrous, i dm. long or less, 
4-8 mm. wide; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long; involucres 5-12, 6-8 mm. 
broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines usually 5-8 mm. long, 
the spikelets not exserted beyond the involucre. Along the seashore, 
N. J. to Miss. July-Sept. Differs from C. tribuloides L. in having the in- 
volucres much larger; in that species they are usually less than 5 mm. 
broad. 

P. 95, after Aristida gracilis Ell., insert: 

loa. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Intermediate Aristida. 
Culms slender, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or sparsely 
hirsute; leaves 5-15 cm. long. 2 mm. wide or less, erect, involute; panicle 
2-4 dm. long, slender, its branches appressed; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 
the empty scales manifestly awned, about equal, the flowering scale 
strongly hispidulous above the middle, equalling or exceeding the empty 
scales, the awns spreading, the middle one 15-25 mm. long, the lateral ones 
shorter. In sandy soil, la. to Miss, and Tex. July-Sept. Intermediate be- 
tween A. gracilis and A. purpurascens, having the large spikelets of the 
latter, and more the habit of the former. 

P. 105, before Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood, insert: 
la. Sporobolus canovirens Nash. Southern Rush-grass. Culms erect, 
3-10 dm. tall; leaves 2.5 dm. long, or less, 1-3 mm. wide, attenuate and 
filiform above; panicle 5-13 cm. long: spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales 
acuminate, the empty ones unequal, the flowering scale appressed-pubes- 
cent below with long hairs, about equalling or a little exceeded by the 
acute palet. In dry sandy soil, Tenn. to Mo., Kans., Miss, and Tex. 
July-Sept. Resembles S. asper, but the spikelets are smaller, and the 
palet much shorter relatively, equalling or but little exceeding the flower- 
ing scale. 

P. 130, after Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, insert: 

la. Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash. Hairy Eragrostis. Culms 
densely tufted, rather stout, 7-13 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
strongly papillose-hispid, each with a tuft of hairs at the apex; leaves flat, 
the lower ones 4-6 dm. long, less than i cm. wide; panicle 5-8 dm. long, 
diffuse, its branches finally widely spreading; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-4 
mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 rnm. long. In dry fields, thickets 
and woodlands, Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla., the Ind. 
Terr, and Tex. Aug. and Sept. Differs from E. capillaris in its stouter 
and taller culms, strongly papillose-hispid sheaths, and elongated leaves. 

P. 131, after Eragrostis secundiflora Presl, insert: 

12a. Eragrostis capitata (Nutt.) Nash. Culms branching and creeping, 
rooting at the nodes, which send up branches 6-10 cm. long; sheaths, at least 
those on the branches, pubescent; leaves spreading or ascending, 1-3 cm. 
long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, lanceolate, pubescent; panicle 2-3 cm. long, 
nearly or quite as broad, oval; spikelets crowded, clustered, 12-30- 
flowered, 6-14 mm. long. {Poa capitata Nutt.) In sandy, usually wet soil. 
Ark. and La. to Neb., N. Mex. and Tex. Also in Mexico. June-Aug. 
Differs most prominently from E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. by its longer 
pubescent flowering scales. 

P. 132, in Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray, third line, omit the 
words "sometimes pubescent"; add: 



APPENDIX. 1043 

la. Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Mer. Hairy Eatonia. A tufted per- 
ennial, with the sheaths, bafck of the ligule and lower part of the culm 
softly and densely pubescent. Culms 3-8 dm. tall; leaves 5-18 cm. long, 
3-6 mm. wide, glabrous, or often softly pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long; 
spikelets 2.5-3.5 inn^- long. In dry soil, Penn. to Ga. and Tex. May-Aug. 
Differs from E. obtusata in having the sheaths, and often also the leaves 
and culms, softly pubescent. 

After Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash, insert: 

3a. Eatonia glabra Nash, n. sp. Smooth Eatonia. Culms densely 
tufted, slender, s-7 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous; leaves rough, flat, 2-7 cm. 
long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 7-15 cm. long, slender, nodding at the sum- 
mit; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. In woods, southern N. Y. to Tenn. May- 
July. The glabrous sheaths and leaves separate this from E. nitida. Type 
collected in Madison Co., Tenn., by S. M. Bain, Apr. 1893, No. 507. 

P. 135, after Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P., insert: 

la. Uniola longifolia Scribn. Hairy-sheathed Uniola. Culms tufted, 
8-12 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely hirsute; leaves flat, 
3 dm. long or less, narrowed at both ends, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle 2-4.5 
dm. long, its branches short and appressed, or the lower ones sometimes 
long and ascending; spikelets 3-4-flowered, usually about 6 mm. long, the 
flowering scales about 5 mm. long. In dry, usually sandy soil, Tenn. to 
Fla. and La. Aug. and Sept. Distinguished by its larger size and strongly 
hirsute sheaths. 

P. 156, in Elymus striatus Willd., sixth line, omit the words " rough, 
hispid or "; add: 

la. Elymus Arkansanus Scribn. & Ball. Arkansas Wild Rye. Culms 
slender, erect, 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths ciliate on the margin; leaves 1-2 dm. 
long, 4-8 mm. wide, erect or ascending, auricled at the base, rough on the 
lower surface, the upper surface finely and densely pubescent; spike long- 
exserted, nodding, 6-9 cm. long; spikelets 2 at each node, 2-flowcred; 
empty scales linear-subulate, hispidulous and 2-3-nerved above, 8-10 mm. 
long and bearing a straight awn 1-2 cm. long; flowering scales minutely 
hispidulous, about 7 mm. long, ending in a straight awn 2-4 cm. long. In 
woods, la. to Ark. and Mo. July. Differs from E. striatus in having the 
empty and flowering scales merely hispidulous, 

P. 157, after Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. & Sm., insert: 
3a. Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball. Southern Wild Rye. Culms 
stout, erect, 9-15 dm. tall; sheaths rough-hairy; leaves ascending, 2-3 dm. 
long, 1-1.5 cm. wide,. very rough on the lower surface, rough or rough- 
hairy above; spike 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 2 at each node. 4-5-flowered; 
empty scales diverging, thickened, coriaceous and somewhat curved at 
the base, usually rough-hairy, about 1.5 cm. long, bearing an awn of 
about the same length; flowering scales 8-10 mm. long, hirsute, termi- 
nated by a straight awn 2.5-3 cm. long. In moist woods and thickets, 
N. C, to Fla., west to Ark. and Mo. July and Aug. Intermediate be- 
tween E. hirsutiglumis and E. Canadensis; separated from the former by 
its stouter spike and longer scales and awns, and from the latter bv the 
thickened and hirsute empty scales. 

3b. Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. Smooth-flowered 
Wild Rye. Culms erect, stout, 5-10 dm. tall: sheaths loose, smooth or 
rough-hairy; leaves numerous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, erect or as- 
cending, somewhat roughened on the lower surface, rough and sometimes 
a little hairy on the upper surface; spike stout, erect or nodding. 1-1.5 dm 
long, sometimes glaucous; spikelets 2 or 3 at each node, -,-^-flowered: 
empty scales thickened, strongly 3-5-nerved, hispidulous on the nerves. 
11-15 mm. long, bearing an awn about 2 cm. long; flowering scales 9-12 
mm. long, minutely hispidulous, terminated by a straight slender awn 2-^^ 



IOzJ4 APPENDIX. 

cm. long. In low rich woods or thickets, Penn. to Tenn. and Ga., west to 
N. Mex. July and Aug. Related to E. hirsiitiglnmis, but distinguished by 
its merely hispidulous, not hirsute, flowering scales. 

In Elymus Canadensis L., line 6, omit the words "nearly smooth to "; 
add: 

4a. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Short-spiked Wild Rye. 
Culms stout, 3-10 dm. tall, erect; sheaths glabrous; leavc3 1-2 dm_. long, 
6-10 mm. wide, ascending, smooth or a little rough below, finely hispidu- 
lous above; spike rather dense, 8-16 cm. long, much exserted; spikelets 2 
at each node, 3-5-flowered; empty scales hispidulous, 8-10 mm. long, 
bearing a straight awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; flowering scales smooth or mi- 
nutely hispidulous, 11-13 mm. long", 5-nerved, the nerves next the mid- 
nerve often shortly excurrent, terminated by a straight or sometimes 
diverging awn 2-4 cm. long. In moist open or shaded places, Mich, and 
S. Dak. to N. Mex. and Tex. Also in Mexico. June-Aug. Distinguished 
from E. Canadensis by its smaller size and merely hispidulous, not hirsute, 
flowering scales. 

P. 161, Cyperus microdontus, read for range, Va. and N. C, and add: 
5a. Cyperus Gatesii Torr. Gates's Cyperus. Annual; bright green. 
Leaves 0.5-4 nii^- wide; scapes tufted, 1-4 dm. high, often longer than the 
leaves; bracts of the involucre surpassing the 3-8-rayed umbel; rays of the 
umbel 1-5 cm. long; spikelets linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, 
acute; scales oblong-lanceolate, shining, striate; achene oblong, abruptly 
apiculate. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. May-Sept. Differs from 
C. microdontus in the oblong, not ovate, scales, the 3-8-rayed, not capitate, 
umbel, and the abruptly apiculate achene. 

P. 162. Cyperus Schweinitzii, strike Kans. from range and add: 
ga. Cyperus Bushii Britton, n. sp. Bush's Cyperus. Perennial by 
tuber-like corms. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth; scapes smooth, 3-6 dm. 
high, longer than the leaves; longer involucral bracts much exceeding the 
umbel; umbel capitate, or with 1-5 rays; spikelets loosely capitate, flat, 
linear, acute, 8-16 mm. long; scales firm, shining^ oblong, mucronate, 
strongly about ii-nerved; achene oblong, 3-angled, nearly twice as long 
as thick, apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Minn. 
to Wis., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. July-Sept. Type collected by B. F. 
Bush at Arkansas, Ind. Terr. 

P. 169, Eleocharis ovata, ranges southward only to Mass. and Mich.; 
add: 

8a. Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. Blunt Spike-rush. Differs from 
Eleocharis ovata in the pale scales of the spike and in the tubercle, which is 
nearly or quite as broad and about one-third as high as the achene. In 
wet soil, N. S. to Fla., Br. Col., Kans. and Texas. 

P. 170, for " Eleocharis microcarpa Torr." read " Eleocharis Torreyana 

Boeckl." E. microcarpa Torr. proves to be different and to occur only in 
the Gulf States and the West Indies. 

P. 171, after Eleocharis intermedia, insert: 

2ia. Eleocharis Macounii Fernald. Macoun's Spike-rush. Annual, 
similar to E. intermedia, but with stouter culms, longer, narrower, elliptic- 
lanceolate, densely flowered spikelets about i cm. long. Scales dark 
brown; achene compressed-trigonous, obovate, light brown, shining; 
tubercle deltoid-conic, about half as long as the achene; bristles down- 
wardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle. Borders of 
marshes, North Wakefield, Quebec. 



APPENDIX. 1045 

P. 179, after Scirpiis robtistus, insert: 

19a. Scirpus Fernaldi Bicknell. Fernald's Bulrush. Slender, 
rather pale green, the sharply three-angled culms 4-8 dm. high; leaves 2-6 
mm. wide, slenderly attenuate,, the longer ones often surpassing the culms; 
primary involucral leaf erect, mostly 1.5-2 dm. long; spikes rather pale, 
short-ovate or finally broadly ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 in a sessile cluster 
or stipitate, and 1-5 borne on slender, stiffly flexuous or crinkled, wiry, 
diverging peduncles 2-7 cm. long; scales finely close-puberulent, the lower 
ones often somewhat spreading, becoming bifid and finally lacerate, the 
midvein excurrent in a recurved awn 3-12 mm. long; achene yellowish 
brown and shining, broadly truncated, obovoid-cuneate, 2.5-3 m^n- long 
and broad, almost equally trigonous or slightly depressed-trigonous with 
rounded angles or the dorsal swelling more or less umbonate, short- 
mucronulate; bristles fugacious, shorter than or equal to the achene. 
Mt. Desert, Me., shore of Somes Sound with S. paludosus, Aug. 20, 1898. 

19b. Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson. Low Marsh Bulrush. Similar to 
S. robustus Pursh, but lower and more slender, with shorter, narrower 
leaves and more densely clustered, sessile, mostly ovate or ovate-oblong, 
dark brown spikes; culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff and often very slender, 
usually growing in close colonies, the leaves 1-4 mm. wide. Resembles 
5". canipestris Britton, of the prairie region, but the spikes are much 
darker, the achenes more truncate-obovate and more bluntly angled. 
From Can. and New Eng. to N. J. and at alkaline inland stations, flower- 
ing from 2-4 weeks earlier than S. robustus. 

No. 24, for " Scirpus microcarpus Presl ", read " Scirpus rubrotinctus 
Fernald." S. microcarpus occurs only on the Pacific slope. 

P. 180, at end of Scirpus, add: 

30. Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. Blackish Wool-grass. Similar to vS. 
cyperinus L., 5. Eriophorum Michx., but the culm slender, about 1.5 mm. 
thick at the top, the bases of the involucral leaves black or nearly so; 
inflorescence loose and ample with the spikelets pedicelled, or these in a 
subcapitate cluster; scales greenish black; bristles light brown or olive- 
brown. In wet places, Newf. to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Conn., Penn. 
and Iowa. 

For "Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum" read "Scirpus Eriophorum 
Michx." The plant proves to be specifically distinct from 5^. cyperimis and 
from the foregoing. 

P. 188, after Scleria pauciflora, insert: 

Scleria ciliata Michx. Hairy Nut-rush. Resembles Scleria pauciHora, 
but is usually stouter, 2,-^ dm. high, pubescent; bracts of the flower-clus- 
ters ciliate; achenes subglobose to globose-ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute, 
roughened by short ridges or projections; hypogynium a narrow obtusely 
3-angled border supporting 3 tubercles, these often 2-lobed. In pine 
lands, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Also in the VV. I. June-Sept. 

P. 229, after Arisaema triphfllum, insert: 

la. Arisaema Stewardsonii Britton, n.sp. Stevvardson Brown's Indian 
Turnip. Dark green, 3-6 dm. high. Leaf-segments 3, lanceolate, acu- 
minate, thin, narrowed at the base, shining on both sides. 4-20 cm. long, 
spathe about as long as its peduncle, strongly fluted, green with whi'te 
stripes, the dilated part acuminate; spadix slender, blunt"; fruits 8-10 mm. 
in diameter. In wet woods, growing among Sphagnum, eastern Penn. 
Differs from related species by its fluted spathe \and shining leaves. 
Type from Tannersville, Penn., collected by Stewardson Brown. E. P. 
Bicknell and N. L. Britton, July 4th. 1901. 

P. 248, after Juncus tenuis, insert : 

iia. Juncus interior Wiogand. Inland Rush. Plants 5-10 dm. tall, 
light green. Leaves basal: blades about one-third the length of the scape. 



1046 APPENDIX 

1-1.25 mm. wide, sometimes involute; scapes grooved; inflorescence 3-10 
cm. long, many-flowered, the branches ascending; flowers scattered, rather 
distant; perianth straw-colored, 3-4 mm. long; sepals and petals nearly- 
equal, lanceolate-subulate, slenderly acute or acuminate, appressed or 
erect; stamens 6, one-half as long as the perianth; anthers much shorter 
than the ^laments; capsule oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong, about as long 
as the perianth, obtuse or barely apiculate; seeds oblong, 0.35-0.50 mm. 
long. In dry woods or on prairies. 111. to Wyo., Tenn., Miss, and Ark. 
Spring and early summer. Differs from /. secundus in the longer bracts 
of the inflorescence, the larger perianth, the flowers scarcely or not at all 
secund. 

lib. Juncus Dudleyi Wiegand. Dudley's Rush. Plants 3-10 dm. tall, 
pale green. Leaves basal; blades about one-half the length of the scape, or 
less, very narrowly linear, flat, frequently somewhat involute; scapes 
tufted, often relatively stout, but wiry, striate-grooved; inflorescence 2-5 
cm. high, or rarely slightly larger, usually rather congested, considerably 
exceeded by its bract, few-flowered; perianth green or pale straw-colored, 
4-5 mm. long; sepals and petals firm, nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, 
acute, more or less spreading, scarious-margined; anthers slightly shorter 
than the filaments; capsules ovoid-oval, shorter than the perianth, some- 
what apiculate; seeds oblong, 0.37-0.45 mm. long, apiculate at each end. 
In damp soil and open places. Me. to Ont., Saskatchewan, Wash., Penn., 
Tenn. and Mex. Spring and summer. Differs from /. tenuis by the yel- 
low-brown cartilaginous margins of the leaf-sheaths. 

P. 254, after Juncoides campestre, add: 

8. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small. Bulbous Wood-rush. Base 
of the plant accompanied by bulblets. Foliage almost glabrous or some- 
what webby on the leaf-margins and at the tops of the sheaths; stems 1-4 
dm. tall; inflorescence umbel-like, the peduncles very unequal at maturity; 
sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, brown- 
ish, acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hyaline at the apex; capsule 
broadly obovoid, or globose-obovoid, often nearly as thick as long, sur- 
passing the sepals or sometimes about equalling them. [Lunula campestris 
var. bulbosa Wood.] In woods, thickets and open sandy places, Va. to 
Kans., Ga. and Tex. Spring, 

P. 263, after Allium vineale, add: 

6a. Allium carinatum L. Keeled Garlic. Similar to A. vineale. Bulb 
ovoid, its coats membranous; stem terete, leafy to about the middle, 2.5 
dm. tall or less; leaves linear, channeled below, flat toward the apex, 2-3 
mm. wide, prominently 3-5-nerved; bracts of the umbel 2, narrowly linear, 
one much longer than the other; umbel erect, bearing either bulbs or cap- 
sules; pedicels filiform, 2-4 cm. " long, filaments simple, not toothed. 
Bucks Co., Penn., N. E. Arnold. Fugitive from Europe. 

P. 266, insert: 

7a. TULIPA L. 

Bulbous herbs with erect leaf-bearing stems and large solitary (rarely 
2) erect flowers. Perianth campanulate, the segments distinct, erect or 
erect-spreading, deciduous, usually with a spot at the base, but without .a 
nectar-gland; stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers 
erect, basifixed; ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous; 
capsule oblong or globose; seeds numerous, flat. [Ancient name.]. Fifty 
species or more, natives of Europe and Asia. 

I. Tulipa sylvestris L. Wild Tulip. Bulb ovoid, 2.5 cm. long or 
less; stem about 3 dm. high, with 1-3 linear-lanceolate acuminate leaves; 
flower yellow, 7-9 cm. broad; inner perianth-segments rather broader 
than the outer, acute; filaments pubescent at the base, In meadows, Bucks 
Co., Penn. Adventive from Europe. 



APPENDIX, 1047 

P. 274, after Trillium viride, insert: 

Trillium viridescens Nutt. Stem 4-6 dm. tall, slender, usually pubescent 
at the top; leaves ovate, orbicular-ovate or broadly elliptic, 10-15 cm. 
long, acuminate, sometimes abruptly so, 5-nerved, sessile; flower sessile; 
sepals linear-lanceolate or almost linear, 4-5 cm. long, acute, green; 
petals conspicuously narrov^, the claw-like base linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, 
greenish, the blade narrowly linear-lanceolate or nearly linear, fully twice 
as long as the claw-like base, pale purple; filaments 2.5-5 mm- long; 
anthers 12-15 mm. long; stigmas 6-8 mm. long, straight, or recurved only 
near the tip. On hillsides and rich woods, Kans. and Ark. Spring. Dif- 
fers from T . viride in its acuminate leaves and pale purple narrower petals. 

P. 339, after Celtis crassifolia, insert: 

2a. Celtis Georgiana Small. Georgia Hackberry. A shrub or small 
tree, with pinnately arranged branches, the young twigs puberulent. 
Leaves small, mostly less than 5 cm. long, short-petioled, obliquely ovate, 
subcordate, acute or short-acuminate, sharply few-toothed or some of 
them entire, firm, rough or roughish above, prominently reticulate- 
veined beneath; peduncles short, 2-8 mm. long, mostly not longer than 
the diameter of the globose fruit. In rocky places, D. C. to Fla., Mo. 
and Ala. April. 

P. 341, after Humulus Lupulus, add: 

la. Humulus Japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. A twining 
vine, similar to the Common Hop, the leaves deeply pedately 5-7-cleft. 
Pistillate aments few-flowered, their bracts and braotlets deltoid, acu- 
minate, hispid-pubescent at least on the margins, not glandular. In waste 
ground, D. C. Introduced from Japan. Aug.-Sept. 

P. 369, after Chenppodium glaiicum, insert: 

2a. Chenopodium vulvaria L. Stinking Goosefoot. Annual, much- 
branched, white-mealy, the branches procumbent, 3 dm. long, or more; 
leaves ovate, entire, 2.5 cm, long, or less, the slender petioles about as long 
as the blades; flowers in dense short axillary and terminal branched or 
simple spikes mostly shorter than the leaves; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
obtusish. In waste places and ballast, Ont. to Del. July-Sept. 

P. 384, after Sesuvium maritimum, add : 

la. Sesuvium sessile Pers. Western Sea Purslane. Much-branched, 
glabrous, similar to ^S. maritimum, the stems often copiously verrucose; 
pedicels 1-3 mm. long, or none; stamens numerous; flowers and capsules 
slightly larger than in 5". maritimum. On beaches, shores and in saline 
soil, W. Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Cal. and Mex. Also in S. Am. IMay- 
Nov. 

P. 385, strike " Minn." from range of Talinum teretifolium and insert: 
la. Talinum rugospermum Holzinger. Rough-seeded Talinum. Sim- 
ilar to T. teretifolium and confused with that species. Stamens 12-25; 
filaments very slender, red; anthers nearly circular in outline, yellow; 
style 3-cleft nearly one-third its length into linear stigmatic lobes; seeds 
pale, roughened. T. teretifolium dififcrs in having short, blunt stvle-Iobes. 
oblong anthers, and smooth black seeds. In dry soil. Ind. to Wis. and 
Minn. 

P. 417. after Delphinium albescens, insert: 

4a. Delphinium Treleasei Bush. Trelease's Larkspur. Roots fasci- 
cled; stem erect, 6-12 dm. tall, glabrous, slightly glaucous, few-leaved; 
basal leaves long-pctioled, deeply palmatifid into linear segments 1.5-3 
mm. wide; raceme often 3 dm. long or more, loose, tlie lower pedicels 
sometimes branched; pedicels very slender, ascending, (he lower 5-10 cul 



1048 APPENDIX 

long, the upper shorter; flowers blue; sepals anu spur about equal in 
length, puberulent; spur straight, nearly 2 cm. long; sepals narrowly 
ovate; bractlets borne somewhat below the calyx; lower petal yellow- 
bearded; follicles 3, erect, slightly pubescent. In barrens. Mo. May- 
June. 

P. 431, after Thalictrum dioicum, insert: 

3a. Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. Western Meadow-rue. Root- 
stock slender. Stem glabrous, i m. high, or less, bearing -y^ leaves; 
leaves glaucous beneath and sometimes minutely glandular, the upper 
short-petioled; leaflets thin, reniform to obovate, their lobes few, rounded; 
flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, in panicles 1.5-3 dm. high; 
achenes 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flattened, 2-edged, strongly 3-ribbed 
on each side, the ribs somewhat branching; persistent style filiform, half 
as long as the achene, or more; filaments yellowish-green to purplish, 
slightly clavate. Me. and New Brunswick; Manitoba and Mont, to the 
Pacific Coast. May-July. 

P. 482, after Heuchera villosa, insert: 

Heuchera macrorhiza Small. Big-rooted Heuchera. Similar to H. 
villosa, but stouter, the rootstock thicker and woody; pubescence of the 
stem and petioles denser; leaf-lobes shorter and broader, their margins 
copiously villous-ciliate; pedicels more villous than the turbinate calyx; 
capsule longer, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks, Tenn. and Ky. 

P. 518. Additional species of Crataegus have been described by Mr. 
W. W. Ashe in "Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society" and 
in " Bulletin of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station," and 
by Mr. C. D. Beadle and Prof. C. S. Sargent in the "Botanical Gazette." 

P- 553, after Astragalus Robbinsii, insert: 

22a. Astragalus Jesupi (Eggleston & Sheldon) Britton. Jesup's Milk 
Vetch. Similar to A. Robbmsii, but with larger, darker purple flowers, 
the pod longer, acuminate, somewhat triangular in section, with a dor&al 
groove, and a stipe equalling or longer than the calyx. In rocky places, 
Me., N. H., Vt. (A. Robbinsii Jesupi Egg. and Sheldf) 

P. 563, after Lespedeza Nuttallii, insert: 

3a. Lespedeza Brittonii Bicknell. Britton's Bush-clover. Light 
green and densely cinereous-pubescent, especially above, the upper sur- 
face of the leaves glabrate; stems ascending, 0.5-1 m. long, wand-like, 
bearing short flowering branches and reduced leaves above, often longer 
branched about the middle; leaves short-petioled; petioles 2-10 mm. long; 
leaflets oblong, rounded or contracted at base and apex, 20-45 iriin- long, 
8-20 mm. Vv^ide; terminal flower-clusters short-spicate on slender pedun- 
cles 2-5 cm. long; lower peduncles short and few-flowered, or bearing 
clustered cleistogamous flowers; coralla pinkish-purple, much surpassing 
the attenuate calyx-lobes, 6-8 mm. long; pod ovate or ovate-oblong, 4.5- 
6.5 mm. long, acute, canescent or short-pubescent, twice the length of the 
calyx-lobes or less. Dry soil, Bronxville, N. Y. City. Also eastern Mass. 
and N. J. Aug.-Sept. 

P. 564, before Lespedeza angustifolia, insert: 

ga. Lespedeza velutina Bicknell. Velvety Bush-clover. With the 
habit and appearance of L. capitata, but densely soft-velvety all over, with 
somewhat cinereous pubescence, the younger parts velvety-canescent, 0.5- 
1.2 mm. high, often bushy-branched above; leaves crowded, ascending, the 
petioles 3-7 mm. long; leaflets oblong, narrowed to the base, rounded at 
the apex, 25-40 mm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, velvety on both surfaces, 
tomentose-ciliate; inflorescence very dense, of crowded short clusters; 



APPENDIX, 1049 

corolla 7-8.5 mm. long, about equalling the calyx-lobes, the standard pure 
white, with purplish-streaked centre; pod narrowly rhomboid-oblong, 
narrowed to each end, 5-6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, canescently pubescent, 
much shorter than the calyx-lobes. Low thicket near Woodlawn, N, Y. 
City. Also in eastern Mass. Sept. 

P. 638, for " Viola alsophila Greene " read " Viola LeConteana Don ", 
the older name. 

P. 640. Additional species of Viola have been described by Prof. E. L. 
Greene in *' Pittonia." 

P. 668, at bottom, add: 

3. ECHINOPANAX Dec. & PI. 

A densely prickly shrub, with palmately lobed leaves and racemed or 
panicled umbels of small greenish-white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete; 
petals 5, valvate; stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate; 
ovary 2-3-celled; styles 2; stigma terminal; fruit laterally compressed. 
(Greek, prickly Panax.) A monotypic genus of northwestern North 
America and northeastern Asia. 

1. Echinopanax horridum (J. E. Smith) Dec. & PI. Devil's Club. 
Stems erect from a decumbent base, 1-4 m. high, densely prickly, leafy 
above; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1.5-6 dm. broad, cordate at the 
base with a rather narrow sinus, 3-7-lobed, with scattered prickles on 
both sides and puberulent beneath, the lobes acute, sharply irregularly 
serrate; inflorescence wooly, terminal, 1-3 dm. long; peduncles subtended 
by a narrow laciniate bract; pedicels filiform; stahiens about twice as long 
as the ovate petals; fruit 4-5 mm. long, scarlet. In rocky places. Isle 
Royale, Lake Superior (according to W. A. Wheeler); Mont, to Ore. and 
Alaska. June. 

P. 671, after Hydrocotyle verticillata, add: 

3a. Hydrocotyle australis C. & R. Southern Marsh-pennywort. Like 
H. verticillata, the inflorescence proliferous; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit 
about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, rounded at the base. In wet soil, Va. 
to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Dififers from H. verticillata in the longer 
pedicels, and from H. Canbyi in the unnotched fruit. 

P. 673, before Sanicula Canadensis, insert: 

2a. Sanicula Smallii Bicknell. Small's Snakeroot. Stem 25-40 cm. 
tall, usually simple, widely 2-forked above; leaves slender-petioled, sub- 
coriaceous, dull green, paler beneath, 3-divided, the lateral segments cleft 
or parted; divisions obovate or broadly rhomboid, mostly obtuse, dentate- 
serrate with aculeate teeth, often incised, 4-8 cm. long; stem-leaves 3-4, 
the opposite upper pair subsessile and 3-cleft; rays of umbel 2-6. spread- 
ing; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; sepals finally spreading, linear, cuspidate; 
anthers little exserted; petals yellowish or greenish, obovate. shorter than 
the sepals; fruits s-^, closely sessile, subglobose, 5-6 mm. long, the 
bristles slender; styles slender, spreading, about the length of the calyx- 
segments; oil-tubes 5. Rich or rocky woods, Fla. and Ga. to Mo. May- 
June. 

P. 678, for "Apium leptophyllum " read " Apium Ammi (L.) Urban", 
the older name. 

P. 679. after Cicuta maculata, insert: 

la. Cicuta Curtissii C. t^- R. Cuutiss' WATER-HE^ri.ocK. Similar to 
Cicuta maculata, but >vit1i thicker ovato-lanccolate leaf-segments, the veins 



1050 APPENDIX. 

prominent beneath; fruit orbicular, about 2 mm. long, constricted at the 
commissure. In wet soil, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and La. June-Aug. 

lb. Cicuta occidentalis Greene. Western Water-hemlock. Similar 
to Cicuta niacidata, the oval to oblong fruit constricted at the commissure, 
the ribs all projecting about equally, while in C. maculata the fruit is not 
constricted at the commissure, and the lateral ribs are much the largest; 
veins prominent on the lower surface of the leaflets. In wet soil, S. Dak. 
and Neb. to Idaho and N. Mex. June-Sept. 

P. 685, for " Cymopterus montanus T. & G." read " Phellopterus mon- 
tanus Nutt." The genus Phellopterus Nutt. differs from Cymopterus Nutt., 
as shown by Coulter and Rose. 

P. 687. Substitute for genus 44. PEUCEDANUM L., the name LOMA- 
TIUM Raf. As shown by Coulter and Rose, the Old World Peucedanums 
are generically distinct from the North American plants which have been 
so called. Our species, according to these authors, are as follows: 

1. Peucedanum nudicaule = Lomatium orientale C. & R. 

2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum = Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. 
& R. 

3. Peucedanum Kingii is referred to Cynomarathrum Kingii (A. Gray) 
C. & R. 

4. Peucedanum villosum = Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) C. & R. 

P. 749, at end of Asclepiadaceae, add: 

7. PERIPLOCA L. 

Woody twining plants with entire opposite leaves and middle-sized 
flowers in umbels. Calyx 5-parted, glandular within; corolla deeply 5- 
parted, the segments obtuse, dextrorsely rotate, villous on the inner sur- 
face; corona adnate to the base of the corolla, with 10 broad or 5 slender 
elongated, entire or lobed scales or appendages; filaments short, free, 
conniving at the short appendiculate apex; pollen granulose, loosely 
aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell; follicles slender, glabrous, 
generally united at the apex; seeds comose. (Greek, twining.) 

I. Periploca Graeca L. Glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, paler be- 
neath; umbels cymose; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-seg- 
ments dull brownish or greenish, with a darker line down the middle and 
a whitish spot at the base within; appendages of the corona slender, ligu- 
late, 2-toothed at the apex. A handsome woody climber of the Old 
World, escaped from cultivation, Mass. to Kans. Native of Syria and 
the Grecian Islands. Called Silk Vine. 

P. 782. after Teucrium occidentale, insert: 

2a. Teucrium littorale Bicknell. Coast Germander. Pale and canes- 
cent, 3-5 dm. high, erect or assurgent, often with ascending branches; 
leaves thickish and rugose-veiny, narrowly oblong or sometimes broader, 
narrowed into the petiole, closely fine-serrate or becoming unequally 
dentate-serrate, 6-1 1 cm. long, 1.5-4 cin. wide; petioles 5-10 mm. long; 
spikes narrow, often interrupted; bracts about the length of the calyx; 
calyx small, 4-5 mm. high, becoming somewhat gibbous-urceolate. the 
teeth short, the upper ones obtuse; corolla pale pink, about 15 mm. long, 
loosely pilose without. On or near the coast, Me. to Fla. July-Aug. 

2b. Teucrium roseum Bicknell. Maine Germander. Rather stout and 
deep green, 2,-7 dm. high, the stem soft-pubescent or downwardly villous; 
leaves broadly oblong or oblong-ovate, cuneate at base, acute or acuminate 
at apex, irregularly dentate-serrate or somewhat cut-serrate, hoary- 
tomentose beneath, softly pilose-pubescent above, 6-9 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 
cm. wide, the slender petioles hoary-pubescent, 10-15 mni- long; inflores- 



APPENDIX. 105 1 

cence hoary-villous; calyx often purplish, 5-7 mm. long, the upper tooth 
acute, the lateral ones obtuse, the lower pair but little longer, triangular- 
subulate; pedicels very short; bracts usually longer than the calyx, ciliate- 
fringed; corolla rose-purple, somewhat smaller than in T. littorale and less 
exserted, more or less pilose-bearded.. Coast of Me. and Mass. Aug.- 
Sept. 

2C. Teucrium boreale Bicknell. Northern Germander. Erect or as- 
cending, rather slender, often widely branched from the base, 3-8 dm. tall, 
or more; stem loosely pubescent with recurved hairs to glabrate; inflores- 
cence somewhat villous-pubescent, scarcely if at all glandular; spikes 
short, or the terminal one elongated and somewhat flexuous; leaves thin 
or membranous, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3.5 
cm. wide, acute, serrate to dentate-serrate, above minutely hispidulous- 
puberulent, beneath thinly tomentulose, or sometimes glabrate through- 
out; petioles of the main leaves becoming 1-2 cm. long; bracts mostly 
shorter than the calyx, ciliate; calyx thin, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, the 
subequal teeth short and broad, the lateral pair very obtuse; corolla pur- 
plish-pink, 12-15 nirn. long, about three times the length of the calyx, 
loosely short-pubescent and dotted with minute glands, the terminal lobe 
broad. N. H. to northern N. Y. Aug. 

2d. Teucrium menthifolium Bicknell. Mint-leaved Germander. Hir- 
sute-pubescent with recurved hairs to nearly glabrous except the inflores- 
cence, smaller and less branched than T. occidentale, the denser spikes 
shorter, with the bracts often elongated and foliaceous, the pubescence 
not viscid nor glandular; leaves firm, pale green, minutely pubescent to 
glabrate above, white-veiny and thinly tomentulose beneath, lanceolate or 
narrowly oblong, narrowed at the base, 5-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute 
or acuminate, sharply serrate; calyx 5-6 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, 
the teeth shorter and less rigid than in T. occidentale, the lateral obtuse, 
the lower pair only slightly longer; corolla pink, short, sometimes not 
twice the length of the calyx, thinly pubescent and glandular, the terminal 
lobe small, often not broader than the lateral ones. Central Mich. 

P. 796, after Monarda scabra, insert: 

5a. Monarda mollis L. Canescent Wild Bergamot. Similar to M. 
Ustulosa and M. scabra, differing from the former in its canescent, not 
spreading pubescence, and from the latter in its longer-petioled leaves 
mostly narrowed at the base. In dry soil, N. E. to Ga., S. Dak., Kans. 
and Tex. Summer. 

P. 781, after Ajuga reptans, add: 

2. Ajuga Genevensis L. Erect Bugle. Similar to the Creeping Bugle, 
but devoid of runners, and the whole plant pubescent with long hairs. 
Basal leaves tufted; flowering stems solitary or several, 1.5-3 dm. high. 
In a lawn, Danville, Penn. May-June. Adventive from Europe. 

P. 857, after Plantago major, insert: 

la. Plantago halophila Bicknell, n. sp. Salt-marsh Plantain. Very 
similar to P. major, often diminutive, but sometimes as large. IMore or 
less hirsutulous-tomentulose throughout, dull green, the spikes and scapes 
often bright purplish; leaves thick, undulate, often prostrate in a stiff 
rosette or ascending, the blades usually but not always longer than the 
petioles; scapes stiff and slender, commonly upcurved-assurgent, the 
naked lower part mostly longer than the leaves and often 2-4 times the 
length of the narrow spikes; bracts thinner and less concave than in 
P. major, mostly rather shorter and more ovate and acute; pyxis relatively 
narrower than in P. major, circumscissile mostly within the tips of the 
sepals and somewhat below the middle, lid longer and less conic than in 
P. major. Salt marshes and shores. Me. to N. J. Type from Wan Cort- 
landt, N. Y. City, dowering in July, about two weekslatcr than /'. })iajor. 



1052 AFFEN-DIX. 

P. 898. Read for range of Lactuca Scariola, " in waste places, Ohio, 
Idaho and Mont., and in ballast about the eastern seaports; not common." 

Before Lactuca Ludoviciana, insert: 

la. Lactuca virosa L. Strong-scented Lettuce. Similar to the 
Prickly Lettuce {Lactuca Scariola) and confused with it. Leaves oblong 
to oblanceolate, finely irregularly denticulate, rarely slightly sinuate; 
achenes dark-colored. L. Scariola has sinuate-pinnatifid leaves and pale 
achenes. A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, Me. to 
N. Dak., Ga., Kans. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS 



Acaulescent. With stem subterranean, 
or nearly so. 

Accumbent. Cotyledons with margins 
folded against the hypocotyl. 

Achene. A dry one-seeded indehiscent 
fruit with the pericarp tightly fitting 
around the seed. 

Acicular. Needle-shaped. 

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the 
apex. 

Acute. Sharp pointed. 

Adnate. An organ adhering to a con- 
tiguous differing one; an anther at- 
tached longitudinally to the end of the 
filament. 

Adventive. Not indigenous, but appar- 
ently becoming naturalized. 

Albumen. See Endosperm. 

Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or 
odor. 

Alternate. Not opposite; with a single 
leaf at each node. 

Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely 
pitted. 

Anient. A spike of imperfect flowers 
subtended by scarious bracts, as in 
the willows. 

Amphibious. At times inhabiting the 
water, 

Amphitropous. Term applied to the 
partly inverted ovule. 

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or 
other axis. 

Anastomosing. Connecting so as to form 
a well-defined network. 

Anatropous. Applied to an inverted 
ovule with the micropyle very near 
the hilum. 

Androgynotis. Flower-clusters having 
staminatc and pistillate flowers. 

Angiospermous. Pertaining to the An- 
giospermae; bearing seeds within a 
pericarp. 

Anther. The part of the stamen which 
contains the pollen. 

Antherid. The male organ of repro- 
duction in Pteridophyta and Bryo- 
phyta. 

Anthesis. Period of flowering. 



Apetalous. Without a corolla. 
Apical. At the top,or referring to the top. 
Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip, 
Appressed. Lying against another or- 
gan. 
Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or shape. 
Archegone. The female reproductive 

organ in Pteridophyta and Bryo- 

phyta. 
Areolate. Reticulated. 
Areolation. The system of naeshes in 

a network of veins. 
Areole. A mesh in a network of veins. 
! Aril. A fleshy organ growing about 

the hilum. 
Arillate. Provided with an aril. 
Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle. 
Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate. 
Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, 

or upcurved. 
Asexual. Without sex. 
Assurgent._ See Ascending. 
Auricled. {Auriculate). With basal, 

ear-like lobes. 
Awn. A slender bristle-like organ. 
Axil., The point on a stem immediately 

above the base of a leaf. 
Axile. In the axis of an organ. 
Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to, an 

axil. 
Baccate. Berry- like. 
Barbellate. Furnished with minute 

barbs. 
Basifixed. Attached by the base. 
Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly 

pulpy. 
Bilabiate. With two lips. 
Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. 
Blade. The flat expanded part of a leaf. 
Bract. A leaf, usually small, subtend- 
ing a flower or flower-cluster, or a 

sporange. 
Bracteate. With bracts. 
Bracteolate. Having bractlets. 
Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne on 

a pedicel, or immediately beneath a 

flower; sometimes applied to minute 

bracts, 

1053 



1054 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usu- 
ally subterranean. 

Bulblet. A small bulb, especially those 
borne on leaves, or in their axils. 

Btdboiis. Similar to a bulb; bearing 
bulbs. 

Caducous. Falling away very soon 
after development. 

Caespitose. Growing in tufts. 

Callosity. A small, hard protuberance. 

Callus. An extension of the inner scale 
of a grass spikelet; a protuberance. 

Calyx. The outer of two series of floral 
leaves. 

Campanulate. Bell-shaped. 

Ca77ipylotropous. Term applied to the 
curved ovule. 

Cancellate. Reticulated, with the mesh- 
es sunken. 

Cajiescent. With gray or hoary fine 
pubes^nce. 

Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudin- 
ally grooved. 

Capitate. Arranged in a head ; knob- 
like. 

Capsular. Pertaining to or like a cap- 
sule. 

Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or 
more, usually dehiscent by valves or 
teeth. 

Carinate. Keeled; with a longitudinal 
ridge. 

Carpel. The modified leaf forming 
the ovary, or a part of a compound 
ovary. 

Caruncle. An appendage to a seed at 
the hilum. 

Carunctilate. With a caruncle. 

Caryopsis. The grain; fruit of grasses, 
with a thin pericarp adherent to the 
seed. 

Caudate. With a slender tail-like ap- 
pendage. 

Caudex. The persistent base of peren- 
nial herbs, usually only the part above 
ground. 

Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in the 
Orchid and Milkweed families. 

Cauline. Pertaining to the stem. 

Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovary. 

Chaff. Thin dry scales. 

Chalaza. The base of the ovule. 

Chartaceous. Papery in texture. 

Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter of 
plants. 

Chlorophyllous. Containing chloro- 
phyll. 

Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs. 

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. 

Cilium. A hair. 

Cinereous. Ashy; ashy-colored. 



Circinnate, Coiled downward from the 
apex. 

Circmnscissile. Transversely dehiscent, 
the top falling away as a lid. 

Clavate. Club-shaped. 

Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not 
open, but are pollinated from their 
own anthers. 

Cleft. Cut about halfway to the mid- 
vein. 

Clinandrium. Cavity between the an- 
ther-sacs in orchids. 

Cochleate. Like a snail shell, • 

Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of 
some seeds. 

Conwiissure. The contiguous surfaces 
of two carpels. 

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise. 

Confluent. Blended together. 

Connate. Similar organs more or less 
united. 

Connective. The end of the filament, 
between the anther-sacs. 

Connivent. Converging. 

Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up 
longitudinally. 

Coralloid. Resembling coral. 

Cordate. Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. 

Cortfi. A swollen, fleshy base of a stem. 

Corolla. The inner of two series of 
floral leaves. 

Corona; Crown. An appendage of the 
corolla ; a crown-like margin at the 
top of an organ. 

Coroniform. Crown-like. 

Corymb. A convex or flat-topped flower- 
cluster of the racemose type, with 
pedicels of rays arising from different 
points on the axis. 

Corymbose. Borne in corymbs ; corymb- 
like. 

Costate. Ribbed. 

Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of the 
embryo. 

Crenate. Scalloped ; with rounded 
teeth. 

Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate. 

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle. 

Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a 
hood. 

Ctilin. The stem of grasses and sedges. 

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. 

Cusp. A sharp stifl" point. 

Cuspidate, Sharp-pointed; ending in a 
cusp. 

Cy??ie. A convex or flat flower-cluster 
of the deici-minate type, the central 
flowers first u-.-ifolding. 

Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme- 
like. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



1055 



Deciduous. Falling away at the close 
of the growing period. 

Decompound. More than once divided. 

DeciiDibent. Stems or branches in an 
inclined position, but the end ascend- 
ing. 

Decurrent. Applied to the prolongation 
of an organ, or part of an organ run- 
ning along the sides of another. 

De flexed. Turned abruptly downward. 

Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, 
anther-sac or sporange to emit the 
contents. 

Dehiscent. Opening to emit the con- 
tents. 

Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the 
Greek letter delta. 

Dentate. Toothed, especially with out- 
wardly projecting teeth. 

Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. 

Depauperate. Impoverished, small. 

Depressed. Vertically flattened. 

Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the 
right. 

Diadelphous. Stamens united into two 
sets. 

Diandrous. Having two stamens. 

Dichotomoiis. Forking regularly into 
two nearly equal branches or seg- 
ments. 

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons. 

Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly 
equal segments. 

Diffuse. Loosely spreading. 

Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers 
spread. 

Dimorphous. Of two forms. 

Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers 
or antherids on one plant, and pistil- 
late flowers or archegones on another 
of the same species. 

Discoid. Heads of Compositae com- 
posed only of tubular flowers ; rayless ; 
like a disk. 

Disk. An enlargement or prolongation 
of the receptacle of a flower around 
the base of tlie pistil; the head of 
tubular flowers in Compositae. 

Dissected. Divided into many segments 
or lobes. 

Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an 
ovary or fruit. 

Distichous. Arranged in two rows. 

Distinct. Separate from each other ; 
evident. 

Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle. 

Divided, Cleft to the base or to the 
mid-nerve. 

Dorsal. On the back, pertaining to the 
back. 

Drupaceous, Drupe-like. 



Drupe. A simple fruit, usually inde- 
hiscent, with fleshy exocarp and bony 
endocarp. 

Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe. 

Echinate. Prickly. 

Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in sec- 
tion. 

Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse ; 
oval. 

Emarginate. Notched at the apex. 

E?fibryo. A rudimentary plant in the 
seed. 

Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the 
flowering plants, contained in the 
ovule. 

Endocarp. The inner layer of the peri- 
carp. 

Endogenous. Forming new tissue with- 
in. 

Endosperm. The substance surrounding 
the embryo of a seed; albumen. 

Ensifori7i. Shaped like a broadsword. 

Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or 
teeth. 

Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day 
or less. 

Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the 
upper part of the ovary. 

Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, 
but not parasitic. 

Equitant. Folded around each other; 
straddling. 

Erase. Irregularly margined, as if 
gnawed. 

Eva7iescent. Early disappearing. 

Evergreen. Bearing green leaves 
throughout the year. 

Excurrent. With a tip projecting be- 
yond the main part of the organ. 

Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. 

Exocarp. The outer layer of the peri- 
carp. 

Exogenous. Forming new tissue out- 
side the older. 

Exseried. Prolonged past surrounding 
organs. 

Exstipulate. Without stipules. 

Extrorse. Facing upward. 

Falcate. Scythe-shaped. 

Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing 
starch. 

Fascicle. A dense chister. 

Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters. 

Fastigiate. Stems or brandies which 
are nearly erect and close together. 

Fenestrate. With window-like mark- 

Fertile. Bearing sj>tnes. or K-aring 

seed. , 
Fertilization. The niingling of theccni- 

tents of a male and female cell. 



1056 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust. 

Fetid. Ill-smelling. 

Fihrillose. With fibres or fibre- like or- 
gans. 

Fila77ient. Tiie stalk of an anther; the 
two forming the stamen. 

Fila7nentous. Composed of thread-like 
structures ; thread-like. 

Filiform. Thread-like. 

Fimbriate. With fringed edges. 

Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed. 

Fistular. Hollow and cylindric. 

Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged 
like the sticks of a fan. 

Flaccid. Lax; weak. 

Flexuous. Alternately bent in different 
directions. 

Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-like 
hairs. 

Fcliaceous. Similar to leaves. 

Foliolate. Wit*h separate leaflets. 

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along 
one suture. 

Follicular. Similar to a follicle. 

Foveate. Foveolate. More or less 
pitted. 

Free. Separate from other organs; not 
adnate. 

Frond. The leaves of ferns. 

Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less 
shrub-like. 

Fugacious. Falling soon after develop- 
ment. 

Fugitive. Plants not native, but occur- 
ring here and there, without direct 
evidence of becoming established. 

Funiculus . The stalk of an ovule or 
seed. 

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. 

Galea. A hood-like part of a perianth 
or corolla. 

Galeate. With a galea. 

Gametophyte. The sexual generation of 
plants. 

Gamopetalous. With petals more or less 
united. 

Gemma. A bud-like propagative or- 
gan. 

Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one 
side. 

Glabrate. Nearly without hairs. 

Glabrous. Devoid of hairs. 

Gladiate. Like a sword-blade. 

Gland. A secreting cell, or group of 
cells. 

Glandular. With glands, or gland- 
like. 

Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish 
or white bloom; bluish-ho^ry. 

Globose. Spherical or nearly so. 

Glofnerate. In a compact cluster. 



Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme. 

Glumaceous. Resembling glumes. 

Gluvie. The scaly bracts of the spikeletr 
of grasses and sedges. 

Granulose. Composed of grains. 

Gregarious. Growing in groups or colo- 
nies. 

Gynobase. A prolongation or enlarge- 
ment of the receptacle supporting the 
ovary. 

Habit. General aspect. 

Habitat. A plant's natural place ol 
growth. 

Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagit- 
tate ; but with the basal lobes diverg- 
ing. 

Haustoria. The specialized roots cf 
parasites. 

Head. A dense round cluster of sessile 
of nearly sessile flowers. 

Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and 
color, pertaining to an herb. 

Hilum. The scar or area of attachment 
of a seed or ovule. 

Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff" hairs. 

Hispid. With bristly stiff" hairs. 

Hispidulous. Diminutive of hispid. 

Hyaline. Thin and translucent. 

Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of th e 
embryo; also termed radicle. 

Hypogynimn. Organ supporting the 
ovary in some sedges. 

Hypogynous. Borne at the base of the 
ovary, or below. 

Imbricated. Overlapping. 

Imperfect. Flowers with either stamens 
or pistils, not with both. 

Incised. Cut into sharp lobes. 

Included. Not projecting beyond sur- 
rounding parts. 

Incumbent. With the back against the 
hypocotyl. 

Indehiscent. Not opening. 

Indusium. The membrane covering a 
sorus. 

Inequilateral. Unequal sided. 

Inferior. Relating to an organ which 
arises or is situated below another. 

Infiexed. Abruptly bent inward. 

Inflorescence. The flowering part of 
plants; its mode of arrangement. 

Integiwient. A coat or protecting layer. 

Internode. Portion of a stem or branch 
between two successive nodes. 

Introrse. Facing inward. 

Inz'oluCil. A secondary involucre. 

Involucrate. With an involucre, or like 
one. 

Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtend- 
ing a fl(jwer or flower-cluster. ^ 

Involute, Rolled inwardly. 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



1057 



Irregular. A flower in which one or 

more of the organs of the same series 

are unlike. 
Labiate. Provided with a lip -like organ; 

belonging to the family Labiatae. 
Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or 

segments. 
Lanceolate. Considerably longer than 

broad, tapering upward from the 

middle or below; lance-shaped. 
Latex. The milky sap of certain plants. 
Leaflet. One of the divisions of a com- 
pound leaf. 
Legume. A simple dry fruit dehiscent 

along both sutures. 
Lenticular. Lens-shaped. 
Ligulate. Provided with or resembling 

a ligule. 
Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the 

rays in Compositae. 
Limb. The expanded part of a petal, 

sepal, or gamopetalous corolla. 
Linear. Elongated and narrow with 

sides nearly parallel. 
Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines. 
Lobed. Divided to about the middle. 
Lament. A jointed legume, usually 

constricted between the seeds. 
Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which 

split longitudinally. 
Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales sub- 
tending the flower in grasses. 
Lunate. Crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal 

lobe or segment considerably larger 

than the others. 
Macrosporange. Sporange containing 

macrospores. 
Macrospore. The larger of two kinds of 

spores borne by a plant, usually giving 

rise to a female prothalliuni. 
Marcescent. Withering but remaining 

attached. 
Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or 

medulla. 
Mericarp. One of the carpels of the 

Umbelliferae. 
Mesocarp. The middle layer of a 

pericarp. 
Micropyle. Orifice of the ovule, and 

corresponding point on the seed. 
Microsporange. Sporange containing 

microspores. 
Microspore. The smaller of two kinds 

of spores borne by a plant, usually 

giving rise to a male prothallium; 

pollen-grain. 
Midvein {Midrib). The central vein or 

rib of a h \ or other organ. 
Monadelpho r. Stamens united by their 

filaments. 



Moftilifoj-m. Like a string of beads. 

Moncecious . Bearing stamens and pis- 
tils on the same plant, but in different 
flowers. 
Monstrous. Unusual or deformed. 
Mucronate. With a short sharp abrupt 

tip. 
Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucronate. 
Muricate. Roughened with short hard 

processes. 
Muticous. Pointless, or blunt. 

Naked. Lacking organs or parts which 
are normally present in related spe- 
cies or genera. 

Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to 
the region, but so firmly established 
as to have become part of the flora. 

Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ. 

Node. The junction of two internodes 
of a stem or branch, often hard or 
swollen, at which a leaf or leaves are 
usually borne. 

Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints; 
knotty. 

Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose. 

Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit 
with a hard or bony pericarp. 

Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. 

Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate. 

Oblong. Longer than broad, with the 
sides nearly parallel, or somewhat 
curving. 

Obovate. Inversely ovate. 

Obovoid. Inversely ovoid. 

Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudiment- 
ary, or vestigial. 

Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded. 

Ochreae. The sheathing united stipules 
of Polygonaceae. 

Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending 
flowers in the Polygonaceae. 

Ochroleucous. Yellowish white. 

Oosphere. The cell of the archegone 
which is fertilized by spermatozoids. 

Opcrculate. With an operculum. 

Operculum. A lid. 

Orbicular. Approximately circular in 
outline. 

Orthotropoos. Term applied to the 
straight ovule, having the hilum at 
one end and the micropyle at the 
other. 

07'ary. The ovule-bearing part of the 
pistil. 

Oi'ote. In outline like a longitudinal 
section of a hen's egg. 

Ch'oid. Shaped like a hen's egg. 

Ot'uIc. The macrospt^range of flower- 
ing plants, becoming the seed on 
maturing. 



1058 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



Palate. The projection from the lower 
lip of two-lipped personate corollas. 

Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing or 
subtending the flower in grasses. 

Palmate. Divei-ging radiately like the 
fingers. 

Panicle. A compound flower-cluster of 
the racemose type, or cluster of spo- 
ranges. 

Particulate. Borne in panicLs or re- 
sembling a panicle. 

Papilio7iaceoiis. Term applied to the 
irregular flower of the Pea Family. 

Papillose. With minute blunt projec- 
tions. 

Pappus. The bristles, awns, teeth, etc., 
surmounting the achene in the Chic- 
ory and Thistle Families. 

Parasitic. Growing upon other plants 
and absorbing their juices. 

Parietal. Borne along the wall of the 
ovary, or pertaining to it. 

Parted. Deeply cleft. 

Pectinate. Comb like. 

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flo-wer- 
cluster, or of a sporange. 

Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a flower- 
cluster, or a sporocarp. 

Pedunculate. V/ith a peduncle. 

Peltate. Shield shaped; a flat organ 
with a stalk on its lower surface. 

Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or hair- 
like branches. 

Perfect. Flowers with both stamens and 
pistils. 

Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem 
as to appear as if pierced by it. 

Perianth. The modified floral leaves 
(sepals or petals), regarded collec- 
tively. 

Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or seed- 
vessel. 

Perigynium. The utricle enclosing the 
ovary or achene in the genus Carex. 

Perigynous. Borne on the perianth, 
around the ovary. 

Peripheral. Pertaining to the peri- 
phery. 

Persistent. Organs remaining attached 
to those bearing them after the grow 
ing pieriod. 

Petal. One of the leaves of the cor- 
olla. 

Petaloid. Similar to petals; petal-like. 

Petiolate. With a petiole. 

Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. 

Petiole. The stalk of the leaf. 

Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or rachis. 

Pilose. With long soft hairs. 

Pi7ina. A primary division of a pin- 
nately compound leaf. 



Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets 

<jr segments along a common axis. 
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the 

middle or beyond. 
Pinnule. A division of a pinna. 
Pistil. The central organ of a flower 

containing the macrosporangcb 

(ovules). 
Pistillate. With pistils; and usually 

employed in the sense of without sta- 
mens. 
Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface. 
Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a fan. 
Plumose. Resembling a plume or 

feather. 
Plumule. The rudimentary terminal 

bud of the embryo. 
Pollen. Pollen grain. See Microspore. 
Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the Or- 
chid and Milkweed Families. 
Polvga?)ious. Bearing both perfect and 

imperfect flowers. 
Polypetalous. With separate petals. 
Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple 

Family. 
Procumbent. Trailing or lying on the 

ground. 
Prophylla. Bractlets. 
Prothalliinn. The sexual generation of 

Pteridophyta. 
Puberulent. With very short hairs. 
Pubescent. With hairs. 
Punctate. With translucent dots or 

pits. 
Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip. 
Pyrifor7n. Pear-shaped. 
Racei7ie. An elongated determinate 

flower cluster with each flower pedi- 

celled. 
Racemose. Li racemes, or resembling a 

raceme. 
Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet in 

grasses. 
Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, 

or of a spike or raceme. 
Radiant. With the marginal flcAvers 

enlarged and ray-like. 
Radiate. With ray-flowers; radiating. 
Radicle. The rudimentary stem of the 

embryo; hypocotyl. 
Radicular. Pertaining to the radicle or 

hypocotyl. 
Raphe {Rhaphe). The ridge connecting 

the hilum and chalaza of an anatro- 

pous or amphitropous ovule; the ridge 

on the sporocarp of Marsilea. 
Ray. One of the peduncles or branches 

of an umbel; the flat marginal flowers 

in Compositae. 
Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk, 

bearing the floral organs ; or, in Com- 



( 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



1059 



positae, bearing the flowers; also, in 
some ferns, an axis bearing sporanges. 

Recurved. Curved backward. 

Rejiexed. Bent backward abruptly. 

Regular. Having the members of each 
part alike in size and shape. 

Reniforvi. Kidney-shaped. 

Repand. With a somewhat wavy margin. 

Reticulate. Arranged as a network. 

Retrose. Turned backward or down- 
ward. 

Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end. 

Revolute. Rolled backward. 

Rhachis. See Rachis. 

Rhizome. See Rootstock. 

Rootstock. A subterranean stem, or part 
of one. 

Ringent. The gaping mouth of a two- 
lipped corolla. 

Rostellum. Beak of the style in Orchids. 

Rostrate. With a beak. 

Rosulate. Like a rosette. 

Rotate. With a flat round corollalimb. 

Rugose. Wrinkled. 

Runcinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or in 
cised, the lobes or segments turned 
backward. 

Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities of 
anthers. 

Saccate. With a pouch or sac. 

Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with 
the lobes turned downward. 

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged 
fruit. 

Saprophyte. A plant which grows on 
dead organic matter. 

Scabrous. Rough. 

Scale. A minute, rudimentary or vesti- 
gial leaf. 

Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless stem 
or peduncle, arising from a subterra- 
nean part of a plant, bearing a flower 
or flower-cluster, 

Scapose. Having scapes, or resembling 
a scape. 

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, 
not green. 

Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, or in 
the beginning of growth, unrolling in 
expanding. 

Secund. Borne along one side of an axis. 

Segment. A division of a leaf or fruit. 

Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx. 

Septate. ' Provided with partitions. 

Septicidal. A capsule which splits 
longitudinally into and through its 
dissepiments. 

Serrate. With teeth projecting forward. 

Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; ser- 
rate with small teeth. 

Sessile. Without a stalk. 



Setaceotis. Bristle-like. 

Setose. Bristly. 

Silicle. A silique much longer than wide. 

Silique. An elongated two valved cap- 
sular fruit, with two parietal placentae, 
usually dehiscent. 

Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins. 

Sinuous. In form like the path of a 
snake. 

Sinus. The space between the lobes ol 
a leaf. 

Sorus [Sori). A group or cluster of 
sporanges. 

Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a 
spadix. 

Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers. 

Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe. 

Spathe. A bract, usually more or less 
concave, subtending a spadix. 

Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula; spoon- 
shaped. 

Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the 
antherid, for the fertilization of the 
oosphere. 

Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a 
spike. 

Spike. An elongated flower-cluster or 
cluster of sporanges, with sessile or 
nearly sessile flowers or sporanges. 

Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; espe- 
cially applied to flower-clusters of 
grasses and sedges. 

Spinose. With spines, or similar to 
spines. 

Spinule. A small sharp projection. 

Spinulose. With small sharp processes 
or spines. 

Sporange. A sac containing spores. 

Spore. An asexual vegetative cell. 

Sporocarp. Organ containing sporanges 
or sori. 

Sporophyte. The asexual generation of 
plants. 

Spreading. Diverging nearly at right 
angles; nearly prostrate. 

Spur. A hollow projection from a 
floral organ. 

Squarrose. With spreading or project- 
ing parts. 

Stamen. The organ of a flower which 
bears the microspores (pollen-grains). 

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or 
other organ in the position of a stamen. 

Standard. The upper, usually broad, 
petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 

Stellate. Star-like. 

Sterigmata. The projections from twigs, 
bearing the loaves, in some genera of 
Pinaceao. 

.S" erile. Without spores, or without seed. 

Stigma. The summit or side of the 



io6o 



GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 



pistil to which poiieii-grams become 
attached. 

Stipe. The stalk of an organ. 

Stipitate. Provided with a stipe. 

Stipules. Appendages to the base of a 
petiole, often adnate to it. 

Stipulate. With stipules. 

Stolon. A basal branch rooting at the 
nodes. 

Stolonifcroiis. Producing or bearing 
stolons. 

Sto7Jia [Stomata). The transpiring ori- 
fices in the epidermis of plants. 

Strict. Straight and erect. 

Strigose. With appressed or ascending 
stiff hairs. 

Strophiole. An appendage to a seed at 
the hilum. 

Strophiolate. With a strophiole. 

Style. The narrow top of the ovary. 

Sty lop odium. The expanded base of a 
style. 

Subacute. Somewhat acute. 

Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped. 

Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery in 
texture. 

Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped. 

Sublig7ieous. Somewhat woody in tex- 
ture. 

Subterete. Nearly terete. 

Subulate. Awl-shaped. 

Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly ver- 
satile. 

Succulettt. Soft and juicy. 

Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally. 

Superior. Applied to the ovary when 
free from the calyx; or to a calyx ad- 
nate to an ovary. 

Suture. A line of splitting or opening. 

Symmetrical. Applied to a flower with 
its parts of equal numbers. 

Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggregate 
fruit. 

Tendril. A slender coiling organ. 

Terete. Circular in cross section. 

Ternate. Divided into three segments, 
or arranged in threes. 

Tetradynamous. With four long sta- 
mens and two shorter ones. 

Thallus. A usually flat vegetative organ. 

Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus. 

Thyrsus. A compact panicle. 

Tomentose. Covered with tomentum. 

Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose. 

Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like 
hairs. 

Torsion. Twisting of an organ. 

Tortuous. Twisted or bent. 

Tracheae. The canals or ducts in woody 
tissue. 

Tracheids. Wood-cells. 



Triafidrous. With three stamens. 

Tricarpous. Composed of three carpels. 

Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens oi 
three different lengths or kinds; in 
three forms. 

Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides 
channeled. 

Truncate. Terminated by a nearly 
straight edge or surface. 

Tuber. A thick short underground 
branch or part of a branch. 

Tubercle. The persistent base of the 
style in some Cyperaceae; a small 
tuber. 

Tuberculate. With rounded projections. 

Turbinate. Top-shaped. 

Uliginous. Inhabiting mud. 

Umbel. A determinate, usually convex 
flower-cluster, with all the pedicels 
arising from the same point. 

Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resemb- 
ling an umbel. 

Umbellet. A secondary umbel. 

UrTibelloid. Similar to an umbel. 

Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a 
hook. 

Undtdate. With wavy margins. 

Ur ceo late. Urn -shaped. 

Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one- 
seeded fruit with a loose pericarp. 

Valvate. Meeting by the margins in 
the bud, not overlapping; dehiscent 
by valves. 

Vascular. Relating to ducts or vessels. 

Vein. One of the branches of the 
woody portion of leaves or other or- 
gans. 

Veinlet. A branch of a vein. 

Velu?n. A fold of the inner side of the 
leaf-base in Isoetes. 

Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine 
pubescence. 

Venation. The arrangement of veins. 

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves 
in the bud. 

Versatile. An anther attached at or 
near its middle to the filament. 

Verticil. See Whorl. 

Verticillate. With three or more leaves 
or branches at a node ; whorled. 

Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige or 
remnant. 

Villous. With long soft hairs, not 
matted together. 

Virgate. Wand-like. 

Whorl. A group of three similar or- 
gans or more, radiating from a node. 
Verticil. 

Whorled. See Verticillate. 

Winged. With a thin expansion or ex- 
pansions. 



ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF 
AUTHORS. 



A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur. 

A. Br. Braun, Alexander. 

Adans. Adanson, Michel. 

Ait. Alton, William. 

Ait. f. Alton, William Townsend. 

All. Alllonl, Carlo. 

Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan. 

Andr. Andrews, Henry C. 

Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Luki- 

anowicz. 
Angs. Angstrom, Johan. 
Ard. Arduino, Luigi. 
Am. Arnott, George Arnold Walker. 
Aschers. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich 

August. 
Aubl. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christo- 

phore Fusee. 
Aust. Austin, Coe Finch, 
Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. 
Bald. Baldwin, William. 
Baill. BalUon, Henri. 
Bart I. Bartllng, Friedrich Gottlieb. 
Bart. Barton, William P. C. 
Bartr. Bartram, John. 
Beatcv. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. 

F.J. 
Benth, Bentham, George. 
Benth. &= Hook. Bentham, George, 

and Hooker, Joseph Dal ton. 
Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von. 
Bernh. Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. 
Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. 
Bieb. Belbersteln, F. A. M. von. 
Bigel. Blgelow, Jacob. 
Bisch. Bischoff , Gottlieb Wilhelm. 
Biv. Blvona-Bernardl, Antonio. 
BoecJd. Boeckeler, Otto. 
Boehtn. Boehmer, Georg Rudolf. 
Boiss. Bolssler, Edmond. 
Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Bal- 
thazar. 
Brack. Bracklnrldge, William D. 
Brew. Brewer, William Henrv. 
B. S. P. Brltton, N. L.; Sterns, 

Emerson Alexander; Poggenburg, 

Justus. 
Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar. 
Buck. Buchenau, Franz. 
Buckl. Buckley, Samuel Botsford. 



Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich Au- 
gust Ludwig von. 
Carr. Carrlere, Elie Abel. 
Casp. Caspary, Robert. 
Cass. Casslni, Henri. 
Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. 
Celak. Celakowsky, Ladislav. 
Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente. 
Cham. Chamlsso, Adalbert von. 
C. &= S., CAam. 6^ Sc/i. Chamlsso 

and Schlechtendahl. 
Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Went- 

worth. 
Chois. Cholsy, Jacques Denis. 
Clairv. Clalrvllle, Joseph Philippe de. 
Clayt. Clayton, John. 
Cogn. Cognlaux, Alfred. 
Coult. (Dips.) Coulter, Thomas. 
Coult. Coulter, John Merle. 
C. 6- R. Coulter, J. M. and Rose, 

Joseph Nelson. 
Darl. Darlington, William. 
Davenp. Davenport, George Edward. 
DC. De CandoUe, Augustin Pyramus. 
A. DC. De Candolle, Alphcnse. 
Dec. Decalsne, Joseph. 
Desf. Desfontaine, Rene Louiche. 
Desr. Desroussoux, 
Desv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. 
Dicks. Dickson, James. 
Dietr. Dietrich, David Nathanael 

Friedrich. 
Dill. DUlen, John Jacob. 
Dougl. Douglas, David. 
Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai. 
Dryand. Dryander, Jonas. 
Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre. 
Diimort. Dumortier, Barth6lemy 

Charles. 
Eat. Eaton, Amos. 
Eat. &= IVr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, 

John. 
Ebc-nn. Ebermaier, Karl Heinrich. 
E/ir/i. Ehrhart, PVicdrich. 
Ell. Elliott, Stephen. 
/'.';/(//. Endlicher, Stephen I.adislaus. 
Engclm. Engelmann, C.eorgo. 
Esc/t. Escholtz, Johann Friedrich. 
Fal'r. Fabricius. Philipp Konrad. 



I062 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. 



Flsch. Fisclier, Friedrich Ernst Lud- 
wig von. 

F. c2r= M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A. 

Fong. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. 

Forsk. Forskal, Pehr. 

Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold and 
George. 

Fresen. Fresenius, Johann Baptist 
Georg Wolfgang. 

FroeL Froelich, Joseph Aloys. 

Gaert. Gaertner, Joseph. 

Gaertn. f. Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. 

Gal. Galeotti, Henri. 

Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. 

Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas. 

Gill. Gillies, John. 

■Ging. Gingins de Lassaraz, Frederic 
Charles Jean. 

Glox. Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. 

G7}iel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. 

G??iel. y. F. Gmelin, Johann Fried- 
rich. 

Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel. 

G7'e7i. &= Godr. Grenier, Charles, and 
Godron, D. A. 

G7'ev. Greville, Robert Kaye. 

Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf 
August. 

Groiiov. Gronovius, Jan Frederik. 

Gnss. Gussone, Giovanni. 

Back. Hackel, Eduard. 

Hall. Haller, Albert von. 

Handlt, Hamilton, William. 

Hart7n. Hartman, Carl Johann. 

Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl. 

Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl. 

Hazu. Haworth, Adrian Hardy. 

HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander 
von ; Bonpland, Aime and Kunth, 
Carl Siegesmund. 

Hegeb7i. Hegelmaier, Friedrich. 

Hell. Hellenius, Carl Niclas. 

Heist. Heister, Lorenz. 

Herb, Herbert, William. 

Hitch. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. 

Hochst. Hochstetter, Christian Fried- 
rich. 

Hoff7fi. Hoffman, Georg Franz. 

Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Cen- 
turius. 

Holl. HoUick, Arthur. 

Hook. Hooker, William Jackson. 

H. & A: Hooker, W. J., and Amott, 
George A. Walker. 

Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 

Ho7'7iem. Homemann, Jens Wilken. 

Hnds. Hudson, William. 

Ir77t. Irmisch, Thilo. 

yacq. Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph. 

yuss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. 

A. ytiss. Jussieu, Adrien de. 



Karst. Karsten, H. 

Kl. Klotsch, Johann Friedrich. 

Kuehl. Kuhlwein. 

L. Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von 
Linne. 

L. f. Linne, Carl von (the son). 

LHer. L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles 
Louis. 

Laest. Laestadius, Lars Levi. 

Lag. Lagasca, Mariano. 

La7n. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine 
Pierre Monnet. 

La77ib. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. 

Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C. 

Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl Friederich von. 

Lek/)i. Lehmann, Johann Georg Chris- 
tian. 

Le Feyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe. 

Lepeh. Lepechin, Iwan. 

Lesp. &=• Thev. Lespinasse, G., and 
Theveneau, A. 

Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich. 

Lestib. Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph. 

Light/. Lightfoot, John. 

L'llJ. Liljeblad, Samuel. 

Li7idl. Lindley. John. 

Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad. 

Loeji. Loefling, Pehr. 

Lois. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Jean 
Louis Auguste. 

Loud. Loudon, John Claudius. 

Lour. Loureiro, Juan. 

MacM. MacMillan, Conway. 

Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey. 

Mars. Marsson, Theodor. 

Mart, Martens, Martin. 

Mart. &^ Gal. Martens, Martin, and 
Galeotti, Henri. 

Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann. 

Med. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir. 

Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich. 

Aler. Merat, Francois Victor. 

Alert. &- Koch, or M. &- K. Mertens, 
Franz Karl, and Koch, Wilhelm 
Daniel Joseph. 

Mett. Mettenius, George 'Heinrich. 

Mey. Meyer, Ernst Heinrich Fried- 
rich. 

Michx. Michaux, Andre. 

Michx. f. Michaux. Fran9ois Andre. 

Mill. Miller, Philip. 

Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic. 

Mitch. Mitchell, John. 

Mo7tt. Montague, Jean Frangois Ca- 
mille. 

Moric. Moricand, Moise x^tienne. 

Moq. Moquin-Tandon. Alfred. 

Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau. 
i MtieTtch. Muenchhausen, Otto von. 
j Muhl. Mtihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig. 

Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas. 



I 



ABBREVIATIONS OP THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. I063 



N'eck. Necker, Noel Joseph de. 

Nestl. Nestler, Christian Gottfried. 

Niitt. Nuttall, Thomas. 

Ort. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez. 

Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon. 

Pari. Parlatore, Filippo. 

P. Br. Browne, Patrick. 

Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik. 

Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile. 

Poir. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. 

Poll. PoUich, Johann Adam. 

Ponrr. Pourret, Pierre Andre. 

R. Br. Brown, Robert. 

Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constan- 
tino Samuel. 

Redf. 6- Rand. Redfield, John H., 
and Rand, Edward S. 

Reichenb. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gott- 
lieb Ludwig. 

Retz. Retzius, Anders Johan. 

Richards. Richardson, John. 

Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob. 

R. &= S, Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, 
Joseph August. 

Roem. 6^ tjst. Roemer, J. J., and 
Usteri, Paulus. 

Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm 
Gottlieb. 

Roitb. Rottboell, Christen Fries. 

Roxb. Roxburgh, William. 

R. &= P. Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and 
Pa von, Josef. 

RuJ>r. Ruprecht, Franz J. 

Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel. 

SL Hil. St. Hilaire, August de. 

Salisb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony. 

Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 

Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P. 

Sav. Savi, Gaetano. 

Schk. Schkuhr, Christian. 

Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich 
Franz Leonhard von. 

Schleich. Schleiclier, J. C. 

Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. 

Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. 

Schreb. Schreber, Johann Christian 
Daniel von. 

Schult. Schultes, Joseph August. 

Sch. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl 
Heinrich. 

Schiim. Schumacher, Christian Fried- 
rich. 

Schwein. Sch weinitz, Lewis David von. 

Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton. 

Scribn. Scribner, Frank Lamson. 

Scribn. 6- Ryd. Scribner, F. L., and 
Rydberg, P. A. 

Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles. 

Seub. Seubert, Moritz. 

Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P. 

Sh'.ttthu. Shuttleworth, Robert. 



Sibth. Sibthorp, John. 

Sieb. &^ Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz 

von, and Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard. 
So land. Solander, Daniel. 
Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt. 
Steud. Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb. 
Stev. Steven, Christian. , 

Sudw. Sudworth, George B. 
Siv. Swartz, Olof. 
S. Wats. Watson, Sereno. 
Thuill. Thuillier, Jean Louis. 
I'hiinb. Thunberg, Carl Peter. ' 

Thitrb. Thurber, George. 
Torr. Torrey, John. 
i Torr. &^ Schw. Torrey, J., and 

Schweinitz, L. D. 
Torr. 6^ Hook. Torrey, John, and 

Hooker, William Jackson. 
Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. 
Tratt. Trattinnick, Leopold. 
Trel. Trelease, William. 
Traut. Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph. 
Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard. 
Trin &^ Riipr. Trinius, Karl, and 

Ruprecht, F. J. 
Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward. 
Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus. 
Underw. Underwood, Lucien Marcus. 
Vaill. Vaillant, Sebastien. 
Veil. Velloso, Jose Marianno de Con- 

ceigao. 
Vent. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. 
Vill. Villars, Dominique. 
Wahl. Wahlenberg, Georg. 
Wahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr Friedrich. 
W. &- K. Waldstein, Franz Adam 

von, and Kitalbal, Paul. 
Wallr. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wil- 
helm. 
IValp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. 
Walt. Walter, Thomas. 
Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam 

Julius von. 
Wats. &- Coult. Watson, Sereno, and 

Coulter, John Merle. 
Web. Weber, Friedrich. 
Wedd. Weddell, H. A. 
Weinm. Weinmann. 
Wender. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm 

Franz. 
Wettst. Wettstein, R. von. 
IVigg. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich. 
Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. 
JVun/fi. Wimmer, Friedrich. 
IVisliz. Wislizenus, A. 
Widi. Withering, William. 
Wol/g. Wolfgang. 
Wood:>. Woodville, William. 
Wormsk. Wormskiold, M. von. 
JJ'r. Wright, I(^hn. 
Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier. 



4 



INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 



[Classes, Orders, Families and Tribes in Small Capitals; genera in 
roman; synonyms in italics.] 



Abama, 255 
Abies, 34 
Abronia, 383 
Abutilon, 621 
Acacia, 527 
Acalypha, 588 

ACANTHACEAE, 8S3 

Acer, 607 

ACERACEAE, 607 

Acerates, 745 
Achillea, 1013 
Achroanthes, 303 
Acnida, 379 
Aconitum, 417 
Acorus, 231 
Actaea, 414 
Actinospermum, 1004 
Acuan, 527 
Adelia, 725 
Adenocaulon, 979 
Adiantum, 7 
Adicea, 343 
Adlumia, 441 
Adoiiis, 431 
Adopogon, 891 
Adoxa, 877 
Adoxaceae, 877 
AEgopodium, 680 
AEschynomene, 558 
AEsculus, 609 
AEthusa, 682 
Afzelia, 835 
Agastache, 785 
Agave, 280 
Agoseris, 900 
Agrimonia, 511 
Agropyron, 153 
Agrostemma, 388 
Agrostideae, 63 
Agrostis, 109 
Ailanthus, 582 
Aira, 115 
Aizoaceae, 383 
Ajuga, 781, 1051 
Alchemilla, 510 
•Aletris, 268 
Alisnia, 54 
Alismaceae, 53 
Alliaria, 447 
Allionia, 382 
Allium, 262, 1046 
AUocarya, 769 
AInus, 329 
Alopecurus, 102 
Alsine, 394 
Althaea. 618 
Alyssum, 466 



Amaranthaceae, 377 
Amaranthus, 377 
Amaryllidaceae, 278 
Ambrosia, 910 
Ambrosiaceae, 908 
Amelanchier, 517 
Ammannia, 648 
Ammodenia, 402 
Ammophila, 114 
Ammoselinum, 678 
Amorpha, 545 
Ampelanus, 746 
Ampelopsis, 615 
Amphiachyris, 928 
Amphicarpon, 75 
Amphilophis, 71 
Amsonia, 737 
Amygdalus, 526 
Anacardiaceae, 599 
Anagallis, 718 
Anaphalis, 976 
Anastrophus, 75 
Andrachne, 586 
Andromeda, 703 
Andropogon, 68, 1038 
Andropogon, yi 
Andropogoneae, 62 
Androsace, 714 
Androstephium, 264 
Anemone, 418 
Anethum, 683 
Angelica, 684 
Angiospermae, 38 
Anogra, 658 
Anonaceae, 410 
Antennaria, 973 
Anthemideae, 917 
Anthemis, 1014 
Anthoxanthum, 92 
Anthriscus, 674 
Antirrhinum, 822 
Anychia, 404 
Apera, 115 
Aphanostcphus, 943 
Apiastrum, 676 
Apios, 569 
Apium, 677, 1049 
Apium, 678 
Aplectrum, 304 
Apocynaceae, 7Z7 
Apocynum, 738 
Aquilegia. 415 
Arabis, 463 
Arackae, 229 
Aragallus, 555 

A RALES, 228 

Aralia, 667 



Araliaceae, 667 
Archichlamideae, 306 
Arctagrostis, 108 
Arctium, 1029 
Arctostaphylos, 706 
Arenaria, 400 
Arethusa, 298 
Argemone, 439 
Argentina, 502 
Arisaema, 229, 1045 
Aristida, 93, 1042 
Aristolochia, 349 
Aristolochiaceae, 347 
Aristolochiales, 346 
Arnica, 1022 
Arnoseris, 892 
Aronia, 516 
Arrhenatherum, 118 
Artemisia, 1017 
Aruncus, 492 
Arundinaria, 158 
Asarum, 348 
Asclepiadaceae, 740 
Asclepias, 740 
Asclepiodora, 745 
Ascyrum, 625 
Asimina, 410 
Asparagus, 270 
Asperugo, 772 
Asperula, 868 
Asplenium, 10 
Aster, 946 
AsTEREAE, 914 
Astilbe, 477 
Astragalus, 550, 1048 
Atamasco, 279 
Atheropogon, 123 
Atragene, 422 
Atriplex, 372 
Avena, 117 

AVENEAE, 64 

Azalea. 698 
Azolla, 21 
Baccharis, 971 
Baliia, 1008 
Balanops, 322 
Balanopsidaceae, 322 
Balanopstdales. 322 
Ballota. 791 
Balsaminaceae. 610 
Bambuseae. 67 
Baptisia. 535 
Barbarea. 451 
Bartonia. y^f; 
Bartsia, 842 
Batodendron, 70S 
J>atrachium, 428 

1065 



io66 



INDEX OF LA TIN NAMES. 



Beckmannia, 123 
Bellis, 943 
Benzoin, 436 
Berberidaceae, 432 
Berberis, 432 
Berchemia, 611 
Bergia, 630 
Berlandiera, 982 
Berteroa, 466 
Berula, 681 
Betonica, 793 
Betula, z^l 
Betulaceae, 326 
Bicuculla, 440 
Bidens, 1000 
Bifora, 676 
Bignonia, 851 

BiGNONIACEAE, 850 

Billia, 608 
Blephariglottis, 295 
Blephilia, 797 
Blitum, 371 
Boebera, 1012 
Boehmeria, 343 
Boltonia, 945 

BORAGINACEAE, ^66 

Borago, 776 
Borrichia, 990 
Botrychium, 2, 1037 
Bouteloua, 123 
Bouteloua, 123 
Brachiaria, 77 
Brachyactis, 966 
Brachychaeta, 942 
Brachyelytrum, loi 
Bradburya, 568 
Bradleya, 548 
Brasenia, 406 
Brassica, 449 
Brauneria, 989 
Breweria, 750 
Briza, 135 

Bromeliaceae, 238 
Bromus, 148 
Broussonetia, 340 
Brunnichia, 367 
Buchnera, 835 
Bulbilis, 125 
Bumelia, 720 
Bupleurum, 677 
Burmannia, 289 
Burmanniaceae, 289 
Bursa, 459 
Butneria, 435 
BuxACEAE, 598 
Cabomba, 406 
Cactaceae, 643 
Cactus, 644 
Caesalpiniaceae, 528 
Cakile, 448 
Calamagrostis, iii 
Calamovilfa, 114 
Calceolaria, 640 
Calla, 230 
Callicarpa, 779 
Callirrhoe, 619 
Callitrichaceae, 596 
Callitriche, 596 
Calluna, 706 
Calochortus, 267 
Calophanes, 853 
Caltha, 412 

Calycanthaceae, 435 
Calycocarpum, 434 
Calypso, 304 
Camelina, 459 
Cammarum, 413 
Campanula, 884 
Campanulaceae, 8S3 
Campanulales, 881 
Camptosorus, 13 



Campulosus, 121 
Cannabis, 341 
Capnoides, 441 
Capparidaceae, 467 
Capri FOLiACEAE, 869 
Capriola, 119 
Cardamine, 453 
Cardiospermum, 610 
Carduus, 1030 
Carex, 189 
Carpinus, 326 
Carum, 679 

Caryophyllaceae, 387 
Cassia, 529 
Cassiope, 702 
Castalia, 407 
Castanea, 331 
Castilleja, 839 
Casuarinales, 307 
Catabrosa, 133 
Catalpa, 852 
Caucalis, 675 
Caulophyllum, 433 
i Ceanothus, 613 
Cebatha, 434 
Celastraceae, 605 
Celastrus, 606 
Celtis, 339, 1047 
Cenchrus, 90, 1042 
Centaurea, 1034 
Centella, 672 
Centunculus, 718 
Cephalanthus, 862 
Cerastium, 397 
Ceratophyllaceae, 408 
Ceratophyllum, 408 
Cercis, 529 
Cercocarpus, 509 
Chaerophyllum, 674 
Chaetochloa, 89, 1041 
Chaetopappa, 944 
Chamaecistus, 700 
Chamaecyparis, 36 
Chamaedaphne, 704 
Chamaelirium, 256 
Chamaenerion, 655 
Chamaesaracha, 813 
Cheilanthes, 9 
Chelidonium, 440 
Chelone, 823 
Chenopodiaceae, 368 
Chenopodiales, 367 
Chenopodium, 368, 1047 
Chimaphila, 694 
Chimonanthus, 435 
Chiogenes, 711 
Chionanthus, 726. 
Chlorideae, 64 
Chloris, 121 
Chondrilla, 895 
Chondrophora, 930 
Choripetalae, 306 
Chrosperma, 257 
Chrysanthemum, 1014 
Chrysogonum, 982 
Chrysopogon, 71 
Chrysopsis. 929 
Chrysosplenium, 483 
Chrysothamnus, 931 

CiCHORIACEAE. 889 

Cichorium, 890 
Cicuta, 679, 1049 
Cimicifuga, 415 
Cinna, 108 
Circaea, 663 
Cissus, 615 
CiSTACEAE, 630 
Citrullus, 882 
Cladium, 186 
Cladothrix, 380 
Cladrastis, 534 



Claytonia, 385 
Clematis, 420 
Cleome, 467 
Cleomella, 468 
Clethra, 692 
Clethraceae, 692 
Clinopodium, 798 
Clintonia, 270 
Clitoria, 568 
Cnicus, 1036 
Cochlearia, 447 
Coeloglossum, 292 
Coelopleurum, 683 
Coleosanthus, 924 
CoUin^ia, 826 
Collinsonia, 807 
CoUomia, 761 
Colutea, 550 
Comandra, 345 
Comarum, 501 
Commelina, 239 
Commelinaceae, 239 
compositae, 913 
Comptonia, 321 
Conioselinum, 684 
Conium, 676 
Conobea, 828 
Conopholis, 850 
Conringia, 467 
Convallaria, 273 

CONVALLARIACEAE, 269 
CONVOLVULACEAE, 749 

Convolvulus, 753 
Cooperia, 279 
Coptis, 413 
Corallorhiza, 305 
Corema, 598 
Coreopsis, 997 
Corispermum, 374 

CORNACEAE, 689 

Cornus, 689 
Coronilla, 557 
Coronopus, 446 
Corylus, 327 
Cotinus, 601 
Cotoneaster, 522 /^ 
Cracca, 548 
Crassina, 983 
Crassulaceae, 473 
Crataegus, 518, 1048 
Crepis, 901 
Cristatella, 468 
Crotalaria, 536 
Croton, 586 
Crotonopsis, 587 
Cruciferae, 443 
Cryptanthe, 769 
Cryptogramma, 8 
Cubelium, 640 
Cucurbita, 882 

CUCURBITACEAE, 88l 

Cunila, 803 
Cuscuta, 754 
cuscutaceae, 754 
Cycadales, 30 
Cyclanthaceae, 228 
Cycianthera, 883 
Cycloloma, 372 
Cymbalaria, 820 
Cymopterus. 685, 1050 
Cynanchum, 747 
Cynareae, 917 
Cynoctonum, 727 
Cynoglossum, 768 
Cynomarathrum, 1050 
Cynosciadium, 682 
Cynosurus, 136 
Cyperaceae, 158 
Cyperus, 159. 1044 
Cypripedium, 290 
Cyrilla, 602 



INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 



1067 



Cyrillaceae, 602 
Cyrtorhyncha, 430 
Cystopteris, 17 
Cytisus, 537 
Dactylis, 136 
Dactyloctenium, 124 
Dalibarda, 499 
Danthonia, 118 
Daphne, 646 
Dasiphora, 499 
Dasystoma, 836 
Datura, 816 
Daucus, 688 
Decodon, 649 
Decumaria, 484 
Delphinium, 416, 1047 
Dendrium, 700 
Dennstaedtia, 19 
Dentaria, 455 
Deringa, 679 
Deschampsia, 116 
Dianthera, 854 
Dianthus, 394 
Diapedium, 855 
Diapensia, 712 

DiAPENSIACEAE, 712 

Dichondra, 750 
Dichromena, 172 
Dicksonia, 19 

DiCOTYLEDONES, 306 

Didiplis, 648 
Diervilla, 877 
Digitalis, 835 
Diodia, 863 
Dioscorea, 281 

DiOSCOREACEAE, 281 

Diospyros, 721 
Diphylleia, 433 
Diplachne, 128 
Diplotaxis, 450 

DiPSACEAE, 880 

Dipsacus, 880 
Dirca, 646 
Disporum, 272 
Distichlis, 135 
Ditaxis, 587 
Dodecatheon, 719 
Doellingeria, 970 
Dolicholus, 570 
Dondia, 376 
Draba, 460 
Dracocephalum, 787 
Drosera, 470 
Droseraceae, 470 
Drupaceae, 523 
Dryas, 509 
Drymocallis, 499 
Dryopteris, 14 
Duchesnea, 501 
Dulichium, 166 
Dupatya, 237 
Dupontia, 142 
Dysodia, 1012 
Eatonia, 132, 1042 
Ebenaceae, 721 

EbENALF \i720 

p^ ^..lOcactus, c-f^ 
■p;hinocereus, 643 

chinochloa, 78 
,Echinodoru^,. 54 
Echinopanax, 1049 
/ Echium, 776 
/ Zclipta, 984 

Elaeagnaceae. 646 
Elaeagnus, 647 
Elatinaceae, 629 
Elatine, 629 
Elatinoidcs, 820 
, f^leocharis, 167, 1044 
, I'Ucphantella. 842 
LUephantopus, 919 



236 



585 



Eleusine, 124 
Elsholtzia, 807 
Elymus, 156, 1043 
Elyna, 188 
Empetraceae, 598 
Empetrum, 598 
Engelmannia, 982 
Epigaea, 705 
Epilobium, 655 
Epipactis, 299 
Equisetaceae, 21 
Equisetales, 21 
Equisetum, 21 
Eragrostis, 129, 1042 
Eranthis, 413 
Erechtites, 1023 
Erianthus, 67, 1038 
Ericaceae, 696 
Ericales, 691 
Erigenia, 676 
Erigeron, 966 
Eriocarpum 932 
Eriocaulaceae 
Eriocaulon, 22,7 
Eriochloa, 76 
Eriocoma, 98 
Eriogonum, 351 
Eriophorum, 180 
Erodium, 575 
Ervum, 567 
Eryngium, 673 
Erysimum, 465 
Erythraea, 728 
Erythronium, 266 
Eulophus, 680 
Euonymus, 605 
Eupatorieae, 914 
Eunatorium, 920 
Euphorbia, 590 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Euphrasia, 841 
Eurotia, 374 
Eustoma, 731 
Euthamia, 942 
Evolvulus, 751 
Fagaceae, 330 
Fagales, 326 
Fagopyrum, 357 
Fagus, 331 
Falcata, 569 
Festuca, 145 
Festuceae, 6s 
Ficaria, 429 
Filago, 972 

FiLICALES, I 

Filix, 17 
Fimbristylis, 
Flaveria, 1006 
Floerkea, 599 
Foeniculum, 682 
Fothergilla, 489 
Fragaria, 500 
Frasera, 734 
Fraxinus, 724 
Fritillaria, 266 
Froelichia, 380 
Fuirena, 182 
Fumaria, 442 

Fl'MARIACEAE. 438 

(laertneria, 911 
(laillardia, loii 
'^lalactia, 570 
Oa'.ax, 7'i3 
GalTGeae. 533 
Galec^sis, 789 
Galeorrnis, 2()2 
Galins^'T-:' 1004 
Galium' '^il 
(Jalpi---''?^**-? ' 
/^, iiysana. e, gg, 

1 rUysostcgioi; . 



173 



Gaura, 662 
Gaurella, 661 
Gaylussacia, 707 
1 Gelsemium, 726 
Gemmingia, 284 
Genista, 537 
Genisteae, 532 
Gentiana, 731 
Gentianaceae, 728 
Gentianales, 723 
Geraniaceae, 573 
Geraniales, 572 
Geranium, 573 
Gerardia, 837 
Geum, 507 
Geum, 509 
Gifola, 972 
Gilia, 759 
Ginkgo, 37 
Glaucium, 440 
Glaux, 718 
Glecoma, 787 
Gleditsia, 530 
Glycyrrhiza, 557 
Gnaphalium, 977 
Gnetales, 30 
Gonolobus, 746 
Goodvera, 302 
Gordonia, 624 
Graminales, 61 
Gramineae, 61 
Graphephorum, 142 
Gratiola, 829 
Grindelia, 928 
Grossulariaceae, 486 
Gutierrezia, 927 
Gymnandeniopsis, 293 
Gymnocladus, 531 
Gymnopogon, 122 
Gymnospermae, 30 
Gypsophila, 393 
Gyrostachys. 299 
Gyrotheca, 2jS 
Habcnaria, 293-296 
Haemodoraceae, 278 
Halenia, 735 
Halophila, 59 
Haloragidaceae, 664 
Hamamelidaceae, 488 
Hamamelis, 489 
Hartmannia, 660 
Hedeoma, 797 
Hedysarkae, 533 
Hedysarum, 557 
Helenieae, 917 
Helenium, loio 
Heleochloa, loi 
Helianthemum, 630 
Heliantheae, 916 
Helianthus. 990 
Heliopsis, 984 
Heliotropium, 767 
Helleborus. 413 
Helonias. 256 
Hemerocallis, 261 
Plemicarpha. 183 
Hepartica. 410 
TTeracleum, 6SS 
TIesperis, 466 
Tleieranthera, 243 
Heterotheca. 02g 
ITeuchera. 481. 1048 
Tlexalectris. 306 
lloxastylis. 347 
Hibiscus. 6::2 
Plicoria. 323 
Hieracium, 903 
Htppocastanacea*. frdS 
riippuris. 665 
irotTuiansrggia, 530 
Holous. 1 1^ 



io68 



INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 



Holosteum, 398 
Homalobus, 554 
Homalocenchrus, 91 

HORDEAE, 66 

Hordeum, 154 
Hottonia, 715 
Houstonia, 860 
Hudsonia, 631 
Humulus, 341, 1047 
Hutchinsia, 458 
Hydrangea, 484 
Hydrangeaceae, 484 
Hydrastis, 412 
Hydrocotyle, 671, 1049 
Hydrophyllaceae, 762 
Hydrophyllum, 762 
Hymenocallis, 280 
Hymenopappus, 1006 
Hymenophyllaceae, 5 
Hyoscyamus, 816 
Hypericaceae, 624 
Hypericum, 625 
Hypochaeris, 892 
Hypopitys, 696 
Hypoxis, 280 
Hyssopus, 800 
Hystrix, 158 
Ilex, 603 
Ilicaceae, 602 
Ilicioides, 604 
Ilysanthes, 830 
Impatiens, 611 
Imperatoria, 687 
Indigofera, 548 
Inula, 979 
Inuleae, 915 
lodanthus, 451 
lonactis, 971 
Ipomoea, 751 
Iresine, 381 
Iridaceae, 281 
Iris, 282 
Isanthus, 782 
Isnardia, 652 

ISOETACEAE, 27 

Isoetes, 27 
Isopappus, 933 
Isopyrum, 413 
Isotria; 297 
Itea, 48s 
Iteaceae, 485 
Iva, 908 
Tasione, 886 
Fatropha, 589 
feffersonia, 433 
Tuglandaceae, 322 
tuglandales, 322 
Fuglans, 323 

JUNCACEAE, 244 

Tuncoides, 253, 1046 
Juncus, 244, 1045 
Juniperus, 36 
Jussiaea, 654 
Kallstroemia, 580 
Kalmia, 701 
Kickxia, 820 
Kneiffia, 659 
Kobresia, 188 
Kochia, 374 
Koeleria, 132 
Koellia, 800 
Koniga, 466 
Korycarpus, 134 
Kosteletzkya, 622 
Krameria, 531 
Krameriaceae, 531 
Kraunhia, 549 
Kuhnia, 924 
Kuhnistera, 546 
Kyllinga, 166 
Labiatae, 779 



Lachnocaulon, 238 
Lacinaria, 925 
Lactuca, 897, 1052 
Lamiaceae, 780 
Lamium, 790 
Lappula, 768 
Lapsana, 891 
Larix, 33 
Lathyrus, 567 
Lauraceae, 435 
Lavauxia, 661 
Leavenworthia, 457 
Lechea, 631 
Ledum, 697 
Lcgoiizia, 886 
Leitneria, 322 
Leitneriaceae, 322 
Leitneriales, 321 
Lemna, 22,2 
Lemnaceae, 232 
Lentibulaceae, 845 
Leontodon, 893 
Leonurus, 790 
Lepargyraea, 647 
Lepidium, 445 
Leptamnium, 850 
Leptandra, 834 
Leptilon, 969 
Leptochloa, 124 
Leptorchis, 303 
Lepturus, 152 
Lespedeza, 562, 1048 
Lesquerella, 457 
Leucelene, 965 
Leucocrinum, 261 
Leucophysalis, 813 
Leucothoe, 702 
Levisticum, 685 
Ligusticum, 683 
Ligiisticum, 685 
Ligustrum, ■/26 
Lilaeopsis, 682 
LiLiACEAE, 260 

LiLIALES, 244 

Lilium, 264 

LiMNANTHACEAE, 599 

Limnanthemum, 736 
Limnobium, 60 
Limnorchis, 293 
Limodorum, 298 
Limonium, 719 
Limosella, 831 
LiNACEAE, 578 
Linaria, 821 
Linaria, 821 
Linnaea, 873 
Linum, 578 
Lipocarpha, 183 
Lippia, 778 
Liquidambar, 489 
Liriodendron, 410 
Listera, 301 
Lithospermum, yy^ 
Littorella, 859 

LOASACEAE, 641 

Lobelia, 887 
Loeflingia, 403 

LOGANIACEAE, 726 

Lolium, 152 
Lomatium, 1050 
Lonicera, 874 
Lophanthus, 786 
Lophiola, 281 
Lophotocarpus, 55 

LoRANTHACEAE, 344 
LOTEAE, 533 

Lotus, 541 
Ludwigia, 653 1 

Ludwigiantha, 65? 
Lunaria, 4';6 



Lychnis, 391 
Lycium, 815 
Lycopersicon, 815 
Lycopodiaceae, 24 
Lycopodiales, 23 
Lycopodium, 24, 1037 
Lycopsis, 776 
Lycopus, 803 
Lygodesmia, 899 
Lygodium, 5 
Lysias, 294 
Lysiella, 295 
Lysimachia, 715 
Lythraceae, 648 
Lythrum, 649 
^lachaeranthera, 965 
Macounastrum, 351 
Macrocah'x, 763 
Magnolia, 409 
Magnoliaceae, 409 
Alairania, 706 
Malacothrix, 895 
Malapoenna, 436 
Malus, 516 
Malva, 618 
^Malvaceae, 617 
^NIalvales, 616 
Malvastrum, 620 
]^Ianisuris, 68 
Marantaceae, 288 
Mariana, 1034 
^Nlarrubium, 785 
]Marshallia, 1005 
^larsilea, 20 
Marsileaceae, 20 
Martynia, 852 
Martyniaceae, 852 
Mateuccia, 19 
Matricaria, 1015 
Mayaca, 235 
Mayacaceae, 234 
Maydeae, 62 
^ledeola, 273 
]^Iedicago, 538 
Meehania, 786 
Megapterium, 661 
Meibomia, 559 
Melampodium, 980 
Melampyrum, 844 
Melanthaceae, 254 
Melanthium, 238 
Melastomaceae, 650 
Melica, 133 
Melilotus, 538 
Melissa, 798 
Melothria, 882 
Mexispermaceae, 434 
Menispermum, 434 
Mentha, 804 
Mentzelia, 641 
Menyanthaceae, 7s6 
Menyanthes, 736 
Menziesia, 700 
Meriolix, 662 
Mertensia, 771 
Mesadenia, 1023 ,^ 
Micrampelis - "^2 
Micranthemum, 8n 
Milium, 98 "^ 

MiMOS/CEAE, 527 

I ^?i^iums. I27 
'^vlitchella, 863 

Mitella, 483 

Modiola, 622 

Moehringia, 402 

Moenchia, 399 

Mohrodendron, 722 

,M::>'PJa. 128 

I rachelos 384 
Tradescant795, 1051 
14 



INDEX 01 LATIN NAMES 



1069 



Monniera, 828 

MONOCOTYLEDONES, 38 

Monolepis, ^yz 
Monopetalae, 691 
Monotropa, 696 

MONOTROPACEAE, 695 

Monotropsis, 696 
Montia, 386 

MORACEAE, 339 

Morongia, 528 
Morus, 340 
Muhlenbergia, 99 
Munroa, 125 
Muscari, 268 
Musineon, 677 
Myagrum, 448 
Myosotis, 772 
Myosurus, 423 
Myrica, 321 
Myricaceae, 320 
Myricales, 320 
Myriophyllum, 665 
Myrtales, 647 
Nabalus, 906 
Naiadaceae, 40 
Naiadales, 40 
Naias, 50 
Nama, 765 
Napaea, 619 
Narcissus, 279 
Nardus, 151 
Naumbergia, 717 
Navarretia, 762 
Nazia, 71 
Nelumbo, 408 
Nemastylis, 284 
Nemophila, 763 
Nepeta, 786 
Neslia, 459 
Nestronia, 346 
Nicotiana, 817 
Nothocalais, 900 
Notholaena, 7 
Nothoscordum, 264 
Nyctaginaceae, 382 
Nymphaea, 406 
Nymphaeaceae, 406 
Nyssa, 691 
Obolaria, 735 
Odontites, 842 
OEnanthe, 682 
OEnothera, 658 
Oldenlandia, 862 
Oleaceae, 723 
Onagra, 657 
Onagraceae, 651 
Onoclea, 19 
Ononis, 539 
Onopordon, 1034 
Onosmodium, 774 
Oonopsis, 931 
Ophioglossaceae, I 
Ophioglossum, i 
Opulaster, 491 
Opuntia, 644 

Ox-UNTIALES, 642 

Orchidaceae, 289 

Orchidales, 288 

Orchis, 291 

Orchis, 292 

(^reocarya, 770 

Origanum, 800 

Ornithognlum, 267 

Orobanchaceae, 848 

Orobanche. 849 

Orontium, 231 

Orophaca, 555 

Orthocarpus,' 840 
^ Oryzeak, 63 
J, Oryzopsis, 97 
^Qryzopsis, 98 



Osmunda, 4 

OSMUNDACEAE, 4 

Ostrya, ^27 

OXALIDACEAE, 575 

Oxalis, 575 
Oxycoccus, 711 
Oxydendrum, 705 
Oxygraphis, 430 
Oxypolis, 686 
Oxyria, 357 
Pachylophus, 660 
Pachysandra, 599 
Pachystima, 606 
Palmaceae, 228 
Panax, 668 
Pandanales, 38 
Paniceae, 62 
Panicularia, 142 
Panicum, 78, 1039 
Panicum, 78 
Papaver, 438 
Papaveraceae, 437 
Papaverales, 437 
Papilionaceae, 532 
Parietales, 623 
Parietaria, 343 
Parnassia, 476 
Parnassiaceae, 475 
Paronychia, 404 
Parosela, 545 
Parsonsia, 650 
Parthenium, 983 
Parthenocissus, 616 
Paspalum, 72, 1039 

Paspalum, 75 
Passiflora, 641 
Passifloraceae, 64] 
Pastinaca, 688 
Paulownia, 827 
Pectis. 1012 
Pedicularis, 842 

Pedicularis, 842 
Pellaea, 8 
Peltandra, 230 
Penthoraceae, 475 
Penthorum, 475 
Pentstemon, 823 

Peramium, 302 
Perilla, 807 

Periploca, 1050 

Persea, 435 

Perularia, 292 

Petasites, 1021 

Petroselinum, 678 

Petunia, 817 

Peucedanum, 687 

Peuccdantim, 1050 

Phaca, 553 

Phacelia, 764 

Phalarideae, 63 

Phalaris, 92 

Phaseoleae, 533 

Phaseolus, 571 

TMiegopteris, 16 

Philadelphus, 485 

Philotria, 60 

Phippsia, 103 

Phlcum, 102 

Phlomis, 789 

Phlox, 756 

Phoradendron, 345 

Phragmites, 125 

Phrynia, 856 

Phrymaceae. 855 

Phyllanthus. 585 

Phyllitis. 13 

Phyllodocc, 702 

Phvsalis, 800 

l'hysak->des. 808 

Physaria, .157 

•'Miysoslcgia. 788 



Phytolacca, 381 
Phytolaccaceae, 381 
Picea, 33 
Picradenia, 1009 
Picradeniopsis, 1008 
Picris, 893 
Pieris, 703 
Pimpinella, 680 
Pimpinella, 680 
Pinaceae, 30 
Pinales, 30 
Pinguicula, 848 
Pinus, 31 

PiPERALES, 307 

Planera, 338 
Plantaginaceae, 856 
Plantaginales, 856 
Plantago, 856, 1051 
Platanaceae, 490 
Platanus, 490 
Pleurogyne, 734 
Pleuropogon, 134 
Pluchea, 973 
Plumbaginaceae, 719 
Pneumaria, 771 
Poa, 136 

PODALYRIEAE, 532 

Podophyllum, 433 

PODOSTEMACEAE, 472 

Podostemon, 472 
Pogonia, 297 
Pogonia, 297, 298 
Polanisia, 468 

POLEMONIACEAE, 756 
POLEMONIALES, 749 

Polemonium, 761 
Polycodium, 708 
- Polygala, 582 

POLYGALACEAE, 582 
POLYGONACEAE, 350 
POLYGONALES, 35O 

Polygonatum, 273 
Polygonella, 366 
Polygonum, 358 
Polymnia, 979 

POLYPODIACEAE, 6 

Polypodium, 7 
Polypogon, 107 
Polypremum, 727 
Polypteris, 1007 
Polystichum, 13 
Polytaenia, 685 
PoMACEAE, 514 
Pontederia, 242 

PONTEDERIACEAE, 242 

Populus, 30S 
Porteranthus, 493 
Portulaca, 386 

PORTULACACEAE, 384 

Potamogeton, 41. 103S 
Potentilla, 502 
Potent ilia, 499, 502 
Primula, 714 
Primulaceae, 713 
Primulales, 713 
Principes. 228 
Prionopsis. 932 
Proserpinaca, 665 
Prosopis. 528 
Proteaceae. 344 
Proteales. 344 
Prunella. 788 
Prunus, 523 
Psilocarya. 172 
Psilostrophe. 1005 
Psoralea, 542 
Psoraleak. S33 
Ptelea. 581 
Ptertdophvta, I 
Pteris. 8 
Pterospora. 695 



1070 



INDEX OF LA TIN NAMES, 



Ptilimnium, 68i 
Ptiloria, 894 
Puccinellia, 145 
Pulsatilla, 420 
Pyrola, 693 
Pyrolaceae, 692 
Pyrularia, 346 
Pyrus, 515 
Pyxidanthera, 712 
Ouamasia, 267 
Ouamoclit, 751 
Ouercus, 332 
Ouincula, 812 
Ranales, 405 
Ranunculaceae, 41: 
Ranunculus, 423 
Raphanus, 450 
Rapistrum, 460 
Ratibida, 988 
Razoumofskya, 344 
Redfieldia, 12S 
Reseda, 469 
Resedaceae, 469 
Rhamnaceae, 611 
Rhamnales, 611 
Rhaninus, 612 
Rhexia, 651 
Rhinanthus, 844 
Rhododendron, 699 
Rhodora, 699 
Rhombolytrum, 129 
Rhus, 600 
Rhynchosia, 570 
Ribes, 486 
Ricinus, 589 
Robinia, 549 
Roripa, 451 
Rosa, 512 
Rosaceae, 490 
Rosales, 471 
Rotala, 649 
Roubieva, 371 
Rubiaceae, 860 
rubiales, 860 
Rubus, 493 
Rudbeckia, 985 
Ruellia, 854 
Rumex, 354 
Ruppia, 49 
Rutaceae, 581 
Rynchospora, 183 
Sabbatia, 7-29 
Sacciolepis, 89 
Sagina, 399 
Sagittaria, 56 
S agin aria, 55 
Salicaceae, 307 
Salicales, 307 
Salicornia, 375 
Salix, 310 
Salomonia, 27^ 
Salsola, 376 
Salvia,_ 794 
Salvinia, 20 
Salvintaceae, 20 
Salviniales, 19 
oambucus, 869 
Samolus, 715 
Sanguineria, ^^39 
Sanguisorba, 512 
Sanicula, 672, 1049 
Santalaceae, 345 
Santalales, 344 
Sapindaceae, 609 ■ 
Sapindales, 597 
Sapindus, 610 
Saponaria, 393 
Sapotaceae, 720 
Sarcobatus, 375 
Sarothra. 628 
Sarracenia, 470 



I Sarraceniaceae, 470 
1 Sarraceniales, 469 

Sassafras, 436 

Satureia, 798 

Saururaceae, 307 

Saururus, 307 

Savastana, 93 

Saxifraga, 477 

Saxifragaceae, 476 

Scabiosa, 881 

Scandix, 674 

Schedonnardus, 122 

Scheuchzeria, 53 

Scheuchzeriaceae, 52 

Schizaea, 5 

Schizaeaceae, 5 

Schwalbea, 840 

Scirpus, 174, 1045 

SCITAMINALES, 288 

Scleranthus, 405 
Scleria, 187, 1045 
I Sclerolepis, 920 
Scolochloa, 142 
Scolopendriiim, 13 
Scrophularia, 822 

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 8l8 

Scutellaria, 783 
Sedum, 473 
Selaginella, 26 
Selaginellaceae, 26 
Selenia, 456 
Sempervivum, 475 
Senecio, 1024 
Senecioneae, 917 
Sericocarpus, 945 
Serinia, 891 
Sesban, 550 
Sesuvium, 384, 1047 
Sctaria, 89 
Sherardia, 868 
Sibbaldia, 500 
Sibbaldiopsis, 499 
Sicyos, 883 
Sida, 620 
Sideranthus, 932 
Sieglingia, 126 
Sieglingia, 126, 129 
Sieversia, 508 
Silene, 388 
Silphium, 980 
Simarubaceae, 582 
Simmondsia, 599 
Sinapis, 449 
Sisymbrium, 448 
Sisyrinchium, 284 
Sitanion, 155 
Sitilias, 901 
Sium, 680 
Smilaceae, 275 
Smilax, 275 
Solanaceae, 808 
Solanum, 814 
Solidago, 933 
Sonchus, 896 
Sophia, 462 
Sophora, 534 
Sophoreae, 532 
Sorbaria, 493 
Sorbus, 515 
Sorghastrum, 71 
Sorghum, 71 
Sparganiaceae, 39 
Sparganium, 39, 1038 
Spartina, 120 
Spathyema, 231 
Specularia, 886 
Spergula, 402 
Spermacoce, 863 
Spermatophyta. 30 
Spermolepis, 686 
Sphaeralcea, 621 



Spiesia, 555 
Spigelia, 727 
Spilanthes, 985 
Spiraea, 492 
Spirodela, 232 
Sporobolus, 104, 1042 
Stachys, 791 
Stanleya, 444 
Staphylea, 606 
Staphyleaceae, 606 
Statice, 719 
Steironema, 716 
Stenanthium, 257 
Stenophragma, 463 
Stenophyllus, 173 
Stenosiphon, 663 
Stenotus, 933 
Stillingia, 589 
Stipa, 96 
Streptopus, 272 
Strophostyles, 571 
Struthiopteris, 19 
Stuartia, 624 
Stylophorum, 440 
Stylosanthes, 558 

StYRACEAE, J22 

Styrax, 722 
Subularia, 445 
Sullivantia, 480 
Sympetalae, 691 
Symphoricarpos, 873 
Symphytum, 775 
Symplocaceae, 721 
Symplocos, 722 
Synandra, 789 
Synanthae, 228 
Syndesmon, 420 
Synosma, 1024 
Syntherisma, 76 
Synthyris, 831 
Syringa, 724 
Taenidia, 680 
Talinum, 385, 1047 
Tanacetum, 1016 
Taraxacum, 896 
Taxaceae, 37 
Taxodium, 35 
Taxus, 37 
Tecoma, 851 
Tetragonanthus, 734 
Tetragonotheca, 985 
Tetraneuris, 1008 
Teucrium, 781, 1050 
Thalesia, 849 
Thalia, 288 
Thalictrum, 430, 1048 
Thaspium, 683 
Theaceae, 623 
Thelesperma, 1003 
Thelypodium, 444 
Thermopsis, 534 
Therofon, 480 
Thlaspi, 446 
Thuja, 35 

Thymeleaceae, 645 
Thymeleales, 645 
Thymophylla, 1012 
Thymus, 802 
Tiarella, 480 
Tilia, 616 

TiLIACEAE, 616 

Tillaea, 473 
Tillandsia, 238 
Tipularia, 304 \ 

Tissa, 403 1 

Tofieldia, 255 
Torilis, 675 
TownsendiP;^ 944 
TojMkm. 340 

ermura, 739 
240 




INDEX OF LATIN NAMES, 



IO7I 



Tragia, 588 
Tragopogon, 894 
Trapa, 664 
Trapaceae,^ 664 
Trautvetteria, 423 
Triadenum, 629 
Tribulus, 580 
Trichomanes, 5 
Trichostema, 782 
Tricuspis, 126 
Trientalis, 717 
Trifolieae, 533 
Trifolium, 539 
Triglochin, 52 
Trilisa, 927 
Trillium, 274, 1047 
Triosteum, 872 
Triphora, 298 
Triplasis, 127 
Tripsacum, 67 
Trisetum, 117 
Trollius, 412 
Tsuga, 34 
Tulipa, 1046 
Tunica, 393 
Tussilago, 1021 
Typha, 38 
Typhaceae, 38 
Ulex, 537 
Ulmaceae, in 
Ulmaria, 510 
Ulmus, 337 
Umbellales, 667 
Umbelliferae, 669 



Uncinia, 189 
Unifolium, 271 
Uniola, 134, 1043 
Urtica, 342 
Urticaceae, 341 
Urticales, 337 
Urticastrum, 342 
Utricularia, 845 
Uvularia, 260 
Vaccaria, 393 
Vacciniaceae, 707 
Vaccinium, 709 
Vaccinium, 708 
Vagnera, 271 
Valeriana, 878 
Valerianaceae, 878 
Valerianales, 877 
Valerianella, 879 
Vallisneria, 60 
Vallisneriaceae, 59 
Veratrum, 259 
Verbascum, 819 
Verbena, yyy 
Verbenaceae, 776 
Verbesina, 996 
Vernonia, 918 
Vernonieae, 914 
Veronica, 832 
Viburnum, 870 
Vicia, 56s 
ViciEAE, 533 
Vigna, 572 
Vinca, 738 
Vincetoxicum, 747 



Viola, 633, 10.; 9 
ViOLACEAE, 633 
Viscaria, 388 

VlTACEAE, 613 

Vitis, 613 
Vitis-Idaea, 708 
Waldsteinia, 506 
Washingtonia, 675 
Willugbaeya, 924 
Wolffia, 233 
Wolffiella, 234 
Woodsia, 17 
Woodwardia, 10 
Wulfenia, 832 
Xanthium, 911 
Xanthorrhiza, 414 
Xanthoxylum, 581 
Xerophyllum, 256 
Xolisma, 704 
Xyridaceae, 23s 
Xyridales, 234 
Xyris, 235 
Yucca, 269 
Zannichellia, 50 
Zephyranthes, 279 
Zizania, 91 
Zizaniopsis, 91 
Zizia, 678 
Zornia, 558 
Zostera, 51 
Zoysieae, 62 
Zygadenus, 257 
Zygophyllaceae, 580 




mSBS: 



;->-'&M*:fc 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



Abele, 308 
Absinth, 1019 
Acacia, 549 

Acanthus Family, 853 
Aconite, 413 
Actinomeris, 997 
Adam-and-Eve, 305 
Adder's-mouth, 303 
Adder's-tongue Family, i 
Adder's-tongue, 2, 266 
Agrimony, 511 
Ague-weed, JZ^ 
AiLANTHUs Family, 582 
Ailanthus, 582 
Alder, 330 

Black, 604 

Dwarf, 612 

White, 692 
Alecoast, Alecost, 1015 
Alexanders, 679 
Alfalfa, 538 
Alfilaria, 575 
Alkanet, Bastard, 773 
Alleluia, 576 
Alligator-tree, 489 
Aloe, False, 280 
Althaea, Shrubby, 623 
Alum-root, 482, 573 
Alyssum, 466 
Amaranth Family, 377 
Amaranth, ^78, 379 
Amaryllis Family, 278 
Amy-root, 739 
Andromeda, Privet, 704 
Anemone, 418 

False Rue, 414 
Angelica, Sea-coast, 683 
Angelico, 683 
Angle-pod, 748 
Apple Family, 514 
Apple, S16 

Balsam, 883 

Crab, 516 

Earth, 996 

May, 433 

Mog'c, 883 

Pra".rie, 544 
Apple of Peru, 808 
Arbor-vitae, 2,p 
Arbutus, Trailing, 705 
Ark, Noah's, 291 
Arrow-arum, 230 
Arrow-grass Family, 52 
Arrow-grass, 52 
Arrow-head, 57, 58 
Arrow-root Family, 288 
Arum Family, 229 
Arrow-wood, 871 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 996 
Arum, Water, 230 
Ash, 224 

Mountain, 515 

Prickly, 581 

Sea, 581 



Ashwort, 1026 
Aspen, 310 
Asphodel, 255 
Aster, 949 

Golden, 929 

Heath, 965 

Rayless, 966 

Savory-leaved, 971 

Stiff, 971 

Tansy, 966 

Viscid, 966 

White Flat-top, 970 

White-topped, 946 

Wood, 949, 952, 953 
Avens, 507 

Mountain, 508, 509 

Purple, 509 
Awlwort, Water, 445 
Axeseed, 557 
Axewort, 557 
Azalea, Alpine, 701 

Trailing, 701 
Bahia, False, 1008 
Bald Cypress, 35 
Bald-rush, 172 
Balm, Basil, 796, 799 

Bee, American, 795 

Calamint, 799 

Field, 799 

Garden, 798 

Lemon, 798 
Balm-of-Gilead, 309 
Balsam, 977 
Baneberry. 414 
Barberry Family, 432 
Barberry, 432 
Barley, 155 
Barnyard-grass, 78 
Bartsia, Red, 842 
Basil, Field, 799 

Wild, 799 
Basilweed, 799 
Bass-wood, 617 
Bay, Loblolly, 624 

Red, 436 

Rose, 699 

Swamp, 436 

Sweet, 409 

Tan, 624 
Bayberry Family, 320 
Bayberry, 321 
Bayonet, Spanish, 269 
Beaked-parsley, 674 
Beaked-rush, 184 
Bean, Black-eyed. 572 

China. 572 

Indian. 852 

Wild. 571 
Bean-tree. 852 
r>ear-berry. 706 
Bear-grass. 269. 1038 

card. Goat's. 477 

card-grass. 69. 71. loS 
l>oard-tong\ie, 824 



Beauty, Rutland, 755 

Spring, 385 
Bed's-foot, 799 
Bed-straw, 865 
Bee-balm, 798 
Beech Family, 330 
Beech, 326, 331 
Beech-drops, 850 

Carolina, 696 

False, 696 
Beetle-weed, 713 
Bee-tree, 617 
Beggar-ticks, 1001 
Bellflower Family, 883 
Beimower, 884 
Bellwort, 260 
Benjamin-bush, 437 
Bennet, 680 

Bent-grass, 109, in, 115 
Berbine, jjj 
Bergamot, 796, 1051 
Bermuda-grass, 119 
Berry, Silver, 647 
Besom, 706 
Betony, 793 

Wood, 793, 844 
Bilberry, 709 
Bilsted, 489 
Bindweed, 365, 753 

Blue, 815 
Birch Family, 326 
Birch, 328 
Bird's-nest, Giant, 695 

BiRTHWORT E'aMILY, 347 

Birthwort, 349 
Bishop-weed, 681 
Bistort, 359 
Bitter-bloom, 730 
Bitter-cress, 454 
Bitter-herb, 729 
Bitter-nut, 324 
Bitter-sweet. 815 

Climbing, 606 

Shrubby. 606 
Bitter-weed, 910 
Blackberry, 496. 498 
Black-cap, 496 
Black-eyed Susan, 9S6 
Black-grass, 248 
Black Sampson. 089 
r>lack-thorn, 52^ 
Bladder-nut Family. 606 
l>ladder-nut. 606 
Bladder-pod. 457. 45S 
Bladoerwort 1<"amii.y. S45 
liladderwort. 846 
Blazing Star, 257. 025 
r>leeding-hoart. Wild. 441 
Hlite. 2,7^^ 376 
Blood-leaf. 381 
l>lood-root, 439 
Bloodwort. 720 
r> LOO n WORT Family. 27S 
n loom fell. 542 

1073 



1074 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



Blowball. 896 

Blue Bells of Scotland. 

884 
Blueberry, 710 
Blue-bottle, 1035 
Blue-curls, 782 
Blue-eyed Mary, 826 
Blue-grass, 139, 141 
Blue-hearts, 835 
Blue-tangle, 707 
Blue-weed, 776 
Bluets, 861 

Clustered, 862 
Bog-asphodel, 256 
Bog-bean, 736 
Boneset, 922, 923 

Climbing, 924 

False, 925 
Borage Family, 766 
Borage, 776 
Bouncing-bet, 393 
Bouteloua, 123 
Bower, Virgin's, 421, 423 
Bowman's-root, 493 
Box Family, 598 
Box-thorn, 816 
Brake, 8 
Bramble, 495 
Bread-root, 544 
Breeches, Dutchman's, 440 
Brier, Wild, 514 
Brome, 151 
Brome-grass, 149, 151 
Brooklime, 833 
Brookweed, 715 
Broom, 537 

Base, 537 

Inaigo, 535 

Yellow, 535 
Broom-rape Family, 848 
Broom-rape, 849 
Brush, Bottle, 665 
Buck-bean Family, 736 
Buck-bean, 736 
Buckberry, 708 
Buckeye Family, 608 
Buckeye, 609 
BucK-THORN Family, 611 
Buck-thorn, 525, 612, 721 
Buckwheat Family, 350 
Buckwheat, 358, 365 

False, 365 
Buffalo-berry, 647 

-grass, 125 

-nut, 346 
Bugbane, Amer., 415, 423 
Bugle, 781, 1051 
Bugle-weed, 803 
Bugloss, 894 

Sea, 771 

Small, "/■]() 

Viper's, j-jS 
Bug-seed, 375 
Bulrush, 177, 1045 
Bunchberry, 689 
Bunk, 891 

BuNCH-FLOWER FaMILY, 254 

Bunch-flower, 259 
Bur, Great, 1030 

Sand, 815 
Bur-chervil, 674 
Bur-cucumber, 883 
Bur-grass, 1042 
Bur-head, 54 
Bur Marigold, 1000 
Bur-nut, 580 
Bur-reed Family, 39 
Bur-reed, 39 
Burdock, 1038 

Sea, 912 
Burmannia Family, 289 



Burnet, 512 
Burseed, 769 
Burweed, 912 
Bush, Burning, 605 

Hobble, 870 

Juba's, 381 

Strawberr\^ 605 
Bush-clover, 563, 1048 
Bush-cranberry, 870 
Bush-honeysuckle, 876 
Butter-and-eggs, 821 
Butter-bur, 1022 
Buttercup, 424, 430 
Butterfly-dock, 1022 

-pea, 568, 569 ' 

-weed, 741 
Butternut, 323 
Butterweed, 1029 
Butterwort, 848 
Button, Bachelor's, 583 
Button-ball, 490 

-bush, 863 
Button-snakeroot, 926 
Button-weed, 863 
Button-wood, 490 
Cabbage Skunk, 231 
Cactus Family, 643 
Cactus, 645 

Simpson's, 643 
Calais, False, 900 
Calamint, 799 
Calamus-root, 231 
Calico-bvish, 701 
Calopogon, 298 
Caltrop Family, 580 
Caltrop, 580 
Camomile, 1014, 1016 
Campion, 388, 389, 392 
Canary-grass, 92 
Cancer-root, 849 
Candle-tree, 852 
Cane, 158 
Canker-root, 719 
Cap, Bishop's, 483 

Soldier's, 440 
Caper Family, 467 
Caraway, 679 
Cardinal-flower, 888 
Carnation-grass, 212 
Carpet, Water, 483 
Carpet-weed Family, 
Carpet-weed, 384 
Carrion-flower, 276 
Carrot Family, 669 
Carrot, 688 
Carvies, 679 
Cassandra, Dwarf, 705 
Cassena, 603 
Castor-bean, 589 
Catbrier, z-j"/ 
Catchfly, 389 
Catch-weed, y72 
Cat-gut, 548 
Cat-mint, 787 
Catnep, 787 
Cat-tail Family, 38 
Cat-tail, 39 
Cat's-ear, 893 

-foot, 974, 975 
Cedar, 36, 37 
Celandine, 440 

Lesser, 430 
Celery, 677 
Centaury. 728, 1035 
Cereus, 643 
Chafe-weed, 978 
Chaff-seed. 841 
Chaff-weed, 718 
Chain-fern, 10 
Charlock, 450 
Cheat, 150 



Checkerberry, 705 
Cheeses, 6x8 
Cherry, 525 

Winter, 812 
Chervil, 674 
Chess, 149, 150, 151 
Chestnut, 351 
Chickweed, 386, 395, 397, 3-5. 

Chicory Family, 889 
Chicory, 891 
China-tree, Wild, 610 
Chinquapin, 332 
Chittam-wood, 602 
Choke-berry, 517 
Christmas-green, 1037 
Cinquefoil, 499, 500, 501, 503 
Citronella, 807 
Clammy-weed, 468 
Clary, 795 
Claytonia, 386 
Cleareye, 795 
Clearweed, 343 
Cleavers, 865, 867 
Cleever-wort, 865 
Cliff-brake, 8 
Climath, 601 
Clot-bur, 912, 1030 
Cloud-berrj^ 495 
Clover, 540 

Hop, 538 

Japan, 563 
Club, Devil's, 1049 

Hercules', 668 
i Club-moss Family, 24 
Club-mosses, 24, 1037 
Club-rush, 176 
Cockle, 388 
Cockle-bur, 912 
Cock's-head, 552 
Cockspur-grass, 78 
Cohosh, Black, 415 

Blue, 433 
Coft'ee-tree, Kentucky, 531 
Colic-root, 269 
Collard, 1024 
Collinsia, 827 
Coltsfoot, 1021 

Sweet, 1021 
Columbine, 416 
Columbo, Amer., 734 
Comfrey, 775 

Wild, 768 
Compass-plant, 981 
Cone-flower, 986, 988, 989 
. Conifers, 30 
Coolwo'rt, 480 
Coral-berry, 874 
Coral-root, 305, 306 
Cord-grass, 120 
Cork-wood Family, ^,22 
\ Cork-wood, 322 
Corn, Squirrel, 441 
Corn-flower, 1035 
Cornel, 689 
Corydalis, 441 
Cost, lois 
Costmary, 1015 
Cotton-grass, 181 
Cottonwood, 309 
Couch-grass, 154 
Coughwort, 1021 
Cowbane, 686 
Cowberry, 501 
Cow-grass, 540 

-herb, 394 

-parsnip, 688 

-wheat, 845 
Cowslip, American, 719 

Virginia, 771 
I Crab-g. ss, -ji, 124 



n 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



io;s 



Cranberry, 711 

Mountain, 708 
Cranberry-tree, 870, 871 
Crane's-bill, 573 
Crazy-weed, 551, 556 
Creeper, Virginia, 6tt6 
Cress, 445, 451, 45^. 453. 455 

Alpine, 455 

Mouse-ear, 463 

Swine's, 446 
Cross, St. Andrew's, 625 
Cross-cleavers, 866 
Cross Vine, 851 
Cross, Widow's, 474 
Crosswort, 716 
Crowberry Family, 598 
Crowberry, 598 

Broom, 598 
Crowfoot Family, 411 
Crowfoot, 426, 428, 429 

Seaside, 430 
Crownbeard, 996 
Cuckoo-flower, 454 
Cucumber, Creeping, 882 

Star, 883 
Cucumber-root, 274 

-tree, 409, 410 
Cudweed, 972, 975, 978, 1020 
Culver's-root, 834 
Cuphea, Clammy, 650 
Cup-plant, 981 
Cupseed, 434 
Curly-grass, 5 
Currant, 488 
Cushion, Ladies', 720 
Custard-apple Family, 410 
Cut-grass, 91 
Cynthia, 892 
Cypress, Bald, 35 
C'yrilla Family, 602 
Daffodil, 279 
Dagger-flower, 966 
Daisy, 943, 1015 

Michaelmas, 962 

Yellow, 986 
Dandelion, 896 

Dwarf, 892 

Fall, 893 

False, 901 
Danes' Blood, 885 
Dangleberry, 707 
Darnel, 152 
Date Plum, 721 
Day-flower, 239 
Deerberry, 708 
Deer-grass, 651 
Dewberry, 497, 498 
Dew-cup, 510 
Dew-plant, 471 
Diapensia Family, 712 
Dillweed, 683, 1014 
Ditch-moss, 60 
Dittany, Amer., 803 
Dock, 355 

Prairie, 981, 983 
Dock-cress, Succory, 891 
Dockmakie, 871 
Dodder Family, 754 
Dodder, 754 
Dogbane Family, 737 
Dogbane, 738 
Dogberry, 486 
Dog-fennel, 921 

False, 1012 
Dogwood Famil/, 689 
Dogwood, 690 
Door-weed, 363 
Double-claw, 853 / 
Dragon, Creen. 2.2(ji 
Dragon-head, 787 ' 

False, 788 



Dragon-root, 229 
Dropseed, 106 
Dropseed-grass, 100, 106 
Duckweed Family, 232 
Duckweed, 232, 234 
Dyer's-weed, 940 
Dye-weed, 537 
Ear, Hare's, 677 
Ebony Family, 721 
Eel-grass, 51, 60 
Egriot, 525 
Elder, 869 

Box, 608 

Marsh, 909 

Poison, 601 

Wild, 668 
Elecampane, 979 
Elephant's-foot, 920 

-trunk, 853 
Elk-wood, 409 
Elm Family, 337 
Elm, zz% 
Eryngo, ^^z 

Evening-primrose Family, 
651 
Evening-primrose, 657 
Everlasting, 974, 977 

Large-flowered, 977 

Life, 977 

Pearly, 977 
Eye, Pheasant's, 432 
Eyebright, 841, 842 
False-flax, 459 
False Mermaid, 599 
False Mermaid Family, 

599 
False-oat, 117 
Fame-flower, 385 
Farkleberry, 708 
Feather, Prince's, 363 
Featherfew, 1015 
Featherfoil, 715 
Fellonwort, 815 
Fennel, 682 

Water, 597 
Fern Family, 6 
Fern, Bristle, 5 

Brittle, 13 

Christmas, 14 

Cinnamon, 4 

Clayton's, 4 

Climbing, 6 

Hartford, 6 

Maiden-hair, 8 

Male, 15 

Ostrich, 19 

Royal, 4 

Sensitive, 19 

Shield, 14 

Sweet, 321 

Venus-hair, 7 
Ferns and fern-allies, i 
Fescue-grass, 146 
Fetter-bush, 704 
Feverfew, American, 983 

Common, 1015 
Fever-wort, 873 
Field-madder, 868 
Fig. Indian, 644 
Figwort Family, 818 
Figwort, 822 
Finger-grass, 76 
Fiorin, 109 

Fj'-' 34 ^ 
Fire-weed, 1023 
Five-finger, 506 
Flag. 282 

Blue. 282 

Red-brown. 283 

Sweet. 231 

Yellow, 283 



Flax Family, 578 
Flax, 578 

Mountain, 584 

Wild, 578 
Fleabane, 967, 970 

Marsh, 973 

Small, 955 
Fleawort, Marsh, 1028 
Fleur-de-lis, 283 
Flixweed, 462 
Flower, Cuckoo, 392 

Gipsy, 768 
Flower-of-an-hour, 623 
Flower, Moccasin, 291 

Pasque, 420 

Side-saddle, 470 
Fly-honeysuckle, 876 
Fly-poison, 257 
Fog-fruit, 779 
Forget-me-not, 772 
Four-o'clock Family, 382 
Foxglove, 835 

False, 836 

Mullen, 835 
Fox-grape, 614, 615 

-tail, 103 
Fringe-tree, 726 
Frog's-bit, 61 
Frost-weed, 630 
Frostwort, 631 
Fumitory, 442 

Climbing, 441 

Hedge, 442 
Furze, 537 
Galaxy 713 
Gale, Sweet, 321 
Gall-of-the-earth, 907 
Gama-grass, 67 
Garget, 381 
Garlic, 263, 1046 

False, 264 
Gay-wings, 585 
Gean, 525 

Gentian Family, 728 
Gentian, 732 

Spurred, 735 
Geranium Family, 573 
Geranium, 371 
Germander, 782, 1050 
Giant Hyssop, 786 
Gill-over-the-ground, 787 
Ginger, Wild, 348 
Ginseng Family, 667 
Ginseng, 668 
Gipsy-herb, 804 
Gipsywort, 804 
Gladiole, Water, 887 ' 
Glasswort, 375 
Globe-flower, 413 
Globe-mallow. 621 
Goat's-beard. 493. 892, 895 
Gold-of-pleasure, 459 
Golden-club, 231 
Goldenpert, S30 
Goldenrod, 935. 942 

False. 943 

Rayless, 931 
Golden-seal. 412 
(lold-thread. 413 
Good King Henry, 371 
Gooseberry Family, 486 
Gooseberry. 486 
Goosefoot Family. 368 
Goosefoot. 369. 371. 1047 
Goose-grass, 145, 865 
Goose-tansy, 502 
Gorse. 537 
Gosmore. 803 
Gourd Family. SSi 
Gourd. Missouri. 882 
Gout-weed, -wort. 680 



1C76 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



Grama-grass, 123 
Grape Family, 613 
Grape, 614 

False, 616 
Grape-hyacinth, 268 
Grass Family, 61 
Grass, Barnyard, 78 

Beard, 69, 71, 108 

Bent, 109, 115 

Blue, 139 

Black-oat, 97 

Blue-eyed, 285 

Blue-joint, 112 

Bottle-brush, 158 

Brome, 148 

Buffalo, 125 

Bur, 90 

Canary, 92 

Catch-fly, 92 

Cat's-tail, 102 

Cockspur, 78 

Cord, 120 

Couch, 154 

Crab, Tj, 124 

Cut, 91 

Dog's-tail, 136 

Dog's-tooth, iig 

Drop-seed, 100, 106 

Egyptian, 124 

Faitour's, 595 

Fescue, 146 

Finger, -j^ 

Fiorin, 109 

Fowl, Meadow-, 139 

Fox-tail, 89, 90, 104 1 

Gama, 67 

Goose, 145 

Hedgehog, 90 

Holy, 93 

Hungarian, 90 

Indian, 71 

Johnson, 71 

Joint, -jz 

June, 139 

Kentucky Blue, 139 

Manna, 143 

Meadow-fescue 

Mesquite, 123 

Millet, 98 

Munro's, 125 

Oat, 118 

Orchard, 136 

Pigeon, 89 

Plume, ^-j 

Prickle, jz 

Quake, Quaking, 136 

Rye, 152 

Salt-meadow, 120 

Seneca, 93 

Smut, 106 

Soft, 115 

Spear, 138 

Squirrel-tail, 155 

Sweet Vernal, <)2 

Terrell, 156 

Texas Blue, 141 

Toothache', 121 

Vanilla, 93 

Velvet, 115 

Wheat, 153 

White, 91 

Wrack, 51 

Yard, 124 
Grass-of-Parnassus, 476 
Grass-of-Parnassus Fam- 
ily, 475 
Grass-pmk, 298 
Grass-poly, 649 
Grease-wood, 376 
Green-brier, 276 
Green-weed, 537 



Gromwell, tj2> 

False, 775 
Ground-cherry, 810, 813 
Ground-hemlock, Z7 
Ground-nut, 569, 668 
Ground-pine, 25 
Ground-vine, 873 
Groundsel, 1026, 1027, 1029 
Groundsel-bush, 971 

-tree, 971 
Guelder-rose, Wild, 870 
Gum, Cotton, 691 

Red, 489 

Sour, 691 

Star-leaved, 489 

Sweet, 489 

Tupelo, 691 
Gum-plant, 928 
Gypsophyll, 397 
Hackberry, 339, 1047 
Hackmatack, 3^ 
Hair-grass, loi, no, 115, 116 
Harbinger of Spring, 676 
Hardgrass, 152 
Hardback, 492 
Hardheads, 1035 
Harebell, 884 
Hare's-ear, 467 
Hart's-tongue, 13 
Haw, 519, 521 

Black, 872 
Hawkbit, 893 
Hawk's-beard, 901 
Hawkweed, 903 

Mouse-ear, 904 
Hawthorn, 520 
Hazel-nut, 327 
Heal-all, 788, 822 
Healing-herb, 775 
Heart, Floating, 736 

Lion's, 788 
Heartease, 640 
Heart-seed, 610 
Heath Family, 696 
Heath, Mountain, 702 
Heathberry, 59b 
Heather, 706 

Beach, False, 631 
Heather-grass, 126 
Hedge-garlic, 447 
Hedgehog-thistle, 643 
Hedge-hyssop, 828, 829 
Hedge-parsley, 675 
Heliotrope, 767 
Hellebore, 259, 413 
Helleborine, 299 
Hemlock, 34, ^il^ 686 

Poison, 676 

Water, 679, 1049 
Hemlock-parsley, 684 
Hemp, 341 

Indian, 739 

Nettle, 790 
Hempweed, Climbing, 924 
Henbane, Black, 816 
Henbit, 791 
Herb-bane, 849 

-Gerard, 680 
Herb-of-the-cross, "j-jy 
Herb-Robert, 573 

-Sherard, 868 

-Sophia, 462 
Herba Impia, 972 
Herd-grass, 102, 109 
Heron's-bill, 575 
Hickory, 324, 325 
Hoarhound, Black, 791 

Fetid, 791 

]\Iarsh, 804 

Water, 804, 923 

White, 785 



Hobble-bush, 870 
Hog"s-bean, 816 
Hogweed, 910, 921 
Hogwort, 586 
Hollow-root, 877 
Holly Family, 602 
Holly, 603 

Mountain, 604 
Holly-fern, 13 

Wild, 604 
Hollyhock, 618 
Holy-grass, 93 
Honesty, 456 
Honewort, 679 
Honey-bloom, 738 
Honeysuckle Family, 8 
Honeysuckle, 875 

Bush, 877 

Ground, 542 

Swamp, 698 

Wild, 698 
Honey-sweet, 510 
Hop, 541, 1047 
Hop-clover, 539 

-hornbeam, 327 
Hop-tree, 581 

-trefoil, 540 
Hornbeam, 326 
HoRNwoRT Family, 408 
Hornwort, 409 
Horse-balm, 807 
Horse-brier, 277 

-cane, 910 
Horse-chestnut, 609 
Horsefly-weed, 535 
Horse-gentian, 873 
Horse-heal, 979 

-knops, 1035 
Horse-mint, 796 
Horse-nettle, 814 
Horse-radish, 453 
Horse-sugar, 722 
Horse-tail Family, 21 
Horse-tails, 21 
Horse-weed, 970 
Hound's-tongue, 768 
House-leek, 475 
Huckleberry Family. 7( 
Huckleberry, 707, 710 
Hunger-weed, 428 
Hyacinth, Wild, 2^1 
Hydrangea Family, 484 
Hyssop, 800 

Wild, 778 
Indian-cup, 981 
Indian-pipe Family, 695 
Indian-root, 668 
Indigo, Wild, 535 

Bastard, 545 

Blue False, 535 

False, 545 
Indigo-plant, 548 

Inkberry, 603 . 

Innocence, 861 

Ipecac, American, 493 , 

Wild, 594 
Iris Family, 281 
Iris, Dwarf, 283, 284 
Iron-weed, 918 
Iron-wood, 327 

Southern, 602 
Ironwort, 790 
Isabella-wood, 436 
Ivray, 152 
Ivy, Ameiican, 6x6 

Coliseiim, 820 

Grourd, 787 

Kenil vorth, 820 

Poiso 1, 601 
Jack-in- he-pulpit, 229 
Jamestown-weed. 816 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



lO 



// 



Jessamine, Yellow, -jz-j 
Jewel-weed Family, 6io 
Jimson-weed, 8i6 
joe Pye Weed, 921 
Johnson-grass, 71 
Joint-grass, ^^„ 112 
Joint-weed, 367, 665 
Judas-tree, 529 
June-grass, 139 
June-berry, 517 
Juniper, 36 
Ketmia, Bladder, 623 
King-devil, 904 

-nut, 324 
Kinnikinnik, 690, 706 
Knapweed, 1035 
Knawel, 405 
Knight's-spur, 416 
Knot-berry, 495 
Knot-grass, 363, 405 
Knotweed, 363, 366 
Krameria Family, 531 
Ladder, Jacob's, 761 
Lady's-comb, 675 
Lamb-kill, 701 
Larch, 33 
Lark-heel, 416 
Larkspur, 416, 1047 
Laurel Family, 435 
Laurel, 701 

Great, 699 

Ground, 705 

Lady, 646 

Spurge, 646 
Lead-plant, 545 
Leaf, Velvet, 621 
Leaf-cup, 979 
Leather-flower, 422 

-leaf, 705 
Leather-wood, 646 

Southern, 602 
Leek, Wild, 262 
Leopard's-bane, 1022 
Lettuce, 386, 898, 1052 

Blue, 899 

Hare's, 897 

White, 906 
Licorice, Wild, '866 
Life-root, 1028 
Lilac, 724 
Lily Family, 260 
Lily, 265 

Atamasco, 279 

Blackberry, 284 

Day, 261 

Mariposa, 267 

Pond, 407 

Water, 407 
Lily-of-the-valley Fam- 
ily, 269 
Lily-of-the-valley, 273 

False, 271 
Limonillo, loio 
Linden Family, 616 
Linden, American, 617 
Ling, 706 
Linseed, 578 
Lion's-foot, 907 

-mouth, 822 

-tail, 7Q0 
Lip- fern, 9 
Liquorice, 557 
Live-forever, 474 
T.iver-leaf, 420 
Lizard's Tail Family, 307 
1 izard's-tail. 307 
S/iA Family. 641 
SjJ-vetch, 556 

»-wee<l, 551, 556 
Sdst, -^31, 549 
ist-tree, 549 



' Logama Family, 726 
Loosestrife Family, 648 
Loosestrife, 649, 715, 717 

Swamp, 649 
Lopseed Family, 855 
Lopseed, 856 
Lotus, 408 
Lousewort, 843 
Lovage, 685 

Scotch, 683 
Love-apple, 815 
Lover, Mountain, 606 
Love-vine, 755 
Lucerne, 538 
Lungwort, 771 

Sea, 771 
Lupine, 536 
Lychnis, 392 
Lyme-grass, 157 
Madder Family, 860 
Madder, Wild, 865, 867 
M'adwort, German, 772 
Magnolia Family, 409 
Mahaleb, 526 
Mahonia, Trailing, 43*2 
Mallow Family, 617 
Mallow, 618 

Bristly-fruited, 622 

False, 620 

Glade, 620 

Indian, 621 

Virginia, 621 
Mandrake, Wild, 433 
Manna-grass, 143 
Mantle, Lady's, 510 
Maple Family, 607 
Maple, 607 
Maram, 114 
Mare's-tail, 665 
Marigold, Fetid, 1012 

Water, 1003 
Marjoram, 800 
Marl-grass, 540 
Marsh-grass, 120, 121 

-mallow, 618 

-marigold, 412 

-pennywort, 671, 1049 
Marshlocks, Purple, 501 
Masterwort, 688 
Mat-grass, 151 
Mat-rush, 178 
Mat-weed, 114 
May-cherry, 517 
Mayflower, 705 
Mayaca Family, 234 
Mayaca, 235 
Mayweed, 1014 

Corn, 1016 
Mazard, 525 
Meadow-beauty Family, 

650 
Meadow-beauty, 651 

-gowan, 412 
Meadow-grass, 138, 139, 140, 
141, 144. 145 
Meadow-parsnip, 678, 684 
Meadow-queen, 510 
Meadow-rue, 431, 104S 
Meadow-sweet, 492, 510 
Medic, 538 
Mclic-grass, 133 
Melilot, 530 

Mercury, Three-seeded, 58S 
Mermaid-weed, 665 
Mesquito. 123. 528 
Mesquitc-grass, 123 
Mezereon Family, 645 
Mczereon, 646 
Mignonette 1'"amilv, 469 
Mignonette, 469 
Milfoil, 1013 



^lilk-vetch, 551, 554, 1048 
Milkweed Family, 740 
Milkweed, 741, 745, 746 
Milkwort Family, 582 
Milkwort, 583, 744 

Sea, 718 
Millet, 76, 82, 90 

-grass, 98 
Mimosa Family, 527 
Mimosa, 527 
Mint Family, 779 
Mint, 805 

Stone, 803 
Mist-flower, 924 
Mistletoe Family, 344 
Mistletoe, 344, 345 
Mitrewort, 483, 727 

False, 480 
Mocker-nut, 325 
Moneywort, 716 

Prairie, 717 
Monkey-flower, 827 
Monk's-hood, 417 
Moonseed Family, 434 
Moonseed, 434 
Moonwort, 3 
Moor, 706 
Moorwort, 703 
Moose-wood, 608, 646 
Morning-glory Family, 
7 
Morning-glory, 751, 752 
Moschatel Family, 877 
Moschatel, 877 
Moss, Florida, 239 

Flowering, 712 

Long, 239 
Moss-plant, 702 
Mother-of-thyme, 802 
Motherwort, 790 

Golden, 978 
Mountain-mint, 801 
Mountain Rice, 97 
Mouse-ear, 772, 793, 978 
Mouse-tail, 423 
Mud-plantain, 243 

-purslane, 629 

-weed, or -wort, 831 
Mugwort, 1019 
Mulberry Family, 339 
Mulberry, 340 

French, 779 
Mullen, 819 
Musk-flower, 828 

-plant, 828 

-root, 877 
Mustard Family, 443 
Mustard, 449, 465, 467 

Ball. 459 

Garlic, 447 

Hedge, 448 

Tower, 465 

White, 449 
Myosote, 773 
Myrtle, 738 

Sand, 700 
Nailwort, 404 
Nanny-berry. 872 
Nard, 151 
Navew. Wild, 450 
Neckweed. 834 
Needle, Adam's, 260 
Nep. 7^7 

Nettle Family, 341 
Nettle. 342. 343 

Dead, 790. 791 

Hedge. 702 

Spurge. 589 
Nettlo-tree. 330 
Nightshade. S14 

Lnchanter's, 664 



1 0/1 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES, 



Nimble Kate, 883 

Will, 100 
Ninebark, 492 
Nipple-wort, 891 
Nondo, 683 
Nonesuch, 538 
Nut-grass, 163 
Nut-rush, 187, 1045 
Nyctelea, 764 
Oak, ziZ, 371 

Poison, 60: 
Oak-fern, 17 
Oat, 118 

Sea, or Seaside, 135 

Water, 91 
Oat-grass, 97, 118, 119 
Oats, Sea, 135 
Oil-nut, 346 

Oleaster Family. 646 
Olive Family, jzz 
Onion, 2.()T, 

Wild, 263 
Opium, Wild, 898 
Orache, 373 
Orange-grass, 62S 

Osage, 340 
Orange, Mock, 485 
Orchid Family. 289 
Orchis, 292, 293, 294, 295 

Bog, 294, 295 

Crane-fly, 304 

Fen, 304 

Wood, 293 
Organy, 800 
Orpine Family, 473 
Orpine, 474 
Oryzopsis, 98 
Owl's Crown. 978 
Ox-eye, 984 
Ox-eye, Sea, 990 
Ox-tongue, Bristly, 894 
Oxytrope, 555 
Painted Cup, 839 
Palma Christi, 589 
Palrns, 288 
Panic-grass, 1040 
Panicum, -j-j, 78 
Pansy, 640 

Papaw, North Amer., 410 
Parsley, 678, 687 

Fool's 682 

Marsh, 678 

Sea, 683 
Parsley-piert, 510 
Parsnip, \Mld, 688 
Partridge-berry, 863 
Passion-flower Family, 

641 
Passion-flower, 641 

-vine, 641 
Pea Family, 532 
Pea, 567 

Cow, 572 

Marsh, 567 

^lilk, 570 

Partridge, 529 

Sensitive, 529 
Pea-nut, 559 

Hog, or \\'ild, 569 
Peach, 526 
Pear, 515 

Choke, 515 

Prickly, 644 
Pearlwort, 399 
Pear-thorn, 522 
Pecan, 324 
Pellitory, 343 
Pencil-flower. 558 
Pencil-tree, 971 
Penny-cress, 447 
Pennyroyal, 797 



Pennyroyal, Bastard, 782 

False, 782 
Pennywort, 735 
Pepper, Water, 362 
Pepperbush, Sweet, 692 
Pepper-grass, 445 
Pepperidge, 691 
Peppermint, 805 
Pepper-root, 455 

-vine. 615 

-wood, 581 
Periwinkle, 738 
Persicaria, 360 
Persimmon, 721 
Phlox Family, 756 
Phlox, 757 

Yellow. 466 
Physic, Indian. 493 
Pickerel- weed Family, 242 
Pickerel-weed, 243 
Pigeon-berrj-, 381 
Pigmj'-weed, 473 
Pig-nut, 325 
Pig-weed, 378 
Pilewort, 822. 1023 
Pilot-weed, 981 
Pimpernel, 680, 718 

False, 718, 830 

Water, 715, 832 
Pine Family, 30 
Pine, 31 

Ground, 25 

Prince's, 695 

R • --ng, 25 
Pine-apple Family, 238 
Pine-drops, 695 

-sap, 696 

-weed, 628 
Pink Family, 387 
Pink, 390, 391, 392, 393> 394 

Carolina, jz-j 

Ground, 759 

Indian, jz-j, 751 

]Marsh, 730 

]\Ioss, 759 

Sea, 720, 730 

Swamp. 256, 698 
Pinkster-flower, 698 
Pinweed, 632 
Pipe, Dutchman's, 350 

Indian, 696 
Pipe-vine, 350 
PiPEwoRT Family. 236 
Pipewort, 22,7, 238 
Pipsissewa, 695 
Pitcher-plant Family, 470 
Pitcher-plant, 470 
Pitch-pine, 33 
Plane-tree Family, 490 
Plane-tree, 490 
Planer-tree. 338 
Plant, Castor-oil, 589 

Obedient, 788 

Oyster, 771, 895 
Plantain Family, 856 
Plantain, 857, 1051 

Indian. 1024 

Poor Robin's, 904, 968 

Rattlesnake, 302 

Robin's, 968 

Water, 54 
Pleurisy-root, 741 
Plum Family, 523 
Plum, 524 

Ground, 551 
Plume-grass, 67, 1038 
Plum-grape, 614 
Plumbago Family, 719 
Pogdnia. 297, 298 
Poke-weed Family, 381 
Poke, 381 



Poke, Indian, 259 
Polypody, 7 
Pomme Blanche, 544 
Pondweed, 42 
Poplar, 308, 309 

Yellow, 410 
Poppy Family, 437 
Poppy, 438 

Celandine, 440 

Prickly, 439 

Sea, 440 

Yellow Horned, 440 
Poppy-mallow, 619 
Pop-weed, 847 
Porcupine-grass, 97 
Portulaca, 387 
Potato Family, 808 
Potato, Indian, 993 
Poverty-grass, 94 
Powder-horn, 397 
Prairie-clover, 547 
Prickle-grass, -jz 
Pride-of-Ohio, 719 
Prim, 726 

Primrose Family, 713 
Primrose, 661, 714 

Scapose, 660 

Showy, 660 
Primrose-willow, 654 
Privet, 726 
Puccoon, 774 
Pumpkin, 882 
Purse, Shepherd's, 459 
Purslane Family, 384 
Purslane, 384, 3^6, 387 

Marsh, 652 

Milk, 592 

Sea, 1047 

Water, 649 
Pussley. 386 
Putty-root, 305 
Pyracanth, 522 
Pyxie, 712 
Quake-grass, 136 
Quaker Lady, 492 
Quaking-grass, 136 
Quarters, Lamb's,. 369 
Queen-of-the-prairie, 510 
Queen's-delight, 590 
Queen-root, 590 
Quercitron, 334 
Quillwort Family, 27 
Ouilhvorts, 27 
Quitch-grass, 154 
Rabbit-berry, 647 

-foot, 540 
Radish, Garden, 451 

Wild, 450 
Ragweed Family, 908 
Ragweed, 910 

Woolly, 1026 
Ragwort. 1026, 1028, 1029 
Ranstead, 821 
Raspberrv, 495 
Rattle. 844 

Rattle-box, n^, 654, 844 
Rattlesnake-grass, 143 

-master, 673 

-root, 907, 908 

-weed, 904 
Ray-grass, 152 
Red-bud, 529 
Red-root, 278, 613 
Red-top, 109, 126, 139 
Reed, 91, 126 
Reed-grass, 112, 114, 120 

Wood. 108 
Rib-grass, -wort, 857 
Rice, Indian, 91 

Jungle, •/'i 

Mountain, 97 



ENGLISH INDEX OE PLANT NAMES. 



1079 



Rice, Wild, 91 
Richweed, 343, 807 
River-weed Family, 472 
River-weed, 472 
Robin, Ragged, 392 

Red, 573 
Rockbrake, 8 
Rock-cress, 448, 463, 465 
Rock-rose Family, 630 
Rocket, 450 

Dame's, 467 

Dyer's, 409 

False, 451 

Purple, 451 

Sea, American, 448 
Root, Musquash, 679 
Rose Family, 490 
Rose, 388, 513 

Cotton, 972 

Holy, 703 

Mallow, 622 

Musk, 619 
Rose-maflow, 622 
Rosemary, Marsh, 719 

Wild, 703 
Rose-of-Sharon, 623 
Rose-pink, 730 
Roseroot, 474 
Rosewort, 474 
Rosin-weed, 981 
Rue-anemone, 420 
Rue Family, 581 
Rue, Goat's, 548 
Running-pine, 25 
Rush Family, 244 
Rush, 246, 1045 

Chair-maker's, 177 

Horned, 184 
Rushes, Scouring, 21 
Rush-grass, 104, 1042 
Rye, Wild, 156, 1043 
Rye-grass, 152 
Sage, 374, 794 

Indian, 923 

Jerusalem, 789 

Wood, . 782 

Wormwood, 1019 
Sage-brush, 1021 

Pasture, 1019 
Sage-bush, 1020 
Sailors, Blue, 891 
St. John's-wort Family, 

624 
St. John's-wort, 62^ 

Marsh, 629 
St. Peter's Wort, 625 
Salad, Corn, 879 
Salmon-berry, 495 
Salsify, 895 
Saltwort, 377 

Black, 718 
Sand-grass, 127 

-parsley, 678 

-reed, 114 

-star, 218 
SA>rDALWooD Family, 345 
Sandwort, 400, 402, 403 
Sanicle, 672 

White, 923, 924 
Sapodilla Family, 720 
Sarsaparilla, 668 
■ Satin-flower, 456 
Satin-pod, 456 
Savin, y] 
Savory, 798 
Saw-grass, 187 
Saxifracie Family, 476 
Saxifrag^ 478, 480 

Golden, 483 
Scabious, 88i 

Sweet, 969 



Scoke, 381 
Scorpion-grass, 772 
Scouring-rush, 22, 
Scurvy-grass, 447 
Scutch-grass, 119 
Sea-blite, ijd 
Sea-lavender, 719 
Sedge Family, 158 
Sedge, 190 

Coast, 179 
See-bright, 795 
Seed-bearing plants, 30 
Seed-box, 654 
Self-heal, 788 
Senna Family, 528 
Senna, 529 
Sensitive-brier, 528 

-plant, 529 
Serpentary, 349 
Service-berry, 517 
Shad-bush, 517 
Shag-bark, 324 
Sheep-berry, 872 
Sheep-laurel, 701 
Sheep's-bit, 887 
Shepherd's-needle, 675 
Shield-fern, 14 
Shin-leaf, 693 
Shoe-strings', 545 
Shooting Star, 719 
Shore-grass, -weed, 860 
Shrub, High-water, 909 
Sickle-pod, 464 
Silk-weed, 743 
Silver-leaf, 611 

-rod, 936 

-weed, 502 
Skevish, 968 
Skull-cap, 783 
Skunk-bush, 601 
Slipper, Ladies', 291 
Sloe, 525, 872 
Small-reed, in 
Smartweed, 2>^2 
Smilax Family, 275 
Smoke-tree, 602 
Smut-grass, 106 
Snake-head, 823 
Snake-mouth, 297 
Snake-root, 349, 415, 5^4, 672, 
1049 

Button, 673 

Seneca, 584 

White, 923 
Snap-dragon, 822 
Sneezeweed, loio 
Sneezewort, 1013 
Snowberry, 874 

Creeping, 711 
Soapberry Family, 609 
Soapberry, 610 
vSoapwort, 393 
Soft-grass, 115 
Sorrel, 354 

Mountain, 357 
Sorrel-tree, 705 
Sour-wood, 705 
Southernwood, 1019 
Sow-thistle, 897 
Spanish Needles, 1002 
Spear-grass, 138, 139, 140, 
141. 145 
Spearmint, 805 
Spearwort, 425 
Speedwell, 832 
Spice-bush, 437 
^ Pond, 436 
Spider-flower, 468 
SriDERWoRT Family, 239 
Spiderwort, 241 
Spike-grass, 135 



Spikenard, 668 

Wild, 271 
Spike-rush, 168, 1044 
Spindle-tree, 605 
Spiraea, 492, 493 
Spleenwort, 10 
Spruce, 33 
Spurge Family, 585 
Spurge, 591 

Mountain, 599 
Spurry, 402, 403 
Spurwort, 868 
Squaw-root, 850 
Squaw-weed, 1027, 1028 
Staff-tree Family, 605 
Stag-bush, 872 
Stagger-bush, 704 

-wort, 1029 
Star-flower, 718 
Star-grass, 243, 269, 280 
Star-of-Bethlehem, 268 
Starwort, 395, 401 
Steeple-bush, 492 
Stickseed, 769 
Stitchwort, 396 
Stonecrop, 474, 475 
Storax Family, 722 
Storax, J22, 
Stork's-bill, 575 
Stramonium, 816 
Strawberry, 500 

Barren, 506 

Dry, 506 

Indian, 501 

Yellow, 501 
Strawberry-shrub F a m 

ILY, 435 
Strawberry-shrub, 435 
Succory, Gum, 895 

Lamb, 892 

Wild, 891 
Sugar-berry, 339 
Sugar-pear, 517 
Sugar-tree, 607 
Sumac Family, 599 
Sumac, 600 
Sundew Family, 470 
Sundew, 471 
Sundrops, 659 
Sunflower, 991 

Brook, 1000 

False, 984, lOio 

Red, 989 

Swamp, loio 
Sun-plant, 387 
Supple-jack, 612 
Swallow-wort, 747 
Sweating-weed. 623 
Sweet-brier. 514 
Sweet-cicely, 675 
Sweet-clover, 539 
Sweet-leaf Family, 721 
Sweet-leaf. 722 
Sweet William. 394 
^ Wild. 757 
Syringa, 485 
Tacamahac, 309 
Tamarack, a 
Tangleberry. 707 
Tansy. 1016 

White, 1013 

Wild. SO-'. oi'-> 
Tansy Mustard. 462 
r.\pE-GRASS Family. 59 
Tape-grass. 60 
Tar-weed. 650 
Tare. 566 
Tea Family. 623 
Tea. Appalachian, S73 

Blue Aloimtain. 93S 

Labr.idor. 60- 



io8o 



ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 



Tea, Mexican, 371 

New Jersey, 613 

Oswego, 795 
Tear-thumb, 366 
Teasel Family, 8S0 
Teasel, 880 
Terrell-grass, 156 
Thimble-berry, 496 
Thin-grass, no 
Thistle Family, 913 
Thistle, 377, 1031 

Blessed, 1036 

Cotton, 1034 

Alilk, 897, 1034 

Our Lady's, 1036 

Scotch, 1034 

Star, 103s 
Thorn, 519 

Evergreen, 522 

Fire, 522 
Thorn-apple, 816 
Thoroughwax, 677 
Thoroughwort, 922 

Large-flowered, 924 
Thread-foot, 472 
Three-square, 177 
Thrift, 720 
Thumb, Lady's, 361 
Thyme, 802 

Basil, 799 
Thyme-leaf, 1012 
Tickseed, 998 
Tickseed Sunflower, 1002 
Tick-trefoil, 560 
Timothy, 102 
Toad-flax, 820, 821 

Bastard, 345 
Tobacco, 817 

Indian, 889 

Mountain, 1023 

Wild, 889 
Tobacco-root, 878 

-weed, 920 
Tomatillo, 811 
Tomato, 815 

Cherry, 815 

Strawberry, 812 
Toothache-grass, 121 

-tree, 581 
Toothwort, 455 
Top-flat, 918 
Torch-pine, 33 
Touch-me-not, 611 
Tread-softly, 589 
Tree, Ague, 436 

Angelica, 668 

Catawba, 852 

Lime, 617 

Spikenard, 668 

Silver-bell, 722 

Snowdrop, yzz 
Tree-of-heaven, 582 
Trefoil, Bean, 736 

Bird's-foot, 542 

Marsh, 736 

Shrubby, 581 
Tresses, Ladies', 299 
Trumpet-creeper Family,' 



Trumpet-creeper, 851 
Trumpet-flower. 851 
Trumpet-leaf, 470 
Trumpet-weed, 921 
Trumpets, 470 
Tulip, 1046 
Tulip-tree, 410 
Tumble-weed, 81, 378 
Tupelo, 691 
Turkey-beard, 256 



850 



Turnip, 450 

Indian, 229, 1045 

Prairie, 544 
Turtle-head, 823 
Twayblade, 301, 303 
Twig-rush, 186 
Twin-berry, 863 

-flower, 873 

-leaf, 433 
Twisted Stalk, 272 
Umbrella-leaf, 433 
L"mbrella-tree, 409 
L^mbrella-wort, 382 
Unicorn-plant Family, 852 
LTnicorn-plant, 853 
Valerian Family, 878 
Valerian, 878 

Greek, 761 
Vanilla-grass, 93 

-leaf, 927 

-plant, 927 
Velvet-grass, 115 
Venus'-comb, 675 
Venus'-looking-glass, 886 
Verbena, 778 
Vernal-grass, 92 
Vervain Family, yy6 
Vervain, 777 
Vetch, 565 

Joint, 558 

Milk, 551, 554, 555, 1048 
Vetchling, 567 
Vine, Alleghany, 441 

Balloon, 610 

Bean, 571 

Cypress, 751 

Matrimony, 816 

Pea, 565 

Potato, 752 

Sand, 747 

Wild, 614 
Violet Family, 633 
Violet, 635 

Bog, 848 

Dame's, 467 

Green, 640 

:Marsh, 848 

Nodding, 640 
Virginia Willow, 48.^ 
Virginia Willow Family. 
485 
Wahoo, 338, 605 
Wake-robin, 274 
Walking-fern, 13 
Wall-flower, Western, 465 
Wall-pepper, 474 
Walnut Family, 322 
Walnut, 323 
Wart-cress, 446 

-weed, 595 

-wort, 978 
\\'ater-caltrop, 664 

-chestnut, 664 

-cress, 452, 453. 455 

-crowfoot, 425, 429 

-hemp, 380 
A\'ater-leaf Family, 762 
Water-leaf, 763 
Water-lily Family, 406 
Watermelon, 882 
\\'ater-milfoil Family, 664 
W'ater-milfoil, 666 

Hooded, 847 
Water-nut Family, 664 
Waternut, Swimming, 664 
Water-parsnip, 681 
Water-plantain Family, 53 
Water-plantain, 54 

-shield, 406 



Water-starwort Family, 

596 
Water-starwort, 596 

-target, 406 

-thyme, 60 

-weed, 60 
Waterwort Family, 629 
VVaterwort, 629 
Waxberry, 321 
Wax-myrtle, 321 
Wax-weed, 60, 650 
Wax-work, 606 
Wayfaring Tree, 870 
Weather-glass, 718 
Weed, Tumble, 81 
Wheat-grass, 153 
Whin, 537 

White-alder Family, 692 
White-lettuce, 907 
White-man's-weed, 1015 
White-weed, 1015 
White-wood, 410, 617 
Whitlow-grass, 460 
Whitlow-wort, 404 
Whorl-grass, 133 
Whortleberry, 709 
Wild-rye, 157 
Will, Nimble, 100 
.Willow Family, 307 
Willow, 312 

Water, 855 
Willow Herb, 649, 655 

Hooded, 785 

Night, 657 
Wind-flower, 419 
Windlestraw, 115 
Winterberry, 603, 604 
Wintergreen Family, 692 
Wintergreen, 693 

Chickweed, 718 

Creeping, 705 

Flowering, 585 

Spotted, 695 

Spring, 705 
\\'^irebent, 151 
Wire-grass, 106, 124, 141 
Wistaria, 549 
Witch-grass, 81 
Witch-hazel Family, 488 
\\'itch-hazel, 489 
Withe-rod, 872 
Woad-waxen, 537 
Wolfberry, 874 
Wolf's-bane, Trailing, 418 
Wood-lettuce, 898 
Woodruff, Sweet, 868 
Wood-rush, 253. 1046 

WoOD-SORREL FAMILY, 575 

Wood-sorrel, 576 
Wool-grass, 180, 1045 
Worm-seed, 371 
Wormwood, 1018 

Roman, 910 
Woundwort, 793 
Yam Family, 281 
Yam-root, Wild, 281 
Yard-grass, 124 
Yarrow, 1013 
Yaupon, 603 
Yellow-cress, 452, 453 
Yellow-eyed Grass Fam- 
ily, 235 
Yellow-eyed Grass, 235 
Yellow Root, 414 
Yellow-top, 939 
Yellow-weed, 469 
Yellow-wood, 53^ 
Yew, T,7 
Zinnia, Prairie, 984 






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